1.4.5. Българските Земи в Архивите

ǯȈǹǱǮǾǿǸǶȀǳ ǵǳǺǶ ǰ ǮǾȃǶǰǶȀǳ
Ƕ ǲǼǸȁǺǳǻȀǶȀǳ ǼȀ XVIII – XIX ǰǳǸ:

ǺǼǲǳǾǻǼǿȀ Ƕ ȀǾǮǲǶȄǶȍ
THE BULGARIAN LANDS IN THE ARCHIVES

AND DOCUMENTS OF THE 18th – 19th CENTURY:
MODERNITY AND TRADITION
ǿȏȜȞțȖȘȨȠ ȟȓ ȖȕȒȎȐȎ ȝȜ ȝȞȜȓȘȠ: „ǶțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțȓț ȝȜȞȠȎș ȕȎ ȎȞȣȖȐ-
țȜ-ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȜ țȎȟșȓȒȟȠȐȜ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓ“, ȝȜ ǲȜȑȜȐȜȞ
Ɋ Ǹǽ-06-ǻ 25/2 ȜȠ 13.12.2018 ȑ., Ȗ ȎțȓȘȟ ȘȨȚ ȒȜȑȜȐȜȞȎ ȟ țȜȚȓȞ: ȂǻǶ-2912
ȜȠ17.12.2020 ȑ., ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȓț ȜȠ ȂȜțȒ „ǻȎȡȥțȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ“ ȘȨȚ ǺȖțȖȟ-
ȠȓȞȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ țȎȡȘȎȠȎ.
ǳȘȖȝȨȠ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ țȜȟȖ ȤȭșȎȠȎ ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ

ȟȏȜȞțȖȘȎ Ȗ ȝȞȖ țȖȘȎȘȐȖ ȜȏȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȎ țȓ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȖȓȚȓ ȘȎȠȜ ȜȢȖ-
ȤȖȎșțȎ ȝȜȕȖȤȖȭ țȎ ȂȜțȒ „ǻȎȡȥțȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ“ ȖșȖ țȎ ǺȖțȖȟȠȓȞȟȠȐȜȠȜ
țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ țȎȡȘȎȠȎ.
© ǲȜȤ. Ȓ-Ȟ ȃȞȖȟȠȖȭț ǮȠȎțȎȟȜȐ, ȝȞȜȢ. Ȓ.ț. ǼȞșȖț ǿȨȏȓȐ, ȟȨȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ Ȗ

țȎȡȥțȖ ȞȓȒȎȘȠȜȞȖ, 2022
© ȅș.-ȘȜȞ. ȝȞȜȢ. Ȓ.Ȗ.ț. ǾȡȚȭțȎ ǾȎȒȘȜȐȎ, ȝȞȜȢ. Ȓ.Ȗ.ț. ǰȓȞȎ ǯȜțȓȐȎ, țȎ-
ȡȥțȖ ȞȓȤȓțȕȓțȠȖ, 2022
© ǲ-Ȟ ȃȞȖȟȠȜ ȃȞȖȟȠȜȐ, ȒȖȕȎȗț țȎ ȘȜȞȖȤȎȠȎ, 2022
© ǮȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȜ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ „ǵȎ ȏȡȘȐȖȠȓ – Ǽ ȝȖȟȚȓțȓȣȪ“, 2022
© ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠ ȝȜ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȜȕțȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ, 2022
ISBN 978-619-185-585-8
ǯȈǹǱǮǾǿǸǶȀǳ ǵǳǺǶ ǰ ǮǾȃǶǰǶȀǳ
Ƕ ǲǼǸȁǺǳǻȀǶȀǳ ǼȀ XVIII – XIX ǰǳǸ:
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɱɧɨ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ „Ɂɚ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ – Ɉ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɟɯɶ“

ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2022
THE BULGARIAN LANDS IN THE ARCHIVES
AND DOCUMENTS OF THE 18th – 19th CENTURY:
MODERNITY AND TRADITION
The book is published under the project “Information Portal for Archival-
Documentary Heritage of the Bulgarian Revival”, Contract Ɋ KP-06-ǻ 25/2,
13.12.2018, and Annex to Contract Ɋ ȂǻǶ-2912, 17.12.2020, financed by
National Science Fund of the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science.
The project team is solely responsible for the content of the edition, which
can under no circumstances be taken as the official position of the Science Fund
or the Ministry of Education and Science.
© Assoc. Prof. PhD Hristiyan Atanasov, Prof. DSc Orlin Sabev, compilers
and scientific editors, 2022
© Associated Member of the Bulgarian Academy of Science Prof. DSc Rum-
yana Radkova, Prof. DSc Vera Boneva, scientific reviewers, 2022
© Hristo Hristov, PhD, book cover design, 2022
© Academic Publisher “Za bukvite – O pismeneh”, 2022
© University of Library Studies and Information Technologies, 2022
ISBN 978-619-185-585-8
ǽȜȟȐȓȧȎȐȎ ȟȓ țȎ 80-ȑȜȒȖȦțȖțȎȠȎ
țȎ ȒȜȤ. ǺȎȞȖȭ ǸȎșȖȤȖț
ǿȈǲȈǾǴǮǻǶǳ
ǽǾǳǲǱǼǰǼǾ ................................................................................................. 13
ǵǮ ǽǾǼǳǸȀǮ................................................................................................. 16
ǲȍǹ ǽȈǾǰǶ
ǲǼǸȁǺǳǻȀǶ Ƕ ǶǿȀǼǾǶȅǳǿǸǶ ǾǮǵǸǮǵ
ǼǿǺǮǻǿǸǶ ǲǼǸȁǺǳǻȀǶ ǵǮ ǿȈǵǲǮǰǮǻǳȀǼ ǻǮ ǳǲǶǻ ǻǼǰ
ǱǾǮǲ: ǼǾȃǮǻǶǳ (ǯǼȀǳǰǱǾǮǲ)............................................................. 21
ǼȞșȖț ǿȨȏȓȐ
ǻǳǶǵǰǳǿȀǳǻ ǲǼǸȁǺǳǻȀ ǵǮ ȀǾȈǻ Ƕ ǿǮǺǼǸǼǰǿǸǶȍ
ǵǼǱǾǮȂ ǸǼǿȀǮǲǶǻ ǰǮǹȊǼǰ ............................................................... 63
ǻȎȒȭ ǺȎțȜșȜȐȎ-ǻȖȘȜșȜȐȎ
ǲǻǳǰǻǶǸ ǻǮ ȅǶȀǮǹǶȇǳ „ǮǾȃǮǻǱǳǹ ǺǶȃǮǶǹ“
ǸǮȀǼ ǶǵǰǼǾ ǵǮ ǸȁǹȀȁǾǻǮȀǮ ǺǼǲǳǾǻǶǵǮȄǶȍ
ǻǮ ǯȈǹǱǮǾǿǸǮȀǮ ǼǯȇǻǼǿȀ ǰ ǱǾǮǲ ȆȁǺǳǻ
ǽǾǳǵ 60-Ȁǳ Ƕ 70-Ȁǳ ǱǼǲǶǻǶ ǻǮ XIX ǰǳǸ......................................... 75
ǰȓȞȎ ǯȜțȓȐȎ
ǼǿǺǮǻǿǸǶȍȀ ǽǾǳǰǼǲ ǻǮ ǳǲǶǻ ǽǾǶǵǶǰ
ǻǮ ǺǶȀǾǼǽǼǹǶȀ ǱǾǶǱǼǾǶǷ ǲǼǾǼǿȀǼǹǿǸǶ
Ƕ ȅǳǾǰǳǻǿǸǶ........................................................................................... 100
ǶȞȖțȎ ǿȎȞȨȖȐȎțȜȐȎ
ǯȈǹǱǮǾǶ ǰ ǼǿǺǮǻǿǸǮȀǮ ǴǮǻǲǮǾǺǳǾǶȍ?
ǻǼǰǶ ǲǮǻǻǶ ǼȀ 60-Ȁǳ ǱǼǲǶǻǶ ǻǮ XIX ǰǳǸ .............................. 116
ȃȞȖȟȠȖȭț ǮȠȎțȎȟȜȐ
ȀǳǸǳȀǼ ǺȁǿǮ ǯǮǯǮ ǽǾǶ ǿǳǹǼ Ƕǵǯȁǹ, ǻǼǰǼǽǮǵǮǾǿǸǼ, ǰ
ǾǮǵǸǮǵǮ „ǲȍǲǼ ǲǼǯǾǶ“ ǻǮ ǶǹǶȍ ǾǮȆǸǼǰ ǯǹȈǿǸǼǰ ....... 140
ǺȓȚȖȦ ǺȓȞȒȎț
ǲȍǹ ǰȀǼǾǶ
ǮǾȃǶǰǶ, ǶǵǿǹǳǲǰǮǻǶȍ Ƕ ǽǳǾǿǽǳǸȀǶǰǶ
ǳǲǶǻ ǼǿǺǮǻǿǸǶ ǾǳǱǶǿȀȈǾ ǼȀ ǿǾǳǲǮȀǮ ǻǮ XVIII ǰǳǸ
ǸǮȀǼ ǶǵǰǼǾ ǵǮ ǲǳǺǼǱǾǮȂǿǸǮȀǮ Ƕ ǸǼǻȂǳǿǶǼǻǮǹǻǮ
ǶǿȀǼǾǶȍ ǻǮ ǿǳǰǳǾǼǶǵȀǼȅǻǮ ǯȈǹǱǮǾǶȍ............................... 171
ǻȓȐȓțȎ ǻȓȒȓșȥȓȐȎ
ǲǮ ǽǼȀȈǾǿǶȆ ǽǾǳǽǶȀǮǻǶǳ ǰ ǲǼǯǾȁǲǴǮ
ǽǾǳǵ XIX ǰǳǸ ............................................................................................ 188
ǿȠȜȭțȘȎ ǸȓțȒȓȞȜȐȎ
7
ǵǻǮȅǳǻǶǳȀǼ ǻǮ ǼǿǺǮǻǿǸǶȀǳ ǽǾǳǯǾǼǶȀǳǹǻǶ
ǾǳǱǶǿȀǾǶ ǼȀ 60-Ȁǳ ǱǼǲǶǻǶ ǻǮ XIX ǰǳǸ
ǵǮ ǶǵǿǹǳǲǰǮǻǳ ǻǮ ǿǳǺǳǷǻǼ-ǯǾǮȅǻǶȀǳ
ǼȀǻǼȆǳǻǶȍ ǽǼ ǯȈǹǱǮǾǿǸǶȀǳ ǵǳǺǶ........................................ 226
ǲȎțȖȓșȎ ǮțȑȓșȜȐȎ
ǾǼǲǼǰǶȀǳ ǮǾȃǶǰǶ ǸǮȀǼ ǶǵǰǼǾǶ ǵǮ ǱǳǻǳǮǹǼǱǶȍȀǮ
Ƕ ǶǿȀǼǾǶȍȀǮ ǻǮ ǯȈǹǱǮǾǿǸǼȀǼ ǰȈǵǾǮǴǲǮǻǳ .................... 252
ǺȎȞȖȭ ǹȓȐȘȜȐȎ-ǺȡȥȖțȜȐȎ
ǮǾȃǶǰǻǶ ǺǮȀǳǾǶǮǹǶ, ǽǼǿǰǳȀǳǻǶ
ǻǮ ǰȈǵǾǼǴǲǳǻǿǸǶȀǳ ȀȈǾǱǼǰȄǶ ǰȈǰ ȂǼǻǲǮ
ǻǮ ǮȀǮǻǮǿ ȆǼǽǼǰ ǰ ǻǮȁȅǻǶȍ ǮǾȃǶǰ ǻǮ ǯǮǻ (Ȃ. 41Ǹ)...... 266
ǶȐȎȗșȜ ǻȎȗȒȓțȜȐ
ǲǼǸȁǺǳǻȀǶ Ƕ ǮǾȃǶȀǳǸȀȁǾǻǶ ǽǹǮǻǼǰǳ
ǻǮ ȄȈǾǸǰǶ ǼȀ ǸǾǮȍ ǻǮ XIX Ƕ ǻǮȅǮǹǼȀǼ ǻǮ XX ǰǳǸ,
ǿȈȃǾǮǻȍǰǮǻǶ ǰ ǼǿǺǮǻǿǸǶȍ ǮǾȃǶǰ
ǰ ǶǿȀǮǻǯȁǹ .............................................................................................. 286
ǿȠȓȢȎț ǲȖȚȖȠȞȜȐ
ǽǳǾǶǼǲǶȅǻǶȍȀ ǽǳȅǮȀ ǸǮȀǼ ǶǵǰǼǾ ǵǮ ǽǾǼȁȅǰǮǻǳ
ǻǮ ȁǾǯǮǻǶǵǮȄǶȍȀǮ ǰ ǯȈǹǱǮǾǿǸǶȀǳ ǵǳǺǶ
ǽǼǲ ǼǿǺǮǻǿǸǮ ǰǹǮǿȀ ǽǾǳǵ ȀǾǳȀǮȀǮ
ȅǳȀǰȈǾȀ ǻǮ XIX ǰǳǸ............................................................................. 312
ǰȓțȤȖȟșȎȐ ǺȡȥȖțȜȐ
ǸǮǸ ǿǳ ǽǾǳǲǿȀǮǰȍȀ ǼǿǺǮǻǿǸǶȍȀ ȂǮǹǶȀ ǼȀ 1875 Ǳ. Ƕ
ǶǵȀǼȅǻǶȍȀ ǰȈǽǾǼǿ ǰ ǯǾǶȀǮǻǿǸǮȀǮ ǽǾǳǿǮ?....................... 328
ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ ǯȜȕȜȐ
ǽǮǵǮǾǻǶ ǿȄǳǻǶ ǰ ǯȈǹǱǮǾǿǸǮȀǮ ǴǶǰǼǽǶǿ
ǼȀ ǸǾǮȍ ǻǮ ȃǥȃ Ƕ ǻǮȅǮǹǼȀǼ ǻǮ ȃȃ ǰǳǸ
(ǵǮ ǳȀǻǼǱǾǮȂǶǵǺǮ ǰ ǮǸǮǲǳǺǶȅǻǶȍ ǿȀǶǹ) .......................... 362
ǹȬȏȜȚȖȞ ǺȖȘȜȐ
ǲȍǹ ȀǾǳȀǶ
ǮǾȃǶǰǻǶ ǸǼǹǳǸȄǶǶ Ƕ ǼǯȁȅǳǻǶǳ
ǲǼǸȁǺǳǻȀǶ ǵǮ ǯȈǹǱǮǾǿǸǼȀǼ ǰȈǵǾǮǴǲǮǻǳ,
ǿȈȃǾǮǻȍǰǮǻǶ ǰ ǯȈǹǱǮǾǿǸǶȍ ǶǿȀǼǾǶȅǳǿǸǶ
ǮǾȃǶǰ ǽǾǶ ǻǮȄǶǼǻǮǹǻǮȀǮ ǯǶǯǹǶǼȀǳǸǮ
„ǿǰ. ǿǰ. ǸǶǾǶǹ Ƕ ǺǳȀǼǲǶǷ“ ............................................................ 389
ǾȡȟșȎț ǶȐȎțȜȐ
ǸǼǹǳǸȄǶȍ ǿȀǮǾǼǽǳȅǮȀǻǶ ǸǻǶǱǶ ǼȀ ȀǾȍǰǻǮ .................... 407
ǶȞȖțȎ ǲȖȚȖȠȞȜȐȎ
8
ǼǯǾǮǵǼǰǮǻǶǳȀǼ ǽǼ ǮǾȃǶǰǶǿȀǶǸǮ
Ƕ ǲǼǸȁǺǳǻȀǮǹǶǿȀǶǸǮ ǰ ȁǻǶǯǶȀ: ǮǿǽǳǸȀǶ
ǻǮ ǿȀȁǲǳǻȀǿǸǼȀǼ ǺǻǳǻǶǳ ............................................................ 423
