ect oN REGIONAL Gully ii) Meyer (Oe (i) _—e WH (sige a | Mio ASTIN na i Nt Wh i Ht i ni in { \ My, i MN !oa ‘TD/RP/41: October 1997 Proceeding of the REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON RESPONSIBLE FISHING Bangkok, Thailand, 24-27 June 1997 TRAINING DEPARTMENT SOUTHEAST ASIAN FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT CENTER Samut Prakarn, Thailand, 1997FOREWORD ‘The deterioration in fisheries resources is a fact faced by the world fishing industry and the consumer alike. ‘The need for Responsible Fisheries management has never been as great as it is now, not in any one country in particular, but in every country of this region of the world. This workshop held in Bangkok in June of 1997 highlighted the underlying importance given to the problems of management by the high calibre and intemational reputations of the participants. The objectives of the workshop ranged over the need to improve sustainability of the resources as a key factor in management proposals to the need for accurate and practical information dissemination by way of human resource development with sustainability and selective fishing as the watchwords of progress and a definition of national purpose and interest in The Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing. During this workshop it became quite evident that the implementation of the Code of Conduct and the Guidelines for its implementation is already quite advanced in many countries of the region. Not because it is mandatory, but because each country needs to protect its own resources. Several enterprising attempts have been made to introduce the concept. The results of these have not always been successful but serve to emphasize the need for a fundamental structure, ‘The details that put flesh on the skeleton of the structure will vary between countries simply because the problems faced by the fishing needs. Of particular reliance was the declared need for each country to translate the Code into its own language to better facilitate understanding of the implications “The workshop urged the need for a greater awareness-building at both local and national level to the plight of the fisheries resources and respect for the need to curtail indiscriminate plunder of that which remains Also stressed is the need for rehabilitation. It also stressed the need for cooperation between the forces of aw and the users of the resources. A particularly strong recommendation reflected the need for the regional definition such that the Code of Conduct can be fairly implemented. “The papers presented during the workshop reflected the various aspects of the problems in resource management and assessment, The closely argued premises contained in the wide ranging experience of the presenters indicates the complexity of the difficulties and some of the suggestions made give pointers and guidelines for regional acceptance. The quality of the papers presented and excellence that only a profound and deep understanding of the subject matter can give ‘The workshop, in its final recommendations, gave prominence to the need to recognize that a Code of Conduct has become necessary to try to offset and forestall ‘terminal degradation of the region’s fisheries, The conclusions also cited SEAFDEC as a centre for the training and institutional networking of responsible fishing technology and an important factor in brining together nations to determine a Code suitable for the region. ‘The presentations have highlighted the need for human resource development incontributory fields to responsible and sustainable development. More scientific investment and monitoring is necessary in resource evaluation In conclusion, it is my pleasure to compliment the presenters for their erudite and excellent papers and my thanks to the international participants and observers from many countries for their concentration and eventual comment and discussion throughout the whole workshop. Also to the SEAFDEC staff who made every effort to ensure the success of the workshop. Before closing this foreword I should like to offer my most heartfelt thanks to Dr. Kato and Dr. Prado, both of FAO, for the clarity of their explanations of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing Mr, Udom Bhatiyasevi Secretary-General and Chief of the Training Department, SEAFDEC ivPROCEEDINGS OF THE REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON RESPONSIBLE FISHING CONTENTS PART 1. REPORT OF THE WORKSHOP OPENING OF THE WORKSHOP CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS APPENDIX A. List of Participants APPENDIX B. Prospectus APPENDIX C. Provisional Agenda and Timetable APPENDIX D, List of Document APPENDIX E. Opening Address by the SEAFDEC Secretary-General APPENDIX F. Closing Address PART 2. PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE WORKSHOP COUNTRY PAPERS. Fisheries in Brunei Darussalam (Haji Abdul Halidi Bin Mohd. Salleh ) Fishing Activities in Relation to Commercial and Small-scale Fisheries in Indonesia ( Bambang Sumiono ) Status of Fishing Condition in Indonesia in Relation to Responsible Fishing ( Ketut Widana ) Status of Fishing Conditions in Japan in relation to Responsible Fisheries ( Yoshihiro Inoue and Frank Chopin ) Fisheries Management Policy-Issue and Problems ( Abdul Hamid Bin Yassin ) .. Department of Fisheries Malaysia “Training and Extension Programs” (Razali Bin Lajis ) Page 33 33 34 4d 7 87 100 113Status of Fishing Conditions in the Philippines in Relation to Responsible Fishing (Prospero C. Pastoral and Rafael V, Ramiscal ) Fishing Status of Thailand (Somsak Chullasom and Cherdchinda Chotiyaputta ) Fish Resources of Vietnamese Sea Waters and Recommendations for Rational Utilization (Bio Se Pham Thuoc and Eng. Pham Huy Son ) Status of Fishing Conditions in Cambodia ( Kim Sour and Ros Vuthy ) Status of Fisheries in Union of Myanmar (U. Khin Maung Myint ) ‘The Status of Fisheries in the Republic of Maldives ( Mohamed Faiz and Ahmed Rasheed ) EXPERIENCE PAPERS Strategy for the Implementation of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. (Y. Kato ) Guidelines for Responsible Fishing (J. Prado ) Methodology to Estimate Bycatch and Discards (‘T. Matsuoka ) Discards in Japanese Marine Capture Fisheries and their Estimation (T. Matsuoka ) Methodology of Evaluating Selectivity Performance - Two Selective Processes of Trawl Sorting Devices: Fish Encountering and Being Sieved (T, Tokai ) Fish Behaviour Approach for Improving Trawl Gear Selectivity (T. Arimoto ) ‘The Experiments on Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) for Shrimp Trawl Nets m Thailand (B, Chokesanguan, Y. Theparoonrat, $. Ananpongsuk, 266 S. Siriraksophon, L. Podapol, P. Aosomboon and Ahmad Ali ) .... Experiments on the use of Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) in Malaysian Waters (Ahmad Ali and Stippachai Ananpongsuk ) vi 119 125 138 152 161 167 192 192 198 2.207 218 242 251 298Study on Turtle Excluder and by-Catch Reduction Devices in the Philippines (Jonathan O. Dickson ) po iaticanl Southeast United States Fisheries Bycatch Reduction Research in Shrimp Trawl Fisheries ( Wilber R. Seidel ) .. Application of the Australian Trawl Efficiency Device in Australia’s ‘Northern Prawn Fishery (Richard Mounsey ) Moving towards more responsible fishing practices in Australia’s Northern Prawn Fishery ( Nicholas Rawlinson ) Responsible Fisheries Training in Canada ( Pingguo He ) “Training and Extension Selective on Fishing in the Philippines (Alma C. Dickson ) ‘Training and Extension Program on Responsible Fishing in Indonesia (John Haluan and D.R. Monintja ) Training and Extension Programs on Responsible Fishing in Thailand (Wannakiat Thubthimsang ) Inmarsat’s Role in Responsible Fishing. (Frank August ) Ghostfishing Problems and Prevention ( Pingguo He ) Cooperative Research in Asian Fisheries - Future Directions and Opportunities ( Frank Chopin and Yoshihiro Inoue ) Cooperative Research Networking to Facilitate Research and Development for the Reduction of Wastage in Shrimp Fisheries (J. Prado ) vii 308 329 340 356 371 375 2389 398 47 432 443,PART 1, SUMMARY REPORT OF THE REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON RESPONSIBLE FISHING Bangkok, Thailand, 24-27 June 1997 OPENING OF THE WORKSHOP 1 The Regional Workshop on Responsible Fishing was held at the Maruay Garden Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand, from the 24th to 27th June, 1997. Mr. Kachornsak Wetchagarun gave a report of the objectives of the workshop and invited Mr. Udom Bhatiyasevi, the Secretary General of SEAFDEC to inaugurate the event. 2. The participants were welcomed by Mr. Udom Bhatiyasevi, Secretary General of SEAFDEC. (Appendix A) 3. The objectives and background of the Workshop were as follows: (see Prospectus Appendix B) 1) To introduce the concept of Responsible Fishing and new conditions of fishing operation. 2) To provide technical and practical information on the implementation of Responsible Fishing with emphasis on fishing gear selectivity and fishing methods 3) To provide a forum for discussion on the management of Responsible Fishing among the countries of the region. 4) To promote international co-operation and co-ordination in support of member countries efforts to effectively implement the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries 5) To provide training opportunities in Responsible Fishing and new conditions of fishing operation. The Workshop was arranged into five general sessions Session 1 The concept of responsible fisheries and new conditions for fishing, operations Session 2 Status of Fishing Conditions in the Regions in Relation to Responsible Fishing Session 3 Research, Training and Extension Programs on Responsible FishingSession 4 Implementation of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing Session 5 Prospects for Regional Co-operation on Responsible Fishing, 4. This workshop on Responsible Fishing has brought together experts from around the world and participants from ten countries in Asia, to discuss the development and implementation of the Code of Conduct on Responsible Fisheries in the Southeast Asian region. The workshop, which lasted four days had a very ambitious agenda, It set out to inform participants of the need for a Code of Conduct and ‘guidelines for its implementation, The need to be aware of the possibility of depleting fish stocks through excess fishing effort and the deterioration of the natural environment was raised by Mr. Udom also stressed that we, as leaders and teachers in this industry should try and identify and implement a new philosophy in the region that will ensure sustainable harvesting of marine resources, Reviewing the Code of Conduct, Dr. Kato (WP/ 1) from FAO stressed the need for a precautionary approach to fisheries ‘management and the need to reduce the risks in harvesting marine resources. He also noted that application of the Code must suit the regional conditions of fisheries if it is to be successful. Mr. Prado (WP/2) also from FAO also reviewed the Code of Conduct and introduced sets of guidelines that had been developed by FAO that explain in more detail specific aspects of the Code. Mr. Prado noted that the next step is to develop regional guidelines. Commenting on the need for greater cooperation and sharing of ideas, Mr. Prado also informed the meeting of several activities that were being planned like the bringing together of fisheries trainers from around the world through training programs 5. The second session was an awareness raising session, to inform participants of the status of Responsible Fishing operation in various countries in the region. The presentations during this session gave a good understanding of a variety of Responsible Fishing strategies and problems in the region, notably the presentations by Mr. Haji Abdul Halidi Bin Mohd, Salleh Brunei Darussalam (CP/1) Mr. Bambang Sumiono, Ketut Widana Indonesia (cP?) Mr. Yoshihiro Inoue Japan (cP) Mr. Abdul Hamid Bin Yassin Malaysia (cP/4) Mr. Prospero Pastoral Philippines (cP/5) Dr, Cherdchinda Chotiyaputta Thailand (CP/6) Mr. Dr. Bio Sc Pham Thuoe Vietnam (cP/7) Mr. Kim Sour ‘Cambodia (cP/8) Mr. U, Khin Maung Myint Myanmar (cP/9) Mr. Mohamed Faiz Maldives (CP/10) 6. These papers provide a comprehensive source of information, with many illuminating insights into the work that has already been done in many of the Southeast Asian countries,7, ‘The third session dealt in much greater detail with two very important aspects of the work, The technology of fishing and extension programs, In the morning, Drs. Matsuoka and Tokai (WPs/3 and 4) described methodologies for estimating discards and the selectivity of fishing gear. They were followed by Dr, Arimoto (WP/5)_ who stressed the need to understand fish behaviour and fish-fishing gear interactions. After the coffee break, the specific operations of TED and BRD in tropical fisheries were discussed. Of particular note were the papers by: Mr. Suppachai Ananpongsuk- TEDs in Thailand (wPi6) Mr. Abmad Ali ~ TEDs in Malaysia (wes?) Mr. Jonathan . Dickson - TEDs in Philippines (WPI) Mr. Wilber R. Seidel - BRDs in Southeast U.S.A. (WP/9) Mr. Richard Mounsey “EDs in Australia’s Northern Prawn Fishery (WP/10) Mr. Nick Rawlinson ~ TEDs in Australia (wert) 8 Their papers and participants’ comments highlighted some successes and some problems in the use of TEDs. They also highlighted different strategies for catch utilization in Southeast Asia, Australia and the U.S.A. On the topic of otterboard gear types. Mr, Mounsey noted turtle entrapments by discarded fishing gear or ghost fishing. This topic was elaborated by Dr. Pingguo He (WP/17) who raised the subject of unaccounted mortality due to ghost fishing by pots and gill nets and how ghost fishing could be reduced 9. The latter part of Session 3 was devoted to training and extension in Responsible Fisheries. Dr, He described the Canadian Code of Conduct and efforts made by various institutes in Canada to incorporate the Responsible Fisheries philosophy into fisheries curricula, Mrs. Alma Dickson (WP/13) reiterated the need for effective conservation and management in Philippines’ fisheries. She stressed the need to introduce training programs to conserve and rehabilitate resources in “management support strategies.” She also made clear that fisheries comprise fish and fisherfolk, both of which can be hurt by resource depletion. The work currently being done in Indonesia and the preparations being made for Responsible Fishing were discussed and the implementation of both regional and subregional planning for collaborative research and training material provision to accelerate the implementation of the Code of Conduct were suggested. Mr. Suppachai Ananpongsuk, described the work done by SEAFDEC on the introduction of TEDs into shrimp traw! fishing in Thailand. A representative from the Department of Fisheries in Thailand, Mr. Wannakiat Thubthimsang, (WP/15) discussed the areas of concern for the authorities which have led to the implementation of closed seasons, closed areas and mesh size limitation with training and extension programs for fishermen and others concemed. Also the inauguration of conservation projects that are undertaken by the Department. On the subject of monitoring and surveillance of ships at sea, Mr, Frank August (WP/16) described how increasing use ‘was being made of INMARSAT to track and record questionable operations 10 The fourth session dealt with the implementation of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing. Dr. Verawat Hongskul in opening this session made the point that the implementation of the Code of Conduct is coming very fast to both region and local 3areas he said that the existing depletion of fisheries resources is a fact that confronts the fishing industry of the region. He explained that for the benefit of long term sustainability of fishing and for the protection of fishers and communities around the world something was needed to be done. He went on to say that this is not a new issue; it has been considered for the last twenty years. Stocks have been reducing since the end of the war. Dr. Verawat cited the Rome Declaration where all countries officially recognized the problem. This was the beginning of the Code of Conduct He recognized that the Code of Conduet would place a strain on all countries and regions. He stressed three major points (1) that the Code is global in nature, (2) that the Code is voluntary and (3) the Code can be revised. Although the Code is not legally binding at this time, some areas of it have already been incorporated into legal instruments directly concerned with other broader issues, He stated that the Code of Conduct is not only for higher levels of government and the lesser levels of the industry , but it is for the consideration and acceptance of everyone all over the world 11, He then asked Dr. Kato (WP/1) to explain what could be done, not at global level but at this level - now-. Dr. Kato then outlined the present shortcomings of the implementation and suggested several areas where regionalization of the presently global Code might be achieved. He indicated that discussions at technical level will identify where and what problems exist, and those discussions can serve as benchmarks for modifying the Code at regional and national levels. He said that more consideration would be necessary at socio economic, market and cultural levels while technical discussions continue. The ways of how to change deeply entrenched methods that have been developed out of traditional and cultural considerations need a careful approach Without such changes a regional and national policy cannot be achieved. He suggested that seminars and workshops and regional training would be useful to identify arcas where changes must be made and clarification achieved, FAO in the global context can only achieve so much. Regional input is needed. FAO can help to coordinate region forums to clarify local positions by a comprehensive progamme. He stated that FAO had donor interest from Norway and the Netherlands for the MCS and fisheries management and for policy planning on an inter regional basis. He stressed that the FAO contribution could be more cost effective if they were involved at regional rather than national levels the momentum created at regional level could carry over to national levels. 12, The fifth session dealt with the need for regional cooperation. Dr. Maitree, as moderator of session 5, identified two papers, the first, by Dr. Frank Chopin, entitled Cooperative Research in Asian Fisheries - Future Directions and Opportunities (WP/18), In this paper Dr.Chopin reported that from the results of the Cooperative Research in Asia for Fishing Technology (CRAFT) meeting in Beijing , he elaborated the findings of the Workshop and specified the regional needs and problems as follows: - There is a nced to identify, quantify and reduce biological waste in the region, - A need to share research and development facilities for the regional reduction of biological waste.‘A need to share knowledge and experience through information, facilities and human resources. ‘A. requirement for administrative support, strategic planning and ‘management of rogional databases of scientists and technologists to be carried out by regional agencies like SEAFDEC and ICLARM. The resolution of technological problems can be achieved by intemational cooperation between agencies, institutes and researchers ‘A need to define the priorities and main issues in cooperative research in capture technology. A need to define the standards for a database. ‘A. need to define the problems in commercial fishing by the measurement of discards, a definitive method of discard calculation and ‘an assessment of the impact of discards in terms of loss. A need to clarify the definition of trash fish. Dr. Chopin went on to describe the missing factors in regional reporting as: No available data on biological waste in commercial fisheries. An impact assessment of discarding not carried out ‘There are no standards established for data collection. ‘There is no regional agreement. With regard to the future opportunities for collaboration he cited the possibility for: Regional and national agencies to establish an infrastructure for the support of a cooperative research network in commercial fisheries ‘A need for regional and national agencies to take a lead in setting up an Asian Fisheries database. Regional scientists and technologists to devise a discard database Regional and national scientists and technologists to devise a waste reduction technology database Regional and national scientists and technologists to devise a training materials database.13. Dr. Maitree introduced the final paper of the workshop presented by Mr. Prado entitled “Cooperative Research Networking to facilitate Research and Development for the Reduction of Wastage in Shrimp Fisheries” (WP/19). In his paper Mr. Prado suggested that with the high priority given to shrimp trawling in many countries there is a need for a project for research networking more research institutions can collaborate ina broader research program. The objectives being to: - Gather more information on shrimp trawling in tropical areas, the conditions of operation, catch and by-catch comparison and data to further improve selectivity - To exchange experiences and review progress - To facilitate further research through a cooperative research network of institutions with shrimp trawling related interests and programs, 14, He went on to state that there is a lack of accurate information on fisheries and the status of ongoing rescarch. He suggested that field surveys and an accurate review of by-catch problems together with discussion and research result comparisons could ease those problems. Mr, Prado then cited the need for more practical research with experts involved in tests at sea of selective fishing devices and he suggested the implementation of a workshop on selective shrimp trawling using selective devices Im his discussion he said that the expected output from such measures would include: - National reports on by-catch problems “ A definition of the actual situation and possible improvements in shrimp trawling - ‘An improvement in the quality of research work - Joint research activities and exchange of experience between experts 15. Mr. Prado went on to relate the present strategy of FAO which involved a global project to reduce the impact of Tropical Shrimp Trawling Fisheries on living marine resources. The Project Development and Preparation Facility (PDF) will involve relevant regional and national activities. The aim of the PDF is to promote the best practices and technologies including by-catch exclusion technology, to develop the strategies and the revision of national polices designed to limit the impact on non-target species and habitats. Another strategy of the PDF is to establish national committees and national coordinators with the responsibility of coordinating national inputs, These will include identifying other desirable inputs from government, public institutions, the fishing industry, fishing communities -and NGOs. It will be necessary to evaluate existing or planned research and analysis of constraints, economic or otherwise, A series of KAP (Knowledge, Attitude and Perception) studies will be needed at national level that involves groups of operators in shrimp trawl fisheries, 616, ‘The PDF phase will be rounded out by several regional workshops to elaborate the program on the basis of various national inputs. These will include developing priorities, participatory strategies for institutions and industry and identifying the networking requirements during the project. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 17, Conclusions and Recommendations 17.1 All countries in the region should translate the Code of Conduct and the related technical guidelines into their own language for better understanding by fishers and increased public awareness 17.2 Each country should establish a multi-disciplinary team to advise on all aspects related to the implementation of the Code as well as to develop the regional guidelines of the Code of Conduct. 173. Each country should Conduct a national review on the application of the Code, at which all stakcholders be invited to participate, in order to define the Code in the national and regional context. 174 All countries should participate in the elaboration of a regional program and an appropriate strategy for the dissemination of responsible fisheries concepts. 175 SEAFDEC should place more emphases on the Code of Conduct in their research, training and extension programs and coordinate related activities in the region 176 A mechanism should be developed to promote and allow, when appropriate, the cooperative elaboration of new training modules related to responsible fisheries and the exchange of existing relevant modules. 17.7 SEAFDEC should coordinate to promote and allow ‘the exchange of fishery research and development of Responsible Fishing technology among, countries in the region. 17.8 The development of standardization of methodologies in fishing gear selectivity, bycatch and discard estimation on an institutional working group basis. 17.9. Promotion of training and education on environmental awareness, energy optimization and the reduction of harmful emissions, 17.10 Regionalization of the Code of Conduct should take into account socio- economic conditions of fishers and fishing communities in the region. a17.11 Assistance on the implementation on the concept of responsible fisheries to and from fishers, fishing communities, local and national levels 17.12. SEAFDEC should correlate the data and information gathered at this workshop. 17.13. SEAFDEC should promote public awareness, particularly in the young, of the need for environmental care and Responsible Fishing, possibly through a variety of media. 17.14 SEAFDEC, in cooperation with other countries, should gather data leading toa regional guidelines document and suitable Code of Conduct. 18. In concluding the workshop Mr. Udom made a short summary of the conference in these words: 19. The burden of the papers on the first day reflected the essence of the Code of Conduct and established the existence of the guidelines supporting it. The discussion showed a lack of information at both local and possibly national level. The implementation of the Code of Conduct raised some questions, particularly with regard to the legality and the strictures that the Code poses for fisheries in this region. It is recognized that the guidelines may need revision in the light of local and regional conditions, 20. The country papers produced on the second day highlighted the fact that many of the guidelines for the Code of Conduct were already in place in the region. The fact that these were independent of the Code of Conduct and the guidelines for it is not so important as the fact that nationally the need for such rules has been recognized, many nations employ restrictions during the breeding scason. The prohibition of some types of fishing giving rise to fisheries management. The control of foreign incursions into EEZs and the introduction of term plans extending over a number of years. Also clear was the vitally important need for, research, training and for information dissemination and extension both regionally and locally. 21. Day 3 covered the more technical aspects, The conclusions that may be drawn indicate that there is still much fundamental work going, on and work to be done before true selectivity can be achieved. The need for technology transfer and the sharing of working experience can be a factor in this region in the future, The evidence points to the need for BRDs and for TEDs possibly in conjunction, but it is unlikely that one design will be suitable for all regions and all target species with the by-catch excluded. 