yy YY a Reading Ye € S ~—: ; ‘eo wo a gt pe : SsCONTENTS 4 | Language | Literature | unit Beatrix Potter, A Friend of Nature 8 unit2 Ebonics, A New Controversial American Language 16 | Nature | Geography | Units Magma and Lava: Fires from Within the Earth —— 26 unit4 Desert Plants: To Live Without Water 34 | Life Science | Biology | units Salmon, A Fascinating Fish 44 units From Wild Wolf to Loveable Dog 52 | Sports | Food | Health | unit? Chocolate, More Than Just Taste 62 units Triathlon: One Sport, Born of Three ——70| Archaeology | Anthropology | unit9 Pirates: The Menace of the Seas 80 unit10 Culture vs. Culture 88 | Crisis of the Earth | Unit 11 Bio-Fuels: The Answer to the Energy Crisis? 98, Unit 12 The Lungs of the Earth —— 106 | Psychology | unit13, Body Language, Silent Speaking 116 Unit 14 Happiness, More Than a State of Mind 124 | People | History | Units. The Penny Black 134 unit 16 All Quiet on the Western Front 142TT oe Rie hia) iii Ua UC Lc) a EU Ue UT ETTHave you read any books by Beatrix Potter? _ Do you enjoy stories about animal characters that are friendly and loving? Who is your favorite cartoon or fable character? SS a S SE : ' a ‘What would life be without language? ‘What do we use language for? = Think about other roles language has besides communication. — a ae =Beatrix Potter, A Friend of Nature Word Bank ooa0ag0 oo95 0000 G a a author tale accomplishment biological conservationist preserve focus on mischievous mean overeating fungi various expert apply botanical turn down popular protect landscape countryside scatter ‘na person who writes a novel, poem, essay, article; creator 1, story, real or imaginary n. finished goal, achievement syn. completion ~ant. failure adj. from, relating to, caused by, or affecting life or living organisms 1 someone who works to protect the environment from destruction or pollution +. to maintain or keep alive or safe from injury ~syn. conserve ~ant, destroy to concentrate upon a specific thing or area ‘adj. playful in a naughty or teasing way; causing harm and trouble adj, nasty, offensive, selfish; bad-tempered —syn. vicious n, the act of eating too much, causing sickness or discomfort nn (more than one fungus) a type of plant that grows from other organisms and feeds off organic matters ~e, mushroom, toadstool ‘adj, of different kinds, numerous, many ~syn, diverse ~ant. identical 1. person who has special skill or knowledge in one area —syn, master to formally request for an occupation, school, loan, and etc ‘adj, of or relating to plants or plant life; of or relating to the science of botany idiom, to be rejected from a request, such as a job application ‘adj, widely liked or appreciated by people ~syn. favorite, liked 4.10 guard or defend from danger; to keep safe syn. shelter ~ant. attack 1n.a view of a section of rural or natural scenery —syn. view, scenery 1. rural region, away from or separate from the city +. to spread bits and pieces of something over an area ~syn, spreadA Complete the sentences using the words in the box with the appropriate form. focuson mischievous accomplishment __preserve author botanical countryside fungi overeating conservationist 1. Theessay how to preserve our Earth, 2. There are lots of gorgeous gardens in Australia. 3. Heisa boy because he likes playing naughty jokes on his sister. 4, Donot eat with many colors because most of them are poisonous. 5. Thighly recommend J.K. Rowling because she is my favorite 6. Iwill make a speech about the need for historical places tomorrow. 2 is surely the main cause of becoming overweight. 8. have been protecting whales from the danger of exinction. 9. My grandfather wanted to spend the rest of his life in the with his dog. 10. His most important as governor was to strengthen the colony's position on the frontier. B Match the words to their synonyms. Lo mean + + master 2 expert + + vicious 3. scatter + spreadPer macy Beatrix Potter, A Friend of Nature Identifying the Main Ideas Underline main ideas of each paragraph and combine ‘them together to understand what the passage is about. List the Occupations List the occupations held by Beatrix Potter and what she ‘did in each field to understand who Beatrix Potter was. Beatrix Potter, an Englishwoman who lived from 1866 to 1943, Wore is best known as the author and illustrator of The Tale of Peter Rabbit. The Tale of Peter Rabbit is a series of tales that has been beloved by children and adults since it was first published in 1902. But more than just becoming a successful writer and artist, Potter also achieved many = other accomplishments in her life time. For example, she was well known not only for her work in biological science but also for her efforts as a nature conservationist to preserve the natural beauty of the land, ‘The Tale of Peter Rabbit is Potter’s most famous writing. It is the first story in Potter’s series of