MODULE 1

Introduction Plumbing NCII

- Trainer Maria Icely Villagracia

Plumbing industry and proper practices within the workplace. Fundamentals of Plumbing, different tools
and materials that plumbers use for their job.

Introduction

Plumbing is a system of pipes, fittings, and fixtures installed for the distribution and use of
potable water and the elimination of waterborne wastes in a building. It is usually distinguished
as water and sewage systems that serve buildings or cities.

Plumbers are trained skilled worker who does the plumbing job.

The plumbing industry offers plenty of benefits. In fact, the demand for this career is extremely
high. Not only does it pay a good salary but the demand will never run out because people and
businesses will always need professionals to fix and maintain their plumbing systems.

Topic 1: History of Plumbing Practice in the Philippines

As a plumber, it is important to know the history of the innovation and improvements of

plumbing here in the Philippines.

Here’s a look at the history of plumbing according to the Revised National Plumbing Code of the
Philippines:

1700

17th century
The birth of the plumbing profession in the Philippines.

The "Walled CIty" known as Intramuros was established by the Spaniards as a model
community. The Friar Engineers who built the government buildings, residential and other
structures, incorporated European standards in their plumbing installations.

18th and 19th centuries

The Filipino plumbers were assigned the task of maintaining, repairing and/or remodeling
plumbing systems in all "pueblos" or towns including churches, convents and government
buildings. The recognized plumbers then , were called upon by the ''ilustrados" or the elite
group to act as consultants of plumber journeymen on matters pertaining to plumbing
installations in villas and mansion.

1700

17th century
The birth of the plumbing profession in the Philippines.

The "Walled CIty" known as Intramuros was established by the Spaniards as a model community.
The Friar Engineers who built the government buildings, residential and other structures,
incorporated European standards in their plumbing installations.

1800 — 1900

18th and 19th centuries

The Filipino plumbers were assigned the task of maintaining, repairing and/or remodeling plumbing
systems in all "pueblos" or towns including churches, convents and government buildings. The
recognized plumbers then , were called upon by the ''ilustrados" or the elite group to act as
consultants of plumber journeymen on matters pertaining to plumbing installations in villas and
mansion.

1900 — 2000

20th century
A great leap for plumbing with the arrival of the American soldiers, engineers, Thomasite teachers,
doctors and evangelists. Health and hygiene became priority when epidemics including cholera,
leprosy, schistosomiasis and other contagious diseases engulfed the Philippines. Alarmed, Governor
General Harrison issued a letter of instruction on proper waste disposal in all municipalities

1902
Sometime in 1902, the Plumbing Trade was duly recognized by the government. The City of
Manila was the model community. Master Plumber John F. Hass became the first Chief of
the Division of Plumbing Construction and Inspection. Through the initiative of the Filipino
Master Plumbers, a plumbing code based on the Plumbing Code of the United States was
incorporated into the Building Code for the City of Manila.
1935
Francisco Geronimo, Mariano de Ocampo, lgmidio Suarez, Eusebio Mina, Jose Rivera, Raymundo
Reyes, Sr., Roberto Feliciano, Gregorio Lazaro, Raymundo Gumapac, John Jones, Trinitario Ortiz,
Valentin Casupanan, Catalino Casupanan, Crispin Francisco, Teodoro Pastor, Cornelio Odvina and
Jesus Tanghal Dera organized the National Master Plumbers Association of the Philippines
(NAMPAP) and had it registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Initiated by
NAMPAP, the Department of Public Services of the City of Manila was created by an Act of
Congress. City Ordinance 2411, otherwise known as "the Plumbing Code for the City of Manila" was
enacted in consultation with NAMPAP. The practice of plumbing was eventually placed under the
Department of Public Services, Manila. The National Government, through the Bureau of Public
Works, and other cities and municipalities adopted the Plumbing Code of Manila. NAMPAP
spearheaded the enactment of a law regulating the practice of master plumbing in the Philippines.

