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Semi-analytical modelling of mode jumping phenomena in pressurized

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 International Journal of Solids and Structures 282 (2023) 112458

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Journal of Solids and Structures

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijsolstr

Semi-analytical modelling of mode jumping phenomena in pressurized

fuselage panels
Ahmad Alhajahmad *, Christian Mittelstedt
Darmstadt University of Technology, Dept. Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Lightweight Engineering and Structural Mechanics, Otto-Berndt-Straße 2, D-64287
Darmstadt, Germany

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In this paper, a novel semi-analytical model is developed to capture the mode jumping phenomenon in composite
Mode jumping and metallic pressurized fuselage panels. The analytical formulation is derived using the Ritz-based approach and
Semi-analytical modelling the resulting system of nonlinear equations are solved numerically by homotopy methods. Panels with two
Fuselage panels
different aspect ratios and three different types of boundary conditions are investigated. The panels are loaded in
Geometrically nonlinear analysis
Postbuckling
two sequential steps. In the first step the panel is loaded by pressure resulting in a primary mode shape. In the
second step, the panel is loaded by an in-plane axial compressive load which causes a sudden change in the
primary mode shape leading to a mode jumping event. For verification purposes, finite element models are
developed and analysed using the commercial software Abaqus. It is demonstrated that the semi-analytical model
is able to successfully capture the mode jumping phenomenon and predict the corresponding load. New findings
concerning the mode jumping problem in pressurized fuselage panels are analysed and interpreted.

1. Introduction performed by Stein (Stein, 1959), the mode jumping of rectangular

Buckling is permitted in thin-walled aircraft structures in many
cases. For weight saving purposes, these structures are often designed to
support loads beyond initial buckling. Experiments on thin-walled
structures in the post-buckling regime demonstrated that an abrupt
change in the primary buckling mode may occur in terms of out of plane
deformation configurations, where the structure seeks a stable pattern.
This phenomenon is termed as mode jumping (also known as mode-
change and mode-switch) and in some publications it is called the sec­
ondary instability (Riks et al., 1996; Falzon and Hitchings, 2003; Cerini
and Falzon, 2005). The mode jumping phenomenon was first observed
by Stein (Stein, 1959) in an experimental work conducted on a rectan­
gular stiffened panel loaded by compression. It was shown that the local
initial buckling mode changes suddenly into a series of new modes as the
load is increased. Each new mode has a number of buckles that is greater
than that for the previous one by unity. In an attempt to explain the
abrupt changes in the waveform of thin plates in the postbuckling range,
simply supported rectangular plates subjected to axial compressive
loads were considered by Supple (Supple, 1970). It was concluded that
the buckling mode-switch depends on the boundary conditions and the
initial geometric imperfections. Inspired by the experimental work
plates was studied by Schaeffer and Golubitsky (Schaeffer and Golu­
bitsky, 1979). The authors investigated the effect of different boundary
conditions on the mode jumping event. In an article titled with
“boundary conditions and mode jumping in the von Kármán equations”,
Holder and Schaeffer (Holder and Scshaeffer, 1984) investigated the
mode jumping in the postbuckling response of a long rectangular plate
using the bifurcation theory near a double eigenvalue. It was shown that
the mode jumping occurs if the boundary conditions are simply sup­
ported on the unloaded edges and clamped on the loaded edges. Riks
et al. (1996) conducted several studies related to the mode jumping
phenomenon in thin-walled shell structures. The authors developed a
numerical technique for solving mode jumping phenomena by the finite
element method (FEM). Capturing the mode jumping numerically and
experimentally in the postbuckling of composite stiffened panels was the
topic of the research addressed by Falzon and Hitchings (Falzon and
Hitchings, 2003). A modified explicit dynamic method was used to
capture the local buckling mode-switch. A computationally more effi­
cient procedure than the full dynamic analysis was proposed by Falzon
and Cerini (Falzon and Cerini, 2006). In order to delay the mode
jumping occurrence and to improve the postbuckling strength of
unstiffened and stiffened composite panels, Falzon et al. (Falzon and