ȀȎțȭ ȀȜȒȜȞȜȐȎ, ȃȞȖȟȠȖȭț ǮȠȎțȎȟȜȐ, ǿȨȏȖțȎ ǳȢȠȖȚȜȐȎ,
ǺȎȑȒȎșȓțȎ ǱȎȞȐȎțȜȐȎ, ǮțȎ ǺȖșȖȥ
ǶǻǰǳǿȀǶȄǶȍ ǰ ǯȈǲǳȇǳȀǼ: ȁȅǮǿȀǶǳ
ǻǮ ǿȀȁǲǳǻȀǶȀǳ ǼȀ ǿǽǳȄǶǮǹǻǼǿȀ „ǮǾȃǶǰǶǿȀǶǸǮ
Ƕ ǲǼǸȁǺǳǻȀǮǹǶǿȀǶǸǮ“ ǰ ǽǾǼǳǸȀ, ǼǾǶǳǻȀǶǾǮǻ
ǸȈǺ ǰȈǵǺǼǴǻǼǿȀ ǵǮ ǽǹǮǰǳǻ ǽǾǳȃǼǲ
ǼȀ ǼǯǾǮǵǼǰǮȀǳǹǻǮȀǮ ǶǻǿȀǶȀȁȄǶȍ
ǸȈǺ ǾǳǮǹǶǵǮȄǶȍ ǻǮ ȀǾȁǲǼǰǶȍ ǽǮǵǮǾ ................................... 438
ǿȨȏȖțȎ ǳȢȠȖȚȜȐȎ
ǵǮȇǶȀǮ ǻǮ ǮǰȀǼǾǿǸǶȀǳ ǽǾǮǰǮ ǰ ǿǶǱȁǾǻǮ
ǳǹǳǸȀǾǼǻǻǮ ǿǾǳǲǮ ǽǾǶ ǶǵǽǼǹǵǰǮǻǳ ǻǮ
ǽǾǼǶǵǰǳǲǳǻǶȍ ǿ ǼǯǾǮǵǼǰǮȀǳǹǻǮ Ȅǳǹ .................................. 474
ǻȎȒȓȔȒȎ ȀȜȚȜȐȎ, ǲȖȚȖȠȞȖțȎ ǯȜȭȒȔȖȓȐȎ, ǺȖȚȖ ȀȜȦȓȐȎ,
ǻȓșȖ ǻȖțȜȐȎ, ǶȞȓț ǶșȖȓȐȎ
ǻȍǸǼǶ ǿȈǰǾǳǺǳǻǻǶ ǮǿǽǳǸȀǶ ǻǮ ǸȁǹȀȁǾǼǻǼǺǶȅǻǮȀǮ
ǲǼǸȁǺǳǻȀǼǹǼǱǶȍ Ƕ ǾǮǯǼȀǮȀǮ ǿ ǲǼǸȁǺǳǻȀǶ.
ǮǾȃǶǰǶǾǮǻǳ Ƕ ǿǶǱȁǾǻǼǿȀ ǻǮ ǲǼǸȁǺǳǻȀǻǮȀǮ
ǶǻȂǼǾǺǮȄǶȍ.......................................................................................... 489
ǻȓșȖ ǻȖțȜȐȎ, ǶȞȓț ǶșȖȓȐȎ, ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ ǲȖȚȖȠȞȜȐ
9
CONTENTS
PREFACE........................................................................................................ 13
ABOUT PROJECT ........................................................................................ 16
PART ONE
RECORDS AND HISTORICAL NARRATIVES
OTTOMAN DOCUMENTS ABOUT THE ESTABLISHMENT
OF A NEW CITY IN 1865–1866: ORHANIYE (BOTEVGRAD).............. 21
Orlin Sabev
UNKNOWN DOCUMENT ABOUT TRAN AND THE PAINTER
KOSTADIN VALIOV FROM SAMOKOV ................................................. 63
Nadya Manolova-Nikolova
A REGISTER OF THE READING ROOM (CHITALISHTE)
“ARKHANGEL MIHAIL” AS A SOURCE FOR THE CULTURAL
MODERNIZATION OF THE BULGARIAN COMMUNITY
IN THE TOWN OF SHUMEN IN THE 1860S AND 1870S ....................... 75
Vera Boneva
A TRANSLATION IN OTTOMAN TURKISH OF AN APPEAL
FROM THE METROPOLITAN BISHOP GREGORY
OF DOROSTOL AND CHERVEN............................................................. 100
Irina Saraivanova
WERE THERE BULGARIANS IN THE OTTOMAN
GENDARMERIE? NEW EVIDENCE FROM THE 1860S...................... 116
Hristiyan Atanasov
THE TÜRBE OF MUSA BABA NEAR THE VILLAGE OF IZBUL,
NOVI PAZAR MUNICIPALITY, IN ILIYA RASHKOV BLASKOV’S
SHORT STORY “DIADO DOBRI”............................................................ 140
Memish Merdan
PART TWO
ARCHIVES, STUDIES AND PERSPECTIVES
AN OTTOMAN REGISTER FROM THE MID-18TH CENTURY
AS A SOURCE FOR THE DEMOGRAPHIC
AND CONFESSIONAL HISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN
BULGARIA ................................................................................................... 171
Nevena Nedelcheva
SEEKING A LIVELIHOOD IN 19TH-CENTURY DOBRUDJA.......... 188
Stoyanka Kenderova
10
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE OTTOMAN CENSUS REGISTERS
FROM THE 1860S FOR THE STUDY OF FAMILY
AND MARRIAGE RELATIONS IN THE BULGARIAN LANDS ........ 226
Daniela Angelova
THE FAMILY ARCHIVES AS SOURCES
ABOUT THE GENEALOGY AND HISTORY
OF THE BULGARIAN NATIONAL REVIVAL....................................... 252
Maria Levkova-Muchinova
ARCHIVAL MATERIALS ABOUT MERCHANTS
OF THE BULGARIAN NATIONAL REVIVAL PERIOD
IN THE FUND OF ATANAS SHOPOV PRESERVED
IN THE ARCHIVE OF THE BULGARIAN ACADEMY
OF SCIENCES (FUND 41K) ...................................................................... 266
Ivaylo Naydenov
DOCUMENTS AND ARCHITECTURAL PLANS OF BULGARIAN
CHURCHES, DATING FROM THE LATE 19TH AND EARLY
20TH CENTURIES AND PRESERVED IN THE OTTOMAN
ARCHIVE IN ISTANBUL........................................................................... 286
Stefan Dimitrov
THE PERIODICAL PRESS AS A SOURCE OF THE STUDY OF THE
URBANIZATION IN THE BULGARIAN LANDS UNDER OTTOMAN
RULE IN THE THIRD QUARTER OF THE 19TH CENTURY ........... 312
Ventsislav Muchinov
HOW THE OTTOMAN DEFAULT OF 1875
AND THE EASTERN QUESTION WERE REPRESENTED
IN THE BRITISH PRESS? ........................................................................ 328
Dimitar Bozov
SCENES OF MARKET PLACES IN LATE 19TH-
AND EARLY 20TH-CENTURY BULGARIAN PAINTING
(ON ETHNOGRAPHY IN ACADEMICISM) ........................................... 362
Lyubomir Mikov
PART THREE
ARCHIVAL COLLECTIONS AND EDUCATION
DOCUMENTS ABOUT THE BULGARIAN REVIVAL
PRESERVED IN THE BULGARIAN HISTORICAL ARCHIVES
OF THE NATIONAL LIBRARY “ST. ST. CYRIL
AND METHODIUS” .................................................................................... 389
Ruslan Ivanov
11
THE COLLECTION OF “OLD PRINTED BOOKS”
FROM TRYǮVNA ........................................................................................ 407
Irina Dimitrova
ARCHIVAL AND DOCUMENTARY STUDIES EDUCATION
AT ULSIT: ASPECTS OF STUDENTS’ OPINIONS.............................. 423
Tania Todorova, Hristiyan Atanasov, Sabina Eftimova,
Magdalena Garvanova, Ana Miliþ
INVESTMENT IN THE FUTURE: PARTICIPATION OF STUDENTS
INVOLVED IN “ARCHIVAL AND DOCUMENTARY STUDIES“
PROGRAM IN A PROJECT ORIENTED TOWARDS THE
POSSIBILITY OF A SMOOTH TRANSITION FROM THE
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION TO THE LABOR MARKET
REALIZATION............................................................................................. 438
Sabina Eftimova
COPYRIGHT PROTECTION IN A SECURE ELECTRONIC
ENVIRONMENT FOR THE USE OF WORKS
FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES .......................................................... 474
Nadezhda Tomova, Dimitrina Boyadzhieva, Mimi Tosheva,
Nelly Ninova, Iren Ilieva
SOME MODERN ASPECTS OF CULTURONOMIC
DOCUMENTOLOGY AND THE WORK WITH DOCUMENTS.
ARCHIVING AND SECURITY OF DOCUMENTARY
INFORMATION ........................................................................................... 489
Nelly Ninova, Iren Ilieva, DimitȎr Dimitrov
12
ǽǾǳǲǱǼǰǼǾ
ǮȞȣȖȐȖȠȓ Ȗ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȎȠȎ țȎȡȘȎ ȟȎ țȓȞȎȕȞȖȐțȜ ȟȐȨȞȕȎ-
țȖ. ǮȘȟȖȜȚȎȠȖȥțȖ ȕȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖȠȓ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ ȟȎ ȖȕȒȖȞ-
ȐȎțȓȠȜ, ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȓȠȜ, ȎțȎșȖȕȨȠ Ȗ ȖțȠȓȞȝȞȓȠȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ țȜȐȖ
ȎȞȣȖȐȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎ ȜȏȜȑȎȠȭȠ, ȝȞȓȤȖȕȖȞȎȠ Ȗ ȘȜȞȖȑȖȞȎȠ țȎȠȞȡ-
ȝȎțȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȐȓȘȜȐȓ Ȗ ȣȖșȭȒȜșȓȠȖȭ ȝȜȕțȎțȖȭ ȕȎ ȚȖțȎșȜȠȜ. ǵȎ
ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȭ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȟ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎ Ȗ Ȑ ȏȡȘȐȎ-
șȓț, Ȗ Ȑ ȝȞȓțȜȟȓț ȟȚȖȟȨș ȒȜȝȖȞ ȟ ȠȜȐȎ ȚȖțȎșȜ, ȕȎȝȓȥȎȠȎțȜ
țȎ ȘȨȟ ȣȎȞȠȖȭ Ȗ ȟȨȣȞȎțȓțȜ ȒȜ țȎȟ ȝȜȒ ȕȜȞȘȖȭ ȝȜȑșȓȒ țȎ ȝȜ-
ȘȜșȓțȖȭ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖ Ȑ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ Ȗ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȖ.
