Fingerprint

Jeffrey B.
Bajita
Fingerprint
An Infallible means of Identification.
Dean Jeffrey B. Bajita
Self Analysis
Have you ever dream of

becoming an
Expert Forensic Scientist
or a
Top Calibre Criminalist?
1.Brief History of Fingerprints
2.Different Methods of Identification
3.Pioneers in Fingerprints & their Contributions
4.Fingerprints & the Friction Skin
5.Fingerprint Patterns
6. Ridge Characteristics, Delta & Core
7. Ridge Counting &Ridge Tracing
8. Classification Formula
9. Automated Fingerprint Identification System &
10. Exclusive: The Secrets of the

Board Topnotcher
China USA
Philippines
China
The Chinese are

considered as the first
users of fingerprint
which they called as
HUA CHI. They used it
as part of their “rituals”
in the early part of their
history.
Emperor Te In Shi
HOLLAND
Individual
identification was
by means of
wearing clothes of
different design,
tattooing, branding
and mutilation.
OLD MEXICO
The Aztecs impressed
their hands on the soft
clays of their hand
made idols.
The Toldetes stamped
their hands on the death
warrants for all who
offered to sacrifice their
lives for their God idols.
FRANCE
Paintings and rock
carvings featuring
hand designs have
been found in the
granite wall slab in
the burial passage of
L’lle de Gav’rinis.
BABYLONIA
The first use of fingerprints
for identification purposes
came when Babylonian
magistrates ordered their
officers when making arrest
and property seizure to take
defendants fingerprints. The
cuneiform writings and clay
tables are preserved and
kept at the British Museum.
JAPAN
The thumb print of the
criminal is taken as
regards his sentence but
was then considered an
inferior sort of the
signature. The thumb
mark which took the place
of the signature was not
then intended to establish
criminal’s identity.
GILBERT
THOMPSON
A Geologist in New
Mexico, who on August 8,
1882, adopted the first
individual use of
fingerprints by using his
own thumb print to
prevent tampering of the
pay order he issued.
Isaiah West
Taber
A Photographer
who supported the
use of fingerprints
in the registration
of Chinese
immigrants.
Samuel
Clemens
whose num de pluma or
pen name is Mark Twain,
informally introduced
Dactyloscopy (Study of
Fingerprint Examination)
in his books Life in
Mississippi and Puddling
Head Wilson.
Dr. Henry De
Forest
used the first municipal
civil use of fingerprints
for non-criminals on
December l9, l902 in
the civil service
commission of New
York.
Capt. James
Parke
supported the first use of
state and penal use of
fingerprints and officially
adopted it on June 5, l903
at Singsing Prison, later
at Napamoch, Auburn
and at Clinton
Penitentiaries.
Sgt. John Kenneth

Ferrier
an Englishman and first Instructor at
the St. Louis Police Academy in
Missouri teaching fingerprints. One
of the students of Sir Edward
Richard Henry, an Inspector General
of the Metropolitan Police Force in
London, England and through talks
during a world trade expedition in
St.Louis, a fingerprint bureau was
established on April l2, l904.
Maj. E.
McCloughry
a Warden at the Leavenworth
Federal Penitentiary in Kansas.
When the Office of the US
Attorney General granted
permission to establish a
fingerprint bureau on November
2, l904, he managed it and
became the first official national
government of fingerprints.
Mary K.
Holland
the first American
Instructress of
Dactyloscopy.
FBI
was established in 1908 and
through Act of Congress in 1924
established an Identification Unit.
The fingerprints at the
Leavenworth Penitentiary and the
International Association of
Chiefs of Police were combined
forming a nucleus which now
includes the largest single
collection of fingerprints in
existence.
Institute of
Applied Science
(IAS)
The first private school to provide
laboratories for instructional
purposes in Dactyloscopy.
People versus
JENNINGS
(252 III.534, 96 N.E.1077, 43
L.R.A. (N. S. 120+), 1911) –
the US leading case wherein
the first conviction was based
on fingerprints.
(December 21, 1911)
Bureau of
Prisons
In 1918 the
“Carpetas” or
commitment and
conviction records
already bears
fingerprints.
Lt. Asa
Darby
during the pre-occupation
of the Philippines by the
American forces, under
her management, a
modern and complete
fingerprint file has been
established for the
Philippine Commonwealth.
Generoso
Reyes
the first Filipino
Fingerprint
Technician
employed at the
Philippine
Constabulary.
Isabela
Bernales
First Filipina
Fingerprint
Technician.
Mr. Jones
One who first
taught
fingerprints in the
Philippine
Constabulary in
the year 1900.
Capt. Thomas
Dugan
of the New York Police
Department and
Flaviano Guerrero
of the FBI gave the first
governmental
examination in
Fingerprints in 1937,
Atty. Agustin
Patricio
of the NBI.
topped the first
governmental
examination in
Fingerprints in 1937
given by the FBI.
People
versus
Medina
(59 Phil.330) – first
conviction based on
fingerprints (December
20, 1933) and the leading
judicial decision in
Philippine Jurisprudence.
Philippine College
of Criminology
(PCCR), formerly
Plaridel Educational
Institution (PEI) was
the first school to
teach the Science of
fingerprints and
other police sciences
in the country.
.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
.
Fingerprints
Forensic .Odontology
Photography .& Portrait Parle
Bertillion
. System
Tattoo, Scarification
. & Personal Effects
construction of the layer of the human skin
Friction Skin
Epidermis and the Dermis
He originated the term “Loops