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ahmad.alhajahmad@klub.tu-darmstadt.de (A. Alhajahmad).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2023.112458
Received 5 May 2023; Received in revised form 30 July 2023; Accepted 16 August 2023
Available online 20 August 2023
0020-7683/© 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A. Alhajahmad and C. Mittelstedt
Fig. 1. Typical pressurized fuselage panel.
Faggiani, 2012; Falzon et al., 2012) optimized the laminate lay-up. The
mode jumping of trapezoidal sheeting panels was investigated by Hof­
meyer and Courage (Hofmeyer and Courage, 2013). An analytical
approximation procedure and a dynamic implicit FEM were used for
performing the buckling and posbuckling analyses. It was concluded
that for the specific boundary conditions that represent the situation of a
compressed flange for trapezoidal sheeting, it is very likely that mode
jumping will not occur. A recent paper about postbuckling and sec­
ondary buckling response of rectangular fiber-metal laminates and
glass-fiber reinforced composite plates subjected to uniaxial compres­
sion was published by Kalfountzos et al. (Kalfountzos et al., 2022). A
novel finite element procedure was proposed to identify the panels’
secondary buckling point. It was found that the secondary buckling load
highly depends on the aspect ratio.
In some situations, panels subjected to thermal or hygrothermal
loads may experience mode jumping. Chen and Virgin (Chen and Virgin,
2004) conducted analytical and finite element studies to investigate the
mode jumping phenomenon of a simply-supported rectangular plate
heated deeply into the post-buckling regime. For the analytical method,
the von Kármán plate equation was reduced to a system of non-linear
ordinary differential equations by expressing the transverse deflection
as a series of linear buckling modes. The system was then solved
numerically under the parametric variation of the temperature. It was
shown that the secondary bifurcation point of the thermally loaded plate
with fixed in-plane boundary conditions occurs far beyond the primary
buckling point, and the jump behaviour cannot be predicted correctly
without sufficient assumed modes. A few years later, the previous work
was addressed again by Zhong et al. (Zhong et al., 2016) who studied the
mode jumping phenomenon of angle-ply laminated plates under tem­
perature and moisture. More recently, Gutiérrez and Bisagni (Gutiérrez
Álvarez and Bisagni, 2021) have studied the mode jumping of metallic
and composite plates under thermal loads using both finite element
(Abaqus) and experimental techniques. The thermal buckling and post-
buckling responses of the panels have been successfully obtained and the
mode jumping has also been successfully captured. Despite the fact that
there have been some discrepancies in the predictions, the nonlinear
numerical procedures succeeded in capturing the trends and overall
behaviour of all plates.
It can be noticed from the literature that the majority of the research
works have addressed the mode jumping phenomenon through per­
forming a buckling analysis for panels subjected to either in-plane
compressive loads or thermal loads for obtaining the initial buckling
modes followed by a postbuckling analysis for capturing the mode
jumping (secondary instability). Additionally, researchers have adopted
the FEM for modelling the mode jumping problem followed by carrying
out experimental tests for validation. Analytical or semi-analytical
2
International Journal of Solids and Structures 282 (2023) 112458
methods have been scarcely adopted for tackling this complicated
problem that is classified as a highly nonlinear problem. Furthermore,
the abrupt and violent changes accompanying the mode jumping
occurrence may cause considerable numerical difficulties and in­
stabilities (Riks et al., 1996).
In commercial aircraft fuselages, the cabin pressure causes a
considerable pressure differential across the skin. Due to the presence of
the primary structure represented by the frames and stringers, the skin
bulges or pillows within each panel bay under the action of the internal
pressure. The skin may also experience in-plane shear or compressive
loads that may result from fuselage torsion or bending, respectively. One
of the most important and critical load cases, for example, is a bulged
(deflected or buckled) fuselage panel loaded by in-plane compressive
loads. Such a situation is, actually, similar to the compressively loaded
post-buckled panels mentioned earlier in the literature review. Such
pressurized fuselage panels have been addressed in a number of publi­
cations (cf. (Alhajahmad et al., 2008, 2010; Boitnott et al., 1995),
however, the focus of those studies has been on the strength and failure
characteristics of the panels.
As opposed to the panels considered in the literature which are
loaded by in-plane compressive loads only, the fuselage panels, in the
current research, are subjected to pressure and in-plane loads. According
to the current literature review and to the best of the authors’ knowledge
there is neither semi-analytical nor numerical research work available
on the mode jumping phenomena in pressurized fuselage panels. In this
paper the mode jumping problem will be modelled using semi-analytical
and finite element methods. In order to achieve this goal, the Ritz
approach and the finite element program Abaqus will be adopted.
Metallic and composite fuselage panels with various boundary condi­
tions and aspect ratios will be investigated to assess the accuracy and
robustness of the developed semi-analytical solution in capturing the
mode jumping phenomenon.
The remainder of this paper is arranged as follows. In Section 2, the
structural situation of the fuselage panel and the mode jumping phe­
nomenon will be explained. In Section 3, the semi-analytical formula­
tion of the problem will be derived based on the Ritz approach, and the
finite element model will be described. In Section 4, results will be ob­
tained for metallic and composite panels with different aspect ratios and
boundary conditions. Finally, conclusions will be drawn and future ac­
tivities will be highlighted in Section 5.
Table 1
Material properties for graphite-epoxy (Hyer, 1997).
E1 (GPa) E2 (GPa) G12 (GPa) ν12
155 12.1 4.4 0.248
A. Alhajahmad and C. Mittelstedt
Fig. 2. Mode jumping phenomenon in pressurized fuselage panels.
2. Problem description
2.1. Structural idealization
A pressurized commercial aircraft fuselage skin bounded by two
frames and two stringers (a panel bay) under combined pressure and in-
plane loads will be considered for addressing the mode jumping phe­
nomenon, as shown in Fig. 1(a,b). The fuselage skin can be modelled
using different levels of complexity, but in general, requires a two-
dimensional plate or shallow shell modelling. For large-radius fuse­
lages (for a wide-body aircraft the typical fuselage radius is about 2.5–3
m), the fuselage skin of a panel bay has a slight curvature. In the present
study curvature effects will be ignored and the panel will be treated as a
flat plate. Thickness, length and width of the plate are denoted by, h, a
and b, respectively. A conventional Cartesian coordinate system with its
origin located at the corner of the plate where 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ b and
− 0.5 h ≤ z ≤ 0.5 h is adopted.
The fuselage skin is loaded in two sequential steps. In the first
loading step, a uniform pressure P is applied. Due to the pressurization
in-plane loads are generated. The in-plane loads are approximately
translated into an axial tensile load Fx, and a hoop tensile load Fy,
calculated (for the sake of simplicity) using the relations related to
unstiffened pressurized cylindrical shells (pressure vessels) as
Fig. 3. Load-deflection curves at the panel centre for different boundary conditions (α = 4, AR = 1).
3
International Journal of Solids and Structures 282 (2023) 112458
PR
Fx = b, Fy = PRa (1)
2
where R is the fuselage radius. The pressure and hence the tensile loads
are incremented by means of a scaling factor λ1 in the first loading step
(denoted here as Step-1). In the second loading step, which is the
postbuckling step (denoted as Step-2), an additional axial compressive
load FxB , which may result from fuselage bending, is applied. This latter
load is incremented by means of a scaling factor λ2 while keeping λ1
fixed at the end of Step-1. Three different types of boundary conditions
will be considered. In the first type, all four edges of the panel are simply
supported (denoted by SS-SS). In the second one, two clamped edges and
two simply supported edges (CC-SS) and in the last one, four clamped
edges (CC-CC) are utilized. It should be mentioned that the edges loaded
by the in-plane compressive forces are the clamped edges in the case of
(CC-SS). In the present work, the only difference between the simply
supported and clamped boundary condition is that the rotations of the
latter are suppressed. In order to take the effect of the frames, stringers
and neighbouring panels into account, straight panel edges will be uti­
lized (i.e., each two opposite edges can move freely in the in-plane di­
rections, but they remain parallel). Such boundary conditions are
appropriate for multiple panels with longitudinal and transverse
A. Alhajahmad and C. Mittelstedt International Journal of Solids and Structures 282 (2023) 112458

Fig. 4. Results for the SS-SS square metallic panel (α = 6, AR = 1).

