Para Completion
Topic Covered
 Para Completion
Number of questions : 30
Directions for questions 1 to 30: There is a
sentence that is missing in the paragraph below.
Look at the paragraph and decide in which blank
(option 1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would
best fit.
2.
1. Sentence: Iwasaki has been at the forefront
of numerous research breakthroughs
throughout the course of the pandemic.
Paragraph: According to the most recent
estimates, more than 65 million people
worldwide may be living with some form of
long Covid, a startling number that will only
continue to increase, given the lack of
available treatment options. ___(1)___. One
of the scientists leading the race to try to
unravel the complexities of long Covid is Akiko
Iwasaki, an immunology professor at Yale
School of Medicine. ___(2)___. She has been
studying why men were more vulnerable to
the Sars-CoV-2 virus, the autoimmunity that
made some people unexpectedly susceptible,
and why a small minority have experienced
heart inflammation in response to the Covid-
19 vaccines. ___(3)___. Most recently,
Iwasaki has been awarded the prestigious
Else Kröner Fresenius Prize for Medical
Para Completion
VARC
CEX-V-0280/23
Research, worth €2.5m (£2.2m), in part due
to her ongoing work on long Covid. ___(4)___.
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
Sentence: And yet marriage, clearly, isn't for
everyone.
Paragraph: One of the curious things about
marriage is the role it's played in embedding
commonly held views about normality. Married
people are generally considered normal
people. ___(1)___. As such, they have
possessed inordinate power to dictate the
terms of normality in a way that single people
rarely can. ___(2)___. Plenty of people have
no desire to do it. Plenty of others have done
it and hav en't liked it. The stats only
corroborate this. ___(3)___. Fewer people
over the years have been getting married,
while the stresses and strains of lockdown in
2020 (along with the temporary closure of
venues) saw divorces in England and Wales
overtake weddings f or the first time.
___(4)___. Not everyone, however, is taking
marriage's declining popularity lying down.
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
Page 1
3. Sentence: But the pay is better than my last
job and I'm starting to plan for the future.
Paragraph: Two weeks ago I started a new
job, working with young people who are being
exploited or at risk of being dragged into
county-lines activ ities. ___(1)___.
The problem is becoming more prevalent in
schools, colleges and pupil referral units
(PRU) - children are doing it to other children
now. I feel I can help in a positive way.
___(2)___. And although I was hoping for a
permanent job with holiday pay, this is an
ongoing contract initially for three months.
___(3)___. I want to go on holiday. I haven't
had a holiday since before the pandemic. I
had booked to go to Morocco, but it was
cancelled during lockdown. Now my passport
has expired and I will have to pay £82.50 to
renew it; the fee went up in February. I plan to
start putting money aside each week. My new
job is full time but I don't have to go into an
office every day, so I save a bit of money on
travel. ___(4)___. I've still got my other jobs:
my Saturday reparation work, my casual youth
work, my evening youth work. It's a lot, but
it's good because many people are doing that
now - I've always had lots of jobs so it doesn't
feel like a chore to me, it feels normal. Still, I
need a holiday. I need to get out of here.
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
4. Sentence: Prevention is the first stage of fraud
risk management.
Paragraph: The financial sector has been one
of the most frequently threatened sectors by
the dangers of fraud during the COVID-19
pandemic. ___(1)___. In banks, fraud causes
reputational risk, which may in turn result in
the loss of trust on the bank, leading to loss
of customers and banks' potential business.
___(2)___. This is a serious concern, which
needs immediate attention. To address this
issue, a 360-degree view on fraud mitigation
strategy is the need of the hour, where each
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and every employee of an organisation needs
to act as a fraud mitigation officer, as fraud
can emerge from anywhere in a bank.
___(3)___. It has been observed that a strong
fraud risk management and culture will have
a positive effect on the performance of banks.
Thus, to implement this, banks need to relook
at their existing fraud mitigation strategy and
take innovative measures starting from fraud
prevention to detection, and from detection
to response. ___(4)___. It is the first line of
defence, which covers all anti-fraud mitigation
actions including control mechanism, staff
training, and customer awareness.
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
5. Sentence: The ceremony was conspicuous
by the absence of many parliamentarians
from the opposition parties.
Paragraph: On 28 May 2023, India's new
Parliament building was officially inaugurated
by the Prime Minister in front of a large crowd
of guests and parliamentarians. ___(1)___.