& Spiral “and because of his
contribution, one of the thin
layers of the friction skin was MARCELO MALPHIGI
(1628-1694)
named after him, the
“Malphigian Layer”.
J.C MAYER
(1788)
Principle of Individuality
A professor in the University of

Breslau, Germany, who
discovered in his study of
philosophy, that the skin on
the inner surface if the hands
bore patterns, which he later
named and set rules
governing their classification
and even identify nine types of
patterns, but he did not PROF. J. E. PURKENJE
(1823)
associate it with identification.
Principle
of
Permanency
HERMAN WELCKER
(1856)
Substitute for Signature
Established the present

fingerprints system of
identification for he gave way
for the first actual tryout in
establishing individuality
using fingerprint.
SIR WILLIAM J. HERSCHEL

(1858)
Jeffrey B. Bajita
He claimed that the

impression would
provide positive
identification of
offenders when
apprehended.
He also wrote
“A Manual of
Practical
Dactylography
“based on skin
ridges of the fingers
DR. HENRY FAULDS and toes.
(1877)
1st Scientist of Friction Skin Identification
Established the 1st Civil Bureau of

Personal Identification in London,
England.
Discovered the 3 families of fingerprint

patterns, ARCHES, LOOPS &
WHORLS (A-L-W Methods).
Devised a system of classification that

was officially adopted on February SIR FRANCIS GALTON
12, 1894. (1892)
He developed his
own system of
classifying prints
that was officially
adopted in
Argentina and was
used in most
Spanish Speaking
Country.
JUAN VUCETICH
(1891)
EDMUND LOCARD
Father of
Poroscopy
In his book La Pouve
Judiciare Par Las
Emprientes Dignitales, in
1914 at Lyons, France
summarized the
principles of identification
from impressions referred
to as Points of Identity.
SIR EDWARD R.
HENRY
(1859)
“Father of Fingerprint”
It refers to the
Practical Application of Fingerprints
(the making of identification, comparison
& classification of fingerprints)
ORIGIN: The word Dactyloscopy was derived from two Greek words:
Dactyl which means “finger” and “skopien” meaning “to study” or “to examine”.
It refers to the
scientific study of
fingerprints as a
means of
identifications.
It is the study
of fingerprints
for purposes
of interpreting
one’s
personality.
It is an impression
design by the ridges
on the inside of the
last joint of the finger
or thumb on any
smooth surface
through the media of
an ink, sweat or any
reagents capable of
producing visibility.
Individuality
Immutability Infallibility
It refers to an epidermal
hairless skin found on
the ventral or lower
surface of the hands
and feet covered with
minute ridges and
furrows and without
pigment or coloring
matters. It is also called
as papillary or
epidermal ridges.
1.Epidermis
2.Dermis
It is the outer
most covering
layer of the
skin.
This refers to the

inner layer of the skin
containing blood
vessels, various
glands and nerves. It
is where the dermal
papillae are found.
Poroscopy is the study of pores.
Podoscopy is the study of the soles of the feet.

US Notorious
Public Enemy
No.1, who tried
to remove his
fingerprints with
acid but failed.
Post-mortem
fingerprints taken
after he was shot
by FBI agents
proved that he
was Dillenger. John Dillenger
ROSCOE JAMES PITTS
“Man Without Fingerprints”

It is used for identifying suspect for investigation purposes.