22. Day 4 Considered the implementation of the Code of Conduct with the implications of what levels this will reach. The Code is a global document with problems relative to implementation at regional levels. The need for much more detailed information at both regional and national levels was highlighted. The traditional methods of fishing are not well or wholly understood and these together with the socio- economic aspects must be taken into account. The Conclusions and Recommendations 8will be another factor in determining where the Code of Conduct will feature in training programs and how these may be introduced. Session 5, looked at the present state ‘and how the region can achieve inputs and influence to determine the shape of the future 23. Tn his closing address Mr. Udom Bhatyasevi thanked the contributors and questioners from the floor for their dedicated contributions. He was a litle surprised by the lack of discussion of the Code of Conduct, particularly from SEAFDEC member countries, Finally he thanked all concerned in the preparation and organization of the workshop and wished those who were traveling intemationally and safe and speedy journey home. (Appendix F)LIST OF PARTICIPAN’ RESOURCE PERSONS Mr, Abmad Ali Head, Resource Exploration Unit SEAFDEC Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Fisheries Garden, Chendering 21080 Kuala Tarengganu, Malaysia Tel 609-6175-135 Fax: 609-6175-136 E-mail : seafdec@po jaring my Ms. Alma C, Dickson Head of the National Marine Fisheries Development Center Department of Agriculture 860 Quezon Avenue , Arcadia Building Quezon City, Philippines 3008 Tel: 632-922-21-97 Fax: 632-926-54-98/927-85-76 Mr. Frank August Market Manager, Maritime Inmarsat, 99 City Road, London ECIY 1AX United Kingdom Tel: 44171 728 1413 Fax: 44171 728 1752 E-mail : frank-august@inmarsat.org Dr. Frank Chopin Research Scientist Fishing Method Section National Rescarch Institute of Fisheries Engineering Ebidai, Hasaki, Kashima-gun Ibaraki, 314-04 Japan Tel: 81-479-44-5952 Fax: 81-479-44-6221 E-mail ; fehopin@nrife.affre go jp APPENDIX A Dr. Joel Prado Fishery Industry Officer Fishery Industries Division FAO, Viale Delle Terme DI Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy Tel: 39-6-522-54-931 Fax ; 39-6-522-55-188 E-mail: Joel Prado@fao.org Dr. John Haluan Head of Fishing Operation Laboratory Faculty of Fisheries Bogor Agricultural University Kampus IPB Damaga Bogor 16680, Indonesia Tel; 001-62-51-622934 Fax: 001-62-51-621171 E-mail: Laolpipsp @ indo net id Mr. Jonathan O. Dickson Chief, Fishing Technology Division Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources 860 Quezon Avenue , Arcadia Building Quezon City, Philippines 3008 Tel : 632-9201867 Fax : 632-9278517 Dr. Maitree Duangsawasdi Fishery Advisor Department of Fisheries Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperatives Kasetsart University Campus Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 ‘Thailand Tel: 5620578 Fax: 9406211 10Mr. Nick Rawlinson Lectural Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Environment Australian Maritime College P.O. Box 21, Beaconsfield Tasmania 7270 Australia Tel: 613 63 354414 Fax: 61 3 63 354459 E-mail : N.Rawlinson@fine.ame.edu.au Dr. Pingguo He Senior Researcher Fisheries and Marine Institute Memorial University of Newfoundland P.O. Box 4920, St. John’s, Newfoundland Canada Tel: 709-778-0385 Fax: 709-778-0699 E-mail: phe@gill ifmt nf.ca Mr. Richard Mounsey Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries Fisheries Client Services Branch GPO Box 990 Drawin N.T. 0801 Australia Tel (08)8999 3484 Fax ; 61-08-89811475 Dr, Tadashi Tokai Associate Professor Tokyo University of Fisheries 4-5-7, Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108 Japan Tel; 81-3-5463-0474 Fax : 81-3-5463-0399 E-mail , tokai@tokyo-u-fish.ac jp Dr. Takafumi Arimoto Professor in Fish Behaviour Section Tokyo University of Fisheries 4-5-7, Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108 Japan Tel: 81-3-5463-0470 Fax ; $1-3-5403-0360 E-mail: tarimoto@tokyo-u-fish.ac jp Dr. Tatsuro Matsuoka ‘Associate Professor Faculty of Fisheries Kagoshima University Shimoarata 4-50-20, Kagoshima Japan 890 Tel: (+)99 286-4241 Fax 001-81-286-4015 or 4242 E-mail: matsuoka@shark fish kagoshima- uacjp Dr, Veravat Hongskul Senior Regional Fisheries Officer FAO Regional Office for Asia and Pacific (RAP) Maliwan Mansion 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok 10200 Thailand E-mail: Veravat Hongskul @feld fao.org Mr. Wannakiat Thubthimsang Director, Fisherman Training Center 408 Mu 8, Tambo! Paknam Chumpom, Thailand Tel: 077-522007, 521916 Fax : 077-522-007 Mr, Wilber R. Seidel Fishery Administrator U.S.A--National Marine Fisheries Service P.O, Box 1034 Pascagoula, Mississippi 39568-1034 U.S.A Tel: 601-762-4591 Fax ; 601-769-8699 E-mail : wseidel@triton pas nmfs. gov ulDr. Yasuhisa Kato Director, Fishery Policy and Planing Division FAO Fisheries Department Via Delle Terme Di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy Tel: 39-6-522-53427 Fax : 39-6-522-54408 E-mail : yasuhisa kato@fao.org Dr. Yoshihiro Inoue Fishing Method Section National Research Institute of Fisheries Engineering Ebidai, Hasaki, Kashima-gun Ibaraki, 314-04 Japan Tel: 0479-44-5952 Fax : 0479-44-6221 or 1875, E-mail : yoino@nrife.affrc.go jp PARTICIPANTS Mr. Haji Abdul Halidi Mohd Salleh Senior Fisheries Officer Department of Fisheries Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources P.O. Box 2161, Bandar Seri Begawan 1921 Brunei Darussalam Tel: 383067/382068 Fax. 382069 Cambodia Mr. Kim Sour Fisheries Officer Fisheries Department P.O. Box 582, # 186 Narodom Blvd Phnom Penh, Cambodia Tel/Fax: 855-233-60127 Mr. Ros Vuthy Fisheries Officer Fisheries Department P.O. Box 582, # 186 Narodom Blvd. Phnom Penh, Cambodia TeVFax : 855-233-60127 Indonesia Mr. Ketut Widana Chief of Directorate of Resources Management (capture) Dit. Jen. Perikanan J/n Harsono RM No. 3, Ragunan PS. Minggu, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia Tel: 7811672, 7812566 Fax | 7803196 Mr. Bambang Sumiono Senior Research Officer Research Institute For Marine Fisheries Jalan Muarabaru Ujung, Komplek Pelabuhan Perikanan Samudera Jakarta-14440, Indonesia Tel: (021) 6602044 Fax : (021) 6612137 E-mail ; bppl@jakarta.wasantara.net.id Malaysia Mr, Abdul Hamid Bin Yassin Fisheries Officer Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture Tingkat 8&9, Wisma Tani Jalan Sultan Salahuddin 50628 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Tel: (093)298-2011 Fax: (093)291-0305 12Mr. Razali Bin Lajis Fisheries Officer Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture Tingkat 8&9, Wisma Tani Jalan Sultan Salahuddin 50628 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Tel: (093)298-2011 Fax : (093)291-0305 Myanmar Mr, U. Maung Maung, Assistant Director Department of Fisheries ‘Yangon, Myanmar Tel: 01-221240, 01-571210 Fax» 001-951-289429 Mr. U. Khin Maung Myint Assistant Director Department of Fisheries Yangon, Myanmar Tel: 01297146, 291544 Fax: 001-951-289429 Philippines Mr. Prospero Pastoral Supervising Aquaculturist Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources 860 Quezon Avenue , Arcadia Building Quezon City, Philippines 3008 Tel: 632-922-2197 Fax : 632-927-8576, 922-2197 Mr. Rafael! Ramiscal Senior Aquculturist Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources 860 Quezon Avenue, Arcadia Building Quezon City, Philippines 3008 Tel: 632-922-2197 Fax: 632-927-8576, 922-2197 ‘Thailand Mr. Somsak Chullasorn Director of Marine Fisheries Division Marine Fisheries Division Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University Campus Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 ‘Thailand Tel: 5620542 Fax | (662) 5620543 Dr. Cherdchinda Chotiyaputta Senior Fishery Biologist Marine Fisheries Division Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University Campus Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 Thailand Tel: 9406130-45 ext 4606 Fax © (662) 5612962 E-mail : echerdch@uetseru,chula.ac.th Vietnam Dr. Bio Se Pham Thuoc Associate Professor, Deputy Director of Marine Fisheries Research Institution Ministry of Fisheries the SRVN 10 Nguyen Cong Hoan Str., Ba Dinh Dist. Hanoi, Republic of Vietnam Tel; 844-834-0577 Fax: 844-835-4496 Mr. Eng, Pham Huy Son Fishing Engineer of Marine Fisheries Research Institution Ministry of Fisheries the SRVN 10 Nguyen Cong Hoan Str., Ba Dinh Dist Hanoi, Republic of Vietnam Tel: 844-834-0577 Fax ; 844-835-4496 13‘The Colombo Plan Mr, Ahmed Rasheed Director of Administration ‘Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture Ghazee Building, Male” Republic of Maldives Tel: 960-322625 Fax > 960-326558 Mr, Mohamed Faiz Resources Officer, Marine Research Section Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture Ghazee Building, Male” Republic of Maldives Tel: 960-322625 Fax : 960-326558 Mr. Muhammad Asif Shetkh Director South-South Technical Cooperation/Data Bank Colombo Plan Secretariat 12 Melbourne Avenue Colombo 4, Sri Lanka Tel = (94-1) 581813, 581853(0) Fax > (94-1) $81754, 723839(R) Telex: 21537 Metalix CE E-mail : eplan@sl.tk.net SEAFDEC/TD Mr, Udom Bhatiyasevi Sceretary-Gemeral and Chief of the ‘Training Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC) Suraswadi Building clo Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University Campus Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 ‘Thailand Tel - (662) 940-6326 to 940-6329 Fax: (662) 940-6336 E-mail| udombt@mozart.inet.co.th Mr. Masao Shimomura Deputy, Secretary-Gerneral and Chief of the Training Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC) Suraswadi Building c/o Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University Campus Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand Tel: (662) 940-6326 to 940-6329 Fax > (662) 940-6336 E-mail ; seafdec@mozart.inet.co.th Mr. Kachornsak Wetchagarun Training Division Head SEAFDEC/TD P.O, Box 97, Phrasamutchedi Samut Prakarn 10290 Thailand Tel: (662) 425-8040 to 45 Fax : (662) 425-8561 E-mail > seafdec@mozart.inet.co.th Mr. Somnuk Pompatimakom Information and Extension Division Head SEAFDEC/TD P.O. Box 97, Phrasamutchedi Samut Prakar 10290 Thailand Tel: (662) 425-8040 to 45, Fax : (662) 425-8561 E-mail : seaflec@mozart inct,co.th Mr. Bundit Chokesanguan Office of the Training Department Chief Head and Administrative Division Head SEAFDEC/TD P.O. Box 97, Phrasamutchedi Samut Prakarn 10290 Thailand Tel: (662) 425-8040 to 45 Fax | (662) 425-8561 “E-mail: seafdec@mozart.inet.co.th 14Mr. Aussanee Munprasit Research Division Head SEAFDEC/TD P.O, Box 97, Phrasamutchedi Samut Prakam 10290 Thailand Tel = (662) 425-8040 to 45 Fax : (662) 425-8561 E-mail : seaftlec@mozart inet.co.th Dr. Yuttana Theparoonrat Ship Division Head SEAFDEC/TD P.O. Box 97, Phrasamutchedi Samut Prakarn 10290 ‘Thailand Tel: (662) 425-8040 to 45 Fax : (662) 425-8561 E-mail : seafdee@mozart inet.co.th Ms. Pouchamar Wongsanga Socio-economic Section Head SEAFDEC/TD P.O. Box 97, Phrasamutchedi Samut Prakarn 10290 Thailand Tel: (662) 425-8040 to 45 Fax: (662) 425-8561 E-mail» scafdee@mozart inet.co.th Dr. Somboon Siriraksophon Fishing Ground Section Head SEAFDEC/TD P.O. Box 97, Phrasamutchedi Samut Prakam 10290 Thailand Tel = (662) 425-8040 to 45 Fax: (662) 425-8561 E-mail > seafdee@mozart inet.co.th Mr. Suppachai Ananpongsuk Fishing Technology Section Head SEAFDEC/TD P.O, Box 97, Phrasamutchedi Samut Prakam 10290 Thailand Tel: (662) 425-8040 to 45 Fax : (662) 425-8561 E-mail : seaftdec@mozart inet.co.th Ms, Supaporn Anuchiracheeva Extension Officer SEAFDEC/TD P.O. Box 97, Phrasamutchedi Samut Prakam 10290, Thailand Tel: (662) 425-8040 to 45 Fax ; (662) 425-8561 E-mail - seafdec@mozart inet.co.th Mr. Suriyan Vichitlekarn Development Officer SEAFDEC/TD P.O, Box 97, Phrasamutchedi Samut Prakarn 10290, Thailand Tel: (662) 425-8040 to 45 Fax | (662) 425-8561 E-mail : seafdee@mozart inet.co.th SEAFDEC/AQD Dr. Rolando R. Platon Chief, SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department SEAFDEC/AQD. P.O. Box 250 Hoilo City 5000 Philippines Tel: (63-33) 3351009 Fax: (63-33) 3351008 E-mail : tms-seafdee@phil.gn.ape.org, seafdec@mozcom. com 15Dr. Clarissa L. Marte Head of Research Division SEAFDEC/AQD Hoilo City 000 Philippines Tel: (63-33) 3351009 Fax : (63-33) 3351008 E-mail : tms-seafdec@phil.gn.ape.org seafdec@mozcom.com SEAFDEC/MFRDMD, Mr. Ismail Taufid B. Md. Yusoff Chief, SEAFDEC Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Fisheries Garden, Chendering 21080 Kuala Tarengganu, Malaysia Tel: 609-6175-135 Fax: 609-6175-136 E-mail: seafdec@po jaring my Mr. Ibrahim Johari Fisheries Officer SEAFDEC Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Fisheries Garden, Chendering 21080 Kuala Tarengganu, Malaysia Tel: 609-6175-135 Fax: 609-6175-136 E-mail : seafdec@po jaring.my OBSERVERS Canada Mr. Roy Gibbons Lecturer/Project Chair Fishing Technology Unit School of Fisheries P.O. Box 4920, St, John’s Newfoundland, Canada A1C 5R3 Tel: (709) 778-0576 Fax | (709) 778-0661 E-mail : gibbons/fisheies@illifint nf.ca NACA Dr. Michael John Phillips NACA Suraswadi Bldg, Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University Campus Ladyao, Chatuchak Bangkok 10900, Thailand Tel: 561-1728 to9 Fax : (66-2)561-1727 E-mail : naca@mozart inet.co.th SEAFDEC/SECRETARIAT Mr. Damrong Silpachai Suraswadi Building c/o Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University Campus Bangkhen, Bangkok 10900 Thailand Tel: (662) 940-6326 to 940-6329 Fax : (662) 940-6336 Mr. Kasemsant Chalayondeja Suraswadi Building clo Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University Campus Bangkhen, Bangkok 10900 Thailand Tel: (662) 940-6326 to 940-6329 Fax : (662) 940-6336 Mr. Apiwat Thamakasom Suraswadi Building c/o Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University Campus Bangkhen, Bangkok 10900 ‘Thailand Tel: (662) 940-6326 to 940-6329 Fax : (662) 940-6336Mrs. Sudarat Navikmoon Suraswadi Building clo Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University Campus Bangkhen, Bangkok 10900 Thailand Tel: (662) 940-6326 to 940-6329 Fax: (662) 940-6336 Ms. Gloria P. Gonzalez Suraswadi Building c/o Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University Campus Bangkhen, Bangkok 10900 ‘Thailand Tel: (662) 940-6326 to 940-6329 Fax : (662) 940-6336 Mrs. Saowanee Wanothayarnchai Suraswadi Building c/o Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University Campus Bangkhen, Bangkok 10900 Thailand Tel: (662) 940-6326 to 940-6329 Fax: (662) 940-6336 Ms, Reiko Yamaguchi Suraswadi Building clo Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University Campus Bangkhen, Bangkok 10900 ‘Thailand Tel: (662) 940-6326 to 940-6329 Fax: (662) 940-6336 Ms. Natehawan Ukosakul Suraswadi Building c/o Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University Campus Bangkhen, Bangkok 10900 Thailand Tel: (662) 940-6326 to 940-6329 Fax: (662) 940-6336 EAFDEC/TD ‘Mr. Prasert Masthawee Instructor P.O. Box 97, Phrasamutchedi Samut Prakam 10290 Thailand Tel: (662) 425-8040 to 45 Fax : (662) 425-8561 E-mail : seafilec@mozart inet.co.th Ms, Penjan Rogana-anawat Assistant Researcher SEAFDEC/TD P.O. Box 97, Phrasamutchedi Samut Prakam 10290 Thailand Tel; (662) 425-8040 to 45 Fax: (662) 425-8561 E-mail ; seaflec@mozart inet.co.th Ms, Siripom Seurungreong Assistant Researcher SEAFDEC/TD P.O, Box 97, Phrasamutchedi ‘Samut Prakam 10290 ‘Thailand Tel: (662) 425-8040 to 45 Fax: (662) 425-8561 E-mail; seafdec@mocart inet.coth Ms, Panitnard Weeravat Assistant Instructor SEAFDEC/TD P.O. Box 97, Phrasamutchedi Samut Prakam 10290 ‘Thailand Tel: (662) 425-8040 to 45 Fax; (662) 425-8561 E-mail : seafdec@mozart.inet.co.thThailand Dr, Mala Supongpan Marine Fisheries Division Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University Campus Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 ‘Thailand Tel: 5620542 Fax = (662) 5612962 Mr. Mickmin Charuchinda Sea Turtle Conservation Station Klaeng District Rayong Province 21190 Thailand Tel: 038-616096 Fax > 038-657466 Mr, Pirochana Saikliang Marine Fisheries Division Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University Campus Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 Thailand Tel: 5620542 Fax - (662) 5620543 Ms, Nutsara Sirisabya Secretary of Seafood Packes” Group Thai Food Processors’ Association 170/22 9th Floor Ocean Tower |, New-Rachadapisek Rd., Klongtocy, Bangkok 10110, Thailand Tel: 261-2684 Fax: 261-2996 to 261-2997 Japan Mr. Masaaki Sato Seretary, ICA Fisheries Committee General Manager of Zengyoren National Federation of Fisheries ‘Co-operative Associations 1-2-12 Ushikanda, Chiyoda-Ku Tokyo 101 Japan Tel: (81-3) 3294 9617 Fax: (81-3) 3294-9602 ‘Trainees of the Regional Training Course in Fishing Technology and Resource Conservation (SEAFDEC/TD) Mr, Md, Shafiqul Islam CAMBODIA Mr. Chhun Haing Tong INDIA Dr (Ms) P, Laxmilatha INDONESIA Mr, Widodo Mr. Nur Bambang Mr. Lilik Soepriyadi MALAYSIA Mr. Mohd, Sayuti Bin Ismail Mr, Mobd. Asri bin Ismail Mr. Sabeli Bin Sera 18MALDIVES Mr. Abdulla Shaan MYANMAR Mr. Aung Htay Oo PAKISTAN Mr. Ziaullah PHILIPPINES Mr. Jerome B, Rodriguez Mr, Domingo Miguel Ms, Marites Chiuco SRILANKA Mr. SP. Premawardana VIETNAM Mr, Tran Ngoc Duong Mr. Nguyen The Hung Mr. Nguyen Duy Ban THAILAND Mr. Pitoon Kaewsai Mr. Sompong Bootmaung Mr. Nopparattana Ruangpatikorn Mr, Suvej Sinchai Ms, Natinee Sukramongkol Special Trainee SEAFDEC/TD Mr. Nopporn Manajit Special Trainee SEAFDEC/TD 19 Participants of the Special Training Course in Fisheries Management for Sri anka officers (SEAFDEC/TD) Mr, M, A. A. D, K. Munasinghe Mr. H. A. B. Rodrigo Mr. P, A. Jayawardena Mr, D. AmarasooriyaAPPENDIX B REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON RESPONSIBLE FISHIN Bangkok, 24-27 June 1997 PROSPECTUS 1. BACKGROUND The Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries prepared by FAO recommends that states should require that fishing gear, methods and practices are sufficiently selective to minimize the catch of non-target species, waste, discards and threats to endangered species. The Code also recommends that fishermen should cooperate in the development of selective gear and methods and that states and relevant institutions should collaborate in developing standard methodologies for fishing gear selectivity, fishing methods and tactics. ‘The present situation is that most, or even all, fish stocks are overexploited and have many discards. Any improvement in yield therefore, must come from a more responsible exploitation of the resources, Future development in fishing should be focused on improvements in selectivity instead of efficiency as has been the case in the past To promote fish resource harvesting in a manner that ensures sustainability, the ‘Training Department has, as one of its mandates, to conduct training and research in marine fishing technology and will organize a workshop on responsible fishing to assess the actual situation and to introduce the concept of responsible fishing and new conditions of fishing operation to fishery officers and fishing operators in the region 2. OBJECTIVES ‘The workshop will be convened with the following objectives. 1) To introduce the concept of responsible fishing and new conditions of fishing operation; 2) To provide technical and practical information on the implementation of responsible fishing with emphasis on fishing gear selectivity and fishing methods; 3) To provide a forum for discussion on the management of responsible fishing among the countries of the region: 4) To promote international co-operation and coordination in supporting the members efforts to effectively implement the code of conduct for responsible fishing; 5) To provide training opportunities in responsible fishing and new conditions of fishing operation. 20ay AGENDA ITEMS yy 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) ‘The Introduction to Responsible Fisheries and new conditions for fishing operations Status of Fishing conditions in the Regions in Relation to Responsible Fishing Research, Training and Extension Programs on Responsible Fishing, Guidelines for the Implementation of Responsible Fishing Prospects for Regional Co-operation on Responsible Fishing Conclusions and Recommendations 4, PARTICIPANTS Participants of the Workshop will be Senior fishery officers of SEAFDEC member countries, countries in Southeast Asia region, countries under the Colombo Plan and representative from regional and intemational organizations. 5. DOCUMENTATION It ig expected that the documents prepared for the Workshop will provide information and understanding of Responsible Fishing in Southeast Asia and that the lessons teamed from the Workshop will provide a forum for further thought and discussion for the future. ‘The documentation will be in two major forms, namely, country papers and experience papers. 21APPENDIX C PROVISIONAL AGENDA AND TIMETABLE Tuesday, 24 June 1997 0800-0900 Registration 0900-0930 Opening and Assignment of Moderators and Rapporteurs 0930-0945 Coffee break ‘The Introduction to Responsible Fisheries and new conditions for fishing operations 1000-1100 Strategy For the Implementation of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries 1100-1200 Discussion 1200-1400 Lunch Break 1400-1530 Guidelines for Responsible Fishing 1530-1545 Coffee break 1545-1700 Discussion Wednesday, 25 June 1997 Status of Fishing conditions in the Region in Relation to Responsible Fishing 0900-0920 Country Paper of Brunei 0920-0950 Country Paper of Indonesia 0950-1010 Country Paper of Japan 1010-1025 Coffe break 1025-1045 Country Paper of Malaysia 1045-1105 Country Paper of the Philippines 1105-1125 Country Paper of Thailand 221125-1145 Country Paper of Vietnam 1145-1400 Lunch Break 1400-1420 Country Paper of Cambodia 1420-1440 Country Paper of Myanmar 1440-1500 Country Paper of the Maldives 1500-1530 Discussion 1530-1545 Coffee break Thursday, 26 June 1997 Research, Training and Extension Programs on Responsible Fishing 0900-0925 Methodology to estimate Bycatch and Discards 0925-0950 Methodology of Evaluating Selectivity Performance-Two Selective Processes of Trawl Sorting Devices : Fish Encountering and Being Sieved 0950-1015 Fish Behaviour Approach for Improving Trawl Gear Selectivity 1015-1030 Coffee break 1030-1050 The Experiments on Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) for Shrimp Trawl Nets in Thailand 1050-1110 Experiments on the use of Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) in Malaysian Waters 1110-1130 Study on Turtle Excluder and by-Catch Reduction Devices in the Philippines 1130-1150 Southeast United States Fisheries Bycatch Reduction Research in Shrimp Trawl Fisheries 1150-1210 Application of the Australian Trawl Efficiency Device in Australia’s Northern Prawn Fishery 1210-1230 Moving Towards More Responsible Fishing Practices in Australia’s Northern Prawn Fishery 1230-1400 Lunch Break 231400-1420 Responsible Fisheries Training in Canada 1420-1440 Training and Extension Selective on Fishing in the Philippines 1440-1500 Training and Extension Programs on Responsible Fishing in Indonesia 1500-1520 Training and Extension Programs on Responsible Fishing in Thailand 1520-1535 Coffee break 1535-1555 Ghostfishing Problems and Prevention 1555-1615 Inmarsat’s Role in Responsible Fishing 1615-1700 Discussion Friday, 27 June 1997 Guidelines for the Implementation of Responsible Fishing 0900-1030 Discussion 1030-1045 Coffee break 1045-1200 Discussion 1200-1400 Lunch Break Prospects for Regional Co-operation on Responsible Fishing 1400-1430 Cooperative Research in Asian Fisheries- Future Directions and Opportunities 1430-1500 Cooperative Research Networking to Facilitate Research and Development for the Reduction of Wastage in Shrimp Fisheries 1500-1530 Discussion 1530-1545 Coffee break 1545-1645 Conclusions and Recommendations 1645-1700 Closing 24APPENDIX D LIST OF DOCUMENTS 1. Country papers SEAFDEC/RESF/97/CP. | Fisheries in Brunei Darussalam SEAFDEC/RESF/97/CP. 2a Fishing Activities in Relation to Commercial and Small-scale Fisheries in Indonesia SEAFDEC/RESF/97/CP. 2b Status of Fishing Condition in Indonesia in Relation to Responsible Fishing SEAFDEC/RESF/97/CP. 3 Status of Fishing Conditions in Japan in relation to Responsible Fisheries SEAFDEC/RESF/97/CP. 4a Fisheries Management Policy-Issue and. Problems SEAFDEC/RESF/97/CP. 4b Department of Fisheries Malaysia “Training and Extension Programs” SEAFDEC/RESF/97/CP. 5 Status of Fishing Conditions in the Philippines in Relation to Responsible Fishing, SEAFDEC/RESF/97/CP. 6 Fishing Status of Thailand SEAFDEC/RESF/97/CP. 7 Fish Resources of Vietnamese Sea Waters and Recommendations for Rational Utilization SEAFDEC/RESF/97/CP. 8 Status of Fishing Conditions in Cambodia SEAFDEC/RESF/97/CP. 9 Status of Fisheries in Union of Myanmar SEAFDEC/RESF/97/CP.10 The Status of Fisheries in the Republic of Maldives 252. Experience papers SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP. 1 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP, 2 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP. 3 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP. 3, Suppl. SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP. 4 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP. 5 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP. 6 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP. 7 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP. & SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP. 9 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP. 9 Add. | SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP.10 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP.11 Strategy for the Implementation of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Methodology to Estimate Bycatch and Discards Discards in Japanese Marine Capture Fisheries and their Estimation Methodology of Evaluating Selectivity Performance -Two Selective Processes of Trawl Sorting Devices: Fish Encountering and Being Sieved Fish Behaviour Approach for Improving Trawl Gear Selectivity ‘The Experiments on Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) for Shrimp Trawl Nets in Thailand Experiments on the use of Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) in Malaysian Waters Study on Turtle Excluder and by-Catch Reduction Devices in the Philippines Southeast United States Fisheries Bycatch Reduction Research in Shrimp Trawl Fisheries Southeast United States Fisheries Bycatch Reduction. Research in Shrimp Trawl Fisheries Application of the Australian Trawl Efficiency Device in Australia’s Northem Prawn Fishery Moving towards more responsible fishing practices in Australia’s Northern Prawn Fishery 26APPENDIX D LIST OF DOCUMENTS 1, Country papers SEAFDEC/RESF/97/CP. 1 Fisheries in Brunei Darussalam SEAFDEC/RESF/97/CP. 2a Fishing Activities in Relation to Commercial and Small-scale Fisheries in Indonesia SEAFDEC/RESF/97/CP, 2b Status of Fishing Condition in Indonesia in Relation to Responsible Fishing SEAFDEC/RESF/97/CP. 3 Status of Fishing Conditions in Japan in relation to Responsible Fisheries SEAFDEC/RESF/97/CP. 4a Fisherics Management Policy-Issue and Problems SEAFDEC/RESF/97/CP. 4b Department of Fisheries Malaysia “Training and Extension Programs” SEAFDEC/RESF/97/CP. 5 Status of Fishing Conditions in the Philippines in Relation to Responsible Fishing SEAFDEC/RESFI/97/CP. 6 Fishing Status of Thailand SEAFDEC/RESF/97/CP. 7 Fish Resources of Vietnamese Sea Waters and Recommendations for Rational Utilization SEAFDEC/RESF/97/CP. 8 Status of Fishing Conditions in Cambodia SEAFDEC/RESFI97/CP. 9 Status of Fisheries in Union of Myanmar SEAFDEC/RESF/97/CP.10 ‘The Status of Fisheries in the Republic of Maldives 252. Experience papers SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP. 1 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP. 2 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP. 3 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP. 3, Suppl. SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP. 4 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP. 5 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP. 6 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP. 7 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP. 8 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP. 9 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP. 9 Add. 1 