ǾȨȘȜȐȜȒȓț ȖȚȓțțȜ ȜȠ ȠȎȕȖ ȚȎȘȟȖȚȎ, ȓȘȖȝȨȠ țȎ țȎȡȥțȜ-
ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȟȘȖȭ ȝȞȜȓȘȠ „ǶțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțȓț ȝȜȞȠȎș ȕȎ ȎȞȣȖȐ-
țȜ-ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȜ țȎȟșȓȒȟȠȐȜ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓ“,
ȢȖțȎțȟȖȞȎț ȜȠ ȂȜțȒ „ǻȎȡȥțȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ“ ȘȨȚ ǺǼǻ (2018
– 2022), ȞȎȕȑȨȞțȎ ȦȖȞȜȘȜȚȎȧȎȏțȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎțȓ Ȗ
ȐȨȐȓȔȒȎțȓ Ȑ țȎȡȥțȜ ȜȏȞȎȧȓțȖȓ țȎ ȑȜșȭȚ ȚȎȟȖȐ ȜȠ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ –
ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ Ȗ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ, ȟȨȣȞȎțȓțȖ ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȑ țȎȦȎȠȎ
ȟȠȞȎțȎ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ Ȑ ȥȡȔȏȖțȎ. ȀȜȕȖ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ ȓ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ ȐȎȔȓț ȝȞȓȒ-
ȐȖȒ țȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎțȜȠȜ ȒȜ țȓȜȠȒȎȐțȎ ȟȘȞȜȚțȜ ȝȞȖȟȨȟȠȐȖȓ țȎ Ȝȟ-
ȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ Ȑ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭȠȎ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȔȒȎ-
țȓ. ǳȘȖȝȨȠ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ ȡȟȝȭ ȒȎ ȝȞȖȐșȓȥȓ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖ ȜȟȚȎ-
țȖȟȠȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ Ȑ ȝȜșȕȜȠȐȜȞțȜ ȟȨȠȞȡȒțȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ ȟ ȐȜȒȓȧȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜ-
ȐȎȠȓșȖ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓ ȒȎ ȒȜȝȞȖțȓȟȎȠ ȕȎ ȢȜȞȚȖ-
ȞȎțȓ țȎ ȝȜ-ȐȟȓȟȠȞȎțțȎ, ȜȏȣȐȎȠțȎ, ȒȓȠȎȗșțȎ Ȗ ȜȏȓȘȠȖȐțȎ ȝȞȓȒ-
ȟȠȎȐȎ ȕȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȞȓȕ ȠȜȕȖ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ.
ǰ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠ țȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȨȠȞȡȒțȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ ȝȞȓȕ 2019 ȑ. ȏȓȦȓ ȝȡȏ-
șȖȘȡȐȎțȎ ȘȜșȓȘȠȖȐțȎȠȎ ȚȜțȜȑȞȎȢȖȭ „ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȭȠ XIX ȐȓȘ:
țȜȐȖ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ Ȗ ȝȞȜȥȖȠȖ“. Ȁȭ ȏȓ ȝȜȟȐȓȠȓțȎ țȎ 80-ȑȜȒȖȦțȖțȎȠȎ
țȎ ȒȜȤ. Ȓ-Ȟ ǿșȎȐȘȎ ǲȞȎȑȎțȜȐȎ – ȝȞȖȕțȎȠ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȜȟȚȎțȖȟȠ
Ȗ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓș țȎ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ
ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ. ȀȜȐȎ ȝȜȟȐȓȧȓțȖȓ ȏȓȦȓ ȖȕȞȎȕ țȎ ȔȓșȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ
ȓȘȖȝȎ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ ȒȎ ȜȠȒȎȒȓ ȕȎȟșȡȔȓțȜ ȡȐȎȔȓțȖȓ ȘȨȚ ȐȜȒȓȧȖ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖ, ȥȖȭȠȜ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ ȟ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȠȓ ȟșȡȔȖ ȕȎ
ȝȞȖȚȓȞ Ȗ ȐȒȨȣțȜȐȓțȖȓ ȕȎ ȖȒțȖȠȓ ȝȜȘȜșȓțȖȭ.
13
ǻȎȟȠȜȭȧȖȭȠ ȟȏȜȞțȖȘ ȜȠțȜȐȜ ȕȎȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎ ȒȨșȏȜȘȜȠȜ
ȡȐȎȔȓțȖȓ Ȗ ȝȞȖȕțȎțȖȓ țȎ țȓȑȜȐȖȠȓ ȟȨȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ Ȗ ȎȐȠȜȞȖ
ȘȨȚ ȒȞȡȑ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ ȖȕȭȐȓț Ȗ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȞȎȕȝȜȕțȎȐȎȓȚ ȏȨș-
ȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠ Ȑ ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȖȕȐȜȞȖ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖ-
ȐȖ – ȒȜȤ. ǺȎȞȖȭ ǸȎșȖȤȖț. ǿȏȜȞțȖȘȨȠ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȐȓȧȎȐȎ țȎ țȓȗțȎȠȎ
80-ȑȜȒȖȦțȖțȎ. ǵȎ ȚțȜȕȖțȎ, ȎȘȜ țȓ ȕȎ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȜȟȚȎțȖȟȠȖ, ȖȚȓțțȜ ȒȜȤ. ǸȎșȖȤȖț ȓ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎ-
șȖȟȠȨȠ Ȗ ȥȜȐȓȘȨȠ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȑȖ ȓ ȝȜȐȓș ȓțȠȡȟȖȎȕȖȞȎțȜ, ȡȏȓȒȓțȜ Ȗ
ȞȓȦȖȠȓșțȜ Ȑ țȓȜȏȭȠțȖȠȓ ȒȓȏȞȖ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎȤȖȭ,
țȎ ȣȞȜțȖȘȖȠȓ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ țȎȞȎȠȖȐțȖ ȖȕȐȜȞȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎȠ
ȢȎȘȠȖ Ȗ ȝȜȕțȎțȖȭ ȕȎ ȕțȎȗțȖ Ȗ țȓȕțȎȗțȖ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ șȖȥ-
țȜȟȠȖ Ȗ ȟȨȏȖȠȖȭ, ȟȘȞȖȠȖ Ȑ ȟȠȞȎțțȜ, țȜ ȘȞȎȟȖȐȜ Ȗ ȕȎȑȎȒȨȥțȜ
ȖȕȑșȓȔȒȎȧȎȠȎ ȕȎ țȓȕțȎȓȧȖȠȓ Ȗ țȓȜȝȖȠțȖ ȚșȎȒȖ ȣȜȞȎ ȎȞȎȏ-
ȟȘȎ ȝȖȟȚȓțȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎ. ǲȜȤ. ǸȎșȖȤȖț ȟȓ ȜȠșȖȥȎȐȎ ȟ ȝȞȓȤȖȕțȖȠȓ
ȟȖ ȝȞȓȐȜȒȖ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ țȎ ȓȒțȖ ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȝȜȝȡșȭȞțȖȠȓ
ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȣȞȜțȖȘȖ – țȎ ǺȓȣȚȓȒ ǻȓȦȞȖ Ȗ ȃȜȒȔȎ ǿȎȒȓȒȒȖț,
ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ țȎȞȎȠȖȐȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȝȖȟȎțȖȓȠȜ ȕȎ ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖȠȓ
ȏȖȠȘȖ țȎ ȟȡșȠȎț ǺȡȞȎȒ II, țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȟȨȒȓȏțȖ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜșȖ
ȜȠ ǿȜȢȖȭ, ǰȖȒȖț Ȗ Ǿȡȟȓ, țȎ ȜȑȞȜȚȓț ȏȞȜȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȜȠ Ȝȟ-
ȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ Ȑ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ Ȗ ȀȡȞȤȖȭ, ȜȠțȎȟȭȧȖ ȟȓ ȕȎ ȞȎȕ-
șȖȥțȖ ȞȓȑȖȜțȖ (ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ, ǼȚȡȞȠȎȑ, ǰȖȒȖț) Ȗ ȎȟȝȓȘȠȖ (ȞȓșȖ-
ȑȖȜȕțȖ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠȖ, ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșțȜ ȟȨȟȠȜȭțȖȓ) țȎ ȔȖȐȜȠȎ ȝȜ ȏȨș-
ȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȞȓȕ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȭ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ.
ǿȨȧȜ ȠȜșȘȜȐȎ ȐȎȔțȎ Ȗ ȕțȎȥȖȚȎ ȓ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ țȎ ȒȜȤ. ǸȎ-
șȖȤȖț Ȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎȠȓș ȝȜ ȜȟȚȎțȜȠȡȞȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ, ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎ
ȒȖȝșȜȚȎȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȝȎșȓȜȑȞȎȢȖȭ. ǯșȎȑȜȒȎȞȓțȖȓ țȎ ȐȜȒȓțȖȠȓ ȜȠ
țȓȭ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȖ ȘȡȞȟȜȐȓ Ȗ ȖțȒȖȐȖȒȡȎșțȖ ȡȞȜȤȖ ȟȎ ȝȜȒ-
ȑȜȠȐȓțȖ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȝȜȘȜșȓțȖȭ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȜȟȚȎțȖȟȠȖ, ȥȖȗȠȜ ȒȜ-
ȘȎȕȎț ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșȖȕȨȚ ȟȓ ȒȨșȔȖ Ȑ ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț țȓ ȟȎȚȜ
țȎ ȐȕȖȟȘȎȠȓșțȜȟȠȠȎ ȖЉ ȘȎȠȜ ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎȠȓș, țȜ Ȗ țȎ ȡȚȓțȖȓȠȜ ȖЉ
ȒȎ ȝȜȞȜȒȖ ȡ ȝȞȜȣȜȔȒȎȧȖȭ, ȖȕȝȨșțȓț ȟȨȟ ȟȨȚțȓțȖȭ Ȗ ȟȠȞȎȣ
ȚșȎȒ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠ ȠȞȎȓț Ȗ ȒȨșȏȜȘ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ ȘȨȚ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȟ ȎȞ-
ȣȖȐȖ Ȗ ȖȕȐȜȞȖ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȒȎ ȕȎȝȎșȖ ȡ țȓȑȜ ȝșȎȚȨȘȎ țȎ Ȗȕȟșȓ-
ȒȜȐȎȠȓșȭ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȜȟȠȎȐȎ ȒȎ ȑȜȞȖ ȕȎ Ȥȭș ȔȖȐȜȠ. ǻȎȟȠȜȭȧȖȭȠ
ȠȞȡȒ ȓ ȟȘȞȜȚȓț ȜȝȖȠ țȖȓ, țȓȗțȖȠȓ ȡȥȓțȖȤȖ Ȗ ȘȜșȓȑȖ, ȒȎ Ȗȕ-
ȞȎȕȖȚ ȒȨșȏȜȘȎȠȎ ȟȖ ȏșȎȑȜȒȎȞțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȝȞȖȕțȎȠȓșțȜȟȠ ȕȎ țȓȗțȜ-
ȠȜ ȠȨȞȝȓțȖȓ Ȗ ȒȜȏȞȜ ȟȨȞȤȓ, ȒȜȘȎȠȜ țȖ ȓ ȐȜȒȓșȎ ȝȜ ȝȨȠȭ țȎ
ȝȜȕțȎțȖȓȠȜ.
14
ȀȜȕȖ ȠȞȡȒ ȜȏȓȒȖțȭȐȎ ȡȟȖșȖȭȠȎ țȎ 28 ȘȎȘȠȜ ȡȠȐȨȞȒȓțȖ,
ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ ȝȞȜȣȜȔȒȎȧȖ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȤȖ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖ Ȑ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȞȓȕ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȔȒȎ-
țȓ Ȑ ȟȐȓȠșȖțȎȠȎ țȎ țȜȐȜȖȕȒȖȞȓțȖ Ȗ țȓȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖ ȒȜȟȓȑȎ ȎȞ-
ȣȖȐȖ Ȗ ȖȕȐȜȞȖ Ȗ Ȑ ȘȜțȠȓȘȟȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȎ țȎ ȝȞȓȣȜȒ ȜȠ ȠȞȎȒȖ-
ȤȖȭ ȘȨȚ ȚȜȒȓȞțȜȟȠ.
ǽȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȥȎȟȠ – „ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȞȎȕȘȎȕ“, Ȝȏȓ-
ȒȖțȭȐȎ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ, Ȑ ȘȜȖȠȜ țȎȞȓȒ ȟ ȎțȎșȖȕ țȎ
ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȖ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȟȨȏȖȠȖȭ, ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖ Ȗ șȖȥțȜȟȠȖ ȟȓ
ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭȠ Ȗ ȝȨșțȖȠȓ ȠȓȘȟȠȜȐȓ (Ȑ ȝȞȓȐȜȒ ȖșȖ ȟȠȎțȒȎȞȠȖȕȖ-
ȞȎț ȐȎȞȖȎțȠ) țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȖȕȐȜȞȖ.
ǰȠȜȞȎȠȎ ȥȎȟȠ, ȜȕȎȑșȎȐȓțȎ „ǮȞȣȖȐȖ, ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ Ȗ ȝȓȞȟ-
ȝȓȘȠȖȐȖ“, ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎȠ ȝȜȠȓțȤȖȎ-
șȎ țȎ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȐȖȒȜȐȓ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ, ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȒȜȞȖ ȘȎȞȠȖțȖ
ȕȎ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȎȟȝȓȘȠȖ ȜȠ ȚȖțȎșȜȠȜ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞ-
ȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȞȓȕ XVIII Ȗ XIX ȐȓȘ.
