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22917 by Specialized Presidential Council For Education And Scientific Research HQ Government Of Egypt, Wiley Online Library on [23/02/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Received: 21 May 2021 Revised: 7 September 2021 Accepted: 15 September 2021
DOI: 10.1002/mmce.22917

RESEARCH ARTICLE

A wideband low-radar cross section circularly polarized

holographic antenna based on hybrid metasurface

Ying Liu | Liang Zhu | Yongtao Jia

National Key Laboratory of Antennas and

Microwave Technology, School of
Electronic Engineering, Xidian University,
Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Correspondence
Ying Liu and Yongtao Jia, National Key
Laboratory of Antennas and Microwave
Technology, School of Electronic
Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an,
Shaanxi 710071, China
Email: liuying@mail.xidian.edu.cn and
jiazong0629@163.com
Funding information
the Fundamental Research Funds for the
Central Universities (XJS200208); the
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
under Grant 2018M640953; 111 Project;
National Natural Science Foundation of
China (No. 61801346); National Natural
Science Foundation of China
(No. 61871309); the Shaanxi Postdoctoral
Science Foundation
Abstract
A wideband low-radar cross section (RCS) circularly-polarized (CP) holographic
antenna (HA) based on hybrid metasurface is proposed. The proposed HA is com-
posed of a source antenna, a holographic metasurface (HM) and a hybrid meta-
surface. The HM is designed to transform a surface wave (SW) into a right-hand
CP wave. A novel hybrid meatasurface is proposed, which is the main contribu-
tion in this paper. The hybrid metasurface consists of two kinds of frequency-
selective absorbers (FSAs), both of which exhibit transmission characteristic for
in-band waves so that a good radiation performance is maintained. For the
out-of-band waves, HM and hybrid metasurface act together as an absorber within
3–11 GHz. On the contrary, they act as two kinds of reflective FSAs (RFSAs) with
180
± 37
reflection phase difference within 17–24 GHz. Thus, the RCS is effec-
tively reduced within 3–24 GHz. Finally, a reasonable agreement is obtained
between measured and simulated results.
KEYWORDS
circularly-polarized, frequency-selective absorber, holographic antenna, hybrid
metasurface, radar cross section

1 | INTRODUCTION antenna array with good scattering performance was

In previous some years, an increasing number of ways have
been presented to reduce the radar cross section (RCS) of air-
craft. Especially, circularly-polarization (CP) and low-RCS
antennas are urgently needed for aircraft platforms.1 Con-
ventional ways, such as adding absorbing material2 and
shape modification3 can effectively achieve low-RCS. How-
ever, these ways have harmful impacts on the radiation per-
formance. Recently, several CP low-RCS antennas have been
presented based on metasurface. In the References [4–10],
various metasurfaces with certain phase difference were
properly designed either as a superstrate or as a radiator.
Artificial magnetic conductors (AMCs) and polarization con-
version metasurface (PCM) were together used for RCS
reduction (RCSR) by interference cancelation.4 In the Refer-
ences [5–7], low-RCS CP patch antenna arrays using meta-
surface as the radiator were proposed. In addition, a CP
obtained by replacing the ground with PCM.8 However, the
RCSR bands of these methods mentioned above are not wide
enough. Subsequently, low-RCS CP Fabry–Perot (F-P)
antennas using linear-to-circular PCM as partially reflective
surface (PRS) were presented to realize high gain and low
RCS simultaneously.9,10 However, these antennas have the
drawbacks of narrow operation band and high profile since
the F-P antenna needs about half a wavelength. In the Refer-
ence [11] a low-RCS antenna is proposed by loading two
layers of absorbing metamaterials above the holographic
antenna (HA), but the total profile height of the antenna was
not given in the paper.
To overcome the drawbacks of those antenna mentioned
above, a wideband low-RCS CP HA based on hybrid meta-
surface is presented. It is a widely held view that the holo-
graphic metasurface (HM) can manipulate a known field
into another preset field.12–15 According to the holographic

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https://doi.org/10.1002/mmce.22917

2 of 8
theory, a CP HA is designed. It can convert a surface wave
(SW) into a broadside CP wave. Enlightened by the recent
development of frequency-selective absorbers (FSAs) pro-
posed in the References [14–21], which can effectively reduce
RCS and retain the antenna gain simultaneously, a hybrid
metasurface composed of two kinds of FSAs is proposed to
broaden the RCSR bandwidth. By co-designing the hybrid
metasurface and the HA, a CP HA with wideband RCSR
based on hybrid metasurface is presented in this paper.
In this paper, the wideband low-RCS CP HA has a
 10 dB impedance bandwidths covering the band from 9.5–
15 GHz (53%), and the RCSR covers the band from 3–24 GHz
(156%). The rest of the article is divided into three sections.
The integrated design of the hybrid metasurface and the
design procedures of the proposed wideband low-RCS CP
HA is given in Section 2. In Section 3, the results of the pro-
posed HA are analyzed. Finally, Section 4 gives a summary.
2 | OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF
T H E PR O P O S E D HA
2.1 | Mechanism of the CP HA design
The principle of the wideband low-RCS CP HA based on
hybrid metasurface is shown in Figure 1. It is well known
F I G U R E 1 Conceptual depiction of the proposed wideband
low-radar cross section (RCS) circularly-polarized (CP) holographic
antenna (HA) based on hybrid metasurface
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LIU ET AL.
that HM can convert a known field into another field.
Through reasonable design, a CP high-gain HA can be
obtained if a monopole antenna is set as the excitation.
Next, a hybrid metasurface composed of two kinds of
FSAs is proposed to broaden the RCSR bandwidth.
Both the two kinds of FSAs exhibit transmission char-
acteristic for the in-band waves so that a good radiation
performance can be maintained. What's more, the
hybrid metasurface can broaden the RCSR bandwidth
for the out-of-band scattering. By co-designing the
hybrid metasurface and the HA, a CP HA with wide-
band RCSR is presented.
In order to drive the HM, a source antenna can gener-
ate SW is needed. A vertically placed monopole antenna is
an excellent candidate for the source antenna. Here, the
monopole antenna works at 11.4 GHz. The HM is com-
posed of thousands of unit cells with different sizes, which
is designed to convert the SW generated by the monopole
antenna into a broadside CP waves. The surface imped-
ance (SI) Z surf of HM is calculated as follow:12
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
 
ϕc 2
Z surf ¼ Z0 1  , ð1Þ
2πaf
F I G U R E 3 Schematics of the circularly-polarized
(CP) holographic antenna (HA)
F I G U R E 2 Unit cell structure of the
holographic metasurface (HM).
(A) Geometry of unit cell. (B) Surface
impedance of the unit cells versus the gap g
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LIU ET AL. 3 of 8

F I G U R E 4 Unit cell structure of

frequency-selective absorbers (FSA)
I. (A) Geometry of FSA I. (B) The reflection
and transmission coefficients of FSA I

F I G U R E 5 Unit cell structure of

frequency-selective absorbers (FSA)
II. (A) Geometry of FSA II. (B) The
reflection and transmission coefficients of
FSA II

T A B L E 1 Parameters and values of

Parameter p r11 r12 t1 g1 p2 r21 r22 g2 t2 P1 t1
the unit cell (mm)
Value 3 2.2 2.9 1 0.5 13 1.3 2.9 0.5 1 13 1

where c is the speed of light, Z 0 ¼ 377Ω is the wave
impedance in the air, a is the period of the unit cell, Φ is
the phase difference across the unit cell, and f is the
intrinsic frequency of the unit cell of the HM.
Figure 2 gives the unit cell structure of the HM. It con-
sists of a Rogers 3006 substrate with thickness of
t = 1.27 mm and square pattern is printed on upper side.
The space g between the units varies from 0.4 to 1.4 mm.
The mapping relationship between g and Z surf is obtained
through the least square method. The obtained fitting
polynomial is expressed as.
 
Z surf ¼ j 29:66 þ 278:64g1 þ 85:969g2 þ 9:35g3 ,
The design of the HM can be obtained through theoreti-
cal calculations. Once the SW ψ surf and preset filed ψ rad
are obtained, the HM is also determined. The preset field
cannot be obtained in advance, but it can be obtained by
theoretical calculations. Here, the SW ψ surf is generated
by the monopole antenna located at ðx 0 ,y0 Þ and the pre-
set field ψ rad is the output field. The SW ψ surf and preset
field ψ rad are expressed as follows.12,13
ψ surf ¼ ejkt r , ð3Þ
ψ rad ¼ ejk0 rsinðθÞ , ð4Þ
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
where r ¼ ðx  x 0 Þ2 þ ðy  y0 Þ2 is the distance from the
ð2Þ location ðx 0 , y0 Þ to the unit cells of HM, and θ is elevation
angle.
In order to obtain a CP waves, phase factor is intro-
duced for each section of the HM. Thus, the SI Z surf can
be expressed as.12–15

4 of 8
h  i
Z surf ¼ j X þ MRe ejφ ψ rad ψ surf  , ð5Þ
where X = 251 Ω is the average value of SI, M = 69 Ω is
the modulation depth, and φ is the angle deviated from
F I G U R E 6 Unit cell structures of reflective frequency-selective
absorber (RFSA) I and RFSA II. (A) Geometry of RFSA
I. (B) Geometry of RFSA II
F I G U R E 7 Simulated reflection characteristics of two kinds of
reflective frequency-selective absorbers (RFSAs). (A) Simulated
reflection magnitude. (B) Simulated reflection phase
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LIU ET AL.
x axis in the xoy plane.12 Combining Equations (2) and
(5), the sizes of unit cells of HM can be calculated.
Finally, Figure 3 gives the structure diagram of HA.
2.2 | Mechanism of wideband low-RCS
HA design
When the plane wave illuminates the proposed CP HA,
the HM can convert the incidences into SW in the opera-
tion band. Thus, the in-band monostatic RCS of the pro-
posed HA from 11 to 17 GHz is reduced. In order to
further reduce out-of-band RCS of the HA, enlightened
by recent development of frequency-selective absorber
(FSA) proposed in the Reference [13], a hybrid meta-
surface composed of two kinds of FSAs is proposed. The
hybrid metasurface and HM can be seen as a whole. They
act together as an absorber from 3 to 11 GHz. So the
power is absorbed in this band. What's more, the hybrid
metasurface as well as HM act as two kinds of reflective
FSAs (RFSAs) with about 180
± 37
reflection phase dif-
ference from 17 to 24 GHz. The monostatic RCS from
3 to 24 GHz is reduced. Thus, the RCSR bandwidth of
HA is broadened.
F I G U R E 8 Structure of the proposed wideband low-radar
cross section (RCS) circularly-polarized (CP) holographic antenna
(HA) based on hybrid metasurface
F I G U R E 9 Photographs of the proposed antenna. (A) The
circularly-polarized (CP) holographic antenna (HA). (B) Assembled
proposed antenna

LIU ET AL.
F I G U R E 1 0 Simulated and measured (A) jS11j and (B) AR of
the proposed antenna
The hybrid metasurface makes up of two kinds of
FSAs. Figure 4A depicts the geometry of the first FSA
(FSA I) unit cell. A metal pattern is etched on the top sur-
face of the Rogers 4350 dielectric and its bottom surface
is entire metal. The dielectric constant of the substrate is
3.66 and its thickness is t1. The metal pattern is com-
posed of two concentric metal rings and attached four
arms loaded with lumped resistors. As illustrated in
Figure 4B, a minimum insertion loss, 0.08 dB appears
around 11.4 GHz.
The structure of the second FSA unit cell (FSA II) is
similar to the structure of FSA I. The difference is that
the dielectric substrate is divided into upper and lower
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5 of 8
F I G U R E 1 1 Radiation patterns at 11.4 GHz of the proposed
antenna. (A) phi = 0
. (B) phi = 90

layers by metal pattern. The height of the lower layer is
t1, and the height of the upper layer is t3. In addition,
parameters of the metal pattern are different from FSA I,
as indicated in Figure 5A. Parameters of two kinds of
FSAs unit cells are given in Table 1. As depicted in
Figure 5B, a minimum insertion loss, 0.57 dB appears
around 11.4 GHz.
Combining the FSA with the HM can form the RFSA.
However, the HM is not a standard periodic structure. In
order to simulate the RFSA, part unit cells of HM are
placed in the bottom layer. This part consist of 4  4
patch cells and its period is p4, as shown in Figure 6.
The reflection characteristics of the two proposed
RFSAs are presented in Figure 7. It is evident that the
10 dB absorbing bandwidths are from 8 to 11 GHz and
4 to 10 GHz for the RFSA I and RFSA II, respectively.
Thus, a reasonable absorbing property at the lower band
is obtained and the incident waves can be absorbed in
this band, as indicated in Figure 7A. What's more, both
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6 of 8 LIU ET AL.

the two RFSAs nearly exhibit reflection characteristics

from 17 to 24 GHz. By tuning the thickness t3 of the top
substrate of RFSA II, the reflection phase difference of
the two RFSAs can maintain approximately 180
 37
,
as indicated in Figure 7B. Thus, the backward scattered
waves can be repointed towards other directions by these
two RFSAs under normally incidences.

2.3 | Structures of the proposed

wideband low-RCS HA

Schematic diagram of the proposed wideband low-RCS

CP HA is displayed in Figure 8. It is composed of two
layers of metasurface. The CP HA is placed on the bot-
tom layer and the top layer is the hybrid metasurface,
which has 12  12 unit cells. In order to maintain a good
radiation performance, the FSA II is arranged around the
FSA I. The distance between HM and the hybrid meta-
surface is H = 7 mm and the proposed HA has a total
size of 153  153 mm2.

3 | R ESULTS A ND ANALYS IS

To verify the reliability of the simulation data, the pro-

posed antenna is manufactured and tested. The picture of
the proposed HA is presented in Figure 9. The two layers
of substrates are assembled by 12 plastic screws.

3.1 | Radiation performance F I G U R E 1 2 Comparison of monostatic radar cross

The measured and simulated jS11j and axial ratio (AR)
are illustrated in Figure 10. The jS11 j <  10 dB band-
widths is relatively wide. It covers the frequency band
from 9.5 to 15 GHz (53.3%). The 3 dB AR frequency band
covers 10.5 to 13.7 GHz (27.4%). It is evident that the
measured results match very well with the simulated
ones. As indicated in Figure 11, the simulated peak gain
is 18.7 dBi, which is only 0.3 dB higher than the mea-
sured one. In addition, the simulated radiation patterns
match well with the measured ones.
3.2 | Scattering performance
In order to confirm the low-RCS characteristics, the
antenna monostatic RCS is tested for the normally inci-
dences. As illustrated in Figure 12, compared with PEC
with same size, the RCSR band is relatively wide, which
covers 3–24 GHz (156%). It is significant to mention that a
maximum RCSR, 20.5 dB is achieved at 13 GHz. Because of
section (RCS) of the proposed antenna and metal plate under
normal incidence. (A) x-polarization. (B) y-polarization
the limitations of the measurement environment, only fre-
quency band from 3.9 to 18 GHz is measured. The mea-
sured results match well with simulated ones.
To further explain the principle of RCS reduction,
Figure 13 depicts the simulated scattering patterns at
lower band and higher band under x-polarized normally
incidences. The scattering pattern at 6 GHz is illustrated
in Figure 13A. Obviously, compared with PEC, the inci-
dent power is absorbed so that the RCS in the broadside
is drastically reduced at lower band. In addition, the scat-
tering pattern at 20 GHz is displayed in Figure 13B. The
incoming wave energy are repointed into other directions
due to reflection cancelation at higher band so that the
RCS is reduced in this band.
Comprehensive comparisons between this work and
the previous CP antenna are given in Table 2. In the Ref-
erence [4], a PCM was utilized as the radiation patch of
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LIU ET AL. 7 of 8

F I G U R E 1 3 Simulated 3-D radar

cross section (RCS) under x-polarization
normal incident. (A) At 6 GHz. (B) At
20 GHz. The left column is the bistatic
scattering patterns for the proposed
antenna and the right column is the
bistatic scattering patterns for metal
plate

TABLE 2 Comparisons between this work and previous CP antenna in the References [4,9,10,16]

Year/ 10 dB impendence Peak AR RCSR Maximum

References band (GHz) gain (dBi) band (<3 dB) Band (GHz) RCSR (dB)
2017/4 5.1–6.3 (21%) 9.3 14.9% 5–10 (67%) 20
2018/ 9
10.5–10.7 (1.9%) 11.5 0.9% 4–13 (105%) 14.5
10
2017/ 8.2–9.5 (14.7%) 11.2 21.2% 6–14 (80%) 14
16
2020/ 5–5.4 (7.9%) 16 2.2% 2–8 (120%) 25
Proposed 9.5–15 (53%) 18.7 27.4% 3–24 (156%) 20.5

the CP antenna, but its realized gains were relatively low.
To realize high gain performance, an F-P cavity was used
in the Reference [9], resulting a narrow band due to the
F-P working principle. In the Reference [16], a significant
RCSR was obtained by loading FSA. However, the array
had the drawback of narrow operation band and complex
feeding network. Thus, the advantages of designed
antenna are more prominent. The proposed wideband
low-RCS CP HA has not only a simple feeding network
but also a relatively high gain.
4 | CONCLUSION
A wideband low-RCS CP HA based on hybrid metasurface
is presented in this work. The proposed HA has an excellent

8 of 8
CP radiation performance from 10.5 to 13.7 GHz (27.4%)
and its realized gain is up to 18.7 dBi at 11.4 GHz. Mean-
while, due to the hybrid metasurface, a wideband RCSR is
achieved. The RCSR band is from 3 to 24 GHz (156%).
According to comparisons of this work and previous related
CP antenna, it is evident that the RCSR bandwidths are
effectively broadened. In addition, reasonable agreements
are achieved between simulated and measured results. Due
to excellent performances, the proposed antenna is a poten-
tial candidate for stealth platforms.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Research data are not shared.
ORCID
Ying Liu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5500-1946
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How to cite this article: Liu Y, Zhu L, Jia Y. A
wideband low-radar cross section circularly
polarized holographic antenna based on hybrid
metasurface. Int J RF Microw Comput Aided Eng.
2022;32(1):e22917. doi:10.1002/mmce.22917