tales about talking animals and their adventures. This tale focuses on Peter Rabbit and his three sisters, Flopsy, Mopsy, and Cottontail, who live with their mother in the roots ofa fir tree. In the story, the mischievous Peter Rabbit gets in trouble for stealing vegetables from mean Mr. MacGregor’s farm. For his mischief, Peter gets chased and then becomes sick from overeating.Before Potter gained fame as a writer and illustrator, she had been very interested in science. She was most interested in studying living things and made a close study of fungi. In her study, she spent most of her time painting pictures of various fungi. At the end of the 19th century, paintings were the only way to preserve records of what various species of fungi looked like. Because of her excellent work, Potter became a famous mycologist, or expert on fungi. She applied to work at England’s most famous botanical garden but sadly was turned down because she was a woman. Potter's The Tale of Peter Rabbit series was very popular. Due to its success, Potter became wealthy enough to buy land in England’s Lake District. She bought the land to protect the area’s natural land- scape from being destroyed by further development. In her later years, Potter lived in the Lake District and enjoyed spending time in the beautiful countryside. When she died in 1943, her ashes were spread there and scattered all over the place she loved so much. 2 © The Tale of Peter Rabbit Its the first in the series of children's books published in 1902 by Beatrix Potter. It has sold more than 40 million copies worldwide. = mycologist 4 scientist who studies fungi Lake District a rural area in North West England.CUS ma a) True ot False Write T if statements are true or F if statements are false according to the passage. ie ‘The Tale of Peter Rabbit by Beatrix Potter is popular mainly to children. 2 In the first story of Potter's series, Peter gets in trouble having done nothing wrong. a Besides writing stories, Beatrix Potter was also interested in studying science. 4, Beatrix Potter was good at drawing living things as well as writing books. 5. Beatrix Potter was not financially successful in writing books. Synonym & Reference Choose the best answers. 1. The word “preserve” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to a. prepare b. conserve c. reserve d. preoccupy 2. The word “their” in the second paragraph refers to a. The Tale of Peter Rabbit b. a series of tales c. talking animals d. Potter's writings 3. The word “mean” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to a. ungenerous b. indicate c. average d. stand for 4, The phrase “turned down” in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to a. reduced b. made a curve c. disappointed d. rejectedInsight & Understanding Choose the best answers. i Ex Which of the following is NOT an occupation held by Beatrix Potter? a. author b. illustrator c. mature conservationist 4. publisher Which element of The Tale of Peter Rabbit is NOT mentioned in the passage? a. characters b. narrator c. settings 4. plot According to the passage, why was Peter Rabbit chased in the story, The Tale of Peter Rabbit? a. because he had caused mischief with his three sisters ‘b. because he made a big hole in the roots of a fir tree where his family live ¢. because he ate more than he was allowed to d. because he was found to have taken food without permission Which of the following is INCORRECT about Beatrix Potter? a. Other than writing, she also made much effort in scientific research. . She drew many drawings of a number of fungi in the late 1800's. c. Though she spent much of her time on fungi, she did not do well in the area. d. Though she was qualified to be a mycologist, she was treated unfairly. According to the passage, what was the motivation behind Potter's paintings of various fungi? a. She wanted to keep records of fungi. . She wanted to use them in her next book. c. It was her job as a mycologist at England’s most famous botanic garden. d, She wanted to become a professional illustrator. ‘According to the passage, what can be inferred from Potter's paintings of fungi? a. It was common to study fungi and draw paintings of fungi during her time. . There were no other records of fungi except paintings. c. Only male mycologists’ records of fungi were acknowledged as scientific material. d. Other scientists’ records of fungi were more precise.7. What is the best possible main idea that could be used between the third and fourth paragraph? a. Potter's life with her family b. Potter's unceasing effort to study fungi and writing books ¢. Potter's success as a mycologist . Potter's failure as an author Why did Potter buy land in the Lake District? a. to make more money with the investment b. to prevent destruction of the natural environment ¢. to build a botanical garden to study fungi d. to construct a habitat for rabbits Writing & Paraphrasing Answer the following questions with complete sentences. 1. Which sentence introduces the main character and setting of Potter's famous novel? ‘What are some of the possible job titles for Potter? Which sentence describes the field Potter was interested in before she became a famous writer?Summary Find the main ideas of each paragraph and write them with complete sentences. 1, Paragraph 1 2. Paragraph 2 3. Paragraph 3 4, Paragraph 4 Grammar Plus not only ~ but also “not only A but also B” is used when stating both “A” and “B” and putting more emphasis on “B.” The grammatical forms of “A” and “B” should be same. Combine the sentences into one using the expression “not only~but also” as shown in the example. ex. She was well known for her works in science. Moreover, she was known for her efforts to preserve nature. > She was well known not only for her work in science but also for her efforts to preserve nature. 1, Due to the great fire, he lost his house. But it was not all. He lost his family, too. 2. He participated in the demonstration. Moreover, he published books on the issue. 3. ‘The movie was very popular in most of the countries in the world. Actually, it was very popular in America.SWC M OUT Tes re WUE Cee L ET Teas Word Bank 3 board 1.a group of people who make the rules and important decisions -syn. council Bio debate n.a discussion of a particular problem and subject between opposing sides sumed thousands of years ago. For many people, chocolate is one of their most favored treats. Chocolate has a long and interesting history. The Aztecs, ethnic people who ruled central Mexico from the 12th to 17th century, are the first people known to have enjoyed eating chocolate. © In their time, cacao beans, the raw form from which chocolate is made, were very rare and valuable. © In fact, the beans were such a treasured product that they were even used as currency. © The Aztecs also drank cacao, not sweet like we do today but bitter. © The drink was called “xocolatl?” meaning “bitter water” It was believed to be a powerful and pleasure-giving medicine that also increased one’s well-being. People did not start adding sugar to chocolate until it was introduced in Europe by Christopher Columbus, who presented cacao beans to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. By the 17th century, chocolate had become a luxury food in Europe and was 6enjoyed mostly by the wealthy. Then in the 18th century,a method for molding chocolate into solid bars was discovered. These chocolate bars became widely popular for use in cooking. However, it was not until the 19th century that chocolate bars for consumption were mass- produced by an Englishman named Joseph Fry in 1847. 2% With so much sugar added to chocolate these days, most people warn that chocolate should be eaten moderately due to its high calorie and fat content. However, recent research shows that eating dark chocolate can have a healthy influence on one’s heart by protecting it from damage. Some doctors even believe that eating chocolate can 10 help lower high blood pressure by helping stressed arteries relax. For these reasons, people are now becoming more interested in chocolate not just for its sweet taste but also for its ability to prevent diseases. [EEE] “the Aztecs the most widely known of al pre-Columbia peoples ofthe Americas. They were conquered by Cortes in 1519. * Joseph Fry(1728-1787) He was educated asa doctor and set up a business as an “Apothecary. He advised his patients on dieting and strongly believed the health benefits of cacao powder, In 1756, he started his own chocolate factory artery a blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the bodySUM a) True of False A Write T if statements are true or F if statements are false according to the passage. L Chocolate is frequently connected with holidays for its sweet flavors. 2. ______ Molding chocolate into bars is the most inefficient way to shape chocolate. 3. ____At first, chocolate was not consumed as a sweet. 4. Chocolate was considered to be healthy by the Aztecs. 5. According to recent research, eating dark chocolate can cause serious health problems. B Synonym & Reference Choose the best answers. 1, The word “molded” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to 2. The word “‘they” in the second paragraph refers to a. chocolate b. the Aztecs . cacao beans 4. money 3. The word “mass-produced” in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to a. expensive and pleasurable b. made in large quantities c. made by many companies d. produced by one large company 4, The word “it” in the fourth paragraph refers to a. recent research b. dark chocolate c. influence d. one’s hearté Insight & Understanding Choose the best answers. 