ȀȞȓȠȎȠȎ ȥȎȟȠ, „ǮȞȣȖȐțȖ ȘȜșȓȘȤȖȖ Ȗ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ ȝȜ ȎȞȣȖ-
ȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ“, ȓ ȝȜȟȐȓȠȓțȎ țȎ ȐȎȔțȖȭ ȐȨȝȞȜȟ ȕȎ ȝȜ-ȒȜȏȞȜȠȜ ȝȜȕ-
țȎȐȎțȓ țȎ țȎșȖȥțȖȠȓ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȟȏȖȞȘȖ Ȑ ȟȠȞȎțȎȠȎ Ȗ ȝȞȖȐșȖ-
ȥȎțȓȠȜ Ȗ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȚșȎȒȖ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ
ȒȎ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȎȠ ȒȜȏȞȖȠȓ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȥțȖ ȠȞȎȒȖȤȖȖ, țȜ Ȗ ȒȎ ȑȖ
ȞȎȕȐȖȭȠ Ȑ ȘȜțȠȓȘȟȠȎ țȎ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖȠȓ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ.
ǼȞșȖț ǿȨȏȓȐ
15
ǵǮ ǽǾǼǳǸȀǮ
ǻȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜȟȠȠȎ ȜȠ țȎșȖȥȖȓȠȜ țȎ țȎȒȓȔȒțȎ, ȝȜȒȞȓȒȓțȎ,
ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎȠȖȕȖȞȎțȎ Ȗ ȒȜȟȠȨȝțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȎȞȣȖȐțȜ-
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȜ țȎȟșȓȒȟȠȐȜ, ȕȎȐȓȧȎțȜ țȖ ȜȠ ȐȞȓȚȓȠȜ țȎ ǰȨȕ-
ȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ (ȡȟșȜȐțȜ XVIII – XIX ȐȓȘ), ȘȜȭȠȜ ȒȎ ȕȎȒȜȐȜșȖ ȑȜ-
șȓȚȖȭ țȎȡȥȓț Ȗ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓț ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ ȘȨȚ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ, ȓ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚ,
ȝȞȓȒ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȎ ȖȕȝȞȎȐȓțȖ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ – ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȖ, ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎ-
ȐȎȠȓșȖ, ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȑȞȎȔȒȎțȖ. ȀȜȐȎ Ȑ ȝȨșțȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț ȓ ȐȎșȖȒ-
țȜ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȓȚȓȠȜ țȎ „ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖȭ ȏȡȚ“, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȝȞȓȔȖȐȭ-
ȐȎȚȓ. ǵȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖȠȓ ȓ ȭȟțȜ, ȥȓ ȟȚȓ ȖȕȝȞȎȐȓțȖ ȝȞȓȒ ȞȓȒȖ-
ȤȎ ȜȑȞȎțȖȥȓțȖȭ Ȗ ȠȞȡȒțȜȟȠȖ: șȖȝȟȎ Ȗ/ȖșȖ țȓȕțȎțȖȓ ȕȎ țȎșȖ-
ȥȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȜȟȠȜȐȓȞțȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȖ ȖȕȠȜȥțȖȤȖ; ȞȎȕȣȐȨȞșȭțȖ
(Ȑ ȟȚȖȟȨș țȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȜțȎșțȜ Ȗ ȑȓȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖ ȞȎȕȑȞȎțȖȥȓțȖ)
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ; ȜȑȞȎțȖȥȓț ȜȏȣȐȎȠ Ȗ ȢȞȎȑȚȓțȠȎȞțȜȟȠ țȎ ȖȕȠȜȥțȖ-
ȤȖȠȓ; ȠȞȡȒțȜȟȠȖ ȟ țȎȚȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȒȜȞȖ Ȑ ȜȠțȜ-
ȟȖȠȓșțȜ ȝȜȒȞȓȒȓțȖȠȓ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȖ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȠȓ, ȚȡȕȓȖȠȓ Ȗ ȏȖȏșȖ-
ȜȠȓȘȖȠȓ; șȖȝȟȎ țȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎȠȖȥțȖ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ ȕȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȖ-
ȞȎțȓ ȕȎ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȖ ȢȜțȒȜȐȓ Ȗ ȚȎȟȖȐȖ;
ȟȝȓȘȡșȎȠȖȐțȜ Ȗ țȓȘȜȞȓȘȠțȜ ȤȖȠȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȖȟȘȜȐȖ ȒȎțțȖ ȝȞȖ
țȎȡȥțȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ, Ȑ ȝȞȓȟȎȠȎ, Ȑ ȑșȜȏȎșțȎȠȎ ȚȞȓȔȎ Ȗ Ƞ.ț.;
țȓȕțȎțȖȓ ȕȎ țȎșȖȥȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȚȓȠȜȒȜșȜȑȖȭ Ȗ ȒȜȏȞȖ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ
ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ ȝȞȖ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ ȟ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ, ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȜȝȖȟȎțȖȓ, ȝȜ-
ȝȡșȭȞȖȕȖȞȎțȓ, ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȓ Ȗ Ƞ.ț.
ȀȜȐȎ ȝȜȒȠȖȘțȎ ȓȘȖȝ ȡȥȓțȖ ȒȎ ȕȎȝȜȥțȓ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȜȐȘȎ Ȗ ȞȓȎ-
șȖȕȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠ „ǶțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțȓț ȝȜȞȠȎș ȕȎ ȎȞȣȖȐțȜ-
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȜ țȎȟșȓȒȟȠȐȜ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓ“, ȘȜȗ-
ȠȜ ȏȓ ȢȖțȎțȟȖȞȎț ȝȜ ȒȜȑȜȐȜȞ Ɋ Ǹǽ-06-ǻ 25/2 ȜȠ 13.12.2018 ȑ.,
Ȗ ȎțȓȘȟ ȕȎ ȐȠȜȞȖ ȓȠȎȝ ȘȨȚ ȒȜȑȜȐȜȞȎ ȟ țȜȚȓȞ: ȂǻǶ-2912 ȜȠ
17.12.2020 ȑ. ȜȠ ȂȜțȒ ǻȎȡȥțȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ (ȂǻǶ) ȘȨȚ ǺȖ-
țȖȟȠȓȞȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ țȎȡȘȎȠȎ. ǽȞȜȓȘȠȨȠ ȤȓșȖ
ȘȎȠȜ ȜȘȜțȥȎȠȓșȓț ȝȞȜȒȡȘȠ ȒȎ ȖȕȑȞȎȒȖ ȟȝȜȒȓșȓțȎ ȏȎȕȎ ȒȎțțȖ
– ǽȜȞȠȎș, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȒȎ ȟȨȏȖȞȎ, ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȖȞȎ Ȗ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎȠȖȕȖȞȎ
ȝȜȕțȎțȖȓȠȜ țȖ ȕȎ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ ȜȠ XVIII – XIX ȐȓȘ.
ȀȎȘȎ ȜȟțȜȐțȎȠȎ ȕȎȒȎȥȎ ȝȞȓȒ ȓȘȖȝȎ ȏȓȦȓ: ȟșȓȒ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȓ țȎ
16
ȒȜȟȠȨȝțȖȠȓ ȖțȠȓȞțȓȠ ȖȕȠȜȥțȖȤȖ Ȗ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȖ țȎȡȥțȜ-
ȟȝȞȎȐȜȥțȖ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ (ȝȨȠȓȐȜȒȖȠȓșȖ, ȜȝȖȟȖ, ȘȎȠȎșȜȕȖ Ȗ ȒȞ.)
ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ – ȎȞȣȖȐȖ, ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȖ, ȚȡȕȓȖ Ȗ
Ƞ.ț., ȒȎ ȖȕȑȞȎȒȖ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțȓț ȝȞȜȒȡȘȠ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșțȜ
ȒȎ „ȤȓțȠȞȎșȖȕȖȞȎ“ ȞȎȕȝȞȨȟțȎȠȜȠȜ țȖ ȝȜȕțȎțȖȓ ȕȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓț-
ȠȖȠȓ (ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȖ Ȑ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ Ȗ țȎ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ
ȑȓȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖ ȚȓȟȠȎ) ȜȠ ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ. ǽȜ ȠȜȕȖ țȎȥȖț țȎ ȓȒțȜ
ȚȭȟȠȜ ȒȎ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȟȝȜȒȓșȭțȖ ȒȎțțȖ, ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȓ ȐȨȕȚȜȔ-
țȜ țȎ țȖȐȜ ȎȞȣȖȐțȎ ȓȒȖțȖȤȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ, ȜȠ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ Ȗțȟ-
ȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ țȎȝȨșțȜ țȓȕȎȐȖȟȖȚȖ ȓȒțȖ ȜȠ ȒȞȡȑȖ Ȗ ȞȎ-
ȏȜȠȭȠ ȝȜ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȖ, ȖȚȎȠ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȝȞȖȜȞȖȠȓȠȖ,
ȝȜȒȐȓȒȜȚȟȠȐȓțȖ ȟȎ țȎ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȚȖțȖȟȠȓȞȟȠȐȎ Ȗ ȐȓȒȜȚȟȠȐȎ.
ǰ ȝȓȞȟȝȓȘȠȖȐȎ ȟȓ ȜȥȎȘȐȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȨȠ ȒȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭ ȕȎ
ȝȞȓȜȒȜșȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖȠȓ ȜȑȞȎțȖȥȓțȖȭ Ȗ ȞȎȕȝȞȨȟ-
țȎȠȜȟȠ Ȗ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȒșȜȔȖ ȚȜȧȓț ȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠ ȕȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎȠȖȕȖȞȎ-
țȓ Ȗ ȤȓțȠȞȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖȠȓ ȚȎȟȖȐȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ
ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȠ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȜȠ Ȗ ȕȎ ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ.
ǽȜȞȠȎșȨȠ Ȑȓȥȓ ȓ ȞȓȎșȖȕȖȞȎț (ȒȜȟȠȨȝȓț ȓ țȎ ȎȒȞȓȟ:
https://bgrevival-portal.unibit.bg/login) Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȜȖ țȓȑȜȐȜȠȜ
ȒȜȏȞȜȐȜșțȜ Ȗ țȎȒȭȐȎȚ ȟȓ ȒȜȏȞȜȟȨȐȓȟȠțȜ ȝȜȝȨșȐȎțȓ ȟ ȒȎțțȖ
ȜȠ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȖ, ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ, șȬȏȖȠȓșȖ țȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ Ȗ ȝȞȜ-
ȥȓȓ. ȀȡȘ țȭȚȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȝȖȞȎȚ ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȜ ȘȜșȘȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ Ȗ ȡȟȖșȖȭ
ȏȭȣȎ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȖ țȎ ȓȘȖȝȎ ȒȎ țȎȚȓȞȖ „ȕșȎȠțȜȠȜ ȟȓȥȓțȖȓ“ ȝȞȖ
ȞȎȕțȜȜȏȞȎȕțȖȠȓ țȎȥȖțȖ ȕȎ ȜȏȞȎȏȜȠȘȎ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓț-
ȠȖ Ȗ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȜȝȖȟȎțȖȓ Ȑ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȠȖ – ȎȞȣȖȐȖ,
ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȖ, ȚȡȕȓȖ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ. ǺȓȠȜȒȖȘȎȠȎ ȝȜ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȟȝȜȒȓșȓțȎȠȎ ȏȎȕȎ ȒȎțțȖ, ȜȤȓțȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ Ȗ ȞȎȕ-
șȖȥțȖȠȓ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖ Ȗ ȝȜȠȞȓȏȖȠȓșȟȘȖ ȞȜșȖ ȝȞȖ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ
ȟȨȟ ȟȜȢȠȡȓȞțȖȭ ȝȞȜȒȡȘȠ ȠȓȝȨȞȐȎ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖ Ȑ
ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȎȠȎ țȎȡȥțȎ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎ. ǿȎȚȜ ȧȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȎ, ȥȓ
ȓȘȖȝȨȠ ȟȓ ȜȝȖȠȎ Ȗ Ȑ țȓȚȎșȘȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț ȡȟȝȭ ȒȎ ȞȓȎșȖȕȖȞȎ ȚȎȘ-
ȟȖȚȎșțȜ șȓȟȓț ȕȎ ȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ Ȗ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ ȟȜȢȠȡȓȞ, ȏȓȕ ȜȠ ȠȜȐȎ ȒȎ
ȟȠȞȎȒȎȠ țȎȡȥțȖȭȠ ȝȜȒȣȜȒ ȝȞȖ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ Ȗ ȜȤȓțȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȒȜȟȠȜ-
ȐȓȞțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ.
ǻȎȟȠȜȭȧȖȭȠ ȟȏȜȞțȖȘ ȟȓ ȭȐȭȐȎ Ȗ ȒȜȝȨșțȖȠȓșȓț ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠ
ȜȠ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ. ǰ țȭȘȎȘȐȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț ȠȜȗ țȎȒȟȘȎȥȎ ȕȎȒȎȥȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ
ȟȖ ȝȜȟȠȎȐȭȣȚȓ ȟ ȞȓȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ǽȜȞȠȎșȎ. ǲȜȝȨșțȖȠȓșțȎ-
ȠȎ ȟȠȜȗțȜȟȠ ȖȒȐȎ ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ ȜȠ ȠȜȐȎ, ȥȓ ȟȏȜȞțȖȘȨȠ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎ
17
ȎțȎșȖȕȖ Ȗ ȖțȠȓȞȝȞȓȠȎȤȖȖ țȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ
Ȗ/ȖșȖ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȟȏȖȞȘȖ Ȗ ȚȎȟȖȐȖ. ǮȞȣȖȐțȖȭȠ ȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠȎȞȖ-
ȡȚ țȓ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȝȜ ȝȞȖțȤȖȝ. ȀȜȗ ȤȓșȖ ȒȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓ ȜȝȠȖ-
ȚȎșțȜ șȓȟȓț ȒȜȟȠȨȝ ȒȜ ȟȎȚȖȠȓ ȕȎȝȖȟȖ, ȒȜ ȢȎȘȠȖȠȓ, țȜ țȓ
ȜȢȓȞȖȞȎ țȎ ȝȜȠȞȓȏȖȠȓșȖȠȓ Ƞȓȣȓț ȜȞȖȑȖțȎșȓț ȝȞȜȥȖȠ Ȗ Ȗț-
ȠȓȞȝȞȓȠȎȤȖȭ.