Detecting a criminal identity at the scene and

determining recidivism or habitual delinquency.
Used as a records in the police departments

& other law enforcement agency
for the purpose of issuing clearance.
Modern Means in checking

technology or verifying entry of
utilizes authorized
fingerprints in personnel on certain
opening of business,
volts or doors establishment.
leading to
confidential
matters.
A-L-W
Families
Arch Loop Whorl

(5%) (60%) (35%)
Guess What?
Fingerprint Patterns
&
Ridge
Characteristics
PLAIN ARCH
PLAIN ARCH
It is a pattern in which the
ridges flows from one side to
the other without recurving,
usually, having a slight upward
in the center, making the
pattern like an arch
No core and delta
TENTED ARCH
TENTED ARCH
 it is a type of pattern wherein
majority of the ridges form an arch
It only differs from plain arch when
one or more ridges at the center form
an up trust or make a sufficient rise
giving the pattern of a “Tent”, giving
an angle of 90 degrees or less or a
pattern similar to a loop but lacking
one or two of its essential elements
LOOP
 It is a pattern in which one or more
of the ridges enter on either side of
the impressions, then turn or make
recurve, passing or touching an
imaginary line drawn between the
delta and the core, then flow toward
the same side of the impression from
where the ridges entered
TWO DIVISION OF A
LOOP PATTERN
 RADIUS BONE of the forearm that
runs to the wrist of the side where the
thumb is located
ULNA BONE running to the wrist is

located or situated on the little finger
REQUISITES OF A LOOP
PATTERN
It must have a delta
 it must have a core
 it must have a
recurving ridge that
passes between the
delta and core; and
 it must have a ridge
count of at least one
RADIAL LOOP – it is a loop which the

ridges run towards the direction of the thumb
ULNAR LOOP – It is a loop that runs towards

the direction of the little finger
WHORL
 it refers to the pattern

consisting of a core and delta
and one or more ridge forming
a complete circuit
 it is a fingerprint pattern
composed of two deltas and
at least one ridge makes a
one complete circuit. An
imaginary line drawn
between the two deltas
must touch or cross at least
one of the recurving ridges
within the pattern area. The
pattern area could be a
spiral, oval, circular or any
variant of a circle
 A pattern cannot be
considered as a Plain
Whorl without the
presence of the following
elements:
 A complete circuit
 Two deltas
 At least one circuiting ridge
is touched or crossed by
an imaginary line drawn
 It is a pattern consisting of two

deltas, with one or more ridges
forming a complete circuit which
maybe oval, spiral, circular or
any variant of a circle; or it may
be a pattern composed of two
deltas, with one or more
recurving ridges that has an
obstruction at right angle to the
inner line of flow, between which
an imaginary line would touch or
cross and no recurving ridge
within the inner pattern area
ELEMENTS OF A CENTRAL
POCKET LOOP WHORL
At least one recurving
ridge or obstruction at
right angle
 two deltas; and
 no recurving ridge within
the pattern area is
touched or crossed by an
It is a pattern that has

two deltas and two
separate and distinct
loop formations with
different sets of
shoulders
It is not necessary
that the loops have
the same size and
length
ELEMENTS OF A
DOUBLE LOOP WHORL
Two separate loop

formation
 Two separate and
distinct sets of
shoulders
 Two deltas
DOUBLE LOOP WHORL
Types of core formation which are

not included in the double loop
whorl:
 The “S” type core
 The interlocking type core
 The formation of a loop inside
another loop
It is a pattern characterized by
the combination of two
different types of fingerprint
patterns like a loop and a
whorl, a loop and a central
pocket loop, or any
combination of two different
loops and whorl type pattern.
It cannot be a combination of
a plain arch with any other
type of pattern. It can have
two or more deltas
Elements of Accidental
Whorl
Combination of two
different type of pattern
with the exception of the
plain arch
 Two or more deltas
It is also known as
FORK since it is
a single ridge
which divides
itself in to two or
more branches
It is characterized by
the meeting of two
(2) ridges that were
previously running
side by side
It is composed of two
(2) ridges that are
running side by side
and suddenly
separates or
spreads apart
It refers to a ridge which

divides into two (2)
branches and meet
gain to form the
original ridge
It refers to an end
point of a ridge,
or a ridge with
abrupt ending
It is a ridge which
looks a period,
dot or a fragment
DOT OR ISLAND
These are the two innermost

ridges that are running
parallel or nearly parallel
with each other which
diverge at a certain point
tending to surround the
pattern area and considered
as the basic boundaries of
fingerprint patterns
TYPE LINES
It is where the core, delta and

other ridge characteristics
used for identification and
classification can be found. It
is the area surrounded by the
type lines
PATTERN AREA
It looks like a hairpin. It

is a kind of ridge
formation that curves
back in the direction
from which it started
Recurving or Looping
Ridge
SUFFICIENT RECURVE
It is a short ridge which

can be found at the
top/summit of a looping
ridge
APPENDAGE
It is a short or long
ridge found inside
the innermost
recurving ridge of a
loop pattern
ROD OR BAR
It is a short ridge found inside

the innermost recurving
ridge which spoiled the
inner flow towards the
center of the pattern
OBSTRUCTION
Deltas and Core

The Focal (Terminus) Points of Fingerprint
Classification
It is a point on the ridge formation located directly at or in front

of and nearest the center of the divergence of the type lines.
The term “delta” is an old Greek word. The original English

meaning of the word refers to a deposit of earth at the mouth
of a river.
DELTA
It can be either of the ff:
1. A bifurcating ridge
2. A dot
3. An ending ridge
4. A short ridge
5. A converging ridge
6. A point on long ridge
a. A bifurcation may not be selected as a

delta not open towards the core.
b. When there is a choice between two or

more possible delta, the one nearest to
the core be selected.
c. When there is a choice between two

or more possible delta where one of
which is a bifurcation, the bifurcation
should be selected.
e. When a pattern shows a series of

bifurcation opening towards the core at
the point of divergences of the type
lines, the bifurcation nearest the core is
chosen as the delta.
f. In case of a ridge near the center of the type lines

despite several bifurcating ridge opening towards the
core, the deltas is located at the point of the
bifurcation just in front of the divergence of the type
lines.
In a loop pattern are

formed in a variety of
ways but are always
found on or within the
innermost looping or
recurving ridge.
(Inner Terminus).
a. The core on the shoulder of

the recurving ridge further from
the delta.
b. When an innermost
recurving ridge
contains a rod or an
ending ridge rising as
high as the shoulder of
the loop, the core is
placed on summit of
the rode.
c. When the innermost

recurve contains an
even of ridges which
are rising as high or
higher than its
shoulder line, her core
is placed upon the end
of the center ridge
whether it touches the
innermost recurve or
not.
It is the process of
counting the ridges
that touch or cross an
between the delta and
core of a loop.
A. Locate
the exact
points of
the core
and delta.
B. Count all ridges

which touch or cross
an imaginary line
drawn between the
core and the delta.
( in actual used of
fingerprint card for
classification, the lens
is guided by a red line
shown on the disk)
C. Incipient ridges are

never counted no matter
where they appear, the
general rule is that in
order to be counted, the
width of the ridge must
be equal to the width of
other ridges in the
pattern under
consideration.
With One (1) Ridge

Count
1.A dot/ island
2.A short ridge
3.A long ridge
4.An abrupt ending ridge
With Two (2) Ridge

Counts
1.A Bifurcating ridge
2.Ridge Enclosure
3.Cross - crossing
It is the process of counting

the ridges intervening
between the tracing ridge
(flows from the left delta to
the right delta)
and the right delta. This
process is used to
determine the three (3)
subdivisions of Whorls into
Inner, Outer and Meeting
which is represented by
capital I, M and 0.
A. Look for the left

delta and traced the
delta toward the front
of the right delta.
B. When the ridge being

traced abruptly ends,
drop to the next ridge
just right below the
original tracing ridge and
continue the tracing until
it reaches the opposite
side ( right delta ).
C. When the ridge

being traced is a
bifurcation always
follow the lower
branch until tracing
is completed.
D. Determine whether
the tracing ridge flows
inside (above) or below
( outside ) the right
delta.
E. Count the number

of intervening ridge
(ridge between the
tracing ridge and right
delta.)
1. Inner Whorl (I)

It is a whorl pattern
whereby a tracing ridge
runs or goes inside or
above the right delta and
there are three (3) or more
intervening ridges.
2. Outside Whorl (O)