stiffeners repeating in both directions, which is the case for fuselage Schröder, 2010; Vescovini and Bisagni, 2018).
panels. Since the problem formulation for the metallic (isotropic) panels can
The composite material is a typical graphite-epoxy with properties simply be derived from the formulation of the composite (orthotropic)
given in Table 1 (Hyer, 1997), while the metallic material is a typical panels, the semi-analytical model is developed for the latter one. Almost
aircraft aluminium alloy with E = 72 GPa and ν = 0.33. all theoretical investigations regarding the mode jumping phenomenon
are based on the von Kármán plate equations, the solutions of which are
2.2. Mode jumping phenomenon in pressurized fuselage panels in good agreement with experimental results, at least for moderate plate
deflections (Suchy et al., 1985). Assuming that the plate is thin, such
Based on the structural situation and the loading steps mentioned in that the Kirchhoff hypothesis is valid, the mid-plane strains and curva­
the previous section, it is expected that the panel will deform out-of- tures, according to the von Kármán model, are given by
plane under the action of the pressure to take the typical primary ⎧ ( ) ⎫
mode shape depicted in Fig. 2(a). This mode can be thought of as an ⎪
⎪ ∂u0 1 ∂w 2 ⎪ ⎪
⎧ ⎫ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ∂x 2 ∂x+ ⎪
⎪
⎪
imperfection with a large amplitude that is conventionally introduced ⎪
⎪ ε 0 ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎧ ⎫
⎪ xx ⎪ ⎪ ( ) ⎪ ⎨ κxx ⎬
based on one or multiple buckling mode shapes for performing post­ { 0} ⎨
0
⎬ ⎨
∂ v0
1 ∂w
2 ⎬
ε = ε = , {k} = κyy
buckling analyses of plates. As the in-plane compressive load is gradu­ ⎪ 0 ⎪
⎪
yy
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ∂y 2 ∂y+ ⎪
⎪ ⎩ ⎭
⎪
⎩ γxy ⎪ ⎭ ⎪ ⎪ κxy
ally increased in Step-2 (the panel is now in postbuckling state) to reach ⎪
⎪
⎪ 0
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ∂u 0
∂v ∂w ∂w ⎪⎪
a certain load level, a sudden change in the initial mode shape may occur ⎪
⎩ + + ⎪
⎭
leading to the so-called mode jumping event, as shown in Fig. 2(b). This ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y
⎧ ⎫
new mode has a number of bulges (or buckles) along the length of the ⎪
⎪
⎪
∂2 w ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪ − ⎪
panel (since the in-plane compressive load is longitudinally applied i.e., ⎪
⎪
⎪ ∂x2 ⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
in the x-direction, the mode jumping will occur in this direction) which ⎪
⎨ ∂w ⎬
2 ⎪
alternate in sign (positive in the direction of the pressure load and = − 2
(2)
⎪
⎪ ∂y ⎪ ⎪
negative in the reverse direction). The number of bulges and their ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
amplitude depend on multiple factors including but not restricted to the
⎪
⎪
⎪ ∂2 w ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩− 2 ⎭
aspect ratio, boundary conditions and the load levels applied in Step-2. ∂x∂y

where u0, v0, and w are the mid-plane displacements in the x-, y- and z-
3. Problem formulation
direction, respectively.
Following the Ritz procedure (Reddy, 2003); the total potential en­
Fundamentally, a semi-analytical solution based on the Ritz
ergy is given by
approach will be developed to capture the mode jumping of metallic and
composite fuselage panels. This solution will then be verified numeri­ Π = U− W (3)
cally using the commercial finite element software Abaqus.
where U is the strain energy, and W is the potential energy of the
3.1. Semi-analytical model external applied loads. For symmetric and balanced composite lami­
nates, the strain energy in terms of the mid-plane strains and curvatures
The mode jumping phenomenon occurs in the postbuckling range, is given by
therefore a nonlinear response should be obtained for the panels under
consideration. Analytical and semi-analytical methods provide a
computationally efficient nonlinear analysis with substantial reduction
in time and cost compared with other analysis methods such as FEM
(see, for instance, Refs. (Diaconu and Weaver, 2006; Mittelstedt and

4
A. Alhajahmad and C. Mittelstedt International Journal of Solids and Structures 282 (2023) 112458

Fig. 5. Results for the CC-SS square metallic panel (α = 7, AR = 1).

Fig. 6. Load-end-shortening curves and stress analysis for the CC-SS square metallic panel (α = 7, AR = 1).

∫
1 a
Evaluating the Eqs. (4) and (6) requires defining the displacement
U=
2 0 functions, which are assumed to be of the following form,
⎡ ⎤
∫ 2 2 2 ∑M
0 0 0 0 0
b
⎢ A11 (εxx ) + A22 (εyy ) + 2A12 εxx εyy + A66 (γxy ) + ⎥ w(x, y) = ai Φwi
× ⎣ ⎦dxdy i=1
∑N
0 D11 κxx + D22 κyy + 2D12 κxx κyy + 2D16 κxx κxy + 2D26 κyy κxy + D66 κ2xy
2 2
(7)
u0 (x, y) = Φu0 + i=1
bi Φui
(4) ∑N
v0 (x, y) = Φv0 + i=1
ci Φvi
where Aij and Dij are the in-plane and out-of-plane stiffnesses, respec­
tively (see Appendix I for details). where M and N are the number of terms for transverse (out-of-plane)
For obtaining the response of the metallic panel, the following displacement w and in-plane displacements u0 and v0, respectively, ai, bi,
modifications can be made: and ci are the Ritz coefficients, and the quantities Φ are the approxi­
mation or shape functions. In order to properly model the boundary
E1 = E2 = E, v12 = v21 = v, G = E/2(1 + v) (5) conditions for a commercial aircraft fuselage panel bounded by two
Taking into account that the external forces are applied in two suc­ stringers and two frames, the panel edges are forced to remain straight
cessive steps (see Section 2.1), the potential energy of the external forces during the analysis. For achieving this goal, linearly varying straight
is given by edges are assumed to define the functions Φu0 and Φv0 as follows,
∫a∫b x y
Φu0 = b0 , Φv0 = c0 (8)
W = λ1 [Fx u0 (x=a) + Fy v0 (y=b) + P wdxdy] + λ2 FxB u0 (x=a) (6) a b
0 0

5
A. Alhajahmad and C. Mittelstedt International Journal of Solids and Structures 282 (2023) 112458

Table 2
Results for the SS-SS and CC-SS rectangular metallic panels (α = 4, AR = 2).
B.C Mode jumping (Ritz) Mode jumping (Abaqus) Load-deflection curves at the panel centre.

SS-SS

Step-1 (λ1 = 1)

Step-2 (λ2 = 1)

CC-SS

Step-1 (λ1 = 1)

Step-2 (λ2 = 1)

Fig. 7. Mode jumping for the SS-SS rectangular metallic panel (α = 6, AR = 2).

6
A. Alhajahmad and C. Mittelstedt International Journal of Solids and Structures 282 (2023) 112458

Fig. 8. Load-deflection curves for the SS-SS rectangular metallic panel at different locations (α = 6, AR = 2).

( )
where b0 = u0(x=a) and c0 = v0(y=b) represent the edge displacements (end- ∑M ∑M (i − 1)πx (i + 1)πx jπ y
w(x, y) = aij cos − cos sin
shortening). Depending on the choice of the admissible functions Φwi , i=1 j=1 a a b
Φui , and Φvi , different boundary conditions can be modelled. As x ∑N ∑N iπ x jπ y
mentioned earlier, three different boundary conditions for the panel u0 (x, y) = b0 + bij sin sin (10)
a i=1 j=1 a b
edges will be considered, SS-SS, CC-SS and CC-CC. For example, for ∑N ∑N
y iπ x j π y
modelling the mixed type of the boundary conditions CC-SS, where the v0 (x, y) = c0 + cij sin sin
b i=1 j=1 a b
edges are clamped at (x = 0, x = a) simulating the frame locations and
simply supported at (y = 0, y = b) simulating the stringer locations, the Eqs. (10) apply to the other two types of boundary conditions except
displacements and rotations at the supported boundaries can be the relation for the transverse displacement, which takes the following
expressed by forms for the SS-SS and CC-CC types, respectively,

∑M ∑M iπx jπy
w(x, y) = aij sin sin
i=1 j=1 a b
( )( ) (11)
∑M ∑M (i − 1)πx (i + 1)πx (j − 1)πy (j + 1)πy
w(x, y) = aij cos − cos cos − cos
i=1 j=1 a a b b

y ∂w By using the stationary conditions of total potential energy and

x = 0, u0 (0, y) = 0 v0 (0, y) = c0 w(0, y) = 0 (0, y) = 0 minimizing with respect to Ritz coefficients ai, bi, and ci (note that the
b ∂x
y ∂w matrix aij has been converted to a vector ai containing the elements of aij
x = a, u0 (a, y) = b0 v0 (a, y) = c0 w(a, y) = 0 (a, y) = 0 row by row. For example, for M = 2, a1 = a11, a2 = a12, a3 = a21, and a4
b ∂x (9)
x = a22. The same conversion applies to bij and cij) the general equilibrium
y = 0, v0 (x, 0) = 0 u0 (x, 0) = b0 w(x, 0) = 0 equations for symmetric and balanced laminated composite plates are
a
x obtained (see Appendix II for details),
y = b, v0 (x, b) = c0 u0 (x, b) = b0 w(x, b) = 0
a
− (λ1 Fx + λ2 FxB ) + Kilub bi + Kiluc ci + Kijluaa ai aj = 0
Various types of trial functions such as trigonometric functions and
− λ1 Fy + Kilvb bi + Kilvc ci + Kijlvaa ai aj = 0 (12)
orthogonal polynomials can be used for approximating the displacement wba wca waaa
field. The choice of the functions plays a crucial role in the development Kil ai + Kikl bi ak + Kikl ci ak + Kijkl ai aj ak − λ1 Pl = 0
of the Ritz-based approach. Each shape function has its own advantages The first two equations in Eq. (12) are linear in the Ritz coefficients bi
and disadvantages in terms of convergence, efficiency, accuracy and and ci. Thus, the above three equations can be reduced to a single
numerical stability. In the present paper, the trigonometric functions are nonlinear equation by eliminating bi and ci from the third equation using
adopted for the simplicity of carrying out the necessary integrations and the first two equations. Then the final set of nonlinear equations which
the resulting matrices do not suffer from ill-conditioning problems, as it defines an equilibrium load–deflection path is solved for ai, and by back
may happen for some class of polynomial expansions (Vescovini et al., substitution the coefficients bi and ci are computed. For each load
2018). The displacement field based on the trigonometric functions that increment in both loading steps, new values for the elements of the
satisfy the essential boundary conditions for the CC-SS, mentioned vectors ai, bi and ci are obtained. Different techniques are available for
above, is given by tracing of nonlinear equilibrium paths (Ragon et al., 2000). In fact, the
dynamic nature of the mode jumping phenomenon may cause consid­
erable numerical difficulties using standard techniques. Typically, arc-
length methods can be successfully employed for solving problems
where the responses have unstable equilibrium paths such as the Riks