ǼȠ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȟȠȞȎțȎ ȝȨȘ, ȜȠțȜȐȜ ȟȞȎȐțȓț ȟ ǽȜȞȠȎșȎ, ȟȏȜȞțȖ-
ȘȨȠ ȓ ȟȠȎȠȖȥȓț – ȐȓȒțȨȔ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎț, ȠȜȗ țȓ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ
ȝȞȜȚȓțȭț, ȜȟȐȓț ȎȘȜ țȓ ȝȞȓȠȨȞȝȖ țȜȐȜ ȖȕȒȎțȖȓ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȒȎ ȑȜ
ȒȜȝȨșțȖ Ȗ/ȖșȖ ȝȞȓȞȎȏȜȠȖ. ȀȎȕȖ ȟȠȎȠȖȥțȜȟȠ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȐȝȞȜȥȓȚ
ȐȎȔȖ Ȗ ȕȎ ȣȎȞȠȖȓțȎȠȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȭ țȎȡȥțȜ-ȟȝȞȎȐȜȥȓț
ȎȝȎȞȎȠ – ȝȨȠȓȐȜȒȖȠȓșȖ, ȘȎȠȎșȜȕȖ, ȜȝȖȟȖ Ȗ ȒȞ., șȓȟțȜ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȜ-
ȒȜșȭȐȎ Ȑ țȜȐȖȭ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȓț ȟȐȭȠ, ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖȠȓ ȟȖȟȠȓ-
ȚȖ ȟ ȒȎțțȖ Ȗ ȜȝȖȟȎțȖȭ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȒȜȝȨșȐȎțȖ Ȗ ȞȓȒȎȘ-
ȠȖȞȎțȖ. ȀȎȘȎ Ȑȓȥȓ ȓ țȎȝȨșțȜ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓȠȜ ȒȎ
ȏȨȒȓ ȝȞȜȚȓțȭțȜ Ȗ ȒȎ țȎȞȎȟȠȐȎ țȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ țȓȜȑȞȎțȖȥȓțȜ ȝȜ
ȜȏȓȚ, ȏȓȕ ȠȜȐȎ ȒȎ ȐȜȒȖ ȟȨȟ ȟȓȏȓ ȟȖ ȝȞȓȖȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠ-
țȖȭ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțȓț ȝȞȜȒȡȘȠ – ȜȝȖȟ, ȘȎȠȎșȜȑ Ȗ Ƞ.ț.
ǻȓȕȎȐȖȟȖȚȜ ȜȠ ȠȎȘȎ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȒȖȚȟȠȐȎ ȖșȖ ȝȨȘ țȓ-
ȟȨȐȨȞȦȓțȟȠȐȎ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȖȭȠ ȟȏȜȞțȖȘ ȜȠșȖȥțȜ ȟȓ ȒȜȝȨșȐȎ ȟ Ȟȓ-
ȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȖȭ ǶțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțȓț ȝȜȞȠȎș. ȀȓȣțȖȭȠ Ȝȏȧ ȢȜȘȡȟ ȟȎ
ȎȞȣȖȐȖȠȓ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ, ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȞȎȕțȜȜȏȞȎȕȖȓ Ȗ ȜȑȞȜȚțȖȠȓ
ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ ȕȎ ȎțȎșȖȕ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭȠ. ȀȎȘȎ ȥȓ ȟȖșțȜ ȟȓ
țȎȒȭȐȎȚ ȥȖȠȎȠȓșȖȠȓ ȒȎ ȒȜȜȏȜȑȎȠȭȠ ȟȐȜȖȠȓ ȕțȎțȖȭ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎ-
ȐȖ ȕȎ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȠȓ ȜȠ Ȗ ȕȎ ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ – ȝȓȞȖȜȒȨȠ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȐȨȝ-
ȞȓȘȖ ȜȑȞȜȚțȖȭ ȎȘȡȚȡșȖȞȎț ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ Ȑȟȓ Ȝȧȓ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎ ȞȓȒȖ-
ȤȎ țȓȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖ ȝȜșȓȠȎ, țȓȝȞȜȡȥȓțȖ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ Ȗ țȓȝȜȕțȎȠȖ
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȖ ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎ.
ȃȞȖȟȠȖȭț ǮȠȎțȎȟȜȐ
18
ǲȭș ǽȨȞȐȖ / Part One
ǲǼǸȁǺǳǻȀǶ Ƕ ǶǿȀǼǾǶȅǳǿǸǶ ǾǮǵǸǮǵ
RECORDS AND HISTORICAL NARRATIVES

ǼǿǺǮǻǿǸǶ ǲǼǸȁǺǳǻȀǶ
ǵǮ ǿȈǵǲǮǰǮǻǳȀǼ ǻǮ ǳǲǶǻ ǻǼǰ ǱǾǮǲ:
ǼǾȃǮǻǶǳ (ǯǼȀǳǰǱǾǮǲ)
ǽȞȜȢ. Ȓ.ț. ǼȞșȖț ǿȨȏȓȐ
ǶțȟȠȖȠȡȠ ȕȎ ȏȎșȘȎțȖȟȠȖȘȎ ȟ ȄȓțȠȨȞ ȝȜ ȠȞȎȘȜșȜȑȖȭ

„ǽȞȜȢ. Ǯș. ȂȜș“ – ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȭ țȎ țȎȡȘȖȠȓ
ǾȓȕȬȚȓ: ǰ ȟȠȡȒȖȭȠȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭȠ Ȗ ȎțȎșȖȕȖȞȎȠ țȜȐȜȖȕȒȖȞȓ-

țȖ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȝȞȓȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȓșȜ ǿȎ-
ȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ȟ țȜȐȜȠȜ ȖȚȓ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ (ǯȜ-
ȠȓȐȑȞȎȒ ȜȠ 1934 ȑ.). ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎȠ ȚȜȠȖȐȖȠȓ țȎ ȜȟȚȎț-
ȟȘȖȠȓ ȐșȎȟȠȖ ȕȎ ȠȎȕȖ ȠȞȎțȟȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ Ȗ țȓȗțȎȠȎ ȣȞȜțȜșȜȑȖȭ, ȜȟȨ-
ȧȓȟȠȐȓțȎ țȎ ȒȐȎ ȓȠȎȝȎ – ȜȢȖȤȖȎșțȜ ȞȓȦȓțȖȓ ȥȞȓȕ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖ ȡȘȎȕ
(ȖȞȎȒȓ) ȜȠ 15 țȜȓȚȐȞȖ 1865 ȑ. Ȗ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ țȎȥȎșȜ țȎ ȠȞȎțȟȢȜȞ-
ȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȝȞȓȕ ȚȎȞȠ 1866 ȑ. ǮȐȠȜȞȨȠ ȕȎȘșȬȥȎȐȎ, ȥȓ ȟșȡȥȎȭȠ ǼȞȣȎ-
țȖȓ ȜșȖȤȓȠȐȜȞȭȐȎ ȝȞȜȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖȭ ȚȜȒȓȞțȖȕȎȤȖȜțȓț ȝȞȜȤȓȟ Ȑ Ǽȟ-
ȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ Ȑ ȟȨȥȓȠȎțȖȓ ȟ ȖȒȓȜșȜȑȖȥȓȟȘȎȠȎ
ȞȎȚȘȎ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȖȕȚȎ.
ǸșȬȥȜȐȖ ȒȡȚȖ: ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ, ȖȞȎȒȓ, XIX ȐȓȘ, ȡȞȏȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭ, Ȝȟ-
ȚȎțȖȕȨȚ.
ǺȭȟȠȜȠȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ (ǯȜȠȓȐȑȞȎȒ ȜȠ 1934 ȑ.) Ȑ țȎȤȖȜ-

țȎșțȖȭ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ țȎȞȎȠȖȐ ȟȓ ȟȐȨȞȕȐȎ ȑșȎȐțȜ ȟ ȝȞȜȟșȜȐȡ-
ȠȖȭ ȜȏȖȞ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȣȎȕțȎ, ȜȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȓț țȎ 22 ȟȓȝȠȓȚȐȞȖ/4
ȜȘȠȜȚȐȞȖ 1872 ȑ. Ȑ ȝȞȜȣȜȒȎ ǮȞȎȏȎȘȜțȎȘ (Ȓț. ǯȜȠȓȐȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ
ȝȞȜȣȜȒ) ȜȠ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȖȞȎțȎȠȎ ȜȠ ǰȎȟȖș ǹȓȐȟȘȖ ȚȓȟȠțȎ ȘȜȚȖȠȓȠ-
ȟȘȎ ȚȞȓȔȎ. ǽȜȒ „ȣȎȕțȎ“ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȏȖȞȎ ȐȟȨȧțȜȟȠ ȟȡȚȎ-
ȠȎ ȜȠ ȒȎțȨȥțȖ ȝȞȖȣȜȒȖ Ȑ ǼȞȣȎțȖȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ (ȘȎȕȎ), Ȏ ǺȎ-
ȞȖț ǻȖȘȜșȜȐ – ȘȜȐȥȓȔțȖȘ (ȟȎțȒȨȘ ȓȚȖțȖ) Ȑ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖȭ Ȥȓț-
ȠȨȞ ȜȠ 1870 ȑ., ȡȐȓȒȜȚȭȐȎ ȟȨȕȎȘșȭȠțȖȤȖȠȓ ȜȏȖȞȒȔȖȖ, ȥȓ ȝȎ-
ȞȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȖȕȝȞȎȠȓțȖ ȝȜȒ ȘȜțȐȜȗ ȒȜ ȜȘȞȨȔțȖȭ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ǿȜȢȖȭ, Ȗ
ȠȎȘȎ ȝȜȒȝȜȚȎȑȎ ȜȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝșȎțȖȞȎțȖȭ ȜȏȖȞ
(Doynov, Majdrakova-Chavdarova, Mitev, Todorakova, Chau-
sheva 2020, 124 – 126, 589). OȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖȭȠ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ ȓ
ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓț ȓȒȐȎ ȟȓȒȓȚ ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȝȞȓȒȖ ȠȜȕȖ ȖțȤȖȒȓțȠ, Ȑ ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ
21
țȎ ȚȎȧȎȏțȖ ȞȓȢȜȞȚȖ ȟ Ȥȓș ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȏșȎȑȜȒȓțȟȠȐȖȓ ȕȎ
ȚȓȟȠțȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ Ȗ ȕȎȝȎȕȐȎțȓ țȎ ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȎșțȎȠȎ ȤȭșȜȟȠ
țȎ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ. ǸȎȘȠȜ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȥȓȟȠȜ ȟȓ ȟșȡȥȐȎ Ȑ
(țȓ)ȝȞȓȒȟȘȎȕȡȓȚȖȭ ȣȜȒ țȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ, ȝȜ ȖȞȜțȖȭ țȎ ȟȨȒȏȎȠȎ,
ȖȚȓțțȜ ȓȒȖț ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȟșȡȔȖȠȓș ȧȓ ȟȓ ȜȘȎȔȓ ȐȎȔțȎ ȏȞȨț-
ȘȎ Ȑ ȡȟȖșȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȠȜȐȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȒȎ ȝȜȟȠȖȑțȓ ȝȜșȖȠȖȥȓȟȘȎ Ȗ
ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȎșțȎ ȓȚȎțȤȖȝȎȤȖȭ ȜȠ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭȠȎ.
ǶȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ ȓ ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȎ ȟ ȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ǲȡ-
țȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ ȝȞȓȕ 1864 ȑ., țȎȥȓșȜ ȟ ȐȎșȖȭȠȎ ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ
(1864 – 1868) Ȗ ȟ ȜȏșȎȟȠȓț ȤȓțȠȨȞ Ǿȡȟȓ. ǰȎșȖȭȠȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȎ
ȚȎȧȎȏțȎ ȞȓȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȏȬȞȜȘȞȎȠȖȥțȖȭ ȎȝȎȞȎȠ Ȗ ȝȜșȎȑȎ
ȡȟȖșȖȭ ȕȎ ȜȝȠȖȚȖȕȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȎȠȎ ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȎ
(Bakardjieva 2009, 60 – 74; Tafrova 2010). ǰ ȠȎȕȖ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ Ȟȓ-
ȒȖȤȎ ȟȓșȖȧȎ – ǽȖȞȒȜȝ, ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț, ȀȞȜȭț, ȀȞȭȐțȎ, ǸȜȠȓș,
ǲȞȭțȜȐȜ, ǱȜȞțȎ ǼȞȭȣȜȐȖȤȎ Ȗ ȒȞ., ȝȜșȡȥȎȐȎȠ ȟȠȎȠȡȠ țȎ ȑȞȎȒ
(ȘȎȟȎȏȎ) Ȗ ȟȎ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖ ȕȎ ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ țȎ țȜȐȜȟȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȖ
ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖ ȓȒȖțȖȤȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȜȘȜșȖȭ (ȘȎȕȎ) ȖșȖ ȜȏȧȖțȎ
(țȎȣȖȭ) (Muchinov 2017). ȀȖȝȖȥȓț ȝȞȖȚȓȞ Ȑ ȠȜȐȎ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ
ȓ ȝȞȓȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȓșȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ.
ǻȜȐȖȭȠ ȑȞȎȒ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐȓț ȤȓțȠȨȞ țȎ țȜȐȜȟȢȜȞȚȖ-
ȞȎțȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ ȘȨȚ ǿȜȢȖȗȟȘȖ ȜȘȞȨȑ (ȟȎțȒȔȎȘ). ǵȎ ȞȎȕșȖȘȎ ȜȠ
ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖȠȓ ȟȓșȖȧȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȞȓȕ 60-Ƞȓ Ȗ 70-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX
ȐȓȘ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȐȎȠ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȟȠȎȠȡȠ, Ȑ ȟșȡȥȎȭ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȓșȖȧȓ ȝȞȖȒȜ-
ȏȖȐȎ Ȗ țȜȐȜ ȖȚȓ, ȘȎȠȜ ȓ ȘȞȨȟȠȓțȜ țȎ ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȐȠȜȞȖȭ ȜȟȚȎț-
ȟȘȖ ȟȡșȠȎț ǼȞȣȎț (1326 – 1362).
ǶȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭȠȎ ȕȎ ȠȞȎțȟȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ ȟȎ
ȑșȎȐțȜ ȘȞȎȓȐȓȒȟȘȖ Ȗ ȟȓ ȜȟțȜȐȎȐȎȠ țȎ ȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȖ Ȑ ȝȞȓȟȎȠȎ,
țȎ ȚȓȟȠțȖ ȣȞȜțȖȘȖ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȎțȖȭ. Ȁȓ ȜȏȎȥȓ țȓ ȒȎȐȎȠ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠȓț
ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞ țȎ ȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ ȐȎȔțȖ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȖ:
ǵȎȧȜ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ ȓ ȝȞȓȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎțȜ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ
ȤȓțȠȨȞ?
ǸȜȑȎ ȓ ȖȕȒȎȒȓț ȜȢȖȤȖȎșțȖȭȠ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖ ȎȘȠ, ȟ ȘȜȗȠȜ
ȟȓșȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȑȞȎȒ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ?
ǵȎȧȜ ȓ ȟȚȓțȓțȜ ȖȚȓȠȜ Țȡ?
ȀȡȘ ȧȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭ ȠȜȕȖ ȠȞȎțȟȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțȓț ȝȞȜȤȓȟ Ȑ
ȟȐȓȠșȖțȎȠȎ ȘȎȘȠȜ țȎ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȖȠȓ ȒȜȟȓȑȎ ȖȕȐȜȞȖ Ȗ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎ-
țȖȭ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ țȎ țȜȐȜȖȕȒȖȞȓțȖ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎ-
ȐȎȠ ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞ ȖȚȓțțȜ țȎ ȠȓȕȖ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȖ.
22
ǶȕȐȓȟȠțȜȠȜ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȝȜșȎȑȎțȜȠȜ ȒȜȟȓȑȎ
ǽȞȓȒȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȓȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȓșȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓ-
ȐȜ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ Ȗ Ȑ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ȓ ȞȎȕȘȎȕȎțȎ Ȑ șȓȠȜ-
ȝȖȟțȖȠȓ ȏȓșȓȔȘȖ țȎ ȃȎȒȔȖ ȄȓțȜ ȃȞȖȟȠȜȐ ǸȡȞȠȎțȜȐ ȜȠ ǳȠȞȜ-
ȝȜșȓ. ǯȓșȓȔȘȖȠȓ ȟȓ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎȠ Ȑ ǻȎȤȖȜțȎșțȎȠȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ
„ǿȐ. ȟȐ. ǸȖȞȖș Ȗ ǺȓȠȜȒȖȗ“ Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȭ. ǳȠȜ ȘȎȘȐȜ ȝȖȦȓ Ȑ Ƞȭȣ:
„ǻȎ 5 ȭțȡȎȞȖ 1865 ȑ. ȜȠȝȖȟȎȣȎ [ȜȘȜșȖȭ] ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ ȜȠ [ȜȘ-

ȞȨȑ] ǹȜȐȓȥ Ȗ ȑȜ ȝȖȟȎȣȎ ȘȨȚ [ȜȘȞȨȑ] ǿȜȢȖȭ. ǲȜȗȒȓ ȕȎȝȜȐȓȒ Ȗ
ǵșȎȠȖȤȎ ȒȎ ȓ ȝȜȒ [ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ] ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ, țȜ ȟȑȞȓȦȖȣȎ.
ǸȎȒȖȭȠȎ [țȎ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ] Ȗ ǿȎșȖ ȎȑȎ ȝȞȎȠȖȣȎ ȃȎȒȔȖ ǮȏȒȖ Ȗ
ǮșȖ ȓȢȓțȒȖ ȆȓȞȏȓȠȥȖȭȠȎ Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȭ ȝȞȖ ȂȓȣȖȚ ȝȎȦȎ Ȗ [Ƞȓ
Țȡ] ȘȎȕȎșȖ: „ǻȖȓ țȓ ȝȜșȕȐȎȚȓ ǵșȎȠȖȤȎ, ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ țȖ ȒȎȒȓȠȓ
ǽȞȎȐȓȤ, ǰȞȎȥȓȦ, ǻȜȐȎȥȓțȓ“. ǽȎȦȎȠȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȟȨȞȒȖș Ȗ țȖ
țȎȝȞȎȐȖș ȜȏȧȖțȎ (țȎȣȖȭ) ȝȜȒ [ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ]
ǵșȎȠȖȤȎ. ǲȜȗȒȜȣȎ ȜȠ ǵșȎȠȖȤȎ ȕȎ ȒȎțȨȥțȖȠȓ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖ Ȗ ȜȝȖ-
ȟȖȠȓ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ, țȜ ȠȡȞȤȖȠȓ Ȗ ȞȎȭȠȎ ȟȓ ȜȝȨșȥȖȣȎ. ǿȨȟ
ȟȜȢȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȝȎȦȎ ȏȭȣȚȓ ȖȕȝȞȎȐȓțȖ ȓȒȖț ȟȞȓȧȡ ȒȞȡȑ. ȃȜȒȖȣȎ
ȠȞȖ ȝȨȠȖ ȒȜ Ǿȡȟȓ ȝȞȖ ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ Ȗ ȝȜȣȎȞȥȖȣȎ ȒȜ 3 ȣȖșȭȒȖ
ȑȞȜȦȎ, țȜ țȖȧȜ țȓ ȝȜȟȠȖȑțȎȣȎ. ǽȎȦȎȠȎ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȖȚ ȘȎȕȎș: „ȇȓ
ȒȜȗȒȎ șȖȥțȜ Ȗ ȧȓ ȞȎȕȝȜȞȓȒȭ țȎȗ-ȝȞȎȐȖșțȜȠȜ.“ ǿȓȠțȓ ȒȜȗȒȓ
ȒȜ ǿȜȢȖȭ Ȗ țȎȦȖ ȣȜȞȎ ȣȜȒȖȣȎ [ȝȞȖ țȓȑȜ], Ȏ [ȟȜȢȖȗȟȘȖȭȠ]
ȝȎȦȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȖȟȨȓȒȖțȖș. [ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ] ȐȨȕșȜȔȖș țȎ ȂȓȣȖȚ
ȝȎȦȎ ȒȎ ȖȕȏȓȞȓ țȎȗ-ȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȧȜȠȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ [ȕȎ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ Ȥȓț-
ȠȨȞ]. ǽȜȝȖȠȎșȖ țȎȦȖȠȓ [ȣȜȞȎ]: „ȇȜȚ țȓ ȖȟȘȎȠȓ ǵșȎȠȖȤȎ,
ȘȎȘȐȜ ȧȓ ȘȎȔȓȠȓ ȕȎ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ?“ Ǯ țȎȦȖȠȓ ȞȓȘșȖ: „ǰȖȓ
ȕȎȝȜȐȭȒȐȎȠȓ.“ Ƕ ȝȎȦȖȠȓ ȟȓ ȣȐȎțȎȣȎ ȕȎ ȠȜȐȎ Ȗ țȎȞȓȘȜȣȎ ǿȎ-
ȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȑȞȎȒ (ȘȎȟȎȏȎ) ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ ȟ 30 ȟȓșȎ. Ƕ [ȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ]
ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ ȜȟȠȎțȎȣȎ ȝȜȒ [ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ] ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ,
ȖȟȘȎȠ țȓ ȖȟȘȎȠ. ǻȎ 11 ȚȎȞȠ 1866 ȑ., ȝȓȠȨȘ1, ȟȓ ȥȓȠȓ ȕȎȝȜȐȓȒ.“ 2
(ȐȖȔ ǽȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ 1).
ȀȎȘȎ ȠȞȎțȟȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȟȓșȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒ ǼȞ-

ȣȎțȖȓ ȕȎȝȜȥȐȎ ȝȞȓȕ ȚȎȞȠ 1866 ȑ. Ȗ ȝȞȖȘșȬȥȐȎ ȒȜ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ
ȟȨȧȎȠȎ ȑȜȒȖțȎ. ǰ ȏȞȜȭ ȜȠ 2/14 ȚȎȞȠ 1866 ȑ. ȜȏșȎȟȠțȖȭȠ ȐȓȟȠ-
țȖȘ „ǲȡțȎȐ“ ȟȨȜȏȧȎȐȎ, ȥȓ ȕȎ ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓș (ȚȬȒȬȞ/ȚȬȒȬȞȖț)3
țȎ țȜȐȜȟȨȕȒȎȒȓțȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ (ȘȎȕȎ) ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ ȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓț
ǺȓȣȚȓȒ ȎȑȎ4. ǿȘȜȞȜ, țȎ 15/27 ȚȎȞȠ 1866 ȑ., ȓ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȖȞȎțȎ Ƞ.
23
țȎȞ. „ȜȏȧȜȝȜșȓȕțȎ“ ȘȎȟȎ (menafi-i umumiye sandıùı), ȘȜȭȠȜ ȒȎ
ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎ țȖȟȘȜșȖȣȐȓțȖ ȘȞȓȒȖȠȖ țȎ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȜȒȖȠȓșțȜȠȜ țȎ-
ȟȓșȓțȖȓ (Atanasov 2017, 81; Koç 2021, 184 – 190)5. ǻȎ 6/18
ȎȝȞȖș 1865 ȑ. „ǲȡțȎȐ“ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎ ȟȠȎȠȖȟȠȖȘȎ ȕȎ ȏȞȜȭ țȎ ȒȜ-
ȚȎȦțȖȠȓ ȔȖȐȜȠțȖ Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȗȟȘȖ ȜȘȞȨȑ, ȐȘș. Ȗ ȐȨȐ Ȑȓȥȓ ȟȨȧȓȟ-
ȠȐȡȐȎȧȎȠȎ ǼȞȣȎțȖȗȟȘȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ6, Ȏ țȎ 10/22 ȎȝȞȖș ȐȓȟȠțȖȘȨȠ
ȟȨȜȏȧȎȐȎ, ȥȓ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȔȒȎ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȓșȓȑȞȎȢțȖ
ȟȠȎțȤȖȖ Ȑ „țȜȐȜȟȨȕȒȎȒȓțȖȠȓ ȟȓȑȎ ȘȎȕȖ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȀȡȠȞȎ-
ȘȎț“7. ǻȎ 20 ȎȝȞȖș/2 ȚȎȗ 1866 ȑ. „ǲȡțȎȐ“ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎ ȝȞȜȟȠ-
ȞȎțțȎ ȒȜȝȖȟȘȎ ȜȠ ǿȜȢȖȭ, ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȜȘȞȨȔțȖȭȠ ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓș
(ȘȎȗȚȎȘȎȚ)8 țȎ ǿȜȢȖȭ ȂȓȣȖȚ ȝȎȦȎ ȝȞȓȏȖȐȎȐȎș ȒȓȟȓȠ ȒțȖ Ȑ
ȟȓșȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȝȞȓȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎțȓȠȜ Țȡ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒ Ȗ
Ȑ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐȓț ȤȓțȠȨȞ. ǰ țȓȑȜȐȜ ȝȞȖȟȨȟȠȐȖȓ Ȗ ȟȨȟ ȟȠȎ-
ȞȎțȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓș ǺȓȣȚȓȒ ȓȢȓțȒȖ (ǺȓȣȚȓȒ
ȎȑȎ) ȏȖșȖ ȖȕȐȨȞȦȓțȖ ȚȓȞȜȝȞȖȭȠȖȭ ȝȜ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȭȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ Ȗ ȕȎȝȜȥțȎșȜ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȟȠȐȓțȎ
ȟȑȞȎȒȎ – ȘȜțȎȘ. ǽȞȓȒȐȖȔȒȎșȜ ȟȓ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȖȕȒȖȑțȎȠȖ ȟȨȧȜ
țȜȐȎ ȒȔȎȚȖȭ Ȗ ȣȎȚȎȚ9. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȟȨȧȖȭ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ, ȘȨȚ 31
ȬșȖ/12 ȎȐȑȡȟȠ 1866 ȑ. Ȑ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ Ȑȓȥȓ ȏȖșȖ ȖȕȑȞȎȒȓțȖ ȒȐȓȟȠȎ
ȒȬȘȭțȎ Ȗ 36 ȘȨȧȖ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȟȓșțȖȤȖ ȥȓȞȘȓȕȖ10. ǰ ȏȞȜȭ ȜȠ 28
ȟȓȝȠȓȚȐȞȖ/10 ȜȘȠȜȚȐȞȖ 1866 ȑ. „ǲȡțȎȐ“ ȝȞȎȐȖ ȟȐȜȓȜȏȞȎȕțȎ
ȞȓȘȎȝȖȠȡșȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȎ țȎ ȠȞȎțȟȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȓșȜ
ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȟȨȜȏȧȎȐȎ, ȥȓ ȏȖșȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓ-
țȎ țȜȐȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ ȟ 30 ȟȓșȖȧȎ, țȎ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐȓț Ȥȓț-
ȠȨȞ ȓ ȑȞȎȒ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ. ǼȠ ȚȎȞȠ 1866 ȑ., Ȑ ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ țȎ ȦȓȟȠ Țȓ-
ȟȓȤȎ, ȏȖșȖ ȖȕȒȖȑțȎȠȖ ȚțȜȑȜ țȜȐȖ ȕȒȎțȖȭ, ȥȎȞȦȖȭ ȟ ȝȎȐȖȞȎ-
țȎ ȡșȖȤȎ Ȗ ȒȬȘȭțȖ ȜȠ ȒȐȓȠȓ ȖЉ ȟȠȞȎțȖ, ȘȜțȎȘ, ȥȎȟȜȐțȖȘȜȐȎ
ȘȡșȎ (ȐȖȔ ȢȖȑ. 6), ȒȐȎ ȚȜȟȠȎ, țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȘȎȢȓțȓȠȎ. ǽȞȜȒȨșȔȎ-
ȐȎșȜ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ Ȗ țȎ țȜȐȎȠȎ ȒȔȎȚȖȭ11. ǶȕȜȏȧȜ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ
ȏȖșȜ ȡȞȏȎțȖȕȖȞȎțȜ ȟȨȜȏȞȎȕțȜ „ȑȓȜȚȓȠȞȖȥȓȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȞȎȐȖșȎ“, Ȏ
ȘȜȞȖȠȜȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȓȚȖțȎȐȎȧȎȠȎ ȝȞȓȕ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ ȞȓȘȎ ǯȓȏȞȓȦ ȏȖ-
șȜ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȓțȜ ȟ ȘȎȚȓțțȖ ȕȖȒȜȐȓ12. ǻȎ 25 ȒȓȘȓȚȐȞȖ 1866/
6 ȭțȡȎȞȖ 1867 ȑ. Ȑ ȒȜȝȖȟȘȎ ȜȠ ǿȜȢȖȭ ȟȓ ȟȨȜȏȧȎȐȎ, ȥȓ „ȡȟȠȞȜȗȟ-
ȠȐȜȠȜ Ȗ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ țȜȐȜȟȨȟȠȎȐȓțȎȠȎ ȘȎȕȎ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ ȜȠ
Ȓȓț țȎ Ȓȓț ȒȜȟȠȖȑȎ ȒȜ ȖȕȖȟȘȡȓȚȎȠȎ ȟȖ ȟȠȓȝȓț.“ ǱȞȎȒȨȠ ȏȖș
ȞȎȕȒȓșȓț țȎ ȟȓȒȓȚ ȚȎȣȎșȖ – ȒȐȓ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȖ, ȥȓȠȖȞȖ țȓ-
ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȖ Ȗ ȓȒțȎ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȟȓșțȖȤȖȠȓ ȥȓȞȘȓȕȖ13. ȂȞȓțȟȘȖȭȠ
ȑȓȜȑȞȎȢ Ȗ ȓȠțȜȑȞȎȢ ǱȖȗȜȚ ǹȓȔȎț, ȝȜȟȓȠȖș ȑȞȎȒȎ ȝȞȓȕ
24
1867 ȑ., ȝȜȒȥȓȞȠȎȐȎ ȟȨȧȜȠȜ: „ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ ȓ țȎȝȨșțȜ țȜȐ ȑȞȎȒ ȟ
ȝȞȎȐȖ ȡșȖȤȖ Ȗ ȝȞȎȐȜȨȑȨșțȖ ȝȞȓȟȓȥȘȖ… ȓȒȖț ȜȠ ȘȐȎȞȠȎșȖȠȓ
țȎ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ ȓ ȕȎȟȓșȓț ȖȕȤȭșȜ ȟ ȥȓȞȘȓȕȖ ȓȚȖȑȞȎțȠȖ.“ (Parvev,
Bogdanov 1977, 245 – 246).
ȄȖȠȖȞȎȗȘȖ țȭȘȜȖ ȜȠ ȠȓȕȖ ȒȜȝȖȟȘȖ, ȘȞȎȓȐȓȒȨȠ ǽȓȠȨȞ Ȅȓ-
țȜȐ ȝȖȦȓ, ȥȓ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ ȟȓ ȒȨșȔȖ țȎ ȞȓȢȜȞȚȖ-
Ƞȓ, ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȠȖ ȜȠ „ȓțȓȞȑȖȥȓț ȠȡȞȟȘȖ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȓț ȚȨȔ“ ȘȎȠȜ
ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȭ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ. ȄȓțȜȐ
ȟȐȨȞȕȐȎ ȝȞȓȐȞȨȧȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȓșȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȜȘȜ-
șȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ ȟ ȝȞȜȘȎȞȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȐȎȔțȜȠȜ ȠȨȞȑȜȐ-
ȟȘȜ Ȗ ȟȠȞȎȠȓȑȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȦȜȟȓ ȚȓȔȒȡ Ǿȡȟȓ Ȗ ǿȜȢȖȭ. „ǻȜȐȖȭȠ ȑȞȎȒ,
ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎ ȄȓțȜȐ, Ȑ ȟȘȜȞȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ ȖȕȑȡȏȐȎ ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȟȓșȟȘȎ ȢȖȕȖ-
ȜțȜȚȖȭ Ȗ ȟȓ ȜȏȞȨȧȎ Ȑ ȚȜȒȓȞȓț ȕȎ ȐȞȓȚȓȠȜ ȟȖ ȑȞȎȒȓȤ ȟ ȣȡȏȎȐȖ
Ȗ ȑȜșȓȚȖ țȜȐȖ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȗȘȖ.“ ǱȞȎȒȨȠ ȝȞȖȐșȭȘȨș Ȗ „ȝȞȖȦȨșȤȖ
ȜȠ ǺȎȘȓȒȜțȖȭ, ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ ȤȖțȤȎȞȖ14“, Ȏ ȟȠȎȞȖȭȠ ȝȨȠ ȝȞȓȕ ǳȠ-
ȞȜȝȜșȓ ȕȎȝȡȟȠȭș, ȘȎȠȜ ȟȎȚȖȭȠ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ, „ȒȜȠȜȑȎȐȎ ȤȐȓȠȡȧ Ȗ
ȏȜȑȎȠ, ȖȕȑȡȏȐȎ ȝȞȓȔțȜȠȜ ȟȖ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȜ Ȗ ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȕțȎȥȓ-
țȖȓ“ (Tsenov 1926, 8 – 9, 28, 34). ǼȠ ȟȐȜȭ ȟȠȞȎțȎ ǮșȓȘȟȎțȒȨȞ
ȀȎȤȜȐ, ȝȜȕȜȐȎȐȎȗȘȖ ȟȓ țȎ ȤȖȠȖȞȎțȖȠȓ șȓȠȜȝȖȟțȖ ȏȓșȓȔȘȖ ȜȠ
ȓȠȞȜȝȜșȓȤȎ ȃȎȒȔȖ ȄȓțȜ ȃȞȖȟȠȜȐ ǸȡȞȠȎțȜȐ, ȒȜȝȨșȐȎ, ȥȓ ȝȜȭ-
ȐȎȠȎ țȎ țȜȐȖȭ ȑȞȎȒ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ „ȟȓ ȒȨșȔȖ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ țȎ ȜȠ-
ȘȎȕȎ țȎ ȓȠȞȜȝȜșȤȖ ȒȎ ȝȞȖȓȚȎȠ Ȑ ȝȞȓȒȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȟȠȎȞȎȠȎ ǳȠȞȜ-
ȝȜșȟȘȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ ȑȞȎȒȎ ǵșȎȠȖȤȎ“, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ țȎ ȜȠȘȎȕȎ țȎ ȓȠȞȜ-
ȝȜșȤȖ ȑșȎȐțȖȭȠ ȝȨȠ Ǿȡȟȓ–ǽșȓȐȓț–ǿȜȢȖȭ ȒȎ ȚȖțȓ ȝȞȓȕ Ƞȓȣ-
țȖȭ ȑȞȎȒ (Tatsov 1934, 5 – 6).
ǿȝȜȚȓțȎȠȎȠȎ Ȑ șȓȠȜȝȖȟțȖȠȓ ȏȓșȓȔȘȖ ȒȎȠȎ 11/23 ȚȎȞȠ
1866 ȑ. ȟȓ ȤȖȠȖȞȎ Ȗ ȜȠ ǽȓȠȨȞ ǾȜȚȎțȟȘȖ, țȜ Ȑ ȒȞȡȑ ȘȜțȠȓȘȟȠ.
ȀȜȗ ȠȐȨȞȒȖ, ȥȓ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȞȜșȓȠȠȎ țȎ 1866 ȑ., țȎ ȝȨȠ ȕȎ ǿȜȢȖȭ,
ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ ȜȠȟȓȒțȎș Ȑ ȟ. ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ Ȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȜȤȓțȖș
ȟȠȞȎȠȓȑȖȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ Țȡ ȚȓȟȠȜȝȜșȜȔȓțȖȓ, ȞȓȦȖș, ȥȓ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ
ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȠȎțȓ ȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ. ǾȜȚȎțȟȘȖ ȒȜȞȖ
ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎ, ȏȓȕ ȒȎ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ ȖȕȠȜȥțȖȘ, ȠȓȘȟȠ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ
țȎ „ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȓț ȢȓȞȚȎț“ ȜȠ ȡȝȞȎȐșȭȐȎȧȖȭ ȝȜ ȜțȜȐȎ ȐȞȓȚȓ
ȟȡșȠȎț ǮȏȒȡșȎȕȖȕ (1861 – 1876). ȀȜȗ ȏȖș ȝȞȜȥȓȠȓț ȝȞȓȒ ȔȖ-
ȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ țȜȐȖȭ ȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȑșȎȟȭș ȟșȓȒțȜȠȜ:
„ǲȜ ȐȎȟ, ȝȨȞȐȓțȤȖ țȎ ȟ. ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ. ǸȎȠȜ ȝȜșȡȥȖȠȓ

țȎȟȠȜȭȧȖȭ ȚȖ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖ ȢȓȞȚȎț, ȡȘȞȎȟȓț ȟ ȐȖȟȜȥȎȗȦȖȠȓ ȚȖ
25
ȜȢȖȤȖȎșțȖ ȕțȎȘȜȐȓ, ȏȨȒȓȠȓ ȡȐȓȒȜȚȓțȖ ȕȎ ȟșȓȒțȜȠȜ:
ǼȠ 11 ȚȎȞȠ 1866 ȑȜȒ. ȜȏȭȐȭȐȎȚ ȟ. ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȕȎ ȘȎȟȎȏȎ,
ȤȓțȠȨȞ țȎ ȘȎȕȎ Ȗ Țȡ ȒȎȐȎȚ țȜȐȜ țȎȖȚȓțȜȐȎțȖȓ – ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ.
ȇȜȚ ȠȜȭ ȚȖ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖ ȢȓȞȚȎț ȝȞȖȟȠȖȑțȓ ȝȞȖ ȐȎȟ, ȧȜȚ
ȝȡȏșȖȥțȜ Ȗ ȐȟȓȑșȎȟțȜ ȑȜ ȝȞȜȥȓȠȓȠȓ Ȗ ȞȎȕȏȓȞȓȠȓ ȒȜȏȞȓ ȟȚȖȟȨ-
șȎ Ȗ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓȠȜ Țȡ, ȝȜȐȓșȭȐȎȚ ȐȖ ȒȎ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȎȠȓ Ȗ ȟȓ ȟȨȜȏ-
ȞȎȕȭȐȎȠȓ, ȟȨȑșȎȟțȜ ȒȡȣȎ Ȗ ȟȚȖȟȨșȎ țȎ ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȖȭ ȚȖ ȐȖȟȜ-
ȥȎȗȦȖ ȖȚȝȓȞȎȠȜȞȟȘȖ ȎȘȠ…“ (Romanski 2001, 25).
ǾȓțȖ ǹȎȕȎȞȜȐȎ ȒȜȝȡȟȘȎ, ȥȓ ȝȜȒ „ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖ ȢȓȞȚȎț“ ǾȜ-

ȚȎțȟȘȖ ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȖȚȎ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖ ȡȘȎȕ (ȖȞȎȒȓ), ȥȖȭȠȜ
ȒȎȠȖȞȜȐȘȎ ȏȖ ȠȞȭȏȐȎșȜ ȒȎ ȓ ȝȜ-ȞȎțțȎ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒ țȭȘȜȖ ȝȡȏșȖ-
ȘȎȤȖȖ Ȑ „ǲȡțȎȐ“ ȜȠ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ 1865 ȑ., Ȑ ȘȜȖȠȜ Ȑȓȥȓ ȟȓ ȑȜȐȜȞȖ ȕȎ
ǼȞȣȎțȖȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ Ȗ ȕȎ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȧȓ ȟȠȎțȓ ȒȡȚȎ ȝȜ-țȎȠȎȠȨȘ Ȑ
ȠȜȐȎ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȖȓ (Lazarova 2018).
ǲȞȡȑȖȠȓ țȎșȖȥțȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ ȕȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ
(Popivanov 1934; Popov 1966, 34 – 40; Vlaykova 2000, 59 – 66)
ȟȨȧȜ ȠȐȨȞȒȭȠ, ȥȓ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ Ȥȓț-
ȠȨȞ ȝȞȓȕ ȚȎȞȠ 1866 ȑ. Ȁȓ ȟȓ ȝȜȕȜȐȎȐȎȠ ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞ-
ȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ, ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȧȎ ȟȓ Ȑ ȑȜȞȓȤȖȠȖȞȎțȖȠȓ ȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȖ ȐȨȐ
ȐȖșȎȓȠȟȘȖȭ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ „ǲȡțȎȐ“ ȜȠ 1866 ȑ., ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ Ȑ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖȠȓ
ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ.
ǯȜȠȓȐȑȞȎȒȟȘȖȭȠ ȘȞȎȓȐȓȒ ǶȐȎț ǿȠȎȚȓțȜȐ ȝȞȎȐȖ ȜȏȕȜȞ țȎ
ȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȖȠȓ Ȑ „ǲȡțȎȐ“ Ȗ ȜȠ ȝȞȓȒȣȜȒțȎȠȎ 1865 ȑ. Ȗ ȞȓȐȖȕȖȞȎ
țȭȘȜȖ țȎșȜȔȓțȖ Ȑ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȜȑȞȎȢȖȭȠȎ ȟȠȎțȜȐȖȧȎ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ
ȣȞȜțȜșȜȑȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȓȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ țȭȘȜȑȎȦțȜȠȜ ȟȓșȜ ǿȎ-
ȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ (Stamenov 2012).
ǶȐȎț ǿȠȎȚȓțȜȐ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ, ȥȓ ȐȨȕțȖȘțȎșȜȠȜ ȝȜ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȜ
ȐȞȓȚȓ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȐȞȨȧȎ Ȑ „ȝȨȠȓț ȐȨȕȓș (ȘȞȨȟȠȜȝȨȠ)“,
ȟȐȨȞȕȐȎȧ ȠȞȎȒȖȤȖȜțțȖȠȓ ȚȎȞȦȞȡȠȖ Ȑ ȞȓȑȖȜțȎ – ȝȨȠȭ (Ƞ. țȎȞ.
ǲȞȡȚ) ȜȠ ǰȖȒȖț ȒȜ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ (ȝȞȓȕ ǰȞȎȤȎ, ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ, ǿȓȝȠȓȚ-
ȐȞȖ Ȗ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ), ȝȨȠȭ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȞȜȣȜȒȎ ǮȞȎȏȎȘȜțȎȘ (ǿȜȚȡț-
ȒȔȖȗȟȘȖ ȒȓȞȐȓțȠ, Ȓțȓȟ ǯȜȠȓȐȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȝȞȜȣȜȒ) Ȗ ȑșȎȐțȖȭ ȝȨȠ
ȜȠ ǿȜȢȖȭ ȕȎ Ǿȡȟȓ (ȝȞȓȕ ǽșȓȐȓț). ǼȠ 1860 ȑ. ȒȜ ȞȓȢȜȞȚȖȠȓ Ȑ
ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȜ-ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȎșțȎȠȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎ Ȑ ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ țȎ
ȟȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȖȭ ȝȞȓȕ 1864 ȑ. ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖ ȐȖșȎȓȠ ȝȜȐȓȥȓȠȜ ȟȓșȖȧȎ
Ȑ ȞȓȑȖȜțȎ ȟȎ ȏȖșȖ Ȑ ȟȨȟȠȎȐȎ țȎ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧȖțȎ (țȎȣȖȭ),
ȘȜȭȠȜ ȓ ȏȖșȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ǹȜȐȓȦȘȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ (ȘȎȕȎ). ǲȞȡȑȎȠȎ ȝȜ-
26
ȚȎșȘȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȟȓșȖȧȎȠȎ, ȚȓȔȒȡ ȘȜȖȠȜ Ȗ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ, ȏȖșȖ
ȘȨȚ ǵșȎȠȖȦȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧȖțȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ǿȜȢȖȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ.
ǿȠȎȚȓțȜȐ ȖțȠȓȞȝȞȓȠȖȞȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ Ȑ șȓȠȜȝȖȟțȖȠȓ ȏȓ-
șȓȔȘȖ țȎ ȓȠȞȜȝȜșȓȤȎ ȃȎȒȔȖ ȄȓțȜ ǸȡȞȠȎțȜȐ, ȘȎȠȜ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎ,
ȥȓ ȟșȓȒ 5 ȭțȡȎȞȖ 1865 ȑ. ȐȖșȎȓȠȟȘȜȠȜ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ ȕȎȚȖȟșȖșȜ
ȒȎ ȞȎȕȢȜȞȚȖȞȜȐȎ ǵșȎȠȖȦȘȎȠȎ țȎȣȖȭ, Ȏ ȟȓșȖȧȎȠȎ ȖЉ ȒȎ ȐȘșȬ-
ȥȖ Ȑ țȜȐȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ (ȘȎȕȎ) ȟ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐȓț ȤȓțȠȨȞ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ,
ȘȜȭȠȜ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ Ȑ ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ țȎ ǿȜȢȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȜȘȞȨȑ (ȟȎțȒȔȎȘ). ǵȎ-
ȞȎȒȖ ȜȚȞȎȕȎȠȎ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȓȠȞȜȝȜșȟȘȖȠȓ Ȗ ȕșȎȠȖȦȘȖȠȓ ȠȡȞ-
ȤȖ, ȝȨȞȐȖȠȓ țȎȟȠȜȭșȖ ȝȞȓȒ ȟȜȢȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȜȘȞȨȔȓț ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓș
ȂȓȣȖȚ ȝȎȦȎ țȜȐȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ ȒȎ țȓ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎ ǵșȎȠȖȤȎ. ȀȭȣțȜȠȜ
ȔȓșȎțȖȓ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȥȓ țȓ ȏȖșȜ ȜȒȜȏȞȓțȜ, țȜ ȞȎȕȑțȓȐȓț ȜȠ ȚȓȟȠ-
țȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȝȖȞțȖ, ȜȘȞȨȔțȖȭȠ ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓș ȒȜȞȖ ȞȎȕȝȜȞȓȒȖș ǵșȎ-
ȠȖȤȎ ȒȎ ȟȠȎțȓ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐȓț ȤȓțȠȨȞ țȎ țȜȐȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ. ȀȜ-
ȑȎȐȎ ȓȠȞȜȝȜșȟȘȖȠȓ ȠȡȞȤȖ ȟȓ ȜȏȨȞțȎșȖ ȕȎ ȟȨȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȓ ȘȨȚ ȐȖ-
șȎȓȠȟȘȜȠȜ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ Ȑ Ǿȡȟȓ Ȑ șȖȤȓȠȜ țȎ ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ, ȘȜȗȠȜ
ȜȏȓȧȎș șȖȥțȜ ȒȎ ȝȜȟȓȠȖ ȞȓȑȖȜțȎ Ȗ ȒȎ ȡȞȓȒȖ țȓȞȎȕȏȜȞȖȭȠȎ.
ǸȎȘȠȜ ȓ ȜȠȞȎȕȓțȜ Ȑ „ǲȡțȎȐ“, țȎ 7/19 ȬșȖ 1865 ȑ. ȜȏșȎȟȠțȖȭȠ
ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓș ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓș ȝȨȠȡȐȎțȓ ȜȠ Ǿȡȟȓ ȒȜ ǻȖȦ ȝȞȓȕ ǿȜȢȖȭ,
„ȕȎ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȑșȓȒȎ ȝȨȠȭ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȓ ȜȠȐȜȞȖ ȝȞȓȕ ǽșȓȐȓț“ Ȗ „țȎȞȓȒȖ
ȝȜ Ƞȭȣ ȚȓȟȠȎ țȭȘȜȖ ȐȎȔțȖ ȞȎȏȜȠȖ“15. ǽȞȓȕ șȭȠȜȠȜ țȎ 1865 ȑ.
ȡȥȎȟȠȨȘȨȠ ȜȠ ȝȨȠȭ ȜȠ ǿȜȢȖȭ ȒȜ „ǿȜȚȡțȒȔȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȒȓȞȐȓțȠ“
(ȝȞȜȣȜȒ) ȏȖș ȑȜȠȜȐ Ȗ ȟȓ ȝȞȎȐȓș ȡȥȎȟȠȨȘȨȠ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȠȜȕȖ ȝȞȜȣȜȒ Ȗ
ǽșȓȐȓț, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȡȥȎȟȠȨȘȨȠ ȚȓȔȒȡ Ǿȡȟȓ Ȗ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ, ȚȖțȎȐȎȧ
ȝȞȓȕ ǯȭșȎ16. ǿȠȎȚȓțȜȐ ȝȞȓȞȎȕȘȎȕȐȎ ȝȞȓȒȎțȖȓ, ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȝȜ
ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȝȨȠȡȐȎțȓȠȜ ȟȖ ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ ȜȠȟȓȒțȎș Ȑ ȟȓșȜ ǰȖȒȞȎ-
Ȟȓ, Ȏ ȝȜȟșȓ Ȑ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ. ȀȜȗ ȝȞȓȒșȜȔȖș ȝȨȞȐȜ țȎ ȐȖȒȞȎȞ-
ȤȖ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȟȓșȜ ȒȎ ȟȠȎțȓ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ, țȜ Ƞȓ ȜȠȘșȜțȖșȖ
ȝȞȓȒșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȡȝșȎȦȓțȖ, ȥȓ Ȑ țȎȟȓșȓțȜȠȜ ȟȎȚȜ ȟ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖ
ȟȓșȖȧȓ țȓȖȕȏȓȔțȜ ȧȓ ȟȓ țȎȟȠȎțȭȠ Ȗ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ. ǵȎȠȜȐȎ ȐȖȒ-
ȞȎȞȟȘȖȭȠ ȥȜȞȏȎȒȔȖȭ ǽȎȠȪȜ țȎȟȜȥȖș ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȎȦȎȠȎ
ȘȨȚ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȘȎȠȜ ȝȜ-ȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȧȜ ȕȎ ȠȎȕȖ Ȥȓș, ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȓ
ȟ ȝȜ-ȟȠȞȎȠȓȑȖȥȓȟȘȜ Ȗ ȘȞȨȟȠȜȝȨȠțȜ ȚȓȟȠȜȝȜșȜȔȓțȖȓ. ǸȜȑȎȠȜ
ȝȜȟșȓ ȜȠȟȓȒțȎș Ȑ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ, ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ ȟȓ ȡȏȓȒȖș Ȑ
ȝȞȓȒȖȚȟȠȐȎȠȎ țȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȓșȖȧȓ, Ȏ ȥȜȞȏȎȒȔȖȭȠȎ ǽȎȠȪȜ ȒȜȞȖ
ȜȏȓȧȎș ȟȨȟ ȟȜȏȟȠȐȓțȖ ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎ ȒȎ ȖȕȒȖȑțȓ ȠȎȚ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȎ
ȟȑȞȎȒȎ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ǶȐȎț ǿȠȎȚȓțȜȐ „țȎȐȭȞțȜ Ȝȧȓ ȠȜȑȎȐȎ“, ȝȞȓȕ
ȬșȖ 1865 ȑ., ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ ȓ Ȑȕȓș ȞȓȦȓțȖȓ ȒȎ ȜȏȭȐȖ ǿȎȚȡț-
27
ȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȕȎ ȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ șȓȠȜȝȖȟțȖȠȓ ȏȓ-
șȓȔȘȖ țȎ ȃȎȒȔȖ ȄȓțȜ ǸȡȞȠȎțȜȐ, ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȝȎȦȎȠȎ Ȑȓȥȓ ȏȖș Ȑ
ǿȜȢȖȭ, ȒȓșȓȑȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȓȠȞȜȝȜșȟȘȖȠȓ ȠȡȞȤȖ ȟȓ ȟȞȓȧțȎșȎ ȟ țȓȑȜ.
ǶȚȓțțȜ ȠȜȑȎȐȎ ȠȜȗ ȖȚ ȝȞȓȒșȜȔȖș ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȒȎ ȟȠȎțȓ ȎȒ-
ȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐȓț ȤȓțȠȨȞ țȎ țȜȐȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ, ȧȜȚ țȓ ȖȟȘȎȠ ǵșȎ-
ȠȖȤȎ, Ȏ Ƞȓ ȝȞȖȓșȖ ȟ țȓȜȣȜȠȎ. ǼȠ ȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȭ Ȑ „ǲȡțȎȐ“ ȜȠ 27
ȜȘȠȜȚȐȞȖ/8 țȜȓȚȐȞȖ 1865 ȑ. ȟȓ ȞȎȕȏȖȞȎ, ȥȓ ȘȨȚ ȠȎȕȖ ȒȎȠȎ ȖȒȓ-
ȭȠȎ ȖȚȓțțȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȒȎ ȟȠȎțȓ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ Ȑȓȥȓ ȓ
ȏȖșȎ ȜȘȜțȥȎȠȓșțȜ ȐȨȕȝȞȖȓȠȎ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȔȖȠȓșȖ-
Ƞȓ țȎ ȟȓșȎȠȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ „ȧȓ ȟȓ ȝȞȖȟȨȓȒȖțȭȠ țȎ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȗȟȘȎȠȎ
ȘȎȕȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȓȑȎ ȟȓ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎ“, ȟȎ ȒȎȞȖșȖ 157 507 ȑȞȜȦȎ ȕȎ
ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșțