CRIMINOLOGY.NURSING.
LET REVIEW
Room 201 2nd floor United Institute Building, Sagpon Rizal St., Daraga, Albay
Contact: 09175002996/09171141434
POST TEST: LEA 1- LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATION AND
ADMINISTRATION (INTER-AGENCY APPROACH)
Prepared by. Maria Margarita De Asis, RCrim
Instructions:
1. Choose the best answer and shade the corresponding letter on the answer sheet.
2. Avoid erasures or any form of alteration.
3. Use pencil in shading your answers.
1. It provides the very source of various actions which are performed to
assure organizational coordination. Hence, policies, procedures, rules and
regulations of the organization are based on the statement of
___________.
a. Principles b. Doctrines
c. Plans d. Discipline
PRINCIPLES – serves as the foundation for a system of belief or
behavior
PLANS – a method or way of doing something in order to attain
objectives by providing answer to 5W and 1H.
What to do – mission/objective
Why to do – reason/philosophy
When to do – date/time
Who will do – people involve
Where to do – place
How to do – strategy/methods/procedures/means
4 Primal Conditions of the PNP Organization
1. Authority – supreme source of government for any particular
organization
- the right to direct, command and control the behavior of the
employees by the senior officer by virtue of rank and position.
2. Mutual Cooperation/ Coordination/Consultation – this becomes the
social legitimacy for the organization to perform its functions in the
society
- to have integrated and holistic approach to achieve crime
prevention and peace and order
3. Doctrine
PRIMARY DOCTRINES
a. FUNDAMENTAL DOCTRINES – contains rules, policies,
procedures and guidelines pertaining to the operational and administrative
functions of a particular PNP unit.
b. ETHICAL DOCTRINES – fundamental principles governing the
rules of conduct, attitude, behavior and ethical norms of the PNP
4. DISCIPLINE – necessary to promote coordination.
- imposed either by command or self-restraint to ensure
supportive behavior from people composing the organization
2. It is the primary PNP doctrines that covers the operational,
administrative and technical areas that are functionally relevant to the
PNP unit concerned.
a. Ethical b. Fundamental
c. Operational d. Management
MANAGEMENT – it pertains to the utilization of available resources of
an organization to achieve its organizational objectives
ELEMENTS OF MANAGEMENT
1. Authority – is the right to command and control the behavior of
employees in lower positions within an organizational hierarchy. A
particular position within an organization carries the same
regardless of who occupies that position.
SOURCES OF MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
1. Law
2. Tradition
3. Delegation
2. Responsibility – means that the management shall be held accountable
for whatever result that may arise in the exercise of authority.
EO 226 s. of 1995 Doctrine of Command Responsibility -is the
doctrine that imposes commensurate accountability to one who is vested
with management and leadership functions.
3. Scalar process refers to the growth of the chain of command resulting
in the creation of additional levels in the organizational structure with the
corresponding position and officer to assume the _________.
a. Span of Control b. Delegation of Authority
c. Unity of Command d. Chain of Command
PRINCIPLES OF POLICE ORGANIZATION
1. Principle of Unity of Objectives – an organizational structure is
effective if it enables individuals to contribute to the organizations /unit
of objectives.
2. The Scalar Principle – prescribes the vertical hierarchy of
organizations. It defines an unbroken chain or scale of units from top to
bottom describing explicitly the flow of authority.
a. Unity of Command – defines a hierarchical system in which a
subordinate is accountable to one and only one immediate superior. This
is indispensable to achieve effective coordination and cooperation.
- any violation of this principle undermines authority,
jeopardizes discipline, disturbs order and threatens stability in the
organization
b. Span of Control – relates to the number of subordinates a superior can
effectively supervise.
3. CHAIN OF COMMAND – it is the hierarchical relationship of
positions through which the primary functions of the organization are
performed.
- the arrangement of officers from top to bottom on the basis of
rank or position and authority.
- The chain of command, sometimes called the scaler chain, is
the formal line of authority, communication, and responsibility within an
organization
Chain of command consists of diff levels:
a. TOP ECHELON – top most level where the overall responsibility and
authority over subordinates commands and units is placed.
b. MIDDLE ECHELON – constitutes subordinate commands/units
apportioned by the commander in order to accomplish his assigned tasks.
* Top middle echelon – Ros, NSUs
* Intermediary middle echelon – Provincial/City police offices, NCR
District offices
* Lower middle echelon – Municipal police offices/Numbered police
stations
c. LOWER ECHELON – comprised of subordinate units further
apportioned by subordinate commanders such as the municipal and city
police stations
Functions in a police organization
1. Primary/Line functions – functions that carry out the major purposes
of the org. EX: Patrolling, Traffic duties and Crime investigation
2. Staff/Admin functions – functions that are designed to support the
line functions such as: PLANNING, RESEARCH, BUDGETING, AND
LEGAL ADVICE
3. Auxiliary Functions – functions involving the logistical operations of
the org such as: Communications, maintenance, records management,
supplies and equipment management.
4. It prescribes the vertical hierarchy of organizations.
a. Scalar Principle b. Scalar Chain
c. Chain of Command d. Key Chain Principle
5. It defines a hierarchical system in which a subordinate is accountable
to one and only immediate superior.
a. Unity of Command b. Chain of Command
b. Scalar Chain d. Authority
6. In any organization, ___________ is necessary to promote
coordination.
a. Responsibility b. Accountability
c. Discipline d. Behavior
ACCOUNTABILITY – refers to the obligation to be responsible and
oversee the authority delegated and task assigned to subordinate
RESPONSIBILITY - means that the management shall be held
accountable for whatever result that may arise in the exercise of authority.
7. One of the Principles of Organization states that the organizational
structure is effective if it enables individuals to contribute to the
organizations/unit objectives.
a. Functional b. Unity of Objectives
c. Line and Staff d. Principle of Balance
FUNCTIONAL PRINCIPLE – prescribes the horizontal growth of the
organization which applies both in line and staff functions.
 It simply means the breaking up of work units to achieve
specialization
LINE AND STAFF PRINCIPLE – refers to the functions that carry the
direct accomplishment of its objectives
 The PNP followed the line and staff kind of organizational
structure
PRINCIPLE OF BALANCE – application of principles and techniques
must be balance to ensure overall effectiveness of the structure in meeting
the organization’s objectives.
8. It is the hierarchical relationship of positions through which the
primary functions of the organization are performed.
a. Top Echelon b. Middle Echelon
c. Lower Echelon d. Chain of Command
Chain of command consists of diff levels:  official figures, such as published by the police, prosecution,
a. TOP ECHELON – top most level where the overall responsibility and courts, and prisons.
authority over subordinates commands and units is placed.
b. MIDDLE ECHELON – constitutes subordinate commands/units 14. It is the authority vested to a senior or superior police officer by virtue
apportioned by the commander in order to accomplish his assigned tasks. of his rank or assignment over his subordinates.
* Top middle echelon – ROs, NSUs a. Command b. Authority
* Intermediary middle echelon – Provincial/City police offices, NCR c. Orders d. Obligation
District offices
* Lower middle echelon – Municipal police offices/Numbered police 15. These are violations of special laws such as illegal logging or local
stations ordinances.
c. LOWER ECHELON – comprised of subordinate units further a. Non-Index Crimes b. Index Crimes
apportioned by subordinate commanders such as the municipal and city c. Mala Prohibita d. Mala In Se
police stations
INDEX CRIMES – crimes which are serious in nature such as crimes of
9. Included on such responsibility are matters of health, welfare, moral, murder, homicide, physical injuries, carnapping, robbery, theft and rape.
training and disciple of subordinates. MALA IN SE - Those that are so serious as to call for unanimous
a. Command Responsibility condemnation
b. Command Authority  Wrongful in nature
c. Staff Authority  Generally punished by RPC
d. Staff Responsibility  Intent is necessary
MALA PROHIBITA - Violations of mere rules of convenience
COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY – the commander is responsibility for designed to secure a more orderly regulation - Wrong merely because
all that his subordinates or units does or fails to do. This responsibility was made prohibited by the Statute
can never be delegated otherwise it would constitute an abdication of hir  Punished by Special laws
role as a commander.  Intent is NOT necessary
COMMAND AUTHORITY – this is the responsibility of the
commander to plan, organize, direct, coordinate and control the PNP 16. The nature of of which the police officer is free from specific routine
forces/units to accomplish an assigned mission or task. duty.
STAFF AUTHORITY – it is the commander that delegates authority to a. AWOL b. Off-Duty
a particular staff officer c. On-Duty d. Sick-Leave
 The staff officer issue orders in the name of the commander
who assumes responsibility for such orders ON-DUTY – the period when an officer is actively engaged in the
STAFF RESPONSIBILITY – staff officers are those tasked with a performance of his duty
functional area of interest. Each is responsible for the accomplishment of SICK LEAVE - leave of absence granted because of illness
all staff actions within his area of interest. AWOL - it refers to the status of any official or employee who absents
himself from work without approved leave of absence
10. It is a function that is performed by the PNP in collaboration with  PNP personnel who are absent for at least thirty (30) days
other law enforcement agencies and police volunteers. without approved leave are considered on Absence Without
a. Police Function b. Collateral Function Official Leave (AWOL) and shall be dropped from the service
c. Line Functions d. Admin Functions upon due notice;
Functions in a police organization 17. It is a right granted to officials and employees not to report for work
1. Primary/Line functions – functions that carry out the major purposes with or without pay as may be provided by law and as the rules
of the org. EX: Patrolling, Traffic duties and Crime investigation prescribed in the Omnibus Rule on Leave.
2. Staff/Admin functions – functions that are designed to support the a. Sick-Leave b. Leave of Absence
line functions such as: PLANNING, RESEARCH, BUDGETING, AND c. AWOL d. Off-Duty
LEGAL ADVICE
3. Auxiliary Functions – functions involving the logistical operations of 18. It is an incentive given to PNP uniformed Personnel amounting to
the org such as: Communications, maintenance, records management, 10% of their basic monthly salaries for every 5 years of service.
supplies and equipment management. a. Pension b. Longevity Pay
c. Basic Pay d. Retirement Benefits
11. It refers to an individual’s knowledge, skills and attitudes that lead to BASE/BASIC PAY – fixed amount received by the uniformed PNP
superior and maximum performance. personnel on a monthly basis.
a. Efficiency b. Competency
c. Sufficiency d. Incompetency 19. These are crimes which are serious in nature such as murder,
homicide, physical injuries, theft and rape.
12. It is the retirement in the service upon attainment of age of fifty-six. a. Index Crimes b. Non-Index Crimes
a. Early Retirement b. Compulsory Retirement c. Mala Prohibita d. Mala In Se
c. Optional d. Age Retirement – 56 y/o
EARLY RETIREMENT – Section 37 of RA 8551, Par. A. – 10 YEARS 20. Police officers with a rank of Police Executive Master Sergeant and
Retirement or Separation lower.
Any personnel who is dismissed shall be RETIRED if he or she has a. Commissioned Officer
rendered at least twenty (20) years of service; and b. Non-Commissioned Officer
SEPARATED if he or she has rendered less than twenty (20) years of c. Sworn Officer
service unless the personnel is disqualified by law to receive such d. Ranking Officer – also called as Superior/Senior Officer
benefits.
SWORN OFFICER – has an authority to effect an arrest
Kinds of retirement:
1.Compulsory Retirement – when a PNP uniformed personnel reaches POLICE COMMISSIONED OFFICER
the age of 56 years old. DG - Police General (PGEN)
2.Optional Retirement – under sec. 40 of R.A. 6975 an officer or a non- DDG - Police Lieutenant General (PLTGEN)
officer may optionally retire provided he has rendered 20 years of DIR - Police Major General (PMGEN)
satisfactory service with the approval of the Napolcom. C/SUPT - Police Brigadier General (PBGEN)
S/SUPT - Police Colonel (PCOL)
Retirement Benefits SUPT - Police Lieutenant Colonel (PLTCOL)
The PNP member who has been retired from the service is entitled to a C/INSP - Police Major (PMAJ)
monthly retirement pay of fifty percent (50%) of the base pay and S/INSP - Police Captain (PCPT)
longevity pay of the retired grade in case of twenty (20) years of active INSP - Police Lieutenant (PLT)
service, increasing by two and one-half percent (2.5%) for every year of
active service rendered beyond twenty (20) years to a maximum of ninety POLICE NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS
percent (90%) for thirty-six (36) years of active service and over. SPO4 - Police Executive Master Sergeant (PEMS)
SPO3 - Police Chief Master Sergeant (PCMS)
13. The number of crime incidents committed in a given area over a SPO2 - Police Senior Master Sergeant (PSMS)
period of time which include index and non-index crimes. SPO1 - Police Master Sergeant (PMSg)
a. Crime Rate b. Crime Volume PO3 - Police Staff Sergeant (PSSg)
c. Crime Statistics d. Criminality PO2 - Police Corporal (PCpl)
PO1 - Patrolman / Patrolwoman (Pat)
CRIME RATE – the number of crime incidents in a given period of time
for every 100,000 inhabitants of an area. 21. It is the separation of as a result of his/her case that includes
CRIME STATISTICS - refer to systematic, quantitative results about cancellation of eligibility, forfeiture of retirement benefits and
crime. disqualification in the re-employment in the government service.
*Crime statistics can be the result of two rather different processes: a. Retirement b. Dismissal
 scientific research, such as criminological studies, c. Postponement d. Attrition
victimization surveys;
Attrition System
Attrition refers to the gradual reduction of personnel. 3. TIME IN GRADE – the number of years required for a police officer
to hold a certain rank before he can be promoted to the next higher rank.
Kinds of Attrition: The time-in grade in the PNP is maintained as follows (NAPOLCOM
1. Attrition by attainment of maximum tenure in position. (4-6-9) Resolution # 2013-501)
2. Attrition by relief. (2yrs.)
3. Attrition by demotion in position or rank. (18mos.) 4. APPROPRIATE ELIGIBILITY – the required promotional
4. Attrition by non-promotion. (10yrs.) examinations.
5. Attrition by other means. (5yrs.) Police Officer Promotional Examination
Senior Police Officer Promotional Examination
TIME IN GRADE – the number of years required for a police officer to Police Inspector Promotional Examination
hold a certain rank before he can be promoted to the next higher rank. Police Superintendent Promotional Examination
The time-in grade in the PNP is maintained as follows (NAPOLCOM
Resolution # 2013-501) *Members of the Bar and Licensed Criminologists whose profession are
2 YEARS – SR. SUPT TO CHIEF SUPERINTENDENT germane to law enforcement and police functions are no longer required
3 YEARS – SUPERINTENDENT TO SR. SUPT. to take promotional examinations up to the rank of Superintendent.
3 YEARS – CHIEF INSP. TO SUPT. (NAPOLCOM MC N0. 2008-016).
3 YEARS – SR. INSP. TO CHIEF INSP.
3 YEARS – INSP. TO SR. INSPECTOR B. SPECIAL PROMOTION
3 YEARS – SPO4 TO INSPECTOR Promotion granted to police officers who have exhibited acts of
2 YEARS – SPO3 TO SPO4 conspicuous courage and gallantry at the risk of his/her life above and
2 YEARS – SPO2 TO SPO3 beyond the call of duty.
2 YEARS – SPO1 TO SPO2
3 YEARS – PO3 TO SPO1 Conspicuous courage - is a courage that is clearly distinguished above
2 YEARS – PO2 TO PO3 others in the performance of one’s duty
2 YEARS – PO1 TO PO2
28. The ____________ is in charge of the training and education of the
22. It is the retirement upon accumulation of at least 20 years of whole PNP.
satisfactory active service at his/her own request and with the approval of a. Directorate for Personnel and Records Management
NAPOLCOM. b. Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine Development
a. Optional b. Early Retirement c. Directorate for Comptrollership
c. Compulsory d. Mandatory d. Directorate on Higher Education

23. It is the conferment to the next higher rank with an increase in duties DPRM – perform related administrative functions such as hospitalization
and responsibilities as authorized by law, usually accompanied by the benefits, personnel procurement, retirement and others
corresponding increase in salary.  Exercise management of PNP uniformed and non-uniformed
a. Upgrade b. Promotion personnel as individuals, manpower procurement and control,
c. Demotion c. Attrition personnel and records
Dir. for Comptrollership – oversees the administration of financial
DEMOTION - reduction in rank or status. resources of the agency
 Manages budget and financial matters
24. It refers to an officer belonging to the lower or inferior rank.  Provides accounting services
a. Junior Officer b. Subordinate  Conducts internal audit and control
c. Patrolman/Patrolwoman d. None of these
29. It assists and advises the C/PNP on the employment of financial
25. An officer having supervisory responsibilities either temporary or resources and control of funds and budgeting and manages the financial
permanent over an officer of lower rank. affairs of the PNP.
a. Commander b. Chief PNP a. Directorate for Budgeting
c. Superior d. Senior b. Directorate for Finance Management
c. Directorate for Comptrollership
26. It is the minimum period required before a third level PCO becomes d. Directorate for Controllership
eligible to be promoted to the next rank.
a. Active Service b. Maximum tenure 30. Manages the PNP information and advises the C/PNP in planning,
c. Time-In-Grade d. Length of Service directing, coordinating, supervising and controlling the PCR programs.
a. Police Community Relationship
MAXIMUM TENURE - is the maximum cumulative period for a. PNP b. Directorate for PCR
member to hold a particular position level. c. Directorate for Plans
Maximum Tenure in Position - refers to the maximum cumulative d. Directorate for Management
period for a PNP member to hold a particular position level.
Position Maximum Tenure DIR. FOR PLANS – prepares strategic and organizational development
Chief Four (4) years plans for the PNP
Deputy Chief Four (4) years - revises and updates various existing plans to implement PNP mission
Director of the Staff Services Four (4) years and vision of the PNP
Regional Directors Six (6) years
Provincial/City Directors Nine (9) years 31. ____________ prepares strategic and organizational development
plans for the PNP.
27. It refers to the promotion to next higher rank granted to any a. DPRM b. DHRDD
uniformed personnel who passed the minimum qualification standard. c. DPL d. DRD
a. Regular b. Spot
c. Special d. Meritorious DIR. FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT – conducts research
and study on the latest technology in scientific investigation including
REGULAR PROMOTION - promotion granted to police officers relevant material and equipment
meeting the mandatory requirements for promotion.  Formulates, implements and evaluates specifications regarding
PNP uniforms, weapons, transportation, communication and
MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR PROMOTION equipments of the PNP
1. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT (NAPOLCOM Resolution No. 32. Plans, supervises and coordinates and supervises all supply,
2011-196 dated July 6, 2011) transportation, construction and real estate, repair and maintenance of
equipment and facilities.
For Police Sr. Supt. to Director General a. Directorate for Logistics
Masters in Public Safety Administration (MPSA) b. Directorate for Plans
Allied Master’s Degree c. Auxiliary Functions
For Chief Inspector to Superintendent d. Admin Functions
Bachelor’s Degree preferably Master’s Degree
For POI to Sr. Inspector 33. Oversees the implementation of PNP guidelines and policies on
Bachelor’s Degree human rights laws.
a. CHR b. Human Rights Affairs Office
2. COMPLETION OF APPROPRIATE TRAINING/SCHOOLING, c. DPRM d. DHRDD
such as:
Officers Senior Executive Course (OSEC) HRAO – it is under NAPOLCOM RESOLUTION 2007-247
Officers Advance Course (OAC) APPROVING THE ACTIVATION OF PNP HUMAN RIGHTS
Officers Basic Course (OBC) AFFAIRS OFFICE UNDER THE GENERAL ORDERS OF DPL 07-04.
Officers Candidate Course (OCC) CHR - mandated to conduct investigations on human rights violations
Senior Leadership Course (SLC) against marginalized and vulnerable sectors of the society, involving civil
Junior Leadership Course (JLC) and political rights.
Public Safety Basic Recruit Course (PSBRC)
34. Created by RA 6975, Section 35-A, paragraph 3, which shall be
responsible for establishing an effective police communications network.
a. Police Radio System
b. Directorate for Communications
c. Communications and Electronics Service
d. Directorate for Police Communication Services
(a) Administrative Support Units
(3) Communications Unit. – Headed by a Director with the rank of chief
superintendent, the Communications Unit shall be responsible for
establishing an effective police communications network.
35. A National Administrative Support Unit of the PNP has the mandate
of providing religious services to the PNP.
a. Chaplain Service b. Religious Service
b. Chaplane Service d. Religious Community Service
CHAPLAIN SERVICE – administers pastoral ministry and counseling
to PNP Personnel
 Conducts worship and religious services, social and cultural
leadership and value orientation program
36. It serves as legal counsel of the PNP and provides legal service to the
PNP in civil actions proceedings.
a. Legal Service b. Prosecution Service
c. Judiciary Branch d. Counsel de Officio
LEGAL SERVICE – prosecutes cases in the proper courts as directed by
proper authority in coordination with the government prosecutors and the
DOJ
NATIONAL PROSECUTION SERVICE - mandated to assist the
Secretary of Justice in the performance of powers and functions of the
Department relative to its role as the
prosecution arm of the government, particularly the investigation and
prosecution of criminal offenses.
 created by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 1275, s. 1978
 P.D. No. 1275 was later amended and repealed by Republic
Act No. 10071, or the Prosecution Service Act of 2010, which
strengthened the powers and organization of the National
Prosecution Service.
BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT
1. LEGISLATIVE BRANCH (the law-making body) – vested in both
Government and the Congress:
- Senate – upper house/chamber
- House of Representative – lower house/chamber
2. EXECUTIVE BRANCH (law-enforcing body) – President
3. JUDICIARY BRANCH (law-interpreting body) – vested in the
courts with the SC of the Philippines as the highest judicial body.
COUNSEL DE OFFICIO - an attorney appointed by the court to defend
an indigent defendant in a criminal action or to represent a destitute party
in a case.
COUNSEL DE PARTE - a private counsel, secured by him, without
intervention of the government (at his own will and choice).
37. It was absorbed by the PNP as a National Administrative Support
Unit and shall serve as the primary source for commissionship of Police
Lieutenants pursuant to the provisions of RA 11279.
a. PPSC b. PNP
c. PNPA d. AFP
PD 1184 – law created the PNPA,
 August 26, 1977
RA 11279 - AN ACT TRANSFERRING THE PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY (PNPA) AND THE NATIONAL
POLICE TRAINING INSTITUTE (NPTI) FROM THE PHILIPPINE
PUBLIC SAFETY COLLEGE (PPSC) TO THE PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL POLICE (PNP), AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE
SECTIONS 24, 35, 66, 67 AND 68 OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6975
 Signed on April 12, 2019
PPSC – created under Section 66 of RA 6975
 the premier educational institution for the training, human
resource development and continuing education of all
personnel of the Philippine National Police (PNP), the Bureau
of Fire Protection (BFP) and the Bureau of Jail Management
and Penology (BJMP).
PNP – created by virtue of RA 8551 also know as the PNP REFORM
AND REORGANIZATION ACT OF 1998
 February 25, 1998
AFP - The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) Modernization Act,
officially designated as Republic Act No. 7898, was a Philippine law that
was enacted on February 23, 1995, by President Fidel V. Ramos.
RA 10349 - AN ACT AMENDING REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7898,
ESTABLISHING THE REVISED AFP MODERNIZATION
PROGRAM AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
 Dec 11, 2012
38. Enforces traffic laws and other special laws, PDs, ordinances,
department circulars related to traffic and environment, conduct
investigation and enforce visiting power in consonance with PD 1612 and
in relation to RA 6539 and PD 532.
a. Traffic Management b. Highway Patrol Group
c. LTO d. PNP
HPG – unit under the PNP under NAPOLCOM RESOLUTION NO.
2008-262
PD 1612 - ANTI-FENCING LAW OF 1979
(a) "Fencing" is the act of any person who, with intent to gain for
himself or for another, shall buy, receive, possess, keep, acquire, conceal,
sell or dispose of, or shall buy and sell, or in any other manner deal in any
article, item, object or anything of value which he knows, or should be
known to him, to have been derived from the proceeds of the crime of
robbery or theft.
(b) "Fence" includes any person, firm, association corporation or
partnership or other organization who/which commits the act of fencing.
PD 532 - ANTI-PIRACY AND ANTI-HIGHWAY ROBBERY LAW OF
1974, August 8, 1974
RA 6539 - Anti-Carnapping Act of 1972
39. Mandated to support the AFP in internal security operations pursuant
to EO No. 546, series of 2006.
a. PNP b. SAF
c. HPG d. PNPA
SAF – SECTION 35, PAR. B (5) - Headed by a Director with the rank
of chief superintendent, the Special Action Force shall function as a
mobile strike force or reaction unit to augment regional, provincial,
municipal and city police forces for civil disturbance control,
counterinsurgency, hostage-taking rescue operations, and other special
operations.
40. Mandated to undertake the monitoring, investigation and prosecution
of all crimes involving economic sabotage and other crimes of such
magnitude and extent as to indicate their commission by highly placed or
professional criminal syndicates and organizations.
a. PDEA b. NBI
c. CIDG d. DSWD
PDEA - was created by virtue of Republic Act 9165, otherwise known as
“The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002.” It was signed into
law on June 7, 2002 and took effect on July 4, 2002.
NBI - Republic Act No. 157 (June 19, 1947) reorganized the Division of
Investigation into the Bureau of Investigation under the Department of
Justice (DOJ).
 Executive Order No. 94 (October 4, 1949) renamed the
Bureau of Investigation to National Bureau of Investigation
which remained attached to DOJ.
DSWD - 1968 – Republic Act 5416 known as the Social Welfare Act of
1968 elevated the SWA into a Department, placing it under the executive
branch of government
 1976 – The Department of Social Welfare was renamed
Department of Social Services and Development (DSSD) with
the signing of Presidential Decree No. 994 by President
Ferdinand E. Marcos.
 1978 – The DSSD was renamed Ministry of Social Services
and Development (MSSD) in line with the change in the form
of government, from presidential to parliamentary.
 1987 – The MSSD was reorganized and renamed Department
of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) under Executive
Order 123 signed by President Corazon C. Aquino. Executive
Order No. 292, also known as the Revised Administration
Code of 1987, established the name, organizational structure
and functional areas of responsibility of DSWD and further
defined its statutory authority.
41. It refers to the advancement of one employee from one position to
another with an increase in duties and responsibilities as authorized by
law, and usually accompanied by an increase in salary (RA 7041).
a. Regular Promotion
b. Special Promotion
c. NUP Promotion
d. Promotion
REGULAR PROMOTION – promotion to the next higher rank granted
to any uniformed personnel who passed the minimum qualification
standard. (Sec 33 (a) of RA 8551 & Section 2 of RA 9708)
a. Second Level Promotion – promotion from the rank of
Patrolman/Patrolwoman to Police Colonel provided he/she meets the
approved qualification standards required for every rank.
b. Third Level Promotion – promotion from the rank of Police Colonel
up to Police General.
SPECIAL/MERITORIOUS PROMOTION - Promotion granted to
police officers who have exhibited acts of conspicuous courage and
gallantry at the risk of his/her life above and beyond the call of duty.
(Section 33 (b) of RA 8551 & RA 9708)
42. It refers to the retirement or separation from the police service of PNP
Uniformed Personnel pursuant to any of the means mentioned in Sections
24 to 29 of RA 8551.
a. Dismissal b. Attrition
c. Retirement d. Attrition by Relief – 2 years
43. It is an award given to uniformed members of the PNP for
conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life and limb above
and beyond the call of duty.
a. PNP Medal of Valor – Medalya ng Kagitingan
b. PNP Distinguished Conduct Medal – Medalya ng Kabayanihan –
award given to uniformed members of the PNP for acts of conspicuous
courage and gallantry in the face of an armed enemy in a combat situation
c. PNP Bravery Medal – Medalya ng Katapangan – award given for
gallantry in action not warranting the Medalya ng Kagitingan or Medalya
ng Kabayanihan
d. PNP Commendation Medal – Medalya ng Papuri – award given to
uniformed members of the PNP for participation in a successful operation
44. Graduates of the PNPA are appointed as Police Colonel of the PNP,
as Inspectors of the BJMP and the BFP.
a. True b. False – Police Lieutenant
c. Yes d. No
45. A judicial practice wherein the guilt or innocence of the accused is
determined by subjecting him to an unpleasant, usually dangerous
experience.
a. Trial by Ordeal b. Judgement of God
b. Boiling to Death c. Punishment
* The word “ORDEAL” is derived from the Medieval Latin word
“JUDICIUM DEI” which means “JUDGMENT OF GOD”
* The word “ordeal” was derived from the Medieval Latin word “Dei
Indicum” which means “a miraculous decision” or “Divine Intervention”
46. The PNP follows what kind of organizational structure?
a. Line b. Functional
c. Line and Staff d. Admin
1. Primary/Line functions – functions that carry out the major purposes
of the org. EX: Patrolling, Traffic duties and Crime investigation
2. Staff/Admin functions – functions that are designed to support the
line functions such as: PLANNING, RESEARCH, BUDGETING, AND
LEGAL ADVICE
47. A system of Policing that emerged during the Anglo-Saxon period
whereby all male residents were required to guard the town in order to
preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people.
a. Tun Policing System b. Hue and Cry
c. Trial by Ordeal d. Comparative Policing
ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD OF POLICING SYSTEM
1. TUN POLICING – 10 families in a town are called TITHING. Each
tithing elected a leader known as Tithingman. Since 10 tithings amounted
to 100 families, the leader of the 100 families was named Reeve. Both
tithingman and Reeve were elected officials. They possessed judicial
power as well as police authority.
2. HUE AND CRY – provided methods of apprehending a criminal by
an act of the complainant’s shout in order to call all male residents to
assemble and arrest the suspect.
COMPARATIVE POLICING - studies the degree of likeness and
unlikeness of two policing models. Basically, it is the comparison of two
different policing models. Ex: PNP of the Philippines vs. SPF of
Singapore. Or simply, the study of the Different Policing Models around
the world.
48. A person with absolute powers that no one could question. It is where
the word Sheriff was derived.
a. Shire b. Reive
c. Shire-Reive d. Shire-Reeve
SHIRE – a division of 55 military areas in England when it was under
the Regime of France
Reeve (the head-man) – military leader (lieutenants of the army) who
was is charge of the Shires
49. The judge selected to hear cases which formerly being decided by the
Sheriff and task to travel through an area and hear and decide criminal
cases.
a. Trial Judge b. Prosecutor
b. Arbiter c. Travelling Judge
50. A division of fifty-five (55) military areas in England when it was
under the Regime of France.
a. Shiere b. Shire
c. Sheriff d. Head-man - Reeve
51. The law enacted upon the demand of the Knights of the Round Table
forcing the King to sign the same to wit that no freeman shall be taken or
imprisonment except by legal judgment.
a. Criminal Law b. Criminal Procedure
c. Criminal Evidence d. Magna Carta – no person shall be
tried for murder unless there is a proof of the body of the victim
CRIMINAL LAW - is the branch of public law/municipal law which
Defines CRIME, Treats of its NATURE, Provides for their
PUNISHMENT
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE – method prescribed by law for the
apprehension and prosecution of persons accused of any criminal offense
and for their punishment in case of conviction.
CRIMINAL EVIDENCE – means, sanctioned by the Rules of Court of
ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a matter of fact.
Note: The Rules on Evidence has been already been amended. The
2019 Amendments took effect last May 1, 2020, substantially modifying
several provisions of the Rules.
52. A system of Policing whereby a group of ten (10) neighboring male
residents whose ages are over twelve (12) years old were required to
guard he town in order to preserve peace and protect the lives and
properties of the people.
a. Tun Policing b. Frankpledge
c. Statute of 1295 d. Justice of the peace
WESTMINSTER PERIOD OF POLICING SYSTEM
STATUTE OF 1295 – the law that marks the beginning of the curfew
hours which demanded the closing of the gates of London during sunset.
JUSTICE OF THE PEACE – 3 or 4 men who were learned in the law
of the land were given authority to pursue an arrest, chastise and imprison
violators of the law. They handled felonies, misdemeanors and infractions
of cities or villages ordinances. This was abolished about 75 years later.
53. Three or four men who were learned in the law of the land were given
authority to pursue an arrest, chastise and imprison violators of the law.
a. Police b. NBI
c. FBI d. Justice of the Peace
54. The law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours which
demanded the closing of the gates of London during sunset.
a. RA 6975 b. RA 8551
c. 1295 d. RA 9708
55. The following are the policing concepts of Robert Peel, except:
a. the police should organized along military lines.
b. the police should be placed under screening and training.
c. the police should be hired on a probationary basis.
d. police headquarters should inaccessible to the people.
56. Vice Governor Luke E. Wright proposed the passage of what
particular law which recommended the creation of an Insular Force.
a. Act No. 183 b. Organic Act No. 175
c. EO 389 d. RA 4864
ACT NO 183 -
57. The law that created the Manila Police Department in 1901.
a. Act No. 255 b. Act No. 183
c. Act No. 138 d. Act No. 225
ACT NO. 255 – An act renamed the Insular Constabulary into Philippine
Constabulary, enacted on October 3, 1901.
58. It established the Integrated National Police (INP) composed of the
PC as the nucleus and the Integrated Local Police Forces as components.
a. EO 1012 b. EO 1040
c. RA 157 d. PD 765
PD 765 – Integration Act of 1975, enacted on August 8, 1975
*The authority of the NAPOLCOM over INP was transferred to the
Office of the President and later to the Ministry of National Defense
EO 1012 – transferred to the city and municipal government the
operational supervision and direction over all INP units assigned within
their locality. Took effect on July 10, 1985
EO 1040 – transferred the administrative control and supervision of the
INP from the Ministry of National Defense to the NAPOLCOM.
RA 157 – created the NBI on June 19, 1947 and later reorganized by RA
2678.
RA 2678 - An Act Expanding and Reorganizing the National Bureau of
Investigation
59. What law created the National Bureau of Investigation and later
reorganized by RA 2678.
a. RA 175 b. RA 8177
c. RA 9262 d. RA 157
RA 8177 - AN ACT DESIGNATING DEATH BY LETHAL
INJECTION AS THE METHOD OF CARRYING OUT CAPITAL
PUNISHMENT (MARCH 20, 1996)
 Chemical Compound
*Pancuronium Bromide – Paralyze muscle
*Potassium Chloride – Stop heartbeat
*Sodium Thiopental – Induce sleep
RA 9262 - AN ACT DEFINING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND
THEIR CHILDREN (March 08, 2004)
60. An attached agency to the DILG that exercises administrative control
and operational supervision over the PNP units.
a. DILG – RA 6975 b. NAPOLCOM – RA 4864
c. NBI – RA 157 d. PDEA – created under RA 9344
(Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006) – April 28, 2006
RA 4864 – Police Act of 1966, enacted on August 8, 1966 created the
POLCOM and later was renamed into NAPOLCOM
61. All but one are the qualifications of the Regular Commissioners of the
NAPOLCOM.
a. Must be citizen of the Philippines
b. Lawyers with at least 4 years’ experience in handling criminal or
human rights cases.
c. Holders of a baccalaureate degree in criminology and other related
disciplines.
d. A only a. Line b. Functional
c. Staff d. Line and Staff
Composition of NAPOLCOM:
- Consist of a Chairperson, four (4) Regular Commissioner and 70. In December 1917, at last the highest position in the Philippine
the C/PNP as Ex-Officio Member Constabulary was vested to a Filipino. Later on, in recognition, the PNP
- Shall serve a term of office of 6 years without reappointment national headquarters was named after him.
or extension a. Brig. Gen. Rafael T. Crame
- 3 of Regular Commissioner shall come from civilian sector b. Brig. Gen. Henry T. Allen
who are neither active nor former members of the police or c. Col. Antonio Torres
military d. PDG Cesar Nazareno
- The 4th regular commissioner shall come from the law
enforcement either active or retired 71. An organizational process that deals with the implementation of plans
*Provided, that an active member of a law enforcement agency shall be and internal operating efficiency.
considered resigned once appointed a. Direction b. Supervision
- at least one (1) of the 4 regular commissioners shall be a woman c. Administration d. Delegation
- from among the 3 regular commissioners from the civilian sector, the
Vice Chairperson shall be chosen 72. Republic Act 8551 is also known as what law?
- the Vice-Chairperson shall act as the Executive Officer of the a. Police Act of 1966
NAPOLCOM b. PNP Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998
c. DILG Reorganization Act 1990
62. The PNP shall be headed by a Chief with the rank of _________. d. Philippine National Police Law of 1991
a. Police Major – C/INSP
b. Police Director General – P.LT.GEN 73. The DILG Secretary also serves as the Ex-Officio Chairman of what
c. Police General agency which is also under its jurisdiction.
d. Police Director a. National Police Commission
b. Philippine National Police
63. The second man in command with the rank of Police Lieutenant c. Philippine Public Safety College
General, who shall assist the C/PNP in the exercise of responsibilities d. People’s Law Enforcement Board
relative to PNP personnel, logistics, comptroller and plan activities.
a. NAPOLCOM Executive Officer 74. The Philippine National Police reserves how many percent of its
b. Secretary of the DILG annual recruitment, training, and education quota for women?
c. President a. 5 percent b. 10 percent
d. Deputy Chief for Administration c. 15 percent d. 20 percent

64. The third man in command who shall assist the C/PNP in the exercise Higher recruitment quota for female officers in the PNP approved - 16
of responsibilities relative to PNP training, intelligence, community February 2019
affairs and investigation activities.
a. Ex-Officio Commissioner RA 8551 - Section 58, entitled “Prioritization of Women for
b. Ex-Officio Vice Chairperson Recruitment”
c. NAPOLCOM *To ensure adequacy of female police officers to oversee the Women and
d. Deputy Chief for Operations Children Protection Desks in police stations, the House of
Representatives approved on second reading House Bill 9058, seeking to
65. The one who shall assist the C/PNP in the general coordination and raise the quota requirement for female officers in the Philippine National
supervision of the various activities of the PNP. Police (PNP).
a. Deputy Chief for Administration *The amendment provides that the PNP shall reserve 15 percent of its
b. Deputy Chief for Operations annual recruitment, training and education quota for women. Moreover,
c. Deputy Chief for Peace and Order the recruitment quota for women shall be increased to 20 percent
d. Chief of Directorial Staff thereafter.

66. The staff that assists the C/PNP in his official functions through 75. The Crime Laboratory Group provides scientific and technical
advice, assistance or service. services. The Crime Laboratory Group is what kind of support unit?
a. Directorial Staff b. Personal Staff a. Administrative Support Unit
c. Personal Assistant d. Body Guard b. Technical Support Unit
c. Scientific Support Unit
67. The yardstick of the police efficiency is the absence of crime or low d. Operational Support Unit
crime rate.
a. Home-Rule b. Continental National Administrative Support Units (NASU’s)
c. Modern Concept d. Old Concept 1.Chaplain Service
2.Legal Service
HOME-RULE – Police officers are considered as servants of the 3.Health Service
community. Primary duty is the preservation of the public peace and 4.PNP Retirement and Benefits Admin Service
security 5.Recruitment and Selection Service
- Applied in countries with decentralized government 6.Engineering Service
CONTINENTAL – Police officers are servants of a higher authority. 7.Headquarters Support Service
Applied in countries that have centralized government 8.Logistics Support Service
9.Finance Service
OLD CONCEPT – the yardstick of police efficiency is the increase 10.Communications and Electronics Service
number of arrest. The job of the police is to put people in jail rather than 11.Information Technology Management Service
prevent them from committing crime or keep them out of jail. Punishment 12.Training Service
is the sole instrument of crime control 13.Philippine National Police Academy
MODERN CONCEPT – Police service is an instrument of crime 14.National Police Training Institute
prevention. The objective of the police is to promote the welfare of the
individual citizen as well as the society in general. National Operational Support Units (NOSU’s)
1.Intelligence Group
68. This theory is applied in countries that have centralized government. 2.Integrity Monitoring and Enforcement Group
a. Continental b. Home-Rule 3.Criminal Investigation and Detection Group
c. Classical c. Neo-Classical 4.Forensic Group
5.PNP Anti-Cybercrime Group
Classical Theory (Juristic) 6.Highway Patrol Group
= the basis of criminal liability is human free will and 7.Civil Security Group
= the purpose of the penalty is retribution. 8.PNP Drug Enforcement Group
= endeavored to establish a mechanical and direct proportion between 9.Maritime Group
crime and penalty, and there is scant regard to the human element. 10.PNP Anti-Kidnapping Group
= stress more on the “CRIME” COMMITTED 11.PNP EOD/K9 Group
= RPC is generally governed by this theory. 12.Aviation Security Group
13.Special Action Force
Positivist Theory (Realistic) 14.Police Security and Protection Group
= basis of criminal liability is the sum of the social, natural and 15.Police Community Affairs Development Group
economic phenomena to which the actor is exposed
= wherein prevention and correction are the purposes of penalty. 76. PNP Provincial Directors for all the provinces of the Philippines are
= Stress more on the CONDITION OF THE “CRIMINAL” given what rank?
a. Police Chief Superintendent - RDs
69. It combines line organization with staff members such as the b. Police Superintendent
Criminalist, Training Officer and Intelligence Officer so that their c. Police Senior Superintendent
knowledge and expertise can be used by the line officer. The PNP is an d. Police Chief Inspector
example of this type of organization.
77. One of the Principles followed in Police Organizations is 86. Under section 40 of R.A. 6975 an officer or a non-officer may
specialization which means a unit is separated after getting specific tasks optionally retire provided he has rendered 20 years of satisfactory service
or objectives. If for example, we have a hostage situation and there are with the approval of the NAPOLCOM.
many line commanders as well as other high ranking public officials a. Mandatory retirement
present, what particular police organizational principle should we follow b. Compulsory retirement – 56 y/o
in order to avoid leadership confusion? c. Optional retirement
a. Unit Specialization d. Early retirement – 10years
b. Unity of Command
c. Span of Control d. 87. The maximum tenure in position of Provincial Directors is for how
Delegation of Authority many years?
a. 3 years b. 4 years c. 6 years - RDs
Span of Control – relates to the number of subordinates a superior can d. 9 years
effectively supervise.
Delegation of Authority - means division of authority and powers 88. The head of the Fire Bureau with the rank of Director shall have the
downwards to the subordinate. Delegation is about entrusting someone position title of what?
else to do parts of your job. Delegation of authority can be defined as a. Fire Fighter b. Fire Marshall
subdivision and sub-allocation of powers to the subordinates to achieve c. Fire man d. Chief of the fire Bureau
effective results.
