DEPARTMENT OF

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Semester: 5th

Subject Code: CEL 267

Subject Name: Engineering Geology

 Unit- II
Structural Geology: Brief idea about stratification,
apparent dip, true dip, strike and unconformities,
ENGINEERING Folds: Definition, parts of a fold, classification,
causes relation to engineering operations.

GEOLOGY Faults: Definition, parts of a fault, classification,

cause relation to engineering purposes.
Joints: Definition, attitude, joint set, joint systems,
classification, cause in relation to engineering
Course Outcome Operations
CO Title Level
Engineering Geology: Geological considerations in
Number the Engineering projects like tunnels, Highways,
foundation, dams, reservoirs.
Students will be able to explain the fundamentals of the
CO1 Engineering properties of Earth materials, minerals, Earthquake: Definition, terminology, earthquake
various types of rocks. waves, intensity, recording of earthquake, factors to
be considered and methods in earthquake proof
Students will be able to examine the role of geologists
construction
CO2 in Civil Engineering projects and overcoming problems Floors & Roofs : Types of Floors , Construction
related Geological Engineering. Procedure of Floors , Classification of Roofs ,
Construction of RCC Slab, Technical Terms used in
staircase , Type of Staircase , Special Considerations
Study will develop knowledge of using mitigation while construction of Staircase
CO3 techniques for a given range of stress, rock mass and
scale condition.
2
 TUNNELS
Tunnel is an underground passageway, completely enclosed except for openings for
entrance and exit, commonly at each end.
 TUNNELS

HYDROPOWER PUBLIC UTILITY

TRAFFIC TUNNELS
TUNNELS TUNNELS
 TUNNELS
It includes all tunnels which are excavated to divert the traffic load of whatsoever type
from surface to subsurface routes with a view of facilitating the flow of traffic at a desired
depth ,maximum convenience and at min. cost.

Ex:- Jawahar Tunnel connects Srinagar to Jammu ( 2.85km ).

 TUNNELS

Some tunnels are aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations.

Ex:- Beas-Sutlej Link, Yamuna-II.

Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Project

 TUNNELS
Utility tunnels are used for routing steam, chilled water, electrical power. or
telecommunication cables, as well as connecting buildings for convenient passage of
people and equipment.

Ex:- Underground utility tunnel for heating pipes

 TUNNELS:- GEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Tunnel design , method of its excavation and stability are greatly influenced by
following geological conditions :

1. Lithology

2. Geological structures

3. Groundwater conditions.
TUNNELS:- GEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

LITHOLOGY

In this we collect the information regarding mineralogical composition, textures

and structures of the rocks through which the tunnel is to pass.

It helps in deciding:

The method of tunneling.

The strength and extent of lining.

The cost of the project.

 TUNNELS:- GEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Hard and Crystalline rocks are favourable for tunneling.

Excavations in these rocks are often self supporting so these could be left unlined.

Rocks in this group include granite,basalts,gabbros,limestones,sandstones,

marbles,quartzites.
 TUNNELS:- GEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

SOFT ROCKS

Excavation cost, volume for volume, might be lower than those in hard rocks.

These rocks are not self supporting, so temporary and permanent support
becomes necessary.

Rocks in this group include

Shale, friable and poorly compacted sandstones, chalk, slates and phyllites
with high degree of cleavage.
 TUNNELS:- GEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Fissured rocks :- Rocks that are deformed as a result of folding, faulting and
metamorphic changes of shearing type.

Tunneling in such rocks is always hazardous and very challenging job for an
engineer.

Excavation in such rocks require large scale timbering for temporary support.

Sometimes groundwater is also encountered, so adequate arrangements for

drainage should also be provided.
 TUNNELS:- GEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES

Following main structural features of rocks have to be fully determined along the proposed
tunnel route:
❖ Dip and Strike
❖ Folding
❖ Faulting
❖ Shear zones
❖ Joint systems
TUNNELS:- GEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES

Dip and Strike:- Under this, three general cases may be considered.

1. Horizontal strata

2. Moderately inclined strata

3. Steeply inclined strata

TUNNELS:- GEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Geological Structures

1. Horizontal strata
 TUNNELS:- GEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Moderately inclined strata

▪Layers that are dipping at angles upto 45˚ may be said as moderately inclined.

▪The tunnel axis may be running

(i) parallel to the dip direction.

(ii) at right angles to the dip direction.

(iii) inclined to both dip and strike directions.

TUNNELS:- GEOLOGICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
TUNNELS:- GEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Geological Structures

2. Steeply inclined strata

▪Layers that are dipping at angles above 45˚ may be said as steeply inclined.
 OUTCOMES OF TOPIC….
Students will be able to explain the fundamentals of the engineering properties of
Earth materials, minerals, various types of rocks.
Students will be able to examine the role of geologists in civil engineering
projects and overcoming problems related geological engg.
Study will develop knowledge of using mitigation techniques for a given range of
stress, rock mass and scale condition.
 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE SUBJECT

1.Determination of rock quality designation.

2.Determination of seismic hazard and risk analysis.
3.Provides knowledge about materials used for construction.
4.Its knowledge is helpful for constructing dams
5.Geotechnical engineers needs knowledge about geology for digging work.
6.Its knowledge is required for finding faults.
7.Its knowledge is required for constructing tunnels.

20
FAQ’S
What are the different types of tunnels?
What are the major geological considerations required for tunnel designing?
 REFERENCES….

Engineering Geology: Parbin Singh

Engineering Geology : D.S Arora

NPTEL
 THANK YOU

For queries
Email: jagdeepsingh.civil@cumail.in