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3 …
Recall,
x (t ) = A sin (t ) + B cos (t )
If x(0) = x 0 and v(0 ) = x (0 ) = 0
2
Temporal profile of mechanical Temporal profile of K and U of HO:
wave from HO:
x(t) 1 2
𝑘𝑥
2 0
x0(t)
t
-x0(t)
0 t
m1 m2 2 2
1 dX COM 1 dxrel 1
E = K +U = M + + kx 2
2 dt 2 dt 2
Translation
m1 m2
2 2
1 dX 1 dx 1
E trans = M COM E vib = rel + kx 2
Vibration 2 dt 2 dt 2
m1 m2
Rotation
Quantum Physics - TF181405 9
Quantum Mechanics of H.O.
Consider 1D – Schrödinger eq to solve H.O. in diatomic molecule.
2 2
d 1 2
Hˆ (x ) = − 2
( x ) + kx (x ) = E (x ) m1 m2
2m dx 2
• E consists of kinetic (K) and potential (U) energy.
• m is substituted with the reduced mass µ
d2 2m 1 2
2
(x ) + 2 E − kx (x ) = 0 Typical ODE form whose solution is
dx 2 Gaussian function: x 2
f (x ) = e
−
2
d2 −x
2
−x
2
2
f ( x ) = − e 2
+ 2
x 2
e 2
= − f ( x ) + x f (x )
2 2
dx
Rearrange above eq. into:
d2 d2 2m 1 2
2
f ( x ) + f ( x ) − x f (x ) = 0
2 2
2
(x ) + 2 E − kx (x ) = 0
dx dx 2
2mE mk k
= and 2
= → E=
2 2 2 m
1 2
• Total energy of 𝐸𝑇 = 𝑘𝑥0 oscillates between KE dan U.
2
2𝐸𝑇
• Maximum displacement occurs at maximum U: 𝑥0 = (classical returning point)
𝑘
1 2
• Total energy of 𝐸𝑇 = 𝑘𝑥0 oscillates between KE dan U.
2
2𝐸𝑇
• Maximum displacement occurs at maximum U: 𝑥0 = (classical returning point)
𝑘
2 − y2
=
e dy
1
= erfc(1) = 0,16
𝜓 𝑥 ~sin(𝑘𝑥) 𝜓 𝑥 ~𝑒 −𝛾𝑥
Finite V0 𝜓 𝑥 ~sin(𝑘𝑥 + 𝜙)
barrier
𝜓 𝑥 = 𝐵𝑒 −𝛾∙𝑥 where = 2m
(V0 − E )
2
V0 − E
= 2m
(V0 − E ) “If potential barrier isn‘t too high and the
mass is light, tunneling will be trivial.“
2 m
Quantum Physics - TF181405 17
Problem Example #1
Consider a 1D box width 1 mm. Roughly, what value of n corresponds to a state of energy
0.01 eV.
8𝐸𝑚𝑎2
𝑛=
ℎ2
2k 2 n 2 2 2 n 2 h 2
E= E n= 2
=
2m 2ma 8ma 2
𝑛π 𝑛𝜋 0 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑
24 π 𝑛π sin cos =ቐ 𝑛
= 2 − cos + 2 2 −1 2 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝜋 2𝑛 2 𝑛2
24 𝑛π 24 𝑛π 𝑛𝜋 0 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
=− cos + 2 2 sin sin =ቐ 𝑛−1
2𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛 𝜋 2 2 −1 2 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑
24 𝑛−1
2 2 −1 2 + ⋯ , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑
= 𝑛 𝜋
24 𝑛
− −1 2 + ⋯ , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
2𝑛𝜋