1954

1954
The third Congress of the Republic of the Philippines in its Second Session, approved after the third
reading House Bill No. 962. This became Republic Act No.1378. On June 18, 1955, R.A. 1378,
otherwise known as the "Plumbing Law of the Philippinwa" was signed by President Ramon
Magsaysay.

1959

1959
The National Plumbing Code of the Philippines prepared by the NAMPAP was promulgated and
approved by Malacañang. NAMPAP also assisted in the passage of the law creating the National
Waterworks and Sewerage Authority (NAWASA).

1966 — 1969

1966-1969
The Board of Examiners for Master Plumbers and the NAMPAP prepared a Curriculum for
Plumbing Engineering that was approved by the Department of Education and was first introduced at
the Feati University.

1967

November 28, 1967

The First Amendment to the National Plumbing Code was approved, which effected the inclusion of
"Asbestos-Cement Pipe" as an approved plumbing material.

1972

1972 before Martial Law

Republic Act No. 6541 otherwise known as the “Building Code of the Philippines" was passed with
the "National Plumbing Code of 1959" as referral code in full text

1996

1996
NAMPAP President JAIME M. CABASE spearheaded the updating of the Revised National
Plumbing Code. Finally, in October 1999, NAMPAP submitted the Draft Code to the Board of
Master Plumbers (BOMP) Chaired by Engr. FORTUNATO H. AMOSCO. After careful review, the
Professional Regulation Commission under Chairman HERMOGENES POBRE adopted the Revised
Plumbing Code of 1999 which His Excellency, President JOSEPH EJERCITO ESTRADA approved
last December 21, 1999 pursuant to Section 4 of R.A. 1378 known as the Plumbing Law.

1997 — 2020

Present
In order to continuously upgrade the technical expertise of Master Plumbers and propagate the
growth of the plumbing industry; NAMPAP have caused the holding of regular National Convention
as well as Regional Conferences such as LUZON, VISAYAS and MINDANAO, as well as the
Midyear Forum where manufacturers, dealers and suppliers of plumbing tools, equipment, materials
and services are given the opportunity to conduct product presentations for the benefit of the
plumbing practitioners.

Topic 2: Plumbing as Profession and Career Opportunities

After passing the assessment and certification for Plumbing NC II, here are the different
plumbing related opportunities you can get:

1. Plumbing Technician/Apprentices/ Licensed Plumber

- Installs and maintains various types of plumbing system and fixtures, diagnoses
plumbing issues, and guides customers toward a confident decision for their plumbing
system.
2. Pipefitters
- Monitors power generation systems as well as heating/cooling systems and work on
the system installations for automated controls to regulate the configurations.

3. Steamfitters
- Installs pipes for the transportation of high-pressure gas materials.

4. Pipelayers
- In-charge of the majority pipe works such as digging and leveling the trenches for the
pipes and laying pipes in the trenches.

5. Gas Service Technician

- Delivers gas all through a site using specialized equipment to detect and search gas
leaks and more importantly, perform tests about displays and other control
mechanisms.

6. Lead Man
- Experienced plumber that is in charge of leading a small group of plumbers to do a
designated assigned work.

7. Foreman
- The overall in-charge of all plumbers including the lead man.

8. Project in Charge (PIC)

- Registered Master Plumber that is in Command of the Project.

9. Project Managers
- Responsible for the daily basis of supervising a group of employees to make sure that
all employees are doing their jobs well without compromising the quality of their work.

10. Business owners

- Registered plumbers who owns their own business that provides plumbing services.

11. Plumbing Instructor

- A certified plumber that is mainly focused on training aspiring plumbers in the
academe.

12. Plumbing assessor

- Assesses students after their training proper.
Plumbing work is a field that is not just for men. Besides, there are thousands of women in the plumbing field who practice the job itself while
others teach/train other plumbers. Women are underrepresented in this type of male-dominated field, just as they are in many professions—
but in this case, it’s quickly changing. Women are discovering that the plumbing profession is secure and pays well. Plumbing companies are
starting to come across searching for the best people and do not base on someone’s sexuality or gender.