The new structure-which is triangular in
design and includes an enhanced seating
capacity of up to 384 seats in the Rajya
Sabha Hall and 888 seats in the Lok Sabha
Hall-is a component of the central vista
redevelopment project, which seeks to
revamp sev eral nationally significant
institutions located in Lutyens' Delhi.
___(2)___. The construction of the new
Parliament building was completed in a large
measure during the COVID-19 pandemic, and
it is among the first structures in this
redevelopment plan to have been officially
inaugurated. ___(3)___. However, the grand
inauguration ceremony of the new Parliament
was notable for several reasons. ___(4)___.
There was another controversy that ignited a
lot of heated historical debate around the
symbol of the Sengol.
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
Para Completion
6. Sentence: Later, in another four decades,
the global population again doubled to 6 billion
in 2000.
Paragraph: It is finally official: ___(1)___.
India is now the most populated nation in the
world, outpacing China, which held the number
one position for around two centuries.
___(2)___. Last year, the United Nations
publication, World Population Prospects
2022, projected that India's population will
surpass that of China in 2023. ___(3)___. And
earlier last month, the State of World
Population report of the United Nations
Population Fund estimated India's population
to be 1.428 billion in 2023 as against 1.425
billion in China. The global population is now
8.045 billion, of which 1.151 billion are in the
least developed countries, 6.769 million in the
less developed regions and 1.276 billion in
the more developed regions. That means
global population grew almost eightfold over
the last two centuries. While it is estimated
that it took almost 50,000 years for global
population to touch 1 billion by around 1804,
it then doubled to 2 billion by 1927, and further
grew to 3 billion by 1960. ___(4)___.
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
7. Sentence: Although stress is an
unmistakable part of the many problems faced
by students, it cannot merely be taken as
the only factor causing student suicides in
India.
Paragraph: The recent death by suicide of
Darshan Solanki, an 18-year-old Dalit student
at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)
Bombay, points towards certain festering
problems in the higher educational institutions
in India in general and IITs in parti­cular.
___(1)___. In 2021, the union minister of
education had stated in Parliament that 122
students had died between 2014 and 2021,
with 101 students dying in central universities,
IITs, and National Institutes of Technology
combined. ___(2)___. The IITs alone
Para Completion
accounted for 34 student suicides, and the
data also revealed that students belonging to
Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes
(STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs)
comprised 58% of all student suicides since
2014. Student suicides have no singular
reason. ___(3)___. The circumstances that
make a student take the tragic step of ending
their own life emerge from a variety of sources-
social as well as pedagogical, economic as
well as curricular, political as well as
psychological. The response elicited by the
student suicides in IITs from the university
administration is highly deficient as it mainly
looks at the problem of suicides as caused
by a singular reason of excessive stress.
___(4)___.
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
8. Sentence: A cursory analysis of the railway
budget, however, shows that despite some
gains in freight carriage, the passenger
services of the transporter have suffered a
major setback.
Paragraph: The railway budgets have been
pushed out of the media limelight, and their
numbers shielded from a closer scrutiny, after
their co-option in the union government
budgets. ___(1)___. However, the crucial role
of the railways in the nation's infrastructure
and its significant share of the freight and
passenger traff ic necessitate that the
performance of the railways be evaluated
carefully. ___(2)___. This is more so because
the government has now significantly stepped
up investments in the railways, making it a
showcase f or the introduction of new
technologies and its modernisation drive.
___(3)___. There is a huge shortfall in the
passenger traffic which is a major concern
especially because it is the ordinary economy-
class travel segment that is the most affected.
___(4)___.
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
Page 3
9. Sentence: The public parks, vegetable and
fish markets, shopping malls and street
corners-naka (Marathi) or nukkad (in Hindi)-
are, for example, some of the spaces where
people can hang around.
Paragraph: The emergence of modern public
spaces produced in the process of
urbanisation, as expected by the modern
planners, was supposed to be organised
around a normative core. ___(1)___. Put
differently, these spaces would provide an
enabling physical condition in which the urban
public would gain a chance to loiter around
these places either with some purpose or even
without any specific purpose. ___(2)___. This
urban thrust would certainly look normative in
the larger social context, in which certain
sections are still hostile to the autonomous
movement of individuals. ___(3)___. Members
of certain marginalised communities do face
hostility, externally as well as internally, by
the social patriarchy embedded in caste
hierarchy, ethnic f orces and religious
establishments. In this context, it is necessary
to take into consideration the public spaces
that have the egalitarian core in the sense
that they are more hospitable to unrestricted
participation. ___(4)___.