It is a whorl pattern whereby a tracing
ridge runs or goes below or outside
the right delta and there are three (3)
or more intervening ridges.
2. Meeting Whorl (M)

It is a whorl pattern having two (2) of
less intervening ridge/s regardless of
whether the tracing ridge flows below
or above the right delta.
FINGERPRINT
LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
Works in relation to the
identification,
investigation, and
classification of
fingerprints need
instruments or tools for
the determination of the
identity of the impression
usually that has
something to do in the
detection and solution of
inimical activities.
FINGERPRINT
 CARD HOLDER
 This is used for clipping the fingerprint
card to avoid movement of the card
during printing
 CARRYING CASE
 It refers to a box-like structure or an
attaché used for carrying necessary
equipment at the scene of the crime
FINGERPRINT
 EVIDENCE IDENTIFICATION TAPE or TAG
 This is used to identify objects or physical
evidence
 FINGERPRINT BRUSH
 It is an instrument used for powdering latent
prints. There are three variation of brushes used:
• The fiberglass
• Magnetic
• Feather type sometimes called Camel’s hair
FINGERPRINT
 FINGERPRINT CARDS
 It is an 8x8 (usual size) piece of card used
for the printing of the ten (10) fingerprints
for recording and comparison purposes
 FINGERPRINT INK
 It is a specially manufactured ink for the
purpose of taking fingerprints. Sometimes
a printer’s ink is used as a substitute
FINGERPRINT
 FINGERPRINT LIFTING TAPE
 It is a tape used for lifting of developed latent prints.
It has three varieties:
• Frosted
• Rubber and
• Transparent
 FINGERPRINT POWDER
 It is a powder used in developing latent prints found
in the crime scene. They are commonly black, white
or gray, which is applied depending upon the
contrasting background
FINGERPRINT
FLASH LIGHT
 It is a device used for searching and
focusing on developed latent prints
especially in dark areas
 GRAPH PAPER
 it refers to a paper used for sketching
such as latent print/s location, indicating
measurements and exact location of
object/s
FINGERPRINT
 INKLESS INKING DEVICE
 it is a porelon pad, sensitized fingerprint card
used for purposes of not staining the fingers of
Subject. The finger is touch on the inkless pad
and then to the sensitized card and instantly a
permanent readable prints will be developed
without staining the fingers of Subject
 INK ROLLER
 This is an instrument used for spreading the ink
into the slab
FINGERPRINT
 INK SLAB
 It refers to a piece of metal or plane glass with as
much as ¼ thick and 6 or more inches long
where the fingerprint ink is distributed for
fingerprinting
 LATENT PRINTS TRANSFER CARD

 it is a card used in preserving lifted latent prints
which is either white or black in background
FINGERPRINT
 MAGNIFYING GLASS
 It is used for the examination of developed prints
Below are the two (2) types of magnifying lenses:
1.LINEN TESTER
• It has an opening of one inch square, with focus
and which can be folded and carried in the
pocket when necessary
2.BAUSCH and LOMB MAGNIFIER
• It is also known as Horse Shoe Magnifier. It is a
magnifying glass with a built in stand and an
adjustable lens to suit the visual sight of the
technician
FINGERPRINT
 FORCEPS
 It is used for picking up objects or taking
evidence which should not be touched
 POST MORTEM FINGERPRINT KIT
 It refer to a set of equipment consisting of
hypodermis syringe, spoon, tissue builder
solvent, tissue cleaner etc. used for taking the
prints of a dead person
 ROLLED TAPE MEASURE
 it refers to a rolled type of article used in
measuring the crime scene
FINGERPRINT
 RUBBER GLOVES
 It is used to protect the technician’s fingers from
leaving his own prints on the object in the crime
scene
 SCISSORS
 It refers to a simple instrument for cutting latent
print tapes and for other purposes
SCIENTIFIC WAY OF TAKING

FINGERPRINTS
ROLLED IMPRESSION
 It is an impression made
or placed in the
fingerprint card taken
individually by rolling the
ten fingers of Subject,
180 degrees from the tip
to the second joint and
form one side of the nail
to the other, “nail to nail”
ROLLED IMPRESSION
Both thumbs are rolled towards the body of

the Fingerprint Operator while the other
fingers (index, middle, ring and little) are
rolled away from the Operator’s body.
PLAIN IMPRESSION
 it is an
impression made
simultaneously
on the bottom of
the fingerprint
card that serves
as a reference
PURPOSE OF PLAIN
IMPRESSION
 to serve as a guide in checking the rolled
impression, as to whether or not they were
properly placed on their respective block/box
 to check on the ridge characteristics of the plain
impression, if the rolled impression is somewhat
faint, smudged or indistinct due to the bad
condition of the friction skin either temporary or
permanently deteriorated or in case of a doubtful
or questioned prints
 to check the minute details of the ridge
characteristics for purposes of classification and
identification