7
A. Alhajahmad and C. Mittelstedt
Fig. 9. Mode jumping for the CC-SS rectangular metallic panel (α = 6, AR = 2).
technique (Version, 2020), for example. Alternatively, the normal-flow
algorithm that has been introduced in structural mechanics by Fried
(Fried, 1984) can be utilized. In the normal flow algorithm, successive
Newton Raphson iterations converge to the equilibrium solution along a
path which is normal (in an asymptotic sense) to the so-called Davi­
denko flow (Ragon et al., 2000). The code HOMPACK90 developed by
Watson et al. (Watson et al., 1987, 1997) is a suite of FORTRAN sub­
routines for solving nonlinear systems of equations by homotopy
methods, where several algorithms are available. In this work, the
normal flow solution algorithm as implemented in HOMPACK90 is
utilized because of its robustness and computational efficiency when
tracing the path through severe nonlinearities such as those associated
with structural collapse (Ragon et al., 2000).
Despite the fact that several approaches and theories have been
adopted for developing the semi-analytical solution, the present
approach will be referred to as Ritz method for brevity.
Fig. 10. Load-end-shortening curves and stress analysis for the CC-SS rectangular metallic panel (α = 6, AR = 2).
8
International Journal of Solids and Structures 282 (2023) 112458
3.2. Finite element model
Traditionally, if no benchmark results or experimental validations
are available, the analytical solutions are verified using FEM. The results
obtained semi-analytically using the Ritz procedure will be verified
through developing finite element models utilizing the commercial
finite element package Abaqus. Two successive steps, in which geo­
metric nonlinearities are included, are defined for applying the loads.
There are several approaches implemented in Abaqus that are appro­
priate for modelling geometrically nonlinear static problems that
involve buckling or collapse behaviour, where the load–displacement
response shows a negative stiffness (Version, 2020). For example, the
“modified Riks method” can be used for cases where the loading is
proportional; that is, where the load magnitudes are governed by a
single scalar parameter. The method can provide solutions even in cases
of complex unstable responses such as the mode jumping problem. The
equilibrium path of the panels in Step-1 cannot have an unstable part
along its loading history. Thus, a “Static, General” step available in
A. Alhajahmad and C. Mittelstedt
Fig. 11. Results for the SS-SS square composite panel (α = 6, AR = 1).
Abaqus is defined. For the postbuckling step (Step-2), on the other hand,
the response may have an unstable phase along its load-end-shortening
curve, hence, a”Static, Riks” step is utilized. The panels are meshed
using the general-purpose shell elements with reduced integration
(S4R). A convergence study is conducted to select the appropriate mesh
density required for accurately capturing the mode jumping of the
panels. It is worth mentioning that the nonlinear response of the prob­
lem at hand has been found to be sensitive to the mesh density, partic­
ularly, when the panels exhibit mode jumping. In order to force the
panel edges to remain straight but free to move in-plane, coupling
constraints are imposed on adequate degrees of freedom using the
“Equation” operation available in Abaqus. The panels are also restrained
in the in-plane directions to ensure preventing rigid body motions.
9
International Journal of Solids and Structures 282 (2023) 112458
4. Results
In the following sections, results will be obtained to provide an
insight into the mode jumping phenomenon in pressurized aircraft
fuselage panels. Two aspect ratios AR = a/b are investigated, square
panels (AR = 1) and rectangular panels (AR = 2). For the square and
rectangular panels, the length is assumed to be a = 500 mm and a =
1000 mm, respectively. The composite laminates consist of 16 plies,
where each ply has a thickness t = 0.254 mm resulting in a total
thickness of h = 4.064 mm. This thickness will also be adopted for the
aluminium panels. Several load values are applied in Step-2 to examine
whether the panels exhibit mode jumping or not and also to demonstrate
different mode jumping patterns in case of occurrence. For a panel to
A. Alhajahmad and C. Mittelstedt International Journal of Solids and Structures 282 (2023) 112458

Fig. 12. Results for the CC-SS square composite panel (α = 6, AR = 1).

jump into another mode shape, these load values should be higher than mode jumping occurs. On the other hand, achieving a good accuracy in
the in-plane tensile load Fx and given by, the presence of a mode jumping event entails at least adopting the values
M = 5 and N = 10 for metallic square panels, M = 6 and N = 12 for
FxB = − αFx (13)
composite square panels and M = 7 and N = 14 for both the rectangular
metallic and composite panels.
where α is a load parameter (positive number). The load Fx is computed
As opposed to the metallic (isotropic) structures, laminated com­
from Eq. (1) assuming that the panel radius is R = 2.5 m and the cabin
posite structures have a number of possible coupling modes. For
pressure is P = 0.1 MPa (P≈1 atm).
example, one of the major coupling modes in symmetric composite
In order to assure the validity and accuracy of the semi-analytical
laminates is the coupling between bending and twisting that may
formulation, convergence studies have been conducted to choose the
complicate the analysis of these laminates (recall that Eq. (4) includes
number of terms M and N in the series expansion (see Eq. (7)). As will be
the coupling terms or flexural anisotropy D16 and D26). Therefore, the
seen later, adopting the values M = 3 and N = 6 or M = N = 5 provides a
convergence studies can be performed for the composite laminates and
satisfactory agreement with the results obtained numerically when no
the number of obtained terms is then generalized to be used for the