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
10. Sentence: Reports on the safety of children
suggest that abuse within educational
institutions go unrecorded or unnoticed unless
the victims themselves complain or the parents
notice the injuries or changes in the behaviour
of the child.
Paragraph: For many Indians from the
marginalised sections of society, schooling
can be an anxiety-ridden process wherein their
dignity and self -respect are at
stake.___(1)___. In the Jalore case in
Rajasthan, the abuse was very much known
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as the young victim narrated the incident and
the concerned father noticed the injuries.
___(2)___. Even before the grieving parents
could come to terms with the traumatising
loss of their child, the absence of a portable
pot in the premises of the school, where the
crime happened, is now being obsessively
held by some corporate news media as an
evidence against the dead child's story of
abuse and f ather's claim of caste
discrimination. ___(3)___. Evidence-based
chroniclers of our social past tell us how the
drinking water pot contains struggles to
democratise the educational space and make
it free from daily caste humiliation. ___(4)___.
Almost a century ago, in 1923, the Bombay
Schools Committee passed an order to stop
discriminatory practices in municipal
schools.
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
11. Sentence: In addition to its economic effects,
the Industrial Revolution also influenced
political and social spheres.
Paragraph: The Industrial Revolution was a
period of major industrialization that took place
during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
___(1)___ It began in and soon spread to other
parts of Europe and North America. This
revolution brought significant changes in
agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and
transportation. The development of new
machines and technologies led to increased
productivity and the emergence of factories.
___(2)___ Furthermore, it had a profound
impact on society, transforming the way
people lived and worked. ___(3)___ People
migrated from rural areas to cities in search
of employment opportunities, resulting in
urbanization. ___(4)___
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
Para Completion
12. Sentence: This includes ecological systems,
human health, and economies.
Paragraph: The concept of climate change
refers to long-term alterations in temperature
and weather patterns across the globe. These
changes are primarily caused by human
activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels
and deforestation. The consequences of
climate change are far-reaching and affect
various aspects of our planet. ___(1)___
Rising global temperatures have led to the
melting of polar ice caps, resulting in rising
sea levels and the loss of habitat for many
species. ___(2)___ Extreme weather events
such as hurricanes, droughts, and heatwaves
have become more frequent and intense.
Additionally, climate change poses significant
risks to agriculture, food security, and water
resources. ___(3)___ To mitigate the effects
of climate change, it is crucial for nations to
adopt sustainable practices and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions. ___(4)___
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
13. Sentence: It has fostered a sense of virtual
communities and connectedness.
Paragraph: The Internet has revolutionized
the way we communicate, access information,
and conduct business. It has connected
people from all corners of the world and
provided a platform for instant global
communication. ___(1)___ With the advent
of social media, individuals can easily share
their thoughts, ideas, and experiences with a
wide audience. The Internet has also
f acilitated online shopping, enabling
consumers to browse and purchase products
Para Completion
from the comfort of their homes. ___(2)___
Moreover, it has transformed industries such
as entertainment, education, and healthcare,
offering new possibilities and opportunities for
innovation. ___(3)___ However, the increasing
reliance on the Internet has raised concerns
about privacy, cybersecurity, and the digital
divide. ___(4)___
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
14. Sentence: Specialized regions within the
brain, such as the hippocampus and prefrontal
cortex, are responsible for specific functions.
Paragraph: The human brain is a complex
organ responsible for various cognitive
functions and behaviors. It is composed of
billions of neurons that transmit electrical
signals and enable communication within the
brain and with the rest of the body. ___(1)___
These structures play a crucial role in
regulating emotions, memory formation, and
decision-making processes. The brain is also
responsible for coordinating voluntary and
involuntary actions, such as movement and
maintaining vital bodily functions. ___(2)___
Additionally, the brain exhibits a remarkable
capacity f or adaptation and learning
throughout life. It can rewire its neural
connections in response to new experiences
and information. This phenomenon is known
as neuroplasticity. ___(3)___ Moreover, the
brain is susceptible to various neurological
disorders and conditions, such as Alzheimer's
disease, Parkinson's disease, and strokes.
___(4)___
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
Page 5
15. Sentence: The process of photosynthesis
plays a critical role in maintaining the balance
of atmospheric gasses.
Paragraph: Photosynthesis is a vital process
that occurs in plants, algae, and some
bacteria. It is the process by which these
organisms convert sunlight, water, and carbon
dioxide into glucose and oxygen. ___(1)___
This energy-rich molecule is used by the
organism for growth, reproduction, and other
metabolic activities. During photosynthesis,
light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, a
pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
___(2)___ This step generates chemical
energy in the form of ATP, which is crucial for
the synthesis of glucose. The byproduct of
photosynthesis is oxygen, which is released
into the atmosphere. ___(3)___ This oxygen
production is essential for the survival of many
organisms, as it is used in cellular respiration.