THE FINGERPRINTS
 Prepare the setup for  to check whether or not
fingerprinting, e.g. table, the ink is spread properly
ink slab, roller, fingerprint or whether it is enough or
card, card holder and the not, try to print one of
ink your fingers or put the
 clean the ink slab slab near the light and if
thoroughly before brownish reflection is
spreading the ink observe, it means you
 place a small amount of have a good ink for use
ink on each side of the slab  place the fingerprint card
and in the center, than start on the card holder y to
spreading the ink using the
roller back and forth until
ensure that proper entry
the ink is evenly distributed will be easy

THE FINGERPRINTS
 check the hands of  Subject should be told to
Subject to make sure that stand straight but relax
it is clean and dry. If it is and not to help the
perspiring freely, wipe Operator in rolling his
them off with soft, clean fingers. Subject should
dry cloth dampened with be standing not too close
alcohol, benzene or or too far facing the ink
similar fluid to act as a slab
drying agent  in taking the rolled
 the Operator should towards his (Operator’s)
stand at the left side of body while thee other
the Subject in taking the fingers and rolled away
right and left hand from the body of the
impressions of Subject operator

THE FINGERPRINTS
 the same procedure  to get the plain
should be done with impression, all the fingers
Subject’s left hand of the right hand should
 apply only moderate be pressed
amount of pressure in simultaneously on the
printing Subject’s fingers lower right hand portion
to avoid blurred prints but of the card and do the
hold Subject’s hand firmly same to the left hand, on
so as to prevent pulling the lower left hand
that may cause smeared portion of the card
impression
COMMON PROBLEMS
ENCOUNTERED IN
RECORDING FINGERPRINTS
 TEMPORARY DISABILITIES
 These can be fresh cut/s or wound/s, bandage
finger/s, occupational blister like of carpenters,
cement mixers, bricklayers, etc. and excessive
perspiration
 When an injury or blister appears in a finger which
temporarily disfigure the ridge details, the
fingerprints should not be taken until after the
injury, fresh cut/wound and blister has healed.
However, if necessary to be fingerprinted and
possibly get a legible inked fingerprint, use a very
small amount of ink slab. A notation of such
disabilities
PERMANENT DISABILITIES
 These can be lack of fingers, amputation,

crippled (broken or bent), deformities (extra
fingers, webbed) and old age.
 Proper notation in cases of this nature
should be made on the fingerprint block/s
representing such finger/s
 On amputations, if a portion of the first joint
is amputated, the finger must be inked and
printed. If all fingers are amputated, the inked
footprints must be taken/printed.
 On crippled fingers, special inking devices

used for taking the prints of a deceased
person are used. These devices are the
spatula, small roller and curved card holder.
The spatula is used to ink the finger. A strip of
both hands of the fingerprint card can be
inserted into the curved card holder in taking
the rolled impression. Each crippled, bent or
broken fingers are taken individually by the
use of the spatula for the plain impressions.
Old age have very faint ridges and to

take the inked prints, use a very small
amount of ink on the ink slab and use
little force or pressure in rolling the
fingers
DEFORMITIES
 if an individual have more than 10 fingers, all 10
fingers must be printed and any finger/s left should
be printed at the back of the card with the proper
notation.
 if a person have 2 or more fingers webbed/grown
together such fingers be completely rolled as
possible and notation be made that they are joined
on the back part of the card
 split thumbs like thumbs with 2 nails, the index
joint is used for classification purposes with no
consideration is given to the other joint but
properly recoded at the back of the card
Primary
Key Secondary
Personal
Identification
Final Sub Secondary
Major
It is represented by Numerical Value.
Focused on Whorl Patterns only.
Right Hand – Numerator
Left Hand – Denominator
Plus the Pre established Fraction (1/1)

Pair 1 (Right Thumb & Right Index) – 16
Pair 2 (Right Middle & Right Ring) –8
Pair 3 (Right Little & Left Thumb) –4
Pair 4 (Left Index & Left Middle) –2
Pair 5 (Left Ring & Left Little) -1

It is represented by Letters.
Password: A,T,R,U,W,C,D,X (Big Letters for Index Finger)

r,a,t (Small Letters for other Fingers)
Ridge Counting Ridge Tracing

for Whorl:
for Loops:
Index: 1-9 (Inner) Inner (I)
Middle: 1-10 (Inner) – 3/more if it is inside
Ring:1-13 (Inner)
Meeting (M)
Note: More than what – 2 or less irrespective
is mentioned above whether it goes outside or
in the respective inside
fingers will be
considered as Outside (O)
Outer. - 3/more if it is inside
Formula:
Focused on Loops
to be counted and Table A
Whorls 1-11 – S
to be traced located 12-16 – M
17 or above – L
in the Thumbs
only. Table B
1-17 – S
18 – 22 – M
23 or above - L
Plain & Central Pocket

Loop Whorl will be
treated as Ulnar.
Loops or Whorls
Double Loop Whorl will located in the
be counted in its Top Little Fingers
Loop. will be counted.
Accidental Whorl will be
counted in all but the
least ridge count should
be considered.
CLASSIFICATION OF
SCARRED PATTERNS
 CLASSIFICATION OF SCARRED PATTERNS
 CLASSIFICATION OF AMPUTATION AND

FINGERS MISSING SINCE BIRTH
 CLASSIFICATION OF BANDAGED OR
UNPRINTED FINGERS
First Loop or Whorl

to be counted
appearing in the 10
Fingers.
CLASSIFICATION OF
SCARRED PATTERNS
 when the impression is so scarred that neither the
pattern type nor the ridge count and tracing cannot be
ascertained with accuracy, the impression must be
given the general type and sub classification value as
indicated by the ridges of partially scarred impressions
 when the impression is partially scarred, for instance
large scars on core that the general type cannot be
ascertained with accuracy but the ridges allows
reasonable accurate sub classification by ridge
counting or tracing, the impression must be given the
primary value of the pattern corresponding finger and
the sub classification value is indicated by the ridges of
partially scarred impressions
What is AFIS?
It is a system which
performs automatic
classification and
matching against the
fingerprint database.
It is also a system for
storing, retrieving and
matching fingerprints.
Jeffrey B. Bajita

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Jeffrey B.

Have you ever dream of

1.Brief History of Fingerprints

2.Different Methods of Identification

3.Pioneers in Fingerprints & their Contributions

4.Fingerprints & the Friction Skin

6. Ridge Characteristics, Delta & Core

7. Ridge Counting &Ridge Tracing

9. Automated Fingerprint Identification System &

10. Exclusive: The Secrets of the

The Chinese are

Sgt. John Kenneth

Photography .& Portrait Parle

construction of the layer of the human skin

Epidermis and the Dermis

He originated the term “Loops

A professor in the University of

Substitute for Signature

Established the present

SIR WILLIAM J. HERSCHEL

He claimed that the

1st Scientist of Friction Skin Identification

Established the 1st Civil Bureau of

Discovered the 3 families of fingerprint

Devised a system of classification that

This refers to the

Poroscopy is the study of pores.

Podoscopy is the study of the soles of the feet.

ROSCOE JAMES PITTS

“Man Without Fingerprints”

It is used for identifying suspect for investigation purposes.

Detecting a criminal identity at the scene and

Used as a records in the police departments

Modern Means in checking

Arch Loop Whorl

ULNA BONE running to the wrist is

RADIAL LOOP – it is a loop which the

ULNAR LOOP – It is a loop that runs towards

 it refers to the pattern

 It is a pattern consisting of two

It is a pattern that has

Two separate loop

DOUBLE LOOP WHORL

Types of core formation which are

It refers to a ridge which

These are the two innermost

It is where the core, delta and

It looks like a hairpin. It

It is a short ridge which

It is a short ridge found inside

Deltas and Core

It is a point on the ridge formation located directly at or in front

The term “delta” is an old Greek word. The original English

It can be either of the ff:

a. A bifurcation may not be selected as a

b. When there is a choice between two or

c. When there is a choice between two

e. When a pattern shows a series of

f. In case of a ridge near the center of the type lines

In a loop pattern are

a. The core on the shoulder of

c. When the innermost

B. Count all ridges