10
A. Alhajahmad and C. Mittelstedt
Fig. 13. Results for CC-CC square composite panel (α = 6, AR = 1).
metallic panels. Based on this, regardless of the type of the boundary
condition, results presented in the current paper are obtained for the
above-mentioned values for the number of terms M and N. Since the
convergence studies of the problem under consideration should be
performed to show the behaviour of the structure rather than computing
a single value such as, for example, the value of a buckling load or a
natural frequency, some of the convergence studies will be presented in
the context of demonstrating the results in the next sections.
For comparison reasons, results obtained semi-analytically and
11
International Journal of Solids and Structures 282 (2023) 112458
numerically will be side by side displayed. For this purpose, results will
be mainly presented in the form of load–deflection curves at specified
points and surface plots that demonstrate the modes before and after
jumping events. More focus will be on the composite fuselage panels,
where additional results will be generated and provided. It should be
mentioned that all demonstrated displacements in the present work are
given in mm.
A. Alhajahmad and C. Mittelstedt
Fig. 14. Diagrams for different boundary conditions for square composite panels (α = 6, AR = 1).
4.1. Mode jumping of metallic fuselage panels
Although polymer matrix composites are being used in modern
commercial aircraft, aluminium alloys continue to be the material of
choice for many airplanes (Starke and Staley, 1996). In the following
sections, the aluminium panels with two aspect ratios and different
boundary conditions are studied.
4.1.1. Square metallic panels
The square metallic panels that are usually less prone to the mode
jumping phenomenon are considered to identify the load values, at
which the mode jumping takes place. Additionally, the results obtained
semi-analytically and numerically are compared. The load–deflection
curves at the panel centre for the same load level for different boundary
conditions, where α = 4 are shown in Fig. 3. Two curves are plotted for
each type of boundary conditions, one is obtained using the Ritz
approach and the other is obtained using Abaqus. Regardless of the type
of the boundary conditions, it is quite clear that there is an excellent
agreement between the numerical and semi-analytical results in Step-1.
This also applies to the SS-SS panels in Step-2, where the curves overlap.
For the other types of the boundary conditions, in which the clamped
edges are introduced, a negligible difference between the results de­
velops far in the postbuckling range (at the end of Step-2). As expected,
the highest transverse deflection at the panel centre at λ1 = 1 is obtained
for the SS-SS panel. This may have a crucial role in the tendency of the
bulged (buckled) panel to jump into another configuration (mode).
Apparently, all panels do not exhibit a mode-switch at the load level
when the load parameter value is up to α = 4. As opposed to the panels
with CC-SS and CC-CC boundary conditions, where the transverse
deflection at the panel centre seems to continue growing up at the end of
the postbuckling step, the curve related to the SS-SS panel reveals that
the deflection tends to reverse its direction indicating that there is a
possibility for a mode jumping event. Inspection of this case requires
increasing the load value of the in-plane compressive load. Considering
a load parameter value α = 6, the surface plots (note that these plots are
created within two different environments using Abaqus and MATLAB,
therefore, the colour bars may look different. Also, these plots are scaled
for demonstration purposes) illustrated in Fig. 4(a,b) show that the mode
jumps from the primary mode that has one bulge at the end of Step-1
into a new mode that consists of three bulges with alternating signs at
the end of Step-2. These results are obtained for the number of terms M
= 5 and N = 10 adopted based on the convergence study depicted in
Fig. 4(c). The converged results (M = 5, N = 10) shown in Fig. 4(c)
12
International Journal of Solids and Structures 282 (2023) 112458
reveal that the deflection at the panel centre continues increasing in
Step-2 until an abrupt mode-switch occurs, where a drastic drop in the
deflection is observed leading to a relatively smaller bulge with a
negative sign. Note that although the panel is subjected to a slowly
changing load, it undergoes a fast dynamic change of configuration.
Actually, previous studies have shown that the mode jumping occurs
within milliseconds revealing the dynamic nature of this phenomenon. It
can be seen that the results obtained using Abaqus and Ritz (M = 5, N =
10) accompanied with the mode jumping phenomenon are also in
excellent agreement. It is clear that accurate results can be obtained in
Step-1using a small and an equal number of terms for both in-plane and
out-of-plane displacements. However, more terms are needed for the in-
plane displacements than that for the out-of-plane displacement in the
post buckling range, especially, in case of mode jumping occurrence.
This is due to the fact that the in-plane equilibrium in Step-2 requires
using more trial functions to be adequately satisfied. This finding may be
adopted as a rule of thumb when tackling similar problems. That is, the
number of terms for the in-plane displacements may a priori be assumed
to be at least as twice as many of that for the out-of-plane displacement.
Using the same load level i.e., α = 6 is not able to make the square
CC-SS panel undergo a mode jumping. As such, the load parameter value
is increased to be α = 7. A summary of the results for this panel is given
in Fig. 5, where the modes before and after jumping are displayed. The
load–deflection curve shown in Fig. 5(c) confirms the accuracy of the
semi-analytical modelling of the problem under consideration. Looking
closely at this curve, one can observe that there is a load drop far in the
postbuckling range. This might be an indication for a loss of stiffness that
usually implies a presence of unstable phase in the equilibrium path such
as snap-back or snap-through phenomena. The load vs. end-shortening
diagram shown in Fig. 6(a) evidently reveals a snap-back (negative
stiffness) phenomenon in the equilibrium path. Now, it is a quite clear
that when the load reaches the value at which equilibrium becomes
unstable, the behaviour of the structure changes drastically. Actually,
this describes the dynamic nature of the mode jumping phenomenon in
this type of panels. It can also be observed from Fig. 6(a) that the panel
owns a high stiffness in Step-1. One of the reasons behind this behaviour
might be the contribution of the membrane effects (or stiffening effects)
caused by including the geometric nonlinearities in the analysis, as
explained in Section 3.1. At the beginning of Step-2 the stiffness starts
gradually decreasing until the mode jumping occurs, where the panel
completely loses its stiffness due to the snap-back phenomenon. Finally,
a new load-end-shortening path with a slight positive slope is followed
revealing a relatively low stiffness. This behaviour is, actually, similar to
A. Alhajahmad and C. Mittelstedt
Fig. 15. Evolution of the mode jumping for the SS-SS rectangular composite panels (α = 5, AR = 2).
that reported by the experimental work performed by Stein (Stein,
1959), where the jumps have been accompanied by a series of sharp
snap-backs.
In the experiment work on the aluminium plate conducted by Stein
(Stein, 1959), it has been observed that the mode jumping may occur in
the elastic and plastic ranges. Aluminium alloys such as 7075 and 2024
that are commonly used in sheet form for the wings and fuselage have
impressively large ultimate and yield strengths at more than 450 MPa.
For the panel under consideration, the value of the Von Mises stress
which is about 444 MPa is obtained at the load level λ2 = 0.82, as shown
in Fig. 6(b). Accordingly, it can be deduced from Fig. 6(a) that the mode
jumping takes place in the plastic range for the CC-SS square panel.
13
International Journal of Solids and Structures 282 (2023) 112458
4.1.2. Rectangular metallic panels
In the previous section, it has been demonstrated that the mode
jumping takes place earlier for the SS-SS square panel comparing with
the other types of boundary conditions. As mentioned before, the aspect
ratio for the rectangular panels is assumed to be AR = 2. Of course,
rectangular panels are more susceptible to the mode jumping phenom­
enon under the same compressive load levels than the square ones. The
square panels studied in the previous section have not experienced mode
changes when α = 4. As expected, for the same load level (i.e, α = 4) all
rectangular panels exhibit mode switches. Two examples for the SS-SS
and CC-SS panels are presented in Table 2. The jump resulted in a
change from a single large bulge at the end of Step-1 to three small
bulges at the end of Step-2. It can be noticed that, unlike the square
A. Alhajahmad and C. Mittelstedt
Fig. 16. Evolution of the mode jumping for the SS-SS rectangular composite panels (α = 5, AR = 2).
panels, the deflection at the panel centre keeps increasing as the load is
increased at the end of Step-2 (see Table 2). As a consequence, in the
absence of the mode shapes, the high rate of deflection increase at the
panel centre can be interpreted as a sign of a mode-switch. It is obvious
from the load–deflection history recorded at the panel centre (see
Table 2) that the numerical and semi-analytical results match very well.
In order to demonstrate how the mode with three small bulges de­
velops at higher load levels, the value of the load parameter is increased
to be α = 6. As an example, the response for the SS-SS panel is shown in
Fig. 7. It can be seen from the figures that the aforementioned small
bulges become bigger and two other bulges appear on the other side of
the panel (negative bulges). Tracing the out-of-plane motion of the panel
centre and a point located in the middle of a negative bulge results in the
curves depicted in Fig. 8(a,b). Obviously, the drop of the deflection in
the middle of the negative bulges is accompanied by a rapid increase in
the deflection at the panel centre which then suddenly tends to vary
slightly as the load is increased, while the deflection in the negative
bulges continues decreasing until the end of Step-2. The same trends are
obtained for the CC-SS panels, as shown in Fig. 9.
In the previous section, the CC-SS square panel exhibited a mode
jumping, which occurred in the plastic range. For the same panel with
AR = 2, the mode-switch occurs in the elastic range as shown in Fig. 10
(a), where the value of the Von Mises stress which is about 447 MPa is
obtained at the load value λ2 = 0.8, as shown in Fig. 10(b). As opposed to
the square panels, no snap-backs are observed in the postbuckling
regime for the rectangular panels during the mode jumping occurrence.
The load-end-shortening is almost bilinear in Step-2, where the stiffness
decreases after the mode-switch, as shown in Fig. 10(a).
4.2. Mode jumping of composite fuselage panels
Composite materials, due to their unique features, lighter weight,
high fatigue strength, and anticorrosion resistance, have begun to be
used more prominently to produce wings and fuselages in major com­
mercial aircraft (Alam et al., 2022). For instance, the majority of the
primary structures of the commercial aircrafts Boeing 787 Dreamliner
(Mou et al., 2020) and Airbus 350 XWB (FAST, 2013) are made of
composite materials.
In the previous sections, the mode jumping of metallic fuselage
panels has been addressed. The load levels at which the mode jumping
occurs have been predicted for different aspect ratios and boundary
14
International Journal of Solids and Structures 282 (2023) 112458
conditions. The lessons learned from that study can be used to investi­
gate the mode jumping of composite fuselage panels. Therefore, in this
section, the aluminium alloy is replaced by the graphite-epoxy
mentioned in Section 2.
Similar to the metallic panels, square and rectangular composite
panels with AR = 1 and AR = 2, respectively, are studied. Also, the same
three types of boundary conditions used for the metallic panels are
considered. For comparison purposes with the metallic panels, the load
parameter α = 6 will be used for addressing the square composite panels.
For the rectangular composite panels, on the other hand, the load
parameter α = 5 will be adopted. In practice and in common aircraft
structure applications, in particular, panels are designed to satisfy all
possible load cases and meet certain requirements. A laminate that may
satisfy multiple loads efficiently could be a quasi-isotropic (QI) laminate
with a stacking sequence [±45o/0◦ /90◦ ]2s. This laminate will be
considered for studying the mode jumping of the composite fuselage
panels.
4.2.1. Square composite panels
The primary mode and the mode jumping obtained using Ritz and
Abaqus for the square SS-SS panels are shown in Fig. 11(a,b). It can be
noticed that the displacements obtained for the square composite panel
are slightly different from those obtained for the metallic panel. For
example, the maximum displacement at the end of Step-1 is wmax = 7.4
mm for the composite panel while this value is wmax = 7.2 mm for the
metallic one. This means that the stiffness of both panels is comparable
and this is actually the reason why the QI laminate is called black
aluminium (Gürdal et al., 1998). As expected, the behaviour of the
composite QI panels regarding the mode jumping phenomenon is similar
to that for the aluminium panels. This is evident from Fig. 11(a,b). The
agreement between the semi-analytical and numerical results is excel­
lent, as shown in Fig. 11(c). It can be observed from the load-end-
shortening curve shown in Fig. 11(d) that during the mode jumping
event the panel loses its stiffness without showing distinct unstable
phase represented by a snap-back (note that the slope of the curve is
almost zero). In contrast to the behaviour of the CC-SS metallic panel
studied above, this can be attributed to the type of the boundary con­
dition of the panel under consideration (SS-SS).
The results obtained for the rest types of boundary conditions (CC-SS
and CC-CC) are illustrated in Figs. 12 and 13. These results have similar
trends in terms of mode jumping and stiffness behaviour to that shown
A. Alhajahmad and C. Mittelstedt
Fig. 17. Results for the CC-SS rectangular composite panel (α = 5, AR = 2).
by the CC-SS metallic square panel. A comparison among the diagrams
of the load–deflection at the panel centre for all boundary conditions
(see Fig. 14(a)) reveals that the curvature of the curves during the mode
jumping occurrence become sharper as the clamped boundary condi­
tions are utilized. This gives an idea about the influence of the type of the
boundary conditions on the nature of the mode jumping, which is more
abrupt for the CC-CC panel. It is worth noting that using clamped edges
delays the mode-change occurrence. The CC-CC panel possesses the
highest residual stiffness after the mode jumping occurrence, while the
rest types of boundary conditions own comparable relatively lower re­
sidual stiffness, as shown in Fig. 14(b).
15
International Journal of Solids and Structures 282 (2023) 112458
4.2.2. Rectangular composite panels
Details of the mode jumping evolution at different load increments
for the SS-SS panel obtained using Ritz and Abaqus are illustrated in
Fig. 15(a,b). It can be observed that the initial mode created due to the
pressure at λ1 = 1 starts switching after applying the in-plane
compressive force at a load increment close to λ 2 = 0.52. At the load
increment λ 2 = 0.75 three small bulges with positive signs emerge
which gradually become bigger and deeper as the compressive load is
increased leading to formation of two extra relatively smaller and more
shallow bulges with negative signs. These results are obtained based on
the convergence study depicted in Fig. 16(a), where the number of terms
M = 7 and N = 14 seem to offer a sufficient accuracy. It is worth noting
that the load–deflection curve obtained for M = 7 and N = 14 is similar
A. Alhajahmad and C. Mittelstedt
Fig. 18. Results for the CC-CC rectangular composite panel (α = 5, AR = 2).
to that obtained for the rectangular metallic panel depicted in Fig. 8(a).
Furthermore, the load-end-shortening diagram depicted in Fig. 16(b) is
similar to that obtained for the rectangular metallic panels, where the
curve is bilinear in Step-2. In general, the results for the rectangular
composite panels indicate similar trends regarding the mode jumping
phenomenon to that exhibited by the rectangular metallic panels. The
results for the rest of the types of the boundary conditions are illustrated
in Figs. 17 and 18, where the correlation between the numerical and
semi-analytical results is evident.
5. Summary and conclusions
In this paper, a novel semi-analytical model using the Ritz-based
16
International Journal of Solids and Structures 282 (2023) 112458
approach was developed to address the mode jumping phenomena in
pressurized fuselage panels. Composite and metallic panels bounded by
two frames and two stringers idealized as plates subjected to pressure
and in-plane loads were investigated. The loads were applied in two
consecutive steps. In the first step the cabin pressure was applied which
resulted in an initial mode pattern. In the second step (or postbuckling
step), the panel was loaded by an in-plane axial compressive load that
caused an abrupt alteration in the initial mode shape leading to a mode
jumping event. Three different types of boundary conditions and two
aspect ratios were considered for investigating their influence on the
mode jumping occurrence. The accuracy of the results obtained from the
semi-analytical model was verified using the finite element package
Abaqus. It was demonstrated that the semi-analytical approach was able
A. Alhajahmad and C. Mittelstedt International Journal of Solids and Structures 282 (2023) 112458