1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the first paragraph? a. ways to shape chocolate b. why people love chocolate c. when people started to eat chocolate d. where chocolate was first consumed 2. According to the passage, which of the following is true about chocolate? a. There was only one way to shape chocolate thousands of years ago. b. Eating chocolate is common only in some economically advanced countries. c. In the past, people were allowed to eat chocolate only on special occasions. d. People started eating chocolate more than thousands of years ago. 3. Where can the following sentence be inserted in the second paragraph? For instance, ten cacao beans could be exchanged for one rabbit; one hundred for one slave. a@ b@ .@ do 4. How did the Aztecs consume cacao? a. They drank it sweet in liquid form. b. They drank it bitter in liquid form. c. They ate it sweet in solid form. 4. They ate it with medicine. 5. Which sentence can be added to the end of the third paragraph? a. Due to the mass-production of chocolate bars, more people were able to enjoy chocolate. b. Although large quantities of chocolate bars were mass-produced, they did not sell well. c. Chocolate bars became more expensive because they were being mass-produced. d. Due to the mass-production of chocolate bars, people were getting fatter. 6. Which is the correct connection between the person(s) and his or her contribution to chocolate history? a. the Aztecs ~ first added sugar to chocolate . Christopher Columbus ~ first introduced cacao beans in Europe c. King Ferdinand ~ first mass-produced chocolate d. Joseph Fry ~ first used chocolate as medicine7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about the benefits of eating dark chocolate? a. protecting heart from damage b. lowering blood pressure c. helping stressed arteries relax d. helping people relieve everyday stress 8. What can be inferred from the passage? a. Europeans learned to add sugar to chocolate from the Aztecs. b. Chocolate has changed in its taste and shape, but it has not changed in its usage. . People did not enjoy chocolate until the 1700's because the taste was too bitter. d. Chocolate was expensive for the majority before new manufacturing technology was invented. Writing & Paraphrasing Answer the following questions with complete sentences. 1. What are the original name and meaning for the chocolate consumed by the Aztecs? 2. What are the two different ways that the Aztecs used cacao beans during their time? 3. Which sentence shows Joseph Fry's contribution to the history of chocolate?Summary Find the main ideas of each paragraph and write them with complete sentences. 1. Paragraph 1 — — 2. Paragraph 2 = 3. Paragraph 3 4, Paragraph 4 — Grammar Plus It is not until ~ that “It is not until ~ that” is used to emphasize the time when an incident happens. Rewrite the sentences using the expression “It is not until~that” as shown in the example. ex. Chocolate bars were not mass-produced before the 19th century. — It was not until the 19th century that chocolate bars were mass-produced. 1. Before her fifth movie, she did not become popular as an actress. 2. In the movie, her friends did not recognize her before she said this famous line. 3. Mystomach became full after I ate the fifth slice of pizza.Triathlon: One Sport, Born of Three STG 5 individually ad separately, not together in a group ~syn. independently, alone 5 demanding —_adj. needing a lot of ability, effort, or skill ~syn. hard, challenging endurance 1». the ability to continue doing something difficult or painful —syn. perseverance © stamina xn. physical or mental energy and strength that allows somebody to do something for along time 1 competitive adj. trying very hard to be more successful than other people or businesses © athlete 1n.a person trained to compete in sports ~sym. sportsman © emerge 1: to appear or come out from somewhere ©) merge ‘to combine or join things together to form one thing syn. unite, unify 5 grueling «adj, very difficult and tiring syn, hard —ant. easy 5 execute ¥-to perform or do ~syn. carry out, accomplish 5 section ‘na distinct part or subdivision of anything —sym. segment 5 transition 1. the process in which something changes from one state to another syn. changeover © designat nn distinguishing name given to set it apart from others ~syn.. name, ttle ©) opponent nn. someone who you try to defeat in a competition or argument ~syn. rival, competitor © vigorously adv. strongly and actively ~syn, energetically, powerfully © altered ‘adj, changed or to make something different ~syn, adapted, transformed © stroke ‘n-type of swimming method © maximize »:to increase to the greatest possible amount or degree; to make the fullest use of © modified adj. changed in order to improve something and make something more suitable or effective -syn, altered 70A Complete the sentences using the words in the box with the appropriate form. section designation emerge execute maximize grueling stroke endurance transition modified 1. Despite having the worst record of the season, his team, as the winner of the championship match. 