___(4)___
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
16. Sentence: The boundaries between these
plates are characterized by different types of
interactions.
Paragraph: Plate tectonics is a scientific
theory that explains the movement of Earth's
lithospheric plates. These plates are massive
sections of the Earth's crust and upper mantle
that float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere.
___(1)___ The lithospheric plates are in
constant motion due to the convective currents
in the underlying mantle. This movement can
result in various geological phenomena, such
as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the
formation of mountain ranges.___(2)___
Additionally, plate tectonics plays a crucial
role in shaping the Earth's surface, as it
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influences the distribution of continents, the
opening and closing of ocean basins, and
the formation of landforms. ___(3)___ The
theory of plate tectonics prov ides a
comprehensive framework for understanding
the dynamic nature of our planet's geology.
___(4)___
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
17. Sentence: These timeless works continue
to resonate with audiences across different
generations and cultures.
Paragraph: William Shakespeare is widely
regarded as one of the greatest playwrights
in literary history. His works, such as "Romeo
and Juliet," "Hamlet," and "Macbeth," have
had a profound impact on the world of literature
and continue to be studied and performed
today. ___(1)___ Shakespeare's plays often
explore universal themes of love, power,
ambition, and the complexities of human
nature. His characters, such as Romeo,
Juliet, and Hamlet, have become iconic and
are often considered archetypes in literature.
___(2)___ Additionally, Shakespeare's
mastery of language and poetic techniques,
such as his use of iambic pentameter and
vivid imagery, have made his works a treasure
trove of literary beauty and rhetorical devices.
___(3)___ Moreover, Shakespeare's influence
extends beyond the realm of plays, as his
sonnets are celebrated for their lyrical
expressions of love and beauty. ___(4)___
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
18. Sentence: These AI technologies have the
capacity to analyze vast amounts of data and
generate valuable insights.
Para Completion
 Paragraph: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has
emerged as a transformative technology in
recent years, revolutionizing various industries
and aspects of our lives. AI refers to the
development of computer systems that can
perform tasks that typically require human
intelligence, such as visual perception, speech
recognition, and decision-making. ___(1)___
AI-powered applications and algorithms are
being employed in fields like healthcare,
finance, transportation, and entertainment to
enhance efficiency, accuracy, and user
experiences. ___(2)___ Furthermore, AI has
the potential to drive significant advancements
in areas such as autonomous vehicles,
personalized medicine, and smart cities.
___(3)___ However, the rapid advancement
of AI also raises concerns about privacy,
ethics, and potential job displacement.
___(4)___
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
19. Sentence: It was fueled by technological
innovations and the harnessing of new
sources of energy, such as coal and steam.
Paragraph: The Industrial Revolution was a
period of significant economic and social
change that occurred in the late 18th and
early 19th centuries. It marked a shift from
agrarian-based societies to industrialized
economies, characterized by the
mechanization of production, the development
of new manufacturing processes, and the
growth of factories. ___(1)___ This period also
witnessed advancements in transportation,
such as the construction of railways and the
invention of the steam engine, which
revolutionized the movement of goods and
people. ___(2)___ The Industrial Revolution
had far-reaching effects on society, including
urbanization, the rise of the working class,
and changes in living conditions and social
Para Completion
structures. ___(3)___ Additionally, this period
laid the foundation for modern capitalism and
the concept of mass production. ___(4)___
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
20. Sentence: The risk of executing innocent
individuals undermines the integrity of the
criminal justice system.
Paragraph: Capital punishment, also known
as the death penalty, has been a subject of
ongoing debate and controversy. Supporters
argue that it serves as a deterrent for potential
criminals and provides a sense of justice for
heinous crimes. ___(1)___ They believe that
certain crimes, such as murder or treason,
deserve the harshest punishment, and capital
punishment ensures that the punishment fits
the severity of the crime. However, opponents
of the death penalty argue that it violates the
fundamental human right to life and raises
concerns about wrongful convictions and the
irrevocability of the punishment. ___(2)___
They advocate for alternative forms of
punishment that focus on rehabilitation and
the possibility of reforming offenders.
Additionally, the implementation of the death
penalty has been inconsistent, with
disparities in its application based on factors
such as race, socioeconomic status, and
geographic location. ___(3)___ These
disparities raise questions about the fairness
and impartiality of the criminal justice system.