Topic 3: Relevant Laws and Regulations to Plumbing Installation

The 1999 National Plumbing Code of the Philippines' basic goal is promulgated in the Revised
National Plumbing Code of the Philippines to ensure the unqualified observance of the latest
provisions of the plumbing and environmental laws.
Lesson 2: Maintaining Personal and Professional Qualities as Plumber
Introduction
As a plumber, practicing proper ethics will affect how you will interact with other employees and
clients. People and customers feel safe when working with someone if they know they follow
ethically sound guidelines. It builds the reputation of the business by doing "clean business" or
keeping "customers as a priority." It also guides how someone performs the job with or without
people watching around.

Topic 1: Effective Communication Practices in Construction Industry

Good communication is the key to build good relationships with your co-workers and clients.
But to do this, you must first learn the different kinds of communication present in a workplace.
Here are some of the examples of which and the ways on how to improve your communication
skills.

Different Types of Workplace Communication and Ways to Improve it

Verbal(In-person) Communication
•This type of communication eliminates misunderstandings that can occur in the workplace. Speaking directly with someone
in person allows you to understand the bigger picture while conversing. It is important to give your full attention whether
you’re in a group meeting or one-on-one conversation. The key is to maintain eye contact with the person speaking and put
all other things that don’t involve the topic addressing. Avoid monopolizing the conversation and allow other people to voice
out their concerns. Pause after significant points to take questions or check for understanding.

Body Language and Facial Expressions

•Words and context are just a fraction of your message. To be able to achieve the effectiveness of communicating; be
mindful in terms of body language, tonality, facial expression while conversing. Rest your arms by your sides instead of
crossing them over your chest as this may look like a defensive posture. Always try to make eye contact, smile when it’s
appropriate, and nod your head agreeably while listening. This technique will make other people receive your words more
positively.

Phone Conversations
• This is a vital communication tool whenever you’re trying to communicate with someone far away. Some enjoy speaking to
team members by phone however, others dislike it so much that they put it off until the last minute. Putting attention to
maintaining the effectiveness of your phone communication by smiling while you talk; it sounds silly, but it gives your voice a
friendlier tone. You also need to note the whole conversation and use them to ensure you cover all points. Finally, speak
clearly and slowly to make your words understood.

Written Communication
•Memos, Emails, and notes are common methods of written communication. The purpose is to capture your reader’s
attention and get your message. It is important to write it as clearly as possible, use proper tone for your purpose, use
simple languages, and write it concisely, or else, your message can lead to misunderstandings.

Topic 2: Roles and Responsibilities of a Plumber

A plumber should know his/her roles and responsibilities. This will give him/her the clarity,
alignment, and expectations of his/her job to work effectively. The Roles and Responsibilities of
a Plumber is listed below.

Roles and Responsibilities of a Plumber:

1. Work organization and management

- A plumber should be able to maintain a safe, tidy, and efficient work area. This also includes
following specific precautions while doing a plumbing job.

2. Communication and interpersonal skills

- Encounter with clients, co-workers, and employers cannot be avoided at work that is why,
plumber is required to have good communication and interpersonal skills. It also involves proper
reading, interpreting, and extracting technical data and instructions from manuals and other
documentation.

3. Design and adapt installation systems

- Plumber should be able to produce drawings of the installation system within given parameters.
This also includes, estimating and selecting required materials and equipment according to given
criteria.

4. Installation of pipe work, fixtures, and appliances

- Plumber should be able to interpret drawings and install different plumbing systems.

5. Connect, test, and commission assemblies and appliances

- Testing plumbing components to check if the plumbing system is working and if there is
possible leakage is also part of a plumber’s role and responsibility.

6. Generate and apply solutions for maintenance, repair, and replacement

- Plumber should maintain the plumbing system’s good condition and identify relative
advantages or possibilities of maintenance, repair, or replacement of the system.

Topic 3: Basic Organizational Structure

Organizational structure allows guidance to any or all employees by laying out the official
reporting link that governs the workflow of the company.
 Specification
s:

Project Manager
- are the ones responsible for organizing, planning, and directing the completion of particular
construction projects while making sure these projects are on time, on budget, and within scope.

Site engineer
- proposes advice in the coordination, planning, and management of technical aspects of
construction projects. They have an amount of responsibilities including solving technical
problems, giving advice, management and preparing reports.

Master Plumber
- Master plumbers have much more experience in plumbing and are trained with business
management and related subjects.

Plumbing Foreman
- A plumbing foreman typically works in construction or maintenance and supervises a team of
plumbers or other personnel. Foremans are both a journeyman plumber and supervisor.

Journeyman plumber
- Tend to have less experience and focus only on the plumbing aspect of their work. They work
under the supervision of someone with experience—often master plumber or plumbing foreman.
Topic 3: Basic Organizational Structure

Topic 4: Work Values and Ethics of a Plumber

As a plumber, you need to have work values and ethics in the field of work. This would help you
to get trusted by clients and other people.
Below are the work values and ethics that a plumber must have.
As a professional plumber you are expected to perform professionally and deliver
services competently. This also involves undertaking plumbing assignments that you
are fully trained and qualified to handle. To ensure the quality of the project and
customer's satisfaction.

Integrity and Hon...

As a professional plumber you are expected to always act and report with full honesty
regarding any plumbing endeavor. This will build the employer and client’s trust in you
as a plumber. Professional plumbers should not falsify, misrepresent, or exaggerate
anything in their professional career. It is always important to be truthful and transparent
in the dispensation of information regarding the plumbing project and shall avoid
solicitation or bribery intended to influence your professional career.

Environmental and...
As a professional plumber you have the responsibility to protect the environment and
public's safety, health, welfare, and property. By doing this, you should follow to the set
environmental standards in all construction work for the plumbing project. It is important
to ensure total compliance with all local and national laws and regulations regarding the
professional activities and practices in the plumbing industry.

Personal improvem...
Plumbers are expected to continually strive and improve your personal and
professional development as a plumber by developing and training your specialty in the
plumbing field.

Loyalty
This is the state or quality of being loyal and encouraging employees to do their best in
work by performing their highest standard particularly in their commitments and
obligations

Topic 5: Practice and Maintain Professional Growth and Development

Training will help plumbers to develop their skills in their profession. This helps the plumber to
acquire new skills and improve the existing ones to increase productivity and for professional
growth.

Training and Career Opportunities

Technical Education and Skills Development Authority provides Plumbing vocational course for
aspiring plumbers. These Tech-Voc course are: Plumbing NC I, Plumbing NC II, and Plumbing
NC III.

Plumbing NC I- Has the knowledge and skills in preparing plumbing lay-out, making piping
joints and connections, performing minor construction works, and can install and assemble
one(1) plumbing unit. He/She can be called a Junior Plumber.

Plumbing NC II- Has the knowledge and skills in preparing estimates of materials and tools for
multiple plumbing units, can perform multiple plumbing installation and assemblies, perform pipe
leak testing, and can undertake repair and maintenance works. He/She is a full pledge Plumber.
(The student should take the Plumbing NC I to be able to enroll in Plumbing NC II)

Plumbing NC III- Has the knowledge and skills to install Centralized hot, chilled and potable
water piping system, install riser and downfeed piping and water distribution system, having a
skill in installing pumps and accessories, including plumbing fixtures and have the skills in
overseeing the plumbing works. He/She is a Senior Plumber, Leadman and can be elevated to
Foreman. (Plumbing NC I and NC II are prerequisites of Plumbing NC III)

Master Plumber- All applicants for registration as master plumber shall be required to pass an
examination as hereinafter provided. Persons applying for admission to the examination as
herein provided, shall, prior to the date of the examination, establish to the satisfaction of the
Board of Examiners, that he:

a. Is at least twenty-one years of age;

b. Is a citizen of the Philippines;

c. Is of good moral character

d. Is at least a high school graduate;

e. Has at least five years of experience in actual plumbing work under the supervision of a
registered master plumber

Lesson 3: Practicing Occupational Health and Safety Procedures in

Plumbing

Introduction
As a plumber, you will be exposed to different kinds of occupational health and safety hazards
in your workplace which vary from severe and immediate physical dangers to milder hazards.To
promote Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) in the workplace, the government promulgated
laws and regulations that protect the workers from these hazards and risks. These OSH
regulations aim to improve and maintain safe workplace conditions, ensure a better brand
image, good business, and higher employee morale.

Topic 1: Hazards and Risks

As a plumber, it is important to familiarize yourself with different laws and regulations related to
plumbing. This aims to have a safe work practice to avoid any accidents that could cause damage
to people and the environment.

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Procedures and

Practices and Regulation
Philippine Clean Air Act

Republic Act No. 8749, otherwise known as the Philippine Clean Air Act, is a
comprehensive air quality management policy and program which aims to achieve and
maintain healthy air for all Filipinos.

National Building Code

a set of rules and regulations pertaining to the construction of all real estate projects and buildings here in the
Philippines.

Philippine Electrical Code

used nationally as the basis for safeguarding persons, buildings, and its contents from hazards that may arise
from the use of technology

Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008

“It is the policy of the State to ensure public safety, promote economic development through the prevention and
suppression of all kinds of destructive fires, and promote the professionalization of the fire service as a
profession. Towards this end, the State shall enforce all laws, rules and regulations to ensure adherence to
standard fire prevention and safety measures, and promote accountability in the fire protection and prevention
service.”

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9003

An act providing for an ecological solid waste management program, creating the necessary institutional
mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds
therefor, and for other purposes

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11058

An Act Strengthening Compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) also imposes
penalties on employers that do not follow the health and safety standards set by the Philippine labor code and
international guidelines. This also gives workers the right to refuse to work if the workplace is unsafe and gives
the employers a responsibility to form “Occupational Safety and Health Committee'' in the workplace to ensure
that safety and health programs are implemented properly.

Employees Compensation Commission (ECC)

an attached agency of the DOLE established through PD 626 mandated to promote and develop a tax-exempt
employees’ compensation program whereby employees and their dependents, in the event of work-connected
disability or death, may promptly secure adequate income benefits and medical or related benefits.

Hazards/Risk Identification and Control

Biological hazard can cause adverse health impacts that includes viruses, bacteria, animals, etc.
Examples are blood, mold, sewage, and dust.

Chemical hazard are caused by the exposure of chemicals in the workplace. These hazards can result in
long-term detrimental effects, such as skin irritation, blindness, respiratory system irritation, explosions,
and corrosion. Examples are paint, pesticides, cleaning products, and acids.

Physical hazard can threaten physical safety and can produce harm with contact. This hazard includes
slipping, falling, radiation, and temperature that can cause injury, illness, and death.

Ergonomic hazard includes physical factors in the environment that can harm the musculoskeletal system. This includes
improper workplace station, repetitive movements, and poor posture.

Psychosocial hazard includes hazards that can affect an employee’s mental health and wellbeing. Examples are, stress,
harassment, aggression, and abuse.

Most Common Accidents in Plumbing Operation

⦁ Noise Damage
⦁ Eye Injuries
⦁ Extreme Temperatures
⦁ Non-Power Hand Tool Injuries
⦁ Electric Shock and Burning
⦁ Slipping and Falling
⦁ Chemical and Biohazard Exposure

Topic 2: Hierarchy of Control

Having available control in the workplace to avoid possible accidents is important to protect
workers. Hierarchy of controls has been used as a way of identifying how to execute feasible
and effective control solutions. The hierarchy starts with the controls recognized to be most
effective down to those considered least effective.

Elimination- Physically remove the hazard

Substitution- Replace the hazard

Engineering Controls- are designed to remove the hazard that could possibly be
the source of causing an accident before it comes in contact with the worker.
Administrative controls- aim to change work procedures to avoid accidents such
as implementing safety policies, rules and regulations, and working schedules.
PPE- Protect the people with Personal Protective Equipment
Topic 3: Personal Protective Equipment

Personal protective equipment (PPE), as defined in RA 11058, refers to specialized clothing or

equipment designed to protect the workers from safety and health hazards that may cause serious
workplace injuries and illnesses. The use of PPE is mandated by the law and must be strictly
implemented at the site at any cost to protect the workers from possible workplace accidents.