2. The classified of the newspaper is where you can find many job opportunities. 3. Tvehada day at work, so Iam completely exhausted. 4, Does he have enough to run the entire distance?” 5. The drawings were much better than the last ones, so we were all satisfied with them. 6. The analyst explained the strategies of how to profits for businesses. 7. This place has several . such as “Mystic Island” and “The Clouds?” 8. The freestyle is the only Tecan do. 9. All orders will be promptly with outstanding service. 10. China is now ina from a communist country to a capitalistic one. B Match the words to their synonyms. 1. vigorously + rival 2. opponent + + energetically 3. merge = + uniteSSM) Triathlon: One Sport, Born of Three SE ‘Using Context Clues Find what the triathlon means using the clues in the sentences that come ahead of the word, “triathlon.” Focus on the techniques that triathletes employ to be ‘competitive in each event. ee ‘Almost everyone can agree that taken individually, swimming, cycling, and running are each very demanding sports that require physical endurance and stamina in order to be competitive. Athletes competing in these events must be in top condition, both in body and mind. They must also master the many techniques that allow the ath- = lete to overcome the competition and emerge as the winner. In a triathlon, these three challenging sports are merged into one grueling event that athletes execute in special ways. The goal of the triathlon is to complete all three courses, swimming, cycling, and running, with the best total finishing time. Triathlons are timed in sections with a time for each of the three events, ® The time it takes for an athlete to change and transition from one event to the next is measured as well. © This valuable time is recorded under a spe- cial designation called “T” time where every millisecond counts. ® Therefore, the most important thing an athlete training for the triathlon must remember is that the competition is not with the opponents but rather with the clock and with the course. ° To beat the clock, athletes competing in a triathlon perform each individual sport differently than they would if they were doing each separately. For example, during the swimming section of the event, ntriathletes will use their legs less vigorously than they normally would when swimming competitively in a single swimming event. This strat- egy is used in order to save their leg muscles for the cycling and the running events that follow. Some also use altered swim strokes to conserve energy and maximize effort. as ‘Triathletes also execute the cycling and running events different- ly. While biking, competitors use specially designed bicycles and employ a modified pedaling rhythm in order to keep the muscles of the leg loose and relaxed. To better handle the run, triathletes train by applying “bricks” of hard cycling followed by hard running. This is <0 done to prepare the athlete's body for the shock of suddenly transi- tioning from the cycling event to the more physically demanding run- ning event. [EEN] “millisecond a unit of time equal to one thousandth of a second bricks training on two disciplines during the same workout, one after the other with ‘minimal or no interruption with betweenCe tea) A ‘True or False Write T if statements are true or F if statements are false according to the passage. L ‘Swimming is the most demanding sport among all three triathlon events. 2, When competing in athletic events, mastering the techniques as well as. being in good condition are very important. 3. Cycling and running are sports that require physical endurance. 4, _____ Triathletes use their leg muscles as much as possible in the swimming event to strengthen them for the cycling event. 5. _____ Sometimes triathletes can experience shock when they suddenly move from the one event to the next. B Synonym & Reference Choose the best answers. 1. The word “demanding” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to a. easy b. requesting c. challenging d. exciting 2. The phrase “in sections” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to a. by one b. by halves c. by quarters d. by parts 3. The word “Some” in the third paragraph refers to a. Individual sports b. Leg muscles c. Legs d. Triathletes 4. ‘The word “modified” in the fourth paragraph is closest in meaning to a. combined b. changed c. separated d. inheritedInsight & Understanding Choose the best answers. i Which of the following is NOT an event included in a triathlon? a. swimming b. cycling c. running . rock-climbing Where can the following sentence be inserted in the second paragraph? ‘The “T” time along with the starting and finishing times for the individual events are accurately recorded using a timing chip that each triathletes wears during the event. a@d b.@ .@ do According to the passage, what is true about how the triathlon is timed? a. Only the best time of the three events is recorded. . The times spent transitioning between each event are measured also. c. The finishing times of each event are averaged. 4. The times spent transitioning between each event are not measured. Why do some triathletes change their swimming styles in the triathlon? a. The triathlon rules require the triathletes to use a different style of stroke. b. It is a way to save energy for the cycling and running events. c. The altered style of swimming is much faster than the normal stroke style. d. It is a way to prevent the body from experiencing shock. According to the passage, what is the correct order of a triathlon match? a. cycling — running — swimming b. cycling — swimming — running c. swimming — cycling — running d. running — cycling — swimming ‘According to the passage, what strategy do triathletes use in cycling? a. They use specially designed bicycles. b. They use a strategy called “bricks” to shorten their cycling time. c. They use modified pedals that are specially designed for triathlons. d. They use a specially designed helmet for preventing shock.76 7. According to the passage, why do triathletes practice “bricks?” a. to maximize energy b. to complete the course ¢. to reduce time in transition sections d. to protect their bodies from shock 8. What can be inferred from the fourth paragraph? a. Cycling is less physically demanding compared to running. b. “Bricks” isa strategy used during the competition. c. A modified pedal rhythm prevents athletes from muscle shock. 4d. The cycling event comes after the running event. Writing & Paraphrasing ‘Answer the following questions with complete sentences. 1. What is the goal of a triathlon? 2. How do triathletes compete each event to get the best time in a triathlon? 3. What is the meaning of the term “bricks” in the training of triathletes?Summary Find the main ideas of each paragraph and write them with complete sentences. 1. Paragraph) - _ 2. Paragraph 3. Paragraph 3 Confusing Words alter to change something complete to finish doing something, - alternate to do something in turns compete to try to beat others in a contest ora game Joose not firmly fixed in place lose to be beaten in a contest or a fight Prefer tolike someone or something more than another ‘emerge to come out from behind something prepare irae smmcihingvelay net eta ‘merge to combine something to make one whole ee thing Circle the appropriate word to complete each sentence. She showed me how to (emerge / merge) the graphic with the text on the same screen. eter (completed / competed) his first book after struggling for a long time. The village has (altered / alternated) little since I left. Ifa tooth feels (lose / loose), you will have to pull it out. ‘The two young couples are (preparing / preferring) for their weddings. yoke peVa Dy PV hy a aa acoA cua aR TCR TLL}Before You Study Think about the questions.below and share your opinions with your partners. - a imagined exploring on a pirate ship? What are the differences between the pirates of the past and the pirates of the present? Sa aa are ‘What happens when different cultures are mixed with each other? Think about the different types of cultures spreading throughout the world. :Pirates: The Menace of the Seas CT Tg 80 menace describe scraggly roam rebellious uncivilized stereotype reality typically greed brutal crew condemn capture survive theft vessel possession hostage ransom 1. a source of serious harm or danger ~syn. threat ¥.to tell or depict in written or spoken words ~syn. portray, characterize ‘adj. messy and uneven in appearance or shape —syn. rough 44 to move about without purpose or plan —syn, wander ‘adj. defying, resisting, or refusing some established authority —ant, obedient ‘adj. existing or behaving in ways that are thought to be socially or culturally undeveloped syn, uncultured, uncultivated 1 over generalized and simplified idea, conception, and image tt the state or quality of being real ~syn. fact, truth —anf, unteality ‘adv. with an expected or customary manner ~syzt. commonly, generally excessive desire for something —syn. desire ‘adj, savagely cruel ot violent syn, harsh, inhumane —ant. kind, humane xn. the people who work ona ship or aircraft ¥.to pronounce sentence in a court of law —syn. sentence, doom ¥.to take by force, seize ~syn. get, apprehend, arrest, catch 4.10 remain alive or to continue to live while avoiding death ~syn, persist nthe act of stealing ~syn, robbery, burglary 1. ship or large boat —syn. craft a property or things owned ~syn. asset, ownership, belonging 1n.a person given of held as security for fulfillment of certain conditions, terms, or promises —syn. prisoner, captive, pawn n. money paid for a prisoner, napped person, or hostage ~syn. compensationA Complete the sentences using the words in the box with the appropriate form. condemn scraggly, roam stereotype survive ransom capture hostage theft uncivilized 1. After being , the wild bear was struggling to escape from the net for a while. 2. The old that Africans are uneducated and backwater folks is not true, 3. Because ofhis__——_hair, he is often misunderstood as a beggar. 4, The judge gave a decision upon the criminal and he was___ to serve 15 years in prison. 5. Regardingthe____—=———_crisis, the police made an announcement that there would be no negotiation. 6. Extreme poverty that has lasted over the years caused many people to commit 2. treatment of prisoners should be prevented. 8. Whenevershe____——__about the world freely, she purchases peculiar souvenirs. 9. The kidnapper held the girl and demanded a from the girl's parents. 10, There was an awful plane crash, but fortunately, many people B Match the words to their synonyms. 1, greed . + inhumane 2. possession + desire 3. brutal =~ + asseteae Ly Pirates: The Menace of the Seas Listing the Words List the words or phrases which typically describes pirates to understand the stereotype of pirates. Focusing on Purpose of Piracy Focus on the differences of piracies between in the Golden Age and in modern times. For many people, the image of a pirate is x something easily described. Pirates have peg- legs, hooks, and wear black patches over their eyes. They have bad teeth, long and scraggly hair, wield a sword, and keep a talking parrot. Pirates live aboard pirate ships flying the Jolly Roger. They work as treasure hunters and as roaming thieves. They are rebellious, wild, and uncivilized, yet live by a pirate’s code that con- trols their actions. Of course, this is a stereotype or simplified picture. In fact, pirates are still very real and very dangerous. The Golden Age of Piracy is the source of the popular image that we have of pirates today. It describes a time from the 1680's to the 1720's when there was an increase in the number of pirates operating in the Caribbean and the Indian Ocean and along America’s eastern coast and Africa's western coast. In reality, the life of a pirate at that time was not very easy and far from being “golden.” In fact, a pirate’s life during these years was typically very short and full of struggles, violence, and greed. © The life of a seaman aboard British warships during the 17thand 18th centuries was often terrible. ® So, in order to be free from suffering under brutal conditions, crews sometimes decided to take their chances and follow a life of piracy. © Often, a pirate band would form after the crew of a British warship rebelled against the ship's cap- tain and took the ship for themselves. ° Condemned to death in Britain for their crimes, such pirate crews did anything they could to avoid being captured and to survive on the run. Piracy still exists today and is nothing at all similar to the popu- lar image many have of it. Modern piracy is theft committed by crim- inals who use boats to capture cargo vessels. They most often do this a» to rob the crew of their possessions and to empty the ship's safe of its valuables, Furthermore, modern pirates often take hostages and hold them for ransom, [SESE] * Pes-legs artifical legs made of wood » Jolly Roger a pirate-ship lag with a white skull-and-crossbones on a black background used to convey a frightening image to the victims * the Golden Age 4 period of time which a very high level of achievement is reached in a particular feld of activity * condemned to death to be sentenced to death as a punishment for violating a lawSOM Cc a) ) True or False A Write T if statements are true or F if statements are false according to the passage. 1, ___ Popular images of pirates usually come from stories of the Golden Age of Piracy. 2. In the 17th century, pirates in Britain received severe punishment for their crimes. 3. Pirates operated along America’s western coast and Africa's eastern coast in the Golden Age of piracy. 4. Even after rebelling against the warship’s captain, the life of a pirate crew was not easy. 5. ____ These days, pirates often menace people with kidnapping. B Synonym & Reference Choose the best answers. 1. The word “yet” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to a. already b. but c.even d. because 2. The word “typically” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to a. from time to time b. normally c. unevenly d. clearly 3. The word “band” in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to a small group of musicians . a flat and narrow strip of cloth . range of values within a system of measurement group of people with shared interest aos 4. The word “it” in the fourth paragraph refers to a. piracy b. today c. nothing d. image