Furthermore, studies have shown that the
death penalty does not necessarily act as a
deterrent to crime, as the decision to commit
a crime is often influenced by other factors
such as socioeconomic conditions and
mental health. ___(4)___
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
Page 7
21. Sentence: Deployed at scale, sucker tropes
help to perpetuate group stereotypes - about
who can be trusted and who should be policed
- and reinforce traditional class, race and
gender hierarchies in ways that we scarcely
appreciate.
Paragraph: It makes sense to be wary of
scams: you should not reply to your spam
emails, no matter how much you'd like to help
a prince retrieve millions from his trust fund.
But there are costs to excessive scepticism,
too, for both the self and the social order.
___(1)___ A diverse body of evidence from
psychology and behavioural economics can
help us understand those costs. ___(2)___
On a personal level, the fear of being suckered
can encourage someone to be risk averse, to
avoid the kind of cooperation that is essential
to any new venture. At the systemic level, the
stakes of distrust are even higher. ___(3)___
The fear of being a sucker can become an
excuse to reject solidarity, to hold people under
suspicion. ___(4)___
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
22. Sentence: Speaking at the dialogue, Asia's
top security summit, on Sunday, Li took thinly
veiled digs at the US, repeating familiar
grievances and accusing "some countries" of
intensifying an arms race and interfering in
the internal affairs of others.
Paragraph: China's defence minister, Li
Shangfu, has said a cold war mentality is
resurgent in the Asia-Pacific region, but
Beijing seeks dialogue over confrontation.
___(1)___ The remarks came after Li refused
to formally meet the US defence secretary,
Lloyd Austin, at the Shangri-La Dialogue in
Singapore. ___(2)___ "A cold war mentality
is now resurgent, greatly increasing security
risks," he said. "Mutual respect should prevail
over bullying and hegemony." ___(3)___ Li, a
general of the People's Liberation Army, has
Page 8
been under US sanctions since 2018 over
the purchase of combat aircraf t and
equipment from Russia's main arms exporter,
Rosoboronexport. ___(4)___
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
23. Sentence: But if you think the spectacle of
ostensibly intelligent humans being taken in
by robotic parrots is weird, then take a
moment to ponder the positively surreal
goings-on in other parts of the AI forest.
Paragraph: One is reminded of that old story
of the chap who, having shot his father and
mother, then throws himself on the mercy of
the court on the grounds that he is now an
orphan. ___(1)___ But the Mata case is just
another illustration of the madness about AI
that currently reigns. ___(2)___ I've lost count
of the number of apparently sentient humans
who hav e emerged bewitched f rom
conversations with "chatbots" - the polite term
for "stochastic parrots" who do nothing else
except make statistical predictions of the
most likely word to be appended to the
sentence they are at that moment engaged
in composing. ___(3)___ This week, for
example, a large number of tech luminaries
signed a declaration that "Mitigating the risk
of extinction from AI should be a global priority
alongside other societal-scale risks such as
pandemics and nuclear war". ___(4)___
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
24. Sentence: Even when you try to imagine its
absence, you sense it moving as your
thoughts shift, your heart pumps blood to your
brain, and images, sounds and smells move
around you.
Paragraph: A timeless universe is hard to
imagine, but not because time is a technically
complex or philosophically elusive concept.
___(1)___ There is a more structural reason:
Para Completion
 imagining timelessness requires time to pass.
___(2)___ The thing that is time never seems
to stop. You may even feel woven into its ever-
moving fabric as you experience the Universe
coming together and apart. ___(3)___ But is
that how time really works? ___(4)___
According to Albert Einstein, our experience
of the past, present and future is nothing more
than 'a stubbornly persistent illusion'.
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
25. Sentence: It is human activity, through the
emission of greenhouse gases (generating an
additional greenhouse effect), that has caused
the Earth energy imbalance.
Paragraph: Solar radiation is virtually Earth's
only energy source, the other energy sources
- such as Earth's interior heat and tidal energy
- being negligible. ___(1)___ The Earth reflects
around 30 per cent of the solar radiation and
emits radiation towards space. The
greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane)
let solar radiation pass, but not the radiation
emitted by the Earth, thus trapping this
energy. ___(2)___ Earth's near-surface
temperature, which is 15°C, would be around
-19°C without the greenhouse eff ect.