to successfully capture the mode jumping phenomenon and predict the tailoring the mode jumping to have a special configuration that can be
corresponding loads. It was also shown that, as opposed to the rectan­ exploited for improving the aerodynamic performance and structural
gular composite panels, the mode-switch of square panels is accompa­ adaptability.
nied with a complete loss of stiffness. Additionally, the nature of the
mode jumping of square panels is more violent than that for the rect­
angular ones. The results concerning the effects of the boundary con­ Declaration of Competing Interest
ditions demonstrated that the clamped edges can delay the mode-change
event and provide the panels with the highest residual stiffness after the The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
mode jumping occurrence. interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
The computational efficiency offered by the semi-analytical model the work reported in this paper.
developed in this work can be exploited for performing design optimi­
zation studies that usually require a large number of iterations. For Data availability
example, the optimum stacking sequence of composite laminates can be
determined for delaying the mode jumping occurrence. Data will be made available on request.
The study in the present article was restricted to isotropic and
traditional constant-stiffness straight-fibre panels. The current work can Acknowledgements
be extended to investigate the mode jumping phenomena in the
variable-stiffness composite laminates. It is expected that adopting the The authors are grateful for the financial support by the German
variable-stiffness concept based on curvilinear fibres can highly enable Research Foundation DFG [project number 509719919].