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP.10 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP.11 Strategy for the Implementation of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Methodology to Estimate Bycatch and Discards Discards in Japanese Marine Capture Fisheries and their Estimation Methodology of Evaluating Selectivity Performance -Two Selective Processes of ‘Trawl Sorting Devices: Fish Encountering and Being Sieved Fish Behaviour Approach for Improving ‘Trawl Gear Selectivity The Experiments on Turtle Exclider Devices (TEDs) for Shrimp Trawl Nets in Thailand Experiments on the use of Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) in Malaysian Waters Study on Turtle Excluder and by-Catch Reduction Devices in the Philippines Southeast United States Fisheries Bycatch Reduction Research in Shrimp Trawl Fisheries Southeast United States Fisheries Bycatch Reduction Research in Shrimp Trawl Fisheries Application of the Australian Trawl Efficiency Device in Australia’s Northern Prawn Fishery Moving towards more responsible fishing practices in Australia’s Northem Prawn Fishery 26SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP.11 Add. 1 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP..12 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP.13 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP.14 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP.15 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP.16 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP. 17 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP.18 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/WP..19 3. Information papers SEAFDEC/RESF/97/Inf. | SEAFDEC/RESF/97/Inf.2 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/Inf.3 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/Inf.4 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/Inf.4 Rev, | SEAFDEC/RESF/97/Inf.5 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/Inf.5 Rev. 1 SEAFDEC/RESF/97/Inf.6 Moving towards more responsible fishing practices in Australia’s Northem Prawn Fishery Responsible Fisheries Training in Canada Training and Extension Selective on Fishing in the Philippines ‘Training and Extension Program on Responsible Fishing in Indonesia ‘Training and Extension Programs on Responsible Fishing in Thailand Inmarsat’s Role in Responsible Fishing Ghostfishing Problems and Prevention Cooperative Research in Asian Fisheries Future Directions and Opportunities Cooperative Research Networking to Facilitate Research and Development for the Reduction of Wastage in Shrimp Fisheries Information Note for Participants Information Note for Workshop Speakers Information for Participants Provisional Agenda and Timetable Provisional Agenda and Timetable List of Documents List of Documents List of Participants 27SEAFDEC/RESF/97/Inf.6 Rev. | List of Participants SEAFDEC/RESF/97/Inf.7 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries SEAFDEC/RESF/97/Inf.8 FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries - I Fishing Operations SEAFDEC/RESF/97/Inf.9 FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries ~ 4 Fisheries Management SEAFDEC/RESF/97/Inf.10 FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries -2 Precautionary Approach to Capture Fisheries and Species Introduction 28APPENDIX E OPENING ADDRESS MR. UDOM BHATIYASEVI Secretary-General and Chief of the Training Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC) Honoured Guests, Distinguished Contributors, Participants, Observers, Ladies and Gentlemen. SEAFDEC, as a concerned authority, have organized this workshop as a forum for discussion on the concept and code of conduct for responsible fisheries. The impact of which will be enormous in this region. The greatest enemy to fish is man, but man may also be their only hope for survival. Starting today, we shall discuss the means by which we may achieve the sustainable development of fisheries. Never in our history has there been a greater need for the control of fisheries exploitation. We shall debate and discuss the Concept of Responsible Fishing. We arc indeed fortunate to have several eminent speakers who have been instrumental in the design of the concept, while others will speak of its implementation. ‘There are five main objectives in this workshop: 1) To introduce the concept of responsible fishing and new conditions of fishing operation. 2) To provide technical and practical information on the implementation of responsible fishing with emphasis on fishing gear selectivity and fishing methods. 3) To provide a forum for discussion on the management of responsible fishing among the countries of the region 4) To promote international cooperation and coordination in support of member countries efforts to effectively implement the code of conduct for responsible fishing 5) To provide training opportunities in responsible fishing and new conditions of fishing operation. There is a great need for understanding this concept and many may fecl disenfranchised by its ordinances, but knowledge and understanding will banish fear from the minds of men, The enforcement of rules and regulations governing the exploitation of fishing grounds is an essential restriction on what many fishermen see as their right to plunder the fishing grounds. Science and technology have given us new tools to improve our fishing harvest and make the detection of fish not only easier but more assured, If we employ our new tools and technology indiscriminately we shall perpetuate what is and unambiguous and imminent danger to our marine environment. From the vantage point of our knowledge 29and our understanding of present developments and future technology we can make considered predictions which are in the one case the mirror of our fears, but in the other case, by adherence to the concept and practice of responsible fishing we can also give shape to our hopes for the future, Ido not mean just to pay lip service to the idea, I mean that if we, as leaders and teachers in this industry, have responsible fishing as a mental conviction we can instill naturally in others who come to us for training and advice, a natural acceptance of that which must be done. The role of SEAFDEC in the overall picture of responsible fishing is that of a courier who carries the message through its workshops, seminars and symposia, also through its training and outreach programmes, and as an observer and reporter through its marine and coastal fisheries research program. We are not prophets of doom, or of deliverance, we can but watch closely the dynamics of change. Great changes there will be because the Southeast Asian region is composed of nations whose economies will be greatly influenced by the introduction of restrictions imposed by the concept of responsible fishing structure, Nowhere more so than Thailand, presently one of the biggest exporters of fish and fish products in the world. ‘The imposition of restrictions will cause problems for the already hard pressed fishermen in the region and the regulation of the code of conduct may well be problematic, It may well encourage and expansion of aquaculture, cage culture, net culture and fish farming and ranching. In this respect SEAFDEC is both non government and non political it may only act as advisor and teacher to its member nations, It is a fact that mankind, generally is at his best when faced with the worst of situations and as the lives of most of us here today are devoted to the assignment and transfer of knowledge, we have the chance to help nature to rectify the situation. This is not the first time there have been imposed restrictions on fishing, the humble herring in the North Sea was almost hunted to extinction, but a five year moratorium on herring fishing averted the disaster. Similar restrictions in the North Atlantic are also making a contribution to sustainable fisheries ‘management. Ladies and gentlemen, there is much to do and to discuss, so I take great pleasure in declaring this workshop open. T want you to open your minds to this concept and to discuss with each other, and with the presenters, how this new philosophy will affect this Southeast Asian region. 30APPENDIX F CLOSING ADDRESS: RESPONSIBLE FISHING WORKSHOP ‘When I opened this workshop I addressed you as: Honoured Guests, Distinguished Contributors, Participants, Observers, Ladies and Gentlemen. I should now like to add to the list of greetings - Valued Friends. We have made many new friends during the course of this workshop, friends who by their questions and comments have told us of the hopes and aspirations they have for the sphere of fisheries in their countries. To make friends was never a stated objective of this workshop, but it has always been my hope that we should achieve that condition, and moreover, I offer the hope that the contacts and connections we have made during this period we have been together will be continued into the future ‘At the beginning I stated what the objectives of this workshop were, and generally speaking we have achieved those, | would have liked to sce more discussion on the fundamental subject of the Concept of Responsible Fisheries, particularly from ‘our member countries. This lack of discussion made us think about how much of the concept had already been adopted. We prepared a questionnaire which showed us that many of the precepts of Responsible Fishing, certainly those concerning the list of guidelines are already in place, if not fully, then at least to some significant degree. This implementation is not necessarily as a direct result of the FAO guidelines, but rather as a measure of self protection on behalf of the countries concemed. This fact of prior implementation also serves to show that the FAO concept is on the right lines and with regional adjustments can serve as a datum that can be generally adopted in this region The conclusions and recommendations for this workshop will serve as guidelines for the future SEAFDEC contribution, to this end we have also composed a questionnaire which will in detail, tell us where our work can have the most benefit for this Southeast Asian region. 1 wish to thank our eminent and distinguished presenters for their erudite and informative papers. I believe we have all gained a much more detailed insight into the workings of the concept of responsible fishing and the guidelines conceming its implementation, 31On behalf of all those who have made their contribution by attending this workshop I should like to thank the heroes and heroines who have prepared the papers and made the arrangements to keep us all informed about the schedule and the myriad of little details that make functions like this run smoothly. Among those concemed I should like to thank particularly Mr. Kachorsak Wetchagarun as the officer responsible for the preparations and to Mrs. Pouchamarn and her staff for the assistance they have rendered us all. Lastly 1 want to thank you all for your varied contributions, and I should like to wish all who have traveled intemationally a safe and comfortable journey back to your homes. 32PART 2 PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON RESPONSIBLE FISHING Bangkok, Thailand, 24-27 June 1997FISHERIES IN BRUNEI DARUSSALAM by Haji Abdul Halidi bin Mohd. Salleh Fisheries Department, Brunei Darussalam a INTRODUCTION Brunei Darussalam has a long tradition of fishing and the resources of its riyers, Brunei Bay and the coastal waters have for centuries provided a substantial part of the protein requirements of its people. With an estimated population of about 300,000, the total consumption of fish is about 12,800 metric tons and this gives the per capita fish consumption is one of the highest in the region at around 45 kg per year However, with an estimated of only about 500 full time fishermen and about 1,000 part-time where most of which are artisanals, Brunei Darussalam has to import about 50% of its requirement to supplement the local production Brunei Darussalam has a coastline of about 130 km facing the South China Sea, in 1983, Brunei Darussalam enacted the Brunei Fishery Limits Act which defines that the fishery limits extend to 200 miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea adjacent to Brunei is measured. This gives a fishing area of roughly 38,600 square kilometres compared to the 5,765 square kilometres land area In terms of fisheries, Brunei Darussalam is fortunate that due to its abundant oil and gas reserves, there is no initial economic pressure to exploit its fisheries resources. However the Government, realising that oil and gas will not last forever, is putting a concerted effort in diversifying the economy. Fisheries has been identified as ‘one of the sectors that can contribute to the economic diversification, In playing this role, the Department has developed management plans in all sectors of fisheries so as to realise this dream of economic diversification as well as to develop it is such a way that it will not in any way harm the fisheries resources and the ‘marine environment. The development and management of the capture fisheries did not start with the issuance of licenses to commercial operators operating trawlers and purse-seiners. The Department had conducted a number of stock assessment work in Brunei Darussalam’s waters to estimate the fisheries resources and potentials. for the Department to draw up guidelines for the capture fisheries development strategies and ‘its management. x THE FISHERIES Capture fisheries started out artisanal in nature, the fisheries were by no means ‘primitive’. Since then, the fishermen uses well-built local wooden boats powered by 34PART 2 PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON RESPONSIBLE FISHING Bangkok, Thailand, 24-27 June 1997the latest models of outboard motors with fuel comparatively cheap and equipped with fishing gear constructed from modem synthetic materials, The gear used includes portable traps, handlines, longlines and drift gilinets in the coastal waters for catching carangids, lutjanids, serranids and scombrids. For the capture of penacid prawns, trammel nets are widely used. Various fixed palisade traps are operated in shallow ‘water for the capture of a variety of inshore and estuarine species of lesser importance ‘These artisanal fishermen still operate in these waters and has even been exclusively allocated with a zone within 3 nautical miles from the coast where commercial trawlers and purse-seiners are not allowed to operate. These artisanal fishermen notably still produces about 80% of the local fresh fish production compared to the commercial operators, With the fishing pressures continuously being applied to the coastal areas, the Department has looked into developing the rest of the Brunei Darussalam’s Fisheries Limits. Artisanal fishermen would not be able to explore these resources and has to rely on commercial operators operating larger vessels with inboard engines, compared to wooden (sometimes fibreglass) open boats with outboard engines that are being used by the artisanal fishermen & MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ‘The Department of Fisheries has been subscribing to sustainable development of the resources, hence the development is literally, up to the Maximum Economic Yield. Like any other capture fisheries in other parts of the world, stock assessment of the fisheries is a necessity in order to develop the fisheries of the country. A number of capture fisheries stock assessment work have been conducted in Brunei Darussalam’s waters over the years, with the first one conducted in late 1940s, but without much significant effect on fisheries development in Brunei Darussalam, The first most comprehensive demersal survey was conducted in 1979-1981 soon after the delivery of the Department's first research and training vessel, K.P. Lumba-Lumba. The results of which were used to develop the demersal fisheries of the country with the first batch of trawlers were licenced in 1984, Further demersal surveys were conducted in 1990- 1991 to reassess the status of the demersal stocks after the introduction of trawlers since 1984 with continuous monitoring of stocks were conducted through log-books supplied to the operators and through trawl monitoring surveys in selected areas Another one is planned for 1997-1998 to reassess the stocks. ‘The first pelagic survey was conducted in 1989 to assess the pelagic stock, its status and potential for development. Prior to this, a few purse-seiners had already been licensed using extrapolated data from the neighbouring countries. The survey was to confirm its potential for development and the survey results were being used for the existing pelagic fishery development programme by the Department. In 1996, two pelagic surveys were conducted in March and in September to find out the status of the stocks after the first one was conducted some 7 years ago. Continuous monitoring of the pelagic stocks was conducted through log-books issued to the purse-seine operators. 35With these survey results, the Department has been able to develop and manage the capture fisheries though phased introduction of trawl and purse-seine licensed since 1984. Since Brunei Darussalam’s proclamation of the Brunei Fisheries Limits in 1983, the Department has drawn up a zonation scheme in its waters to cater for different type of fisheries according to either engine power of the vessels or the vessel sizes. 4 ZONATION SCHEME Subscribing to sound resource management and sustainability, the present policy of the fisheries resources exploitation is only up to the Maximum Economic Yield, literally. This has been estimated to be about 20,060 metric tons. Further to the management measures, administratively the Brunei Fishery Limits is divided into three zones, as follows (a) Zone 1 - up to 3 nautical miles from the coastline, This zone is exclusively allocated for the artisanal fishermen operating out-board powered boats (b) Zone 2- between 3-20 nautical miles. This zone is for trawlers with no more than 350 Hp engines and purse-seiners of less than 20 metres length overall (LOA). (c) Zone3- from 20-200 nautical miles. This zone is for trawlers with more than 350 Hp engines and purse-seiners with more than 20 metres (LOA). These resources according to zones are as follows: ‘TYPE OF FISHERIES MEY (mt) Coastal - Zone | (0-3 nm) 3,800 Demersal - Zone 2 (3 - 20 nm) 5,570 - Zone 3 (20 - 200 nm) 3,030 Subtotal 8,600 Pelagic - Zone 2 (3 - 20 nm) 4,060 - Zone 3 (20 - 200 nm) 3,600 Subtotal 7,660 TOTAL 20,060 36ANSI cen ein are SON JOOUNON 002-02 € 4JNOZ |_| 37 SLA AMSHSId ANNa SELECTIVE LICENCING All fishing gears meant for commercial use are required to be licensed at a minimal fee, This means that if the fishes caught by that particular fishing gear are going to be sold, the gear used has to be licensed by the Department. Whereas when the catches are for personal consumption, then the gear used need not to be licensed. With this licensing system employed, the number of fishing gears entering the fisheries can be controlled as well as the types used as a means to control the level of fishing effort. Destructive fishing gears that are detrimental to the marine environment arc not allowed to be used in the Brunei Darussalam’s waters. These gears include Muro Ami, Pa Aling ete. Fishing using spear-guns are also not allowed to be used in these waters duc to the safety aspect, New gears are considered on a case to ease basis where there are being scrutinized throughly by the Department Even then, the licences for commercial gears (trawls and purse-scines) are not readily available for the taking, These licences are issued on a gradual phase where the performances of these vessels are monitored monthly until the Department are confident that new licences can be issued to new operators, ‘The boats or vessels used are also issued with licence plates together with the fishing licences. These metal plates (30 cm by 10 cm) are to be nailed to the bow of their boats or vessels. Another authority in issuing licences is the Marine Department that issues licences for the boats/vessels only on the safety aspect. They issue a certificate to this effect and a code number to be painted on the bow of the boat or vessel 6. BANNING THE USE OF POISONS AND EXPLOSIVES IN FISHING Poisons and explosives are totally banned in fishing. ‘They are mainly reef distracting methods of fishing as well as to the marine environment as a whole. % MINIMUM COD-END MESH SIZE FOR TRAWLERS. Trawlers are required to have a minimum mesh size for the cod-end at 38 mm (L 1/2 inches) stretched. This is to control the size of the catches so as small, unmarketable fishes will be able to escape through the meshes 8. CLOSED AREAS ‘Apart from the zonation scheme employed in the Brunei Darussalam’s waters, certain areas are also prohibited to fishing. Commercial fishing (trawling an purse- seining) not allowed to fish in Zone 1 which includes the bay area. This is to avoid conflict between artisanal and commercial fishing operators. Since some parts of the Brunei Darussalam’s waters are within the concessionary areas of oil and gas explorations, a number of structures are installed in 38these areas. These include underwater pipelines as well as other oil industry structures eg, oil jackets, drilling platforms etc. To avoid conflict between oil industry operators and fishermen or fishing operators, they are not allowed to operate within I nautical mile radius of any oil industry structures and cautionary areas. 9, ENHANCEMENT OF FISHING GROUNDS. ‘The fishing grounds for the artisanal fishermen are very limited especially with the introduction of commercial fishing into the fisheries. The Fisheries Department is looking into ways to develop new fishing grounds or to enhance them, One of these is by constructing artificial reefs. ‘The first artificial reef constructed by the Department was made of old tyres in 1985, This was later stopped after the Brunci Shell Company donated redundant oil platforms and jackets/rigs to the Department to be used as artificial reefs since 1988. Seeing the success of these artificial reef constructed from these old jackets/rigs. the Department constructed smaller modules made out of galvanised iron shaped like these oil jackets/nigs. ‘The Department has also installed Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) for the polagic fishermen. These FADs are for obtaining live baits as well as for the use of purse-seine operators and tuna fishing. 10. | ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES ‘The Enforcement Section of the Department ensures the laws and regulations are adhered to by the fishing communities, Encroachments by forcign vessels are being kept at bay as well as the encroachments between zones by local vessels. The Marine Police and the Royal Navy assist the Department in Monitoring our waters. 11. DISCUSSIONS ‘The Department of Fisheries are vigilant on the sustainability of the fisheries resources, With phased development of the capture fisheries, exploitation of these fisheries resources can controlled at a comfortable level. Brunci Darussalam’s effort alone is not enough to sustained these stocks, especially when we share the same stocks in the South China Sea. Brunci Darussalam’s waters are not isolated from the region where over-exertion or over-exploitation on the stocks in other parts of the South China Sea will also affect us. Regional cooperation in this matter is imperative and the time for this has long passed. We have to work together and closely on this important issue to ensure the sustainability of the fisheries resources of the Southeast Asia. 3912, REFERENCES Beales, R. 1982. Investigations into demersal resource accessible to trawling in Brunei waters, p. 1-98. J R. Beales, D. Currie and T. Lindley (cds,) Investigations into fisheries resources in Brunei, Brunei Museum Journal No, 5, Brunei Darussalam. Silvestre, G.T and HJ. H. Matdanan, 1992, Brunei Darussalam capture fisheries: a review of resources, exploitation and management, p. 1-38. Jn G. silvestre, HJ.H Matdanan, P.H_Y. Sharifuddin. M. W. R. N. De Silva and T-E, Chua (eds.) The coastal resources of Brunei Darussalam: status, utilization and management. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 34, 214 p. Department of Fisheries. Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, and International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines 40FISHING ACTIVITIES IN RELATION TO COMMERCIAL AND SMALL-SCALE FISHERIES IN INDONESIA by Bambang Sumiono Research Institute For Marine Fisheries Indonesia 1. INTRODUCTION As an archipelagic state with a vast area of marine waters, Indonesia has a great potential of fisheries resources. This fisheries has shown an important role in the economy for the country such as providing a source of income, employment, opportunity, protein-rich food supply and foreign exchange earning. According to Gulland (1983), fishing activities that has developed throughout the centuries until now are based on the wild living animal of the common property. Therefore the success of any fishermen in a certain area will invite and share other fishermen. On the other hand, the fishery resources which form a renewable resources has its own limit in response to human exploitation Fisheries resources within Indonesia are most densely concentrated in nearshore waters. The bulk of Indonesia's total marine fisheries landings is caught in coastal waters by small-scale fisheries. Most Indonesian fishermen exploit a mumber of different species depending on weather and seasonal availability. The fisheries statistics from Directorate General of Fisheries (DGF) report annual landings by quantity for about 45 finfish species or species groups, seven species or groups of both crustaceans and molluscs and four other species groups (seaweeds, turtles, sea cucumbers and jellyfish). To exploit this species of fishing grounds and commercially valuable species, a wide range of gear types and fishing vessels is in used, There are consist of 29 of the ‘most important gear, ranging from simple "traditional" hand lines to more technically complex "modern" gear such as purse seiner and long-liner. For planning purpose, Indonesia's marine fisheries sector 1s devided into small, medium and large-scale subsectors, A clear distinction based on investment cost separates the small-scale subsector from other two. Both medium and large-scale fisheries are distinguished from the small-scale fishery by use of boats powered by inboard engines. Nevertheless, large-scale fisheries are differentiated from medium- scale fisheries on the basis of investment levels and areas in which they are permitted to operate According to DGF, all boats powered by inboard engines (typically diesel) cither are medium or large-scale. Small-scale fisheries, by far the most important in terms of employment, numbers of fishing units and quantity of landings, are distinguished from the other subsectors by type (or absence) of boat employed. 41For purposing discussion in this paper, the fishing activities can be devided into two categories i.e. commercial fisheries or large-scale fisheries and artisanal or small- scale fisheries. The commercial fisheries (state enterprise and private fishing companies) are using BED-shrimp net for catching shrimp in the Arafura Sea, pole and line, long line and purse seine for skipjack, yellowfin tuna and bigeye tuna, ete. The gears used by small-scale fishery are vertical line, payang (danish seine), mini purse seine, troll line, gill net, seine net, and traps; these are used in coastal waters for generally catching demersal and shrimps as well as small pelagic fishes, 2. HISTORICAL OF EFFORT 2.1 Commercial Fisheries Commercial fisheries or large-scale fisheries include private Indonesian companies, joint venture corporation (primary with Japanese) and state-owned enterprises. Most of commercial fisheries are fishing for high valued commodities or export commodities, namely shrimp and tuna (including skipjack). Generally, shrimps are captured by otter-traw! (before 1982); tuna caught by longlines, and skipjack from pole and lines. ‘The trawl fishery for shrimp in the Arafura Sea commenced in 1969 with 9 trawlers. The fleet size range from 90 to 600 gross tons and the horse power from 260 to 1,200 (Naamin, 1984). By the end of 1982 the number of shrimp trawler in those areas attained its peak, amounted to 188 units (DGF, 1984). Data from HPPI (1992) show that in 1991 the number of BED-shrimp net operated in those areas remain 87 fleets by 8 joint venture companies At present, after following the completion of UN Law of the Sea Convention 1982 with a Law on EEZ (Law No. 5/1983), a special arrangement was made to invite foreign fleets to exploit resources in EEZ for tuna, other pelagic and demersal fishes ‘The gear used in EEZ is long line, purse seine and gill net. The lisenced foreign fleets are from Taiwan, Thailand, Philippines and Australia In 1993, there were 946 foreign fleets and 2,127 Indonesian fleets operated in Indonesian waters (Sukirdjo, 1995). About 80% of shrimp, tuna and skipjack landings came from caster part of Indonesian waters, mainly in Irian Jaya, Molluccas, and North Sulawesi. Increasing demand for tuna and skipjack has encouraged the State Enterprise and Private Fishing Companies to expand their fishing activities to other type of fisheries such as long line and purse seine. In 1994, a total of 2,152 units tuna long line and 2,616 units skipjack pole and liners were reported to be operating in Indonesia. Almost all of which were based in Bitung (North Sulawesi), Ambon and Labuha (Moluccas) (DGF, 1996) ‘The Indonesian pole and line fishery is mainly concentrated in the Eastern part of the country, Several state-owned, co-operatives and private fishing companies spread in Indonesia date from the beginning of the century, when probably Japanese fishermen introduced this gear in North Sulawesi an around 1918 for "katsuobushi"” production 42Later the fishery expanded all around East Indonesia, ic, Moluccas, Irian Jaya, East Nusa Tenggara and all around Sulawesi ‘The most important pole and line landing site in Sulawesi is Bitung, One of the state company has established in 1967 operating with 30 - 40 GT boats. In Irian Jaya one of the most profitable state fishing companies in operating since 1973 at Sorong ("PT. Usaha Mina Persero"), This company introduced of FAD's in Indonesia and expanded their use to industrial level in 1985. The Multi Transpeche Indonesia (MT1) company based in Biak - Irian Jaya has been using larger pole and liners. Four boats of 300 GT in sized have been used by this company since 1983 ‘The Indonesian tuna longline fishery started to develop during 1972. At that time, one state company began operations in Sabang (North Sumatera) and Benoa (Bali), although most of the boats shifted to Benoa very soon (Marcille e¢ al., 1984). The facilities available in Jakarta Fishing Port since 1984 have stimulated a major development of longline fishing. Benoa and Jakarta become the dominant landing sites for the Indonesian longline fleet 2.2 Small-scale Fisheries ‘The small-scale fisheries is defined to include all fishing units which use boats powered by sail or outboard engines, Fishermen who operate gear without use of a boat also are classified as small-scale, Fishing operation is still labour intensive and the area of operation in the coastal waters, According to DGF the boats are devided into three categories, are as follows a) Dug out boat ("jukung") one boat of hollowed-out logs, more than 77% of these boat were found in eastern part of Indonesia such a Molluccas and Irian Jaya, Sulawesi, and East Nusa Tenggara b) Three types of non-powered plank built boats are devided : small (the largest boat is less than 7 m in length); medium (7-10 m), and large (more than 10 m). The total numbers of all boat categories was 118,686 or 30 % of all fishing boats in Indonesia (Table 1). c) Out board motor boat is a boat type which a motor is attached to the rear of the boat. Some of them are modified gasoline or diesel generator mounted along the side with along trailing propeller shaft and the engine from 2 to 15 HP. The total numbers of this boat category was 87.749 or 22.1% of all fishing boats in Indonesia (Table 1). The type of gear commonly used in small-scale fishing are seine nets, gill nets, traps and other traditional gears such as shellfish collections, seaweed collections and cast nets. Total numbers of each gear type in 1994 are shown in Table 2. According to this Table, the dominant gear used by small-scale was hook and lines (about 44.5% of all gear units). The most numerous is the set long lines, and other pole and line, use of which are widespread throughout Indonesia. The most popular gear for catching 43shrimps are trammel nets and shrimp-gill nets (monofilament gill net). This gear has been expanded rapidly in recent years along the South coast and North coast of Java, East coast of Sumatera and Malacca Straits. At present, most fishermen catch shrimp by trammel nets with in-board fishing boats (20 - 30 GT) and out-board fishing boats with 5 - 15 HP especially in south coast of Java (Sumiono ef ai., 1996). Table 1. Number of fishing boats by subsector and size in Indonesia, 1994. Boat Type Boat number Percentage 1. Small-scale fishery - dug out boat 126,800 32.01 = plank-built boat * small 72,694 18.35 * medium, 36,189 9.13 * large 9,803 247 ~ out board motor 87,749 22.15 Sub Total 333.235, 84.11 2. Medium-scale fishery ~ in-board powered boats : * Jess than 5 GT 45,331 144 * 5-10GT 9,604 2.42 *10-30GT 3,376 0.85 *20-30GT 1,688 0.43 Sub Total 59,999 15.14 3. Large-scale fishery - in-board powered boats + 30-50GT 1,869 0.48 * 50-100GT 367 014 * 100-200 GT 340 0.09 * More than 200 GT 175 0.04 Sub Total 2.951 0.75 Total 396,185 100.0Table 2. Type of fishing and number of gear operated in Indonesia, 1994 ‘Type of Fishing Number of gear Percentage 1. BED Shrimp net 894 os 2. Seine nets 32314 5.04 ~payang 18748 292 ~ danish seine 4750 0.74 = beach seine 8816 138 3, Purse Seine 6.891 08 4, Gill nets 179,706 28.04 ~ drift gill net ‘68283 10.66 + encieling gill net 11170 1.74 + shrimp gill net 24827 3387 = set gill net 54474 850 ~trammel net 20952 3.27 5. Lift net 40,355 629 = boat/raft net 9924 155 = stationary lift net 11426 178 scoop net 7085 1:10 - other lift net 11950 1.86 6. Hook and line 285,082 4449 + tuna Tong line 2152 034 other draft long line 10976 i ~ set long line 17100 267 - skipjack pole and line 2616 oat other pole and line 198554 30.98 troll line 53684 838 7. Traps 45,096 44.49 ~ sero guiding barrier 7283 114 = stow net 3604 056 = portable traos 13895 2.17 ~ other traps 20314 317 8. Other gear 50.484 788 ~ shell collection 11552 1.80 ~ sea weed collection 5944 0.93 ~ muroami 270 0.04 cast net, harpoon and other 32718 5. Total 640,822 100.0 Source: DGF (1996) 453 FISHING GEAR, FISHING FLEET AND SPECIES COMPOSITION Commercial Fisheries 3.1.1 BED - Shrimp Net BED-shrimp net (to replace otter trawl, after 1982) 1s one of the fishing, gear used for catching shrimp in the Arafura Sea and adjacent waters. Based on Presidential Decree No. 85/1982. this gear operated in the water of Arafura, Kai, Tanimbar, Aru and Iran Jaya which it has coordinate line 130°E to the East ‘The development of BED-shrimp net aimed to reduce the unwanted capture and mortality of fishes in the shrimp trawl or to minimize of other fish or organism due to the fact by-catch of fish in the shrimp trawl is generally about 80% by-weight of the total catch. One among others has resulted in the development of the By-Catch Excluder Device (BED) which was originally aimed to exclude for reducing turtle captures in commercial shrimping in the Gulf of Mexico while maintaining shrimp catches, as a Turtle Excluder Device (TED) by the Southeast Fisheries Center's Mississippi Laboratories Harvesting Technology Branch, Pascagoula, Miss.. USA in the mid 1982, More over the device showed potential capability to significantly reduce by-catch associated with shrimp trawling, One of the BED-shrimp net operated in the Arafuura Sea consist of 1.0 x 0.9 x 0.9 meters frame, constructed of 1/2' dia. (varies) aluminum pipes with aluminum rod (smaller dia) bars slanting at 15 cm (varies) apart and a detachable door of 87.5 x 87.5 cm (varies) in the top. This device is placed at the intersection of the trawl's body (belly’s edge) and the bag (cod-end) (Fig, 1). The slightly bigger front frame is fixed and fitted to the belly and the rear frame to the cod-end All objects leave the body and emer the bag through the device. As unwanted large object leaves the body. it striks and slanted bars and is forced and slipped away towards the door The door opens on hinges allowing the object to pass out of the trawl (excluder), and closes as the object is excluded On the other hand, small objects, shrimps, etc., pass through the bars into the bag. Catch rate data were collected from the Arafura Sea by commercial vessel (150 GT) shows that the BED possessed higher percentage of smaller size finfish (65%) as compared to 54% of the control. There is no significant difference (0.05%) between the shrimp catch rates of BED-shrimp net ( 33.2 + 13.4 kg/hr) and that the control (33.8 + 13.6 kg/hr) Meanwhile, there is a significant difference (0.05) between the average of catch rates of the by-catch of the BED-shrimp net (16.9 + 14.4 kg/hr) and that the control (28.0 . 27.9 kg/hr) (Sumiono and Sadhotomo, 1985) 46The average of shrimp catch rates by BED-shrimp net in the Bintuni Bay was 31.0 kg/hr, dominated by endeavour shrimp (Metapenacus ensis) and banana shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis) (Sadhotomo and Sumiono, 1986). 3.1.2. Pole and line Pole and line fishery is only developing in the eastern part of Indonesia. There are two types of pole and line fisheries, ie. (1) the large-scale pole and line fishery run by the state enterprise and private fishing companies based in Biak, Sorong, Ambon, Bitung, Kendari and Maumere; and (2) the artisanal pole and line fishery based in Biak, Sorong, Ambon, Temate, Labia, Bitung, Gorontalo, Luwuk, Kendari, Kolaka, and Maumere (Naamin and Bahar, 1991) The size of pole and line boats are small-scale fisheries range from 8 to 30 GT or 20 to 150 HP with 10 - 20 fishermen per boats. The boat owned by the State Enterprise are mostly of 30 GT, 100 GT and 300 GT. The small-scale pole and line fishery is capturing mainly skipjack (Fig, 2). A 100 GT and 300 GT were used as freezing vessels. Since 1985, these vessels have been used for collecting skipjack and tuna which it caught by the artisanal fishermen and private companies based on the Nucleus Estate for Small holders System (NES) Due to the problem of availability of live bait, since 1985 those pole and line fishery had been using payaos as fish aggregating device (FAD's), The use of payaos make the fishery more efficiont ic. reduce the amount of live bait used as well as fuel consumption (Naamin and Chong, 1987) ‘The species composition in pole and fine fishery are dominated by skipjack-yellowfin and probably bigeye may occur regularly, and frigate, bullet, kawakawa, and longtail are considered incidental catch. Since the FAD's or “rumpon” were deployed at industrial level, different tuna school are mixed and different species proportions are fished 3.13 Long line ‘Tuna long line fishery has rapidly developed since 1985 due to the higher demand for fresh tuna especially in Japan. This can be scen from remarkably increased of longliner from 17 boats in 1975 to 136 boats in 1989 The size of boats range from 33 to 300 GT. Long liner as it used in Indonesia is shown on Fig, 3 The boat used for large or deep long line based in Benoa, Ujung Pandang, Kendari, Bitung, Ambon and Biak ranges from 90 to 400 GT with 16 — 30 fishermen. Their trip duration ranges from 14 to 140 days. On the other hand, the conventional or monofilament longline based in Benoa, Bitung and Biak used boats of 30 - 100 GT with 10 - 16 fishermen with trip duration is around 10 to 15 days. The size of boats used for mini longline based in Benoa 473.2 and Maumere ranges from 3 to 30 GT with 10 fishermen and trip duration around 7 days (Naamin and Bahar, 1991). Catch rates in term of hook rate (number of fish caught per 100 hooks) in the area of fishing grounds are differented by various factors. It might be caused by difference of : (I) the bait used: (2) the condition of the fishing gear and it accessories; and (3) the experiences of the fishing master and the skill of the crews. ‘Three type of boats operate in the longline fishery based on Benoa mini-longline, regular (Taiwanese) longline and deep longline. Mini-longline boats arc less than 20 GT have 6-8 crews, and day at sea about 10 - 14 days per trip. The boats are not equipped with electronic navigational aids. They use monofilament main lines 27 - 33 km length, and 4 - 6 branch lines with 400 - 600 hooks, which fish at depths of 50 - 180 m, Regular longline boats have 20 - 50 GT with 10 - 12 crews, fishing 10 - 20 days per trip. They use monofilament main lines of 37 = 40 km length and 4 - 6 branch lines with 700 - 1200 hooks, which fish at depths of 50 - 220 m, Deep longline boats are generally larger than 50 GT, have 15 - 18 crews with multifilament main lines of about 50 km in length, and 9-11 branch lines with 1500 - 2000 hooks In 1993, yellowfin tuna was the dominant species landed in Benoa (Bali) with 57.2% of total landings by weight, followed by bigeye tuna (31.3%), albacore (3.8%), billfish (3.6%), southern bluefin tuna (3.1%) and others (0.9%) (Davis et al., 1995). ‘The study on influence of the utilization of baitfishes on longline catches in the waters to south of Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara in the depth around 50 m to 70 m showed that total hook-rate was 3.93, where yellowfin tuna was the dominant species with hook-rate of 1.13. The catch rate of tuna species increase with increasing depth by using saury (Cololabis saira) baitfish as well as lemuru (Sardinefla lenmuru) baitfish. Highly significant difference between saury and lemuru baitfishes were found for mean catches of the tuna species, but not for the