___(3)___ If the difference between the
incoming energy - solar radiation - and
outgoing energy - the sum of the solar radiation
reflected by the Earth and the radiation
emitted by the Earth - is not equal to zero, as
is the case currently, we refer to this as Earth
Energy Imbalance (EEI). ___(4)___
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
26. Sentence: Global recycling capacity simply
cannot keep up with the taking, making and
wasting of natural resources.
Paragraph: Recycling was once considered
the obvious solution to the excessive amount
Para Completion
of new (or virgin) plastic produced each year.
This is no longer realistic. ___(1)___ Growing
mountains of plastic waste are accumulating
in the poorest countries as affluent nations
such as the UK ship their recycling overseas.
___(2)___ But some nations are importing far
more plastic waste than they can possibly
recycle. The recycling process itself also
creates problems. ___(3)___ A new report by
Greenpeace and the International Pollutants
Elimination Network has revealed how plastics
which are made with or come into contact
with toxic chemicals, such as f lame
retardants, can contaminate the recycling
process by spreading these toxins through
subsequent batches of plastic waste.
___(4)___
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
27. Sentence: This debate brings to the forefront
the inter-linkages between trade and the
environment.
Paragraph: The European Union's (EU) key
climate law, the Carbon Border Adjustment
Mechanism (CBAM), has spooked India.
___(1)___ New Delhi fears that CBAM will
cripple the export of its carbon-intensive
products to the EU. While India's exports may
be limited to aluminium, iron, and steel, and
affect only 1.8% of its total exports to the
EU, India has reportedly decried CBAM as
being protectionist and discriminatory.
___(2)___ There is also talk of challenging
the CBAM at the World Trade Organization
(WTO)'s dispute settlement body. ___(3)___
While the international trade regime allows
countries to adopt unilateral measures for
safeguarding the environment, environmental
protection should not become a smokescreen
for trade protectionism. ___(4)___ The CBAM
needs to be viewed from this standpoint.
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
Page 9
28. Sentence: OpenAI's ChatGPT chatbot
mimics intelligence very well; today, it has
become synonymous with the abilities of
generative AI at large.
Paragraph: Generative artificial intelligence
(AI) is AI that can create new data. There are
many instances of generative AI in the world
today, most commonly used to generate text,
images, and code in response to users'
requests, even if they are capable of more.
___(1)___ Their widespread adoption really
embellished their capabilities, leading to awe,
then worry. ___(2)___ In the last few years, AI
models backed by neural networks trained on
very large datasets and with access to
sufficient computing power have been used
to do good, such as finding new antibiotics
and alloys, for clever entertainment and
cultural activities, and for many banal tasks,
but it has caught attention most notably with
its ability to falsify data. ___(3)___ The world
is past being able to reliably differentiate
between data that faithfully reflects reality and
data made to look that way by bad-faith actors
using AI. ___(4)___
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
29. Sentence: While there is a debate on
whether we are over-pathologizing everyday
behaviors, a line of research claims that if the
use of SNS takes precedence over other life
activities, becomes hard to control, and is
continued despite the occurrence of negative
consequences, it might resemble addictive
behavior patterns.
Paragraph: The use of social networking
sites (SNS) has become an integral part of
our lives. ___(1)___ We can access them
anywhere and anytime. ___(2)___ For some,
this feels like time well-spent on helpful or
Page 10
enriching activities on SNS. ___(3)___
However, a vulnerable minority feels guilty
about this wasted time, experiences a
decrease in well-being, or reports that they
lose control over their use. ___(4)___ Main
lines of reasoning that certain behaviors might
be considered as addictive refer to the
scientific evidence for the clinical relevance
of the behavior, the theoretical embedding of
phenomena, and the similarity of underlying
cognitive and affective mechanisms to those
of substance use disorders.
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
30. Sentence: This causes great upheaval in
their lives as students and is an intense
stressful experience.
Paragraph: In the academic environment,
students are challenged with many
responsibilities and high achievement
requirements that demand constant
adaptation on their part. ___(1)___ The
concept of stress by Lazarus and Folkman
(1984) provides an understanding of the
mechanisms underlying the emergence of
academic stress in the student population.
___(2)___ For example, students feel
stressed when they feel that they lack the
skills necessary to meet the demands of the
academic environment. ___(3)___ Yet, stress
can be beneficial for this population because
it increases the motivation of students in the
face of the various demands of the university
environment. ___(4)___ However, when the
presence of this stress comes to disrupt their
learning or coping skills, it becomes
detrimental to their health and studies.
(1) Option 1 (2) Option 2
(3) Option 3 (4) Option 4
Para Completion