89. In the PNP organizational structure the rank of Director General is
78. This refers to the reduction of police personnel through leave, given what designation or position title?
resignation or retirement. a. Police Director b. Chief Director
a. Attrition b. Demotion c. Chief, PNP d. Deputy Chief
c. Promotion d. Resignation
90. He is influential in the passage of the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829
79. Mr. John Doe is a graduate of Bachelor of Laws. He is 25 years old which laid the foundations for the Metropolitan Police Force.
and has no criminal records. He is around 5’6’’ in height and has a civil a. August Vollmer b. Willy Ong
service professional eligibility. He wanted to become a Police Officer, is c. Sir Robert Peel d. Willy the Great
he qualified to enter police service? Note: he is not a Bar Passer and have
taken the Bar Examinations twice but failed. SIR ROBERT PEEL - “Father of Modern Policing System
a. Yes, he is qualified to enter the police service. - “Metropolitan Police” organized through the Metropolitan Police Act of
b. Yes, but he needs to take the NAPOLCOM entrance 1829.
examination. - Now the Metropolitan Police Service or Force
c. No, because he is not a Criminology graduate. - Also called “The Met” (new) and “Bobbies” (old)
d. No, because he is not a Bar passer.
AUGUST VOLLMER - 1st police Chief of Berkeley, CA, and known as
80. When a PNP personnel is given a rank or a work classification the “Father of Modern Law Enforcement”.
carrying a much higher responsibility and benefits, it means that the - He introduced the use of Crime Laboratory, the use of Polygraphs,
personnel is ________ because his movement is vertical in nature. Fingerprinting, Toxicology, and other scientific means of crime detection.
a. Resigned b. Demoted - established the bicycle patrol
c. Retired d. Promoted - created the first centralized police record system

81. Regional Directors head the different regions in the Philippines. The 91. Police Officers with the rank of Patrolman/Patrolwoman to Police
NCRPO is one, and under its command are the five (5) districts headed Executive Master Sergeant are called?
by a District Director. Following this organizational set-up, the NCRPO a. Police Enlisted Officers
Director is given what rank? b. Police Commissioned Officers
a. Police Deputy Director c. Police Non-Commissioned Officers
b. Police Director - PM d. Police Officials
c. Police Chief Superintendent – PBG
d. Police Superintendent - PLC 92. On the average nationwide, the manning levels of the PNP shall be
approximately in accordance with a police-to-population ratio of?
82. Police Officers with the rank of Police Inspector up to Police Director a. 1:50 b. 1:500 c. 1:1000
General are called? d. 1:1500
a. Police Enlisted Officers SECTION 27 OF RA 6975
b. Police Commissioned Officers - 1:1000 – minimum police-to-population ratio
c. Police Non-Commissioned Officers
d. Police Officials 93. This is the exact order waivers are prioritized if the number of
qualified applicants fall below the annual quota.
83. Defined as the upward movement from one classification or rank to a. age, height, weight b. height, age, weight
another carrying higher benefits and more responsibility. It is the c. weight, age, height d. weight, height, age
upgrading of ranks and/or advancement to a position of leadership.
a. Attrition b. Demotion 94. Height waivers are automatically given to members of cultural
c. Promotion d. Subordination minorities.
a. the statement is true
84. This law extended for 5 years the reglementary period for complying b. the statement is false
with the minimum educational qualification for appointment to the c. the statement is partly true d. the
Philippine National Police. statement is partly false
a. R.A. 8551 b. R.A. 6975
c. R.A. 9165 d. R.A. 9708 95. Three (3) out of four (4) NAPOLCOM commissioners shall come
from the civilian sector. One of whom should be?
RA 6975 - approved Dec. 13, 1990 – Department of the Interior and a. An Educator b. A Priest
Local Government (DILG) Act of 1990. (took effect January 29, 1991). c. A Woman d. A Barangay Official
Reorganized the DILG and created the PNP with PDG Cesar Nazareno as
its first Chief. It also established the BFP, BJMP and the PPSC. 96. The maximum tenure in position of Regional Directors is for how
RA 8551 - Feb. 25, 1998 – Philippine National Police Reform and many years?
Reorganization Act of 1998. Professionalization of PNP. a. 3 years b. 4 years c. 6 years
RA 9708 - Aug. 12, 2009 – amendatory law to R.A. 6975 and 8551 d. 9 years
regarding education and promotion.
96. This entity serves as the premiere educational institution for the
Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) training, human resource development and continuing education of all
- On December 13, 1990, the DLG became into what is now known as personnel of the PNP, BFP and BJMP.
the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) by a. Philippine Public Safety College
virtue of R.A. No. 6975, which also created the TRI-BUREAU and b. Philippine College of Criminology
the Philippine Public Safety College. c. Philippine National Training Institute
- The DILG shall consist of the DEPARTMENT PROPER, the d. Philippine National Police Academy
NAPOLCOM, the PPSC, and the following bureaus: PNP, BFP and
the BJMP. 97. The appointment of commissioned officers usually with the rank of
- The department proper consist of the office of the Secretary, 2 Police Inspectors are given to those with highly technical qualifications
Undersecretaries (1 for Local Government and 1 for Peace and such as Dentists and Engineers.
Order) and 3 Assistant Secretaries. a. Technical Entry b. Lateral Entry
c. Special Entry d. Illegal Entry
85. The maximum tenure in position of the PNP Chief is for how many SECTION 33 OF RA 6975 – LATERAL ENTRY
years?
a. 3 years b. 4 years c. 5 years 98. Under section 6 article 16 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, the
d. 6 years Philippines shall establish one police force to be administered and
controlled by the National Police Commission. This police force which is
given nationwide jurisdiction shall be?
 a. Civilian in scope and national in character
b. National in scope and civilian in character
c. Local in scope and militaristic in character
d. Militaristic in scope and local in character

99. The Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) consist
of one (1) Secretary, two (2) Undersecretaries and how many Assistant
Secretaries?
a. One Asst. Secretary for the DILG Secretary and one each for the two
Undersecretaries.
b. Two (2) Assistant Secretaries, one for peace and order and one for
local government.
c. There are three (3) Assistant Secretaries under the reorganized
DILG.
d. As many as the DILG Secretary deems necessary.

100. A kind of promotion given after the death of a uniformed member of

the PNP.
a. Promotion by virtue of position
b. Meritorious Promotion
c. Regular Promotion
d. Posthumous Promotion