non-tuna species (Uktolseja, 1992) 3.14 Purse seine Purse seines are commonly used all around Indonesia to catch small tunas as well as small pelagic fish, but they are particularly developed in West Indonesia. Excluding the big purse-seiners operating from Biak in the Indonesian Pacific rim, most of the Indonesian purse seiners are multipurpose boats. Three large purse-seiners (ranging from 632 to 765 GT) have been used by joint venture company in Biak. Small-scale Fisheries 3.2.1 Purse seine 48Since the ban on trawlers in 1980's, purse seiners have come to dominate medium and small-scale landings, Excluding, industrial (commercial) purse seiners (> 600 GT) developed in Eastern Indonesia, we can identify major types of seine gears catching small tunas and small pelagic fish ic. (1) small purse seines (< 40 GT), mainly operating in the Indian Occan of Sumatera (Banda Acch and Sibolga) and Prigi (South Java); (2) a type of danish scines or "payang" (10 - 20 GT), mainly developed in Pelabuhan Ratu. Apart from these places, there are other important small-scale purse-seiners landings sites in Pekalongan, Tegal and Juwana (North Java), Nusa Tenggara and Ujung, Pandang (Sulawesi). Generally purse scine fisheries in the Java Sea use wooden vessels with a capacity ranging from 20 to 50 GT, without any electronic or mechanical device such as sonar, depth sounder, radar, direction finder, power block, ete In general one to three hauls were carried out per vessel per night. Nets extended from 300 to 400 m in length and 50 to 70 m in depth with a bunt of 15 mm mesh size (Fig. 4) According to Potier and Sadhotomo (1994) there are three kinds of purse seiner operated in the Java Sea. Mini seiners fisheries are wooden vessels with semi dugout and planked vessels. The fishing area is located along the coast around 30 miles away from the shore. They stay from 1 to 3 days at sea ‘The medium seiners is a wooden vesse! fitted with an inboard engine of 35 to 100 HP. The length is between 15 and 20 m and the hold capacity is between 20 and 25 tons, They stay at sea between 8 and 15 days. The large seiners are flat bottomed vessels with shallow draught and inboard engine of at least 160 HP. Most vessels of this type have a fish hold capacity of 50 to 80 tons, and 30 to 40 crews. The catch composition of the seiners are dominated by scads (Decapterus macrosoma) followed by mackerels (Rasirelliger kanagurta) 322 Seines One is seine known in the along Java's north coast was payang. This net is used for the capture of seads and mackerels in conjuction with an anchorage lure used to aggregate schools of fish. The payang scines is a traditional Danish seine and its specially design for catching fishes associated with rumpon, they are gradually being replaced by purse seines (Fig. 5). Purse seines are operate to cupture fishes attracted to fish lamps at night and also schooling fishes, without any gathering fish technique in daytime Payang nets for catching tuna is only operated in Pelabuhan Ratu (South coast of West Java), The size boats range from 4 to 7 GT using outboard motor of 40 HP with vessels speed 4 to 5 knot, and 3 - 4 crews, One piece of net is 60m length and 14 m depth with mesh size in the wing 30 cm and in the bunt 2 to 13.5 cm. Fishing are done daily trip from 6 p.m. to 6 am (Wijopriono er al., 1985) 49Beach scines are widely distributed throughout of Indonesia with the Malacca Straits and Northern Sulawesi as a major concentration of this gear. All beach seines have same basic design, i.e. with one bag , long wings and warps which function as scare lines (Fig. 6). They are operated from non- ‘mechanized boats along the sandy beach without any hauling device to capture mostly sardines, anchovies, and shrimps. 3.23 Gillnets Gill nets are single-walled nets found in various mesh sizes. Fish of different body sizes get gilled or tangled into the netting when they try to pass through it. Trammel nets are included in this group. These are passive gears, but fish can also driven into gill nets. The most numerous of the drifting gill net use of which is widespread throughout Indonesia. The netting material is monofilament for small scale gill nets, and multifilament for large-scale gill nets. Drifting gill nets hang on floats just below the surface and are used to cupture various pelagic species (Fig. 7). Most set gill nets are anchoraged or weighted to the bottom to catch demersal species. This gear increasingly are being displaced by trammel nets. Trammel nets consist of three layers of different mesh size (Fig. 8). The primary target species of this gear are shrimp. 3.24 Lift nets ‘The most important type of liftnet found in Indonesia is a stationary platform built on pilings in shallow water and used at night to capture anchovies or other small schooling pelagic fish which are attracted over the net with light from powerful kerosene pressure lamps. Though liftnets, when not equipped with other fishing devices are regarded as passive and inefficient gear. Lift nets are commercially important and very common in Indonesia The most important one is bagan. It is a box-shaped net hung from a platform of bamboo poles, gradually sunk to the seabed, and is frequently operated at night using fish lamps. When cnough fish have been attracted by the lamps (kerosene lamps), set above the center of the net, the net is then lifted by hauling the hanging lines by means of rolles. Three types of bagan are common in Indonesia, ic. set lift net (sagan tancap), and boat lift net (bagan perahu) (Fig. 9), Set lift nets are widely distributed throughout Indonesia, very common in bays and calm shore waters, Fishermen use two or three pressured kerosene lamps at once to attract fishes. The second important gear of this type is boat lift net. This gear became popular is the 1970's as the use of outboard engines became more common, These engines are less frequently used with the less maneuverable raft lift nets 3.2.5 Hook and lines‘The simplest form of fishing requires only a line and a baited hook. The line is-cast into the water where the fish supposedly’ are, the fish take the bait and are hauled in, Attached to lines are hooks which may be single or multiple, big or small, depending on the species desired. Line fishing method is one of the most common used in Indonesia. This includes haul line, pole and line, troll line, longline and jigs, Skipjack pole and line and tuna long line, were described in the previous section on commercial fishery. Hand line is used on a very small-scale and it 1s operated from non mechanized boats but mostly from small sailboats with double riggers, which typically are located close to shore. There are several varieties of handlines. A hand line carries a single hook for bait fishing or several hooks for lure fishing, Lure fishing is restricted only to daytime, Before the nighttime operation of hand line in the north coast of Java, fishermen capture anchovy or sardine attracted to kerosene lamps with a scoop net for the bait. The hand line also used as an alternative gears during off seasons for fishermen whose main involvement is with a different gear or those who are engaged in fishing as a part time activity ‘Some of fishermen who are fishing for snapper and their related species in the waters of West Nusa Tenggara, Bali and East Nusa Tenggara used hand line and mini bottom long line (Budihardjo et al., 1993, Marzuki and Djamal, 1993), Meanwhile, bottom long line by 600 to 1,000 hooks per unit vesscls with 20 GT used to catch demersal and coral fish in the waters of South Sulawesi (Djamal and Marzuki, 1993) Both vertical and horizontal long lines of wide varieties, size and construction, are operated in the waters of North Java, Riau, South Sulawesi, West Sumatera and Moluccas. The biggest one in scale is the tuna long line or rawat tuna, and the most primitive one in scale is pancing prawe which is a line set horizontally between two fixed poles. Set long lines use baited hooks but are suspended just above the seabed, Relatively few gears of this type are ‘operated in the waters of Moluccas, South Sulawesi, Kalimantan and Java (Fig 10) Troll lines are operated primarly by sail powered boats though in some areas, In the West coast of Sumatera this gear operated by motorized boats. ‘The largest concentration of troll lines is the coastal area cmbracing the Moluceas and Irian Jaya, and Norther Sulawesi (Fig. 11). 3.2.6 Traps ‘This gear category includes both large stationary gear (guiding barriers and stow nets) and various small traps. Guiding barriers consist of a long, stationary barrier set perpendicular to the current. Generally, the fish coral sero are operated along the coast of Java and Madura, Malacca Straits, South Kalimantan and East Kalimantan (Fig. 12). This typical gear consists of a series of four enclosures of chamber, flanked by two wings, and prolonged leader. The set up is made of bamboo poles and slabs of split bamboo. This 51gear is regarded as traditional gear, is used primary to capture demersal finfish and shrimp, and require shallow protected waters. Stow nets or filter bag nets could be set or towed againts current Usually they have wings of netting, bamboo matting or leaves and branches in other areas. ermal has wings of bamboo poles in the waters of Malacca Straits, East Sumatera and West Kalimantan (Fig. 13). This gear is fixed with the mouth open. to bamboo poles and set semi-permanently in relatively deep waters. Similar type of filter bagnets togo, toros, and tadah (Fig. 14, 15) are operated in the shallow waters or in the deeper portion of the rivers, Bamboo basket is attached to the end of the bagnet to facilitate small fishes and shrimps harvest. This gear concentrated in East coast of Sumatera and North coast of Java Portable fish traps or fish pot(Fig. 16) are made from the bamboo or woven rattan and are used to capture demersal fish species in both open waters and coral reefs. A single fishing unit typically will operate several such traps Pakkaja (drifting fish pots) is used to catch torani (Cypsilurus spp.) in the waters of South Sulawesi (Fig, 17) 4. REFERENCES Budihardjo S., Budiman, T.S. Murtoyo, 1993. Fishing on Snapper and Related Species (Lutjanidac) by Hand Line and Mini Bottom Long Line in the Waters of West ‘Nusa Tenggara. Jour. of Mar.Fish.Res, (78). RIMF, Jakarta « 1-9 Davis, T., Bahar S. and J. Farley. 1995. Southern Bluefin Tuna in the Indonesia Longline Fishery: Historical development, composition, season, some biological parameters, landing estimation and catch statistics for 1993, Indonesian Fish Res, Jour, CRIFT, AARD, Jakarta, Indonesia | 68-86 Directorate General of Fisheries (DGF) 1996. Statistic Perikanan 1994 (Fisheries Statistics of Indonesia, 1994). DGF, Agric Dept. Jakarta Directorate General of Fisheries (DGF).1984. Statistik Perikanan 1982. (Fisheries Statistics of Indonesia, 1982),DGF, Agric. Dept. Jakarta. Djamal, R. and $ Marzuki, 1993, Fishery Developing Prospect of Demersal and Coral Fish in South Sulawesi Waters. Jour of Mar. Fish. Res. (78). RIMF, Jakarta 59-71 Gulland, J.A. 1983. Fish Stock Assessment, A Manual of Basic Methods Vol.1. John Wiley & Sons HPPI, 1992. The Management of Environment in the Arafura Sea. Paper Presented in Seminar on Cooperation Management in the Banda Sea and Arafura Sea Ambon. Indonesia. 12p. (In Indonesian. unpublished) 52Marcille, J., T. Boely, M. Unar, G.S, Merta, B. Sadhotomo, and J.C.B. Uktolseja, 1984, Tuna Fishing in Indonesia, RIMF-ORSTOM. Marzuki, S. and R, Djamal, 1993, Study of Potency and Exploitation Rate of Snappers (Lutjanidac) in East Nusa Tenggara and East Timor. Jour. of Mar. Fish. Res. (78), RIMF, Jakarta: 72-79. Naamin, Nand K.K. Chong. 1987, Technological and Economic Aspects of FAD - Based Skipjack and Tuna Fishing in Indonesia. Paper Presented to the Fourth Int Conf on Artificial Habitat for Fisheries. Nov. 2 - 6, 1987. Miami, Florida, USA. Naamin, N and S. Bahar, 1991. Interaction in the Yellowfin Tuna Fisheries of the Eastern Part of Indonesian Waters. Paper Presented at "First Expert Consultation on Interaction of Pacific Tuna" Noumea, New Caledonia, December 3-11, 1991 Potier, M and B. Sadhotomo, 1994. Seiners Fisheries in Indonesia /n Potier, M and S. Nurhakim (Eds.): BLODYNEX. Biology. Dynamics, Exploitation of the Small Pelagic Fishes in the Java Sea. AARD-ORSTOM-EU : 49-95, Sadhotomo, B and B, Sumiono, 1980, Interrelationship between Species Caught by BED-Traw! and Trawl in the Bintuni Bay, Irian Jaya Jour, of Mar Fish Res (37) RIME, Jakarta: 1- 10. Subani, W and H.R. Barus, 1989. Fishing Gears for Marine Fish and Shrimp in Indonesia, Jour, of Mar. Fish, Res. (50) RIMF. Jakarta | 248p. Sukirdjo, N.A. (1995). The Development of Fishery Subsector : fishing activities in the sea, Paper Presented at Assessment of Potency of Marine Fishery Resources in Indonesia. Jakarta, March 13 - 24, 1995. 26p. Sumiono, B and B, Sadhotomo, 1985. The Difference between the Catches of BED - Shrimp Net and that of Trawl in the Bintuni Bay, Irian Jaya. Jour. of Mar. Fish. Res. No. 33/1985. RIMF, Jakarta. Indonesia ; 61-76 Sumiono, B., B.lskandar. P. Sunyoto, Darmansyah, 1996. Assessment of the Shrimp Fishery off Cilacap. Report on the Indonesia/FAO/DANIDA, Workshop on Fish Stock Assessment Held at Jepara, Central Java, 18-29 July, 1994 FAO,Denmark Funds in Trust, Fl: GCP/INT/S75/DEN. Report on Activity No.6. Uktolseja, J.C B.. 1992. Influence of the Utilization of Saury (Cololabus saira) and Lemuru (Sardinella lemuru) Baitfishes on Longline Catches. Jour. of Mar. Fish, Res, No, 65/1992, RIMF, Jakarta 79-100 Wijopriono, Arifin, H. and C. Nasution, 1985. Payang Boats in Pelabuhan Ratu Waters, West Java. Jour. of Mar Fish. Res, No, 33. RIMF, Jakarta 1 - 10. 53(pq) wepen {puapos) Suoruey, rupsf 4209 >pis Jaddn Fig. 1. One of the design of BED-shrimp net operated in the Arafura Sea (Sumiono and Sadhotomo, 1985) 54Dist: Indonesia Timur (Svlut, Maluku, Sorong) Cakalang (Skipjack,Katsuw onus petamis) Madidinang (Yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares) Fig, 2. Pole and line in operation (Subani and Barus, 1989) 55