Solution

INDEFINITE INTEGRAL

Class 12 - Mathematics
Section A
log(x+2)
1. Let I = ∫ 2
dx
(x+2)

Also let log (x + 2) = t

⇒ x + 2 = et
⇒
1

(x+2)
dx = dt

= ∫ te-t dt
t
∴ I = ∫ dt
t
e

Taking t as the first function and e-t as the second function.

I=t∫ e
−t
− ∫ {
dt
d
(t) ∫ e
−2t
dt} dt

−t
e
=t× −1
− ∫ 1 ⋅ e
−t
dt

= -t e-t +
−t
e

−1
+C
= -e-t (t + 1) + C
(t+1)
= −
t
......(i)
e

Substituting the value of t in eq (i), we get

−[log(x+2)+1]
I= x+2
+ C,
log(x+2)
=− x+2
−
1
+C
(x+2)

x−3
2. Let I = ∫ 2
dx
x +2x−4

Also let x - 3 = λ dx
d
(x2 + 2x - 4) + μ
= λ (2x + 2) + μ
x - 3 = (2λ )x + (2λ + μ)
Comparing the coefficients of like powers of x, we get
2λ = 2 ⇒ λ = 1

λ + μ = -3 ⇒ 6( ) + μ = -3 1

μ =-4
1
(2x+2)−4

So, I = ∫
2
dx
2
x +2x−4

1 2x+2 1
I = ∫ dx − 4 ∫ dx
2 2 2 2 2
x +2x−4 x +2x+(1) −(1) −4

1 2x+2 1
I = ∫ dx − 4 ∫ dx
2 2 2
x +2x−4 (x+1) −( √5)

∣ x+1− √5 ∣
I= 1
log |x + 2x - 4| - 4× 1
log
∣
+ C
2 2√5 x+1+ √5 ∣

x−a
[Since, ∫ 2
1

2
dx =
1

2a
log |
x+a
| + c]
x −a

x+1− √5
I= 1
log |x + 2x - 4| - 2
log
∣
∣
∣
+ c
2 √5 x+1+ √5 ∣

3. USING PARTIAL FRACTION,

x+1 A B
= +
2 (x+2) 2
(x+2) (x+2)

⇒ x + 1 = A(x + 2) + B
For x = -2, equation: -1 = B i.e. B = -1
For x = -1, equation: 0 = A-1 i.e. A = 1
x+1
∴
2
(x+2)

1 1
= −
(x+2) 2
(x+2)

The given equation becomes

x 1 1
∫ e [ − ] dx
(x+2) 2
(x+2)

x 1 x 1
= ∫ e × dx − ∫ e × dx
x+2 2
(x+2)

1/6
 Taking f1(x) = 1/(x + 2) and f2(x) = ex in the second integral and keeping the first integral intact,
x x
e e
∫ dx − ∫ dx
x+2 2
(x+2)

x
1 d 1 e
=
x+2
∫ e dx − ∫ [
x

dx
(
x+2
) ∫ e dx] dx − ∫
x
2
dx [INTEGRATION BY PARTS]
(x+2)
x x x
e e e
= + ∫ dx − ∫ dx + c
x+2 2 2
(x+2) (x+2)
x
e
=
x+2
+ c , where c is the integrating constant
OR
We have cos42x = (cos22x)2
2 1+cos 2x
⇒ cos x =
2
2
2 1+cos 4x
2
⇒ (cos 2x) = ( )
2

2 2
1+cos 4x 1+2 cos 4x+ cos 4x
⇒ ( ) = ( )
2 4

2 1+cos 8x
⇒ cos 4x =
2
2
1+2 cos 4x+ cos 4x 1 cos 4x 1+cos 8x
⇒ = + +
4 4 2 8

Now the question becomes

1 1 1 1
I = ∫ dx + ∫ cos 4xdx + ∫ dx + ∫ cos 8xdx
4 2 8 8

1
We know ∫ cos ax dx = sin ax + c
a
x 1 x sin 8x
⇒ + sin 4x + + + c
4 8 8 64
24x+8 sin 4x+sin 8x
⇒ + c
64
2
cos 2x+2sin x
4. ∫ 2
dx
cos x
2 2
(1−2sin x)+2sin x
= ∫ dx
2
cos x

using cos 2θ = 1 − 2sin 2

θ
1
= ∫ dx
cos 2 x

2
= ∫ sec xdx

= tan x + c
1+sin x
5. Let I = ∫ dx
sin x(1+cos x)

2 x
1−tan
2 tan x/2
On putting sin x = and cos x = 2

x
, we obtain
1+ tan2 x/2 1+tan
2

2
2 tan x /2
1+
2
1+tan x /2
I = ∫ dx
2 tan x /2 1−tan2 x
(1+ )
1+tan2 x /2 1+tan2 x /2

2 2 2 2
(1+ tan x/2+2 tan x/2)(1+ tan x/2) (1+tan x/2) sec x/2
⇒ I = ∫
2 2
dx =∫ dx
2 tan x/2(1+ tan x/2+1− tan x/2) 4 tan x/2

On putting tan x

2
= t and 1

2
sec2 x

2
dx or, sec2 x

2
dx = 2dt, we get
2
(1+t)
I = ∫ 2dt
4t
2
1 1+ t +2t 1 1
⇒ I = ∫ dt = ∫ ( + t + 2) dt
2 t 2 t
2 x
2 tan

⇒ I =
1

2
{log |t| +
t

2
+ 2t} + C =
1

2
{log tan x

2
+ 2
2
+ 2 tan x

2
}+C
Section B
3
x
6. Let the given integral be I = ∫ 4 2
dx
x +3x +2

Take, x = λ dx
d
(x2 + 3x + 2) + μ
= λ (2x + 3) + μ
⇒ x = (2λ ) x + (3λ + μ )

Comparing the coefficients of like powers of x,

1
2λ = 1 λ = 2

3λ + μ = 0 ⇒ 3 ( 1

2
)+ μ= 0

3
μ= −
2
1 3
(2x+3)−

So, I = ∫ 2

2
2
dx
x +3x+2

2/6
 2x+3
I= 1

2
∫
2
dx −
3

2
∫
2
1
dx
x +3x+2 x +3x+2

1 2x+3 3 1
= ∫ dx − ∫ dx
2 x2 +3x+2 2 3 3 2 3 2
2
x +2x( )+ ( ) −( ) +2
2 2 2

1 2x+3 3 1
⇒ I = ∫ dx − ∫ dx
2 2 2 2 2
x +3x+2 3 1
(x+ ) −( )
2 2
3 1
∣ x+ − ∣
x−a
=
1

2
log∣
∣x
2
+ 3x + 2∣
∣ −
3

2
×
1

1
log∣
2

3
2

1
∣ + c ...[Since, ∫ 2
1

2
dx =
1

2a
log |
x+a
| + c]
a −x
2( ) ∣ x+ + ∣
2 2 2

1 2 3 x+1
I = log∣
∣x + 3x + 2∣
∣ − log∣
∣
∣ + c
∣
2 2 x+2
1

7. Let I = ∫ x 2

3
dx

1+x 4

Put x = t 4
⇒ dx = 4t dt
3

2 3
t (t ) 2
2 t
∴ I = 4∫ dt = 4 ∫ (t − ) dt
3 3
1+t 1+t
2
2 t
I = 4 ∫ t dt − 4 ∫ dt
3
1+t

I = I1 - I2
3
2 t 4 3/4
I1 = 4 ∫ t dt = 4. + C1 = x + C1
3 3
2

Now, I 2 = 4∫
t

3
dt
1+t

Again, put 1 + t 3
= z ⇒ 3t dt = dz
2

2 1
⇒ t dt = dz
3

4 1
I2 = ∫ dz
3 z

4 4 3
= log|z| + C2 = log|1 + t | + C2
3 3
4 3/4
= log∣
∣(1 + x )∣
∣ + C2
3
4 3/4 4 3/4
∴ I = x + C1 − log∣
∣(1 + t )∣
∣ − C2
3 3

=
4

3
x
3/4
−
4

3
log∣
∣(1 + t
3/4
)∣
∣ + C [∵ C 1 − C2 = C ]
and put x2 = y
2

8. Consider 2
x

2
(x +1)(x +4)

2 y
Then, x
=
(x2 +1)(x2 +4) (y+1)(y+4)

y
Write, (y+1)(y+4)
=
A

y+1
+
y+4
B

So that, y = A (y + 4) + B (y + 1)
Comparing coefficients of y and constant terms on both sides,
we get A + B = 1 and 4A + B = 0, which give
A= − and B = 1

3
4

3
2
x 1 4
Thus, 2 2
= −
2
+
2
(x +1)(x +4) 3(x +1) 3(x +4)

=− 1

3
tan
−1
x +
4

3
×
1

2
tan
−1 x

2
+ C

=− 1

3
tan
−1
x +
2

3
tan
−1 x

2
+ C

9. Let I = ∫ x. cos −1
x

Now, integrating by parts, we get,

−1 d −1
I = cos x ∫ xdx − ∫ {( cos x) ∫ xdx} dx
dx

2 2
−1 x −1 x
= cos x ⋅ − ∫ ⋅ dx
2 √1−x2 2

2 −1 2
x cos x 1 1− x −1
= − ∫ dx
2 2 √1−x2

x
2
cos
−1
x 1
−−−−− −1
= 2
−
2
2
∫ {√1 − x + ( )} dx
√1−x2

x
2
cos
−1
x 1
−−−−− 1 −1
= 2
−
2
2
∫ √1 − x dx −
2
∫ ( ) dx
√1−x2

2 −1
x cos x
= 2
−
1

2
I1 −
1

2
cos
−1
x ...(i)
−−−−−
Now, I 1
= ∫ √1 − x2 dx
−−−−− d −−−−−
2
I1 = x√1 − x − ∫ √1 − x2 ∫ dx
dx
−−−−− −2x
2
I1 = x√1 − x − ∫ x ⋅ dx
2
2√1−x

3/6
 −−−−− −x
2

= x√1 − x 2
− ∫ dx
√1−x2

−−−−− 1− x −1
2

= x√1 − x 2
− ∫ dx
√1−x2

−−−−− −−−−− −dx

= x√1 − x 2 2
− {∫ √1 − x dx + ∫ }
√1−x2

−−−−−
2 −1
∴ I1 = x√1 − x − {I1 + cos x}
−−−− −
2 −1
⇒ 2I1 = x √ 1 − x − cos x
x −−−− − 1 −1
⇒ I1 = √1 − x2 − cos x
2 2

Now, substituting in (i), we get,

x
2
cos
−1
x 1 x
−−−−− 1 1
−1 −1
I = − ( √1 − x2 − cos x) − cos x
2 2 2 2 2

2
(2x −1) −−−−−
= 4
cos
−1
x −
x

4
√1 − x2 + C

5x−2
10. Given integral is: 2
1+2x+3x

Let 5x - 2 = A d

dx
(1 + 2x + 3x ) + B
2

⇒ 5x - 2 = A(2 + 6x) + B
Now, equating the coefficients of x and constant term on both sides, we get,
5
6A = 5 ⇒ A = 6

2A + B = -2 ⇒ B = − 11

5 11
⇒ 5x − 2 = (2 + 6x) + (− )
6 3

5 11
(2+6x)−
5x+1 6 3
∴ ∫ dx = ∫ dx
1+2x+3x2 1+2x+3x2

5 2+6x 11 1
= ∫ dx − ∫ dx
6 2 3 2
1+2x+3x 1+2x+3x
2+6x
Now, in ∫ 2
dx
1+2x+3x

Let 1 + 2x + 3x2 = t
⇒ (2 + 6x)dx = dt
2+6x dt
∴ ∫ dx = ∫ = log |t|
2 t
1+2x+3x

= log|1 + 2x + 3x2| ....…(1)

Also in ∫ dx
1

2
1+2x+3x

2 2 2
1 + 2x + 3x = 1 + 3 (x + x)
3

2 2
1 √2
= 3 [(x + ) + ( ) ]
3 3

1 1 1
⇒ ∫ dx = ∫ dx
2 3 2
1+2x+3x 2 √2
1
[ (x+ ) +( ) ]
3 3

1
x+
1 1 −1 3
= [ tan ( )]
3 √2 √2

3 3

1 3 −1 3x+1
= [ tan ( )]
3 √2 √2

3x+1
=
1
tan
−1
( ) ......(ii)
√2 √2

Thus, from (1) and (2), we get,

5x+1 5 2 11 1 −1 3x+1
⇒ ∫ dx = [log∣
∣1 + 2x + 3x ∣
∣] − [ tan ( )] + C
2 6 3
1+2x+3x √2 √2

5 2 11 −1 3x+1
= [log∣
∣1 + 2x + 3x ∣
∣] − tan ( ) + C
6 3√2 √2

11. Here, we take inverse trigonometric function as first function and algebraic function as second function.
Let I =∫ x
2
tan
−1
xdx

−1 2
= ∫ (tan x). x dx
3 3
−1 x 1 x
= (tan x). − ∫ . dx
3 2 3
1+x
3 3
x −1 1 x
= tan x − ∫ dx
3 3 2
x +1
3
x −1 1 x
= tan x − ∫ (x − )dx
3 3 2
x +1
3
x −1 1 1 2x
= tan x − ∫ xdx + ∫ dx
3 3 6 x2 +1
3
x −1 1 2 1 2
= tan x − x + log(x + 1)
3 6 6

4/6
 Section C
12. Given: 2
1

2
(x +1)(x +4)

Let I = 2
1

2
(x +1)(x +4)

Using partial fraction:

Ax+B Cx+D
Let 2
1

2
=
2
+
2
.....(i)
(x +1)(x +4) (x +1) (x +4)

2 2
(Ax+B)(x +4)+(Cx+D)(x +1)
⇒
1

2
= 2
(x+1)(x +9) (x+1)(x +9)

⇒ 1 = (Ax + B)(x2 + 4) + (Cx + D)(x2 + 1)

⇒ 1 = Ax3 + 4Ax + Bx2 + 4B + Cx3 + Cx + Dx2 + D
⇒ 1 = (A + C)x3 +(B + D)x2 +(4A + C)x + (4B + D)
Equating the coefficients of x, x2, x3 and constant value. We get:
A + C = 0 ⇒ C = -A
B + D = 0 ⇒ B = -D
4A + C = 0 ⇒ 4A = -C ⇒ 4A = A ⇒ 3A = 0 ⇒ A = 0 ⇒ C = 0
−1
4B + D = 1 ⇒ 4B - B = 1 ⇒ B = ⇒ D = 1

3 3

Put these values in equation (i)

1 Ax+B Cx+D
⇒ = +
2 2 2 2
(x +1)(x +4) (x +1) (x +4)

1 1
(0)x+ (0)x+(− )
1 3 3
⇒ = +
(x2 +1)(x2 +4) (x2 +1) (x2 +4)

1 1
(− )
1 3 3
⇒ = +
2 2 2 2
(x +1)(x +4) (x +1) (x +4)

⇒ ∫
2
1

2
dx = 1

3
⋅ ∫
2
1
dx −
1

3
⋅ ∫
1

2
dx
(x +1)(x +4) (x +1) (x +4)

⇒ ∫
2
1

2
dx = 1

3
⋅ ∫
2
1

2
dx −
1

3
⋅ ∫
2
1

2
dx
(x +1)(x +4) (x + 1 ) (x + 2 )

1 1 1 x
= 3
⋅ tan
−1
x −
3
⋅
2
tan
−1

2
+ C

1 −1 1 −1 x
⇒ I = ⋅ tan x− tan + C
3 6 2
x+1
13. Let I = ∫ dx
√4+5x−x2

Let x + 1 = λ d

dx
(4 + 5x + x2) + μ
= λ (5 - 2x) + μ
x = (-2λ )x + 5λ + μ
Comparing the coefficients of like powers of x,
-2λ - 1 ⇒ λ = − 1

5λ + μ =1 ⇒ 5 (−
1

2
)+ μ= 1

μ = 7

So using values we can write,

1 7
− (5−2x)+
2 2
I = ∫ dx
√4+5x−x2

1 (5−2x) 7 1
= − ∫ dx + ∫ dx
2 √4+5x−x2 2 2
√−[x −5x−4]

1 5−2x 7 1
I = − ∫ dx + ∫ dx
2 √4+5x−x2 2 2 2
2 5 5 5
√−[x −2x( )+ ( ) −( ) −4
]
2 2 2

1 5−2x 7 1
I = − ∫ dx + ∫ dx
2 2 
√4+5x−x2 2
 2 √41
5
−[ (x− ) −( ) ]
⎷ 2 2

1 5−2x 7 1
I = − ∫ dx + ∫ dx
2 √4+5x−x2 2  2
 √41 2
5

3
( ) − (x− ) ]
⎷ 2 2

5
x−
−−−−−−−− − −
I = −
1

2
2
(2√4 + 5x − x ) +
7

2
sin
−1
(
2
) + c [Since, ∫ 1
dx = 2√x + c, ∫
1
dx = sin
−1
(
x

a
)+ c ]
√41 √x √a2 − x2

−−−−−−−− − 7 −1 2x−5
2
I = − √4 + 5x − x + sin ( ) + c
2 √41

5/6
 2
x +x+1
14. Given: 2
(x+1) (x+2)
2
x +x+1
Let I = 2
(x+1) (x+2)

Using partial fraction:

2
x +x+1
Let 2
=
A

x+1
+
B

2
+
C
.....(i)
(x+1) (x+2) (x+1) (x+2)

2 2
A(x+1)(x+2)+B(x+2)+C(x+1)
⇒
x +x+1

2
= 2
(x+1) (x+2) (x+1) (x+2)

2 2
2 A(x +3x+2)+B(x+2)+C(x +2x+1)
x +x+1
⇒
2
= 2
(x+1) (x+2) (x+1) (x+2)

⇒ x2 + x+1= Ax2 + 3Ax + 2A + Bx +2B + Cx2 + 2Cx + C

⇒ x2 + x + 1 = (2A + 2B + C) + (3A + B + 2C)x + (A + C)x2
Equating the coefficients of x, x2 and constant value. We get:
A+C=1
3A + B + 2C = 1
2A + 2B + C = 1
After solving we get:
A = -2, B = 1 and C = 3
2
x +x+1 −2 1 3
⇒ = + +
2 x+1 2 (x+2)
(x+1) (x+2) (x+1)

2
x +x+1 −2 3
⇒ ∫
2
dx =∫ (
x+1
+
1

2
+
(x+2)
) dx
(x+1) (x+2) (x+1)

= −2. ∫ (
x+1
1
) dx + ∫ (
1

2
) dx + 3. ∫ (
1

(x+2)
) dx
(x+1)

= −2 ⋅ ∫ (
x+1
1
) dx + ∫ ((x + 1)
−2
) dx + 3 ⋅ ∫ (
1

(x+2)
) dx

−1
(x+1)
= −2 log |x + 1| + ( (−1)
) + 3 log |x + 1| + C

= −2 log |x + 1| − 1

(x+1)
+ 3 log |x + 1| + C

6/6