Head Protection/Safety helmets/Hard hats

⦁ To protect the worker’s head from possible head injury due to falling debris and other related accidents.
Face and Eye Protection

⦁ To protect face and eyes when handling a task.

Hand and Skin Protection

⦁ To protect hands to lower the risk of hand and skin diseases that can be caused by possible
accidents while doing plumbing work.

Examples: rubber gloves, cut-resistant gloves, heat-resistant gloves, and chainsaw gloves.
Respiratory Protection

⦁ To protect the plumber's respiratory system from fumes, dust, and other dangerous substances
that could lead to respiratory problems.
Hearing Protection

⦁ To prevent permanent hearing impairment due to noise pollution in plumbing sites. These are
used to reduce or lessen low frequency noise in the site.
Topic 4:DOH Health Guidelines Protocol for New Normal
Due to the Pandemic caused by Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), the Department of
Health (DOH) implemented health protocols in all places, including construction sites. This is to
avoid spreading the virus that could cause a big threat to public health.

PART 2.

Lesson 1: Plumbing Materials and Fixtures

Introduction

As a plumber, pipes and fittings are some of the most common plumbing materials, you will
be dealing with. Pipes are hollow tubes used to carry pipes, while fittings are used to link
and connect pipes. On the other hand, Plumbing fixtures are devices or vessels installed
through a building piping system. Common examples of plumbing fixtures are water closet,
lavatory, urinal, bathtub, and fixture accessories.
In this lesson, you will learn the different types of plumbing materials used to complete a
project.
Topic 1: Basic Plumbing System

Plumbing systems vary depending on their function. But in essence, the plumbing system
has two main purposes:

o To supply potable water for human use

o To bring wastewater out of the building

Here are some of the plumbing systems commonly installed in a building:

Basic Plumbing System

Topic 2: Manual/Specification

Manual or specification is essential because each plumbing materials and fixtures are designed to
their specific use. It is necessary to familiarize yourself with following and reading manuals or
specifications in installing materials or fixtures.
Topic 3: Plumbing Pipes and Fittings

Plumbing pipes and fittings are an essential component of plumbing. Pipes are used to
transporting water or air for a plumbing system, while fittings connect pipes.

Here are some of the plumbing pipes and fittings:

Topic 4: Pipe Hangers and Supports

Pipe supports are made to support pipes' weight, any in-line equipment, and material in the
pipe. The primary functions of pipe supports are to guide, anchor, support, and absorb
shock.
Topic 5: Basic Plumbing Fixtures and Accessories

Plumbing fixtures are devices that are connected to a piping system. As a plumber, you
must know the different types of fixtures and their uses.
 Unit 2: Fundamentals of Plumbing
Lesson 2: Common Tools and Equipment Used in Plumbing System
Introduction

Tools and equipment are the main instruments in doing plumbing work. These are primarily
used to put plumbing materials together or take them apart to complete the piping system.
Each tool and equipment is precisely designed for its specific use. Using the appropriate
tool will finish the work faster and could avoid possible accidents by using the wrong tool.

Topic 1: Common Plumbing Tools

A plumbing job requires a lot of plumbing tools to complete a project. As a plumber, you need to
familiarize yourself with different tools and its uses to do the job successfully.
Topic 2: Basic Plumbing Equipment

The same with plumbing tools, plumbing equipment also plays a big part in a plumbing
project. It is also built with its specific use to complete a task.
Topic 3: Maintenance of Basic Tools and Equipment

To prevent tools and equipment from malfunctioning and rusting, it is important to know the
different types of lubricants used before using the tools and equipment in the installation of
pipes.
Here are the advantages of lubricating the tools and equipment:

∙ Keeps moving parts apart.