Appendix I

The stiffnesses Aij and Dij are computed using the following relations:
∑Nply (k) 1∑Nply (k) 3
Aij = Q (Zk+1 − Zk ), Dij =
k=1 ij
Q (Z − Zk3 )
3 k=1 ij k+1

The transformed reduced stiffnesses Q of an orthotropic layer at angle θ is given in terms of the invariants as,
(k)
ij

Q11 = U1 + U2 cos2θ + U3 cos4θ, Q12 = U4 − U3 cos4θ, Q22 = U1 − U2 cos2θ + U3 cos4θ

1 1 1
Q16 = U2 sin2θ + U3 sin4θ, Q26 = U2 sin2θ − U3 sin4θ, Q66 = (U1 − U4 ) − U3 cos4θ
2 2 2

where the invariants are given in terms of the reduced stiffnesses Qij by,
1 1
U1 = (3Q11 + 3Q22 + 2Q12 + 4Q66 ), U2 = (Q11 − Q22 )
8 2

1 1
U3 = (Q11 + Q22 − 2Q12 − 4Q66 ), U4 = (Q11 + Q22 + 6Q12 − 4Q66 )
8 8
The reduced stiffnesses of the orthotropic layers are given in terms of the engineering constants of the material as,
E1 υ12 E2 υ21 E1 E2
Q11 = , Q12 = = , Q22 = , Q66 = G12
1 − υ12 υ21 1 − υ12 υ21 1 − υ12 υ21 1 − υ12 υ21

Appendix II

∫ a ∫ b
Kilub = (A11 Φui,x Φul,x + A66 Φui,y Φul,y )dxdy
0 0

∫ a ∫ b
Kiluc = (A12 Φvi,y Φul,x + A66 Φvi,x Φul,y )dxdy
0 0

∫ a ∫ b( )
1
Kijluaa = A11 Φwi,x Φwj,x Φul,x + A12 Φwi,y Φwj,y Φul,x + A66 Φwi,x Φwj,y Φul,y + A66 Φwi,y Φwj,x Φul,y dxdy
2 0 0

∫ a ∫ b
Kilvb = (A12 Φui,x Φvl,y + A66 Φui,y Φvl,x )dxdy
0 0

∫ a ∫ b
Kilvc = (A22 Φvi,y Φvl,y + A66 Φvi,x Φvl,x )dxdy
0 0

∫ a ∫ b( )
1
Kijlvaa = A12 Φwi,x Φwj,x Φvl,y + A22 Φwi,y Φwj,y Φvl,y + A66 Φwi,x Φwj,y Φvl,x + A66 Φwi,y Φwj,x Φvl,x dxdy
2 0 0

17
A. Alhajahmad and C. Mittelstedt International Journal of Solids and Structures 282 (2023) 112458

∫ ∫ b( )
a D11 Φwi,xx Φwl,xx + D12 Φwi,yy Φwl,xx + D12 Φwi,xx Φwl,yy + D22 Φwi,yy Φwl,yy + 2D16 Φwi,xx Φwl,xy +
Kil = dxdy
0 0 2D16 Φwi,xy Φwl,xx + 2D26 Φwi,yy Φwl,xy + 2D26 Φwi,xy Φwl,yy + 4D66 Φwi,xy Φwl,xy

∫ a ∫ b( )
wba
Kikl = A11 Φui,x Φwk,x Φwl,x + A12 Φui,x Φwk,y Φwl,y + A66 Φui,y Φwk,y Φwl,x + A66 Φui,y Φwk,x Φwl,y dxdy
0 0

∫ a ∫ b( )
wca
Kikl = A12 Φvi,y Φwk,x Φwl,x + A22 Φvi,y Φwk,y Φwl,y + A66 Φvi,x Φwk,y Φwl,x + A66 Φvi,x Φwk,x Φwl,y dxdy
0 0

∫ ∫ b( )
waaa 1 a A11 Φwi,x Φwj,x Φwk,x Φwl,x + A12 Φwi,y Φwj,y Φwk,x Φwl,x + A12 Φwi,x Φwj,x Φwk,y Φwl,y + A22 Φwi,y Φwj,y Φwk,y Φwl,y +
Kijkl = dxdy
2 0 0 A66 Φwi,x Φwj,y Φwk,y Φwl,x + A66 Φwi,x Φwj,y Φwk,x Φwl,y + A66 Φwi,y Φwj,x Φwk,y Φwl,x + A66 Φwi,y Φwj,x Φwk,x Φwl,y

∫ a ∫ b
Pl = pΦwl dxdy
0 0

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