SECTION A: SPOT QUESTIONS 40 MARKS

INSTRUCTIONS
 Identify spots (1-8)
 Answer the corresponding questions in the space provided
 Each spot carries five (5) Marks

SPOT NUMBER ONE (5 MARKS)

A. Identify the spot Adult tapeworm segments

B. Mention two (2) classification orders belonging to the identified spot
i. Cyclophillidean
ii. Pseudophillidean
C. List two (2) larval stages in which the identified spot can pass through
i. Cysticercus bovis
ii. Cysticercus cellulosae.

SPOT NUMBER TWO (5 MARKS)

A. Identify the spot Adult round worm (Ascaris lumbricoides)

B. Mention four (4) complications of identified spot:

i. Abdominal pain
ii. Intestinal obstruction.
iii. Pulmonary symptoms
iv. Pneumonitis - Loffler’s syndrome
v. Increased eosinophil.

SPOT NUMBER THREE (5 MARKS)

A. Identify the spot Giemsa stain powder

B. Mention two (2) ingredients that are used together with the identified spot:
i. Glycerine.
ii. Methanol/ Ethanol
C. List two (2) types of Romanowsky stains which has the same use as identified spot
i. Field stain A and B
 ii. Leishman stain.
iii. Wright stain

SPOT NUMBER FOUR (5 MARKS)

A. Identify the spot Plasmodium species

B. Mention four (4) developmental stages occurs in schizogony cycle
i. Trophozoite
ii. Schizonts
iii. Merozoites
iv. Gametocytes

SPOT NUMBER FIVE (5 MARKS)

A. Identify the spot Schistosoma haematobium ova

B. List four (4) developmental stages of identified spot:
i. Egg
ii. Miracidium
iii. Sporocyst
iv. Cercariae

SPOT NUMBER SIX (5 MARKS)

A. Identify the spot Trypanosome species

B. State four (4) morphological features of identified spot:
i. Presence of free flagellum
ii. Presence of undulating membrane
iii. Presence of nucleus
iv. Presence of kinetoplast
SPOT NUMBER SEVEN (5 MARKS)

A. Identify the spot Microfilaria

B. List three (3) sheathed species of identified spot
i. W. bancrofti
ii. Brugia malayi
iii. Loa loa
C. Mention one (1) unsheathed species of identified spot
Onchocerca volvulus
Mansonella ozzardi

SPOT NUMBER EIGHT (5 MARKS)

A. Identify the spot Schistosoma mansoni ova

B. Mention three (3) most preventive and control measures of identified spot
i. Avoiding contact with water known to contain cercariae
ii. By Eradicating snail using chemicals
iii. Introducing fish or other species of snail
iv. Provision of public health education
v. Treating infected individual
C. Mention the intermediate host of the identified spot
Biomphalaria species snail
SECTION B: HANDS ON QUESTIONS 60 MARKS

1. A young boy of 15 year old attended Nyakahanga Health Centre with a complaints
of abdominal pain and coughing for a month. However he has been examined many
times in different laboratory around his village but still there were no improvement.
The clinician requested him to collect stool and submit in laboratory for further
investigations. Use the material given to process the stool sample and answer the
following questions (30 Marks)

A. Name the test method (3 Marks)

Concentration method by Formal saline

B. List materials and reagents needed (10 Marks)

At least ten (10)

 10% Formalin
 Ether
 Normal Saline
 Gloves
 Gauze
 Applicator sticks
 Centrifuge tubes
 Pestle and motor
 Glass slides
 Cover glass
 Pasteur pipette
 Measuring cylinder
 Centrifuge
 Microscope
 Stool

C. Write the procedure according to SOPS (14 Marks)

 Wear gloves, mask and goggles
 Measure 10 mls of 10% formal saline in to a clean measuring cylinder and pour
into the clean motor
 Place 5 grams of stool in the motor using a wooden applicator stick
 Emulsify the stool with pestle
 Sieve the suspension through a two layers cotton gauze into the universal bottle
 Add 3mls of Ether into Universal bottle and screw the cap tightly
 Shake vigorously
 Transfer the mixture into a plain glass centrifuge tube and centrifuge at 3000 rpm
for 3 minutes
 Remove the tubes from the centrifuge machine
  Loosen the plug of the debris with an applicator stick and decant the supernatant
 Tap the tube to mix the sediment
 Transfer a drop of sediment on to a clean glass slide using a Pasteur pipette
 Examine the preparation under the microscope by using x10 and x40 objectives for
intestinal parasites
 A positive specimen will be indicated by presence of intestinal parasites ova

D. Report your results (3 Marks)

Any of the following parasitic ova may be seen
 Hookworm ova, Ascaris lumbricoides ova

2. You are provided with blood in haematological container marked “B” from a client
with the complaints of joint pain, general body malaise, fever, headache and
vomiting. The specimen was collected during night with the doctor in call
suspecting the presence of haemoparasites. Using the materials provided, Perform
the necessary test according to the SOPs and answer the following questions
(30 Marks)

A. Name the test method (3 Marks)

Buffy Coat Technique
B. List materials and reagents (10 Marks)
At least 10

 Heparinized capillary tube

 Gloves
 Microscopic slides
 Cover slips
 Sealing wax
 Microhaematocrit centrifuge machine
 Microscope
 Whole blood
 Drying rack
 Gauze or Cotton wool
 Glass cutting file

C. Write down your procedure (10 Marks)

i. Wear protective gloves.
ii. Draw blood in a capillary tube.
iii. Seal one end of the capillary tube with sealing wax.
iv. Centrifuge for 5 minutes at 10,000 revolutions per minute (RPM).
v. Break the capillary tube using a glass file at the buffy coat layer
 vi. Place the centrifuged capillary tube on the microscope stage and examine the buffy for
motile trypanosomes using 10x objectives.
vii. .
viii. Transfer the buffy coat layer on the slide by taping the tube.
ix. Put on a cover slip.
x. Examine the preparation for motile trypanosomes using 10 x objectives.
xi. Examine parasites in more detail using 40x objective

D. Report and comment on your results (7 Marks)

Sample B: Negative since no haemoparasites seen (3 marks)
I suggest prepare smear from buffy coat for plasmodium species (4 marks)