∙ Protects against wear
∙ Reduces friction.
∙ Transmits power.
∙ Transfers heat.
∙ Carries away contaminants and debris.
∙ Prevents corrosion.

Proper storing of tools and equipment:

1. Have a labeled place for each kind of tools and equipment.

2. Label the storage or place appropriately for immediate finding.

3. Store them near the place of use.

4. Wash and dry well before storing.

5. Store knives or any sharp tools properly when not in use with a sharp
edge down.

6. Place frequently used items in accessible locations.

7. Collect and secure electrical cords to prevent entanglement or ripping.

8. Metal equipment can be stacked on one another after drying.

10. Make sure the areas where you are storing the equipment are clean,
dry and not
overcrowded.

Lesson 3: Requisition of Materials and Tools

To do: View

Introduction

Appropriate request permits keeping a precise record of materials, tools, or equipment

documented. This allows the administration to screen and monitor all the plumbing
materials, tools, or equipment to be held by plumbers. In this lesson, you will learn the
proper process of requesting and borrowing materials for a project.
Topic 1: Requisition and Borrower’s Slip

Requisition and borrower slip are documents that employees use when requesting and
borrowing materials from the inventory to be used in the production process.

Sample Requisition Slip:

Topic 2: Material Management and Receiving Procedure

As a plumber, you must familiarize yourself with material management and receiving
procedures to get organized with work.
Lesson 4: Mensuration and Calculation
Introduction

Accuracy of measurement can be the most important factor to ensure a plumbing project
run smoothly. This is particularly obvious with regards to estimations, as an inaccurate
measurement or computation can adversely influence the whole cycle. Exact readings,
accordingly, could spare gigantic measures of time, work and cash for individuals in the
structure exchange.

Topic 1: Linear Measurements

As a plumber, you need to familiarize yourself in linear measurement to accurately measure

the materials and area needed for the piping system.
Topic 2: Basic Geometric Shapes

Basic geometric shapes are also essential in plumbing. It helps the plumbers to understand
other signs and symbols that could be found in plumbing blueprints.
Lesson 4: Mensuration and Calculation
Topic 3: Conversion of Unit
Unit conversion are usually done during planning and blueprint reading. As a plumber, you need to know
how to convert different units since you will be encountering measurements that are made in a different
set of units in your project most of time.
Units of Measure and their Equivalents:
a. Inch (“) - Equal to one-twelfth of a foot (1/12) or one thirty-sixth of a yard (1/36 yard)

b. Foot („) - Equal to twelve inches (12”) or one-third of a yard (1/3 yard)

c. Yard - Equal to three feet (3‟) or thirty-six inches (36”)

d. Rod - Equal to sixteen and one-half feet (161/2)

e. Mile - Equal to five thousand, two hundred and eighty feet (5280‟)

Sample of calculation on conversion of unit

A. English to Metric System

B. Unit in Metric System

1. Convert 10 m to cm.

As 1 m = 100 cm

Therefore,
2. Convert 800 cm to dm.

As 1 dm = 10 cm

Therefore,

C. Unit in English System

10 inch = ____ yard

As 36 inches= 1 yard

Topic 4: Ratio and Proportion

A ratio is a way to compare two quantities by using division as in miles per hour where we
compare miles and hours.
A ratio can be written in three different ways and all are read as "the ratio of x to y"

x to y , x:y, x/y

A proportion on the other hand is an equation that says that two ratios are equivalent. For
instance, if one Tee fitting will need three pipes, then that would be the same as to say that
two Tee fitting would need 6 pipes.

A proportion is read as "x is to y as z is to w"

xy =zw where y, w ≠0

Topic 5: Area/Volume

Surface area is used in the planning and estimation of plans and materials. The surface
area of any given object is the area or region occupied by the object's surface. The space
occupied by a two-dimensional flat surface is called the area. It is measured in square
units.

Below are the shapes and its equation needed to find the area.

Volume is the amount of space available in an object. The amount of space, measured in
cubic units that an object or substance occupies is called volume.

Below are the shapes and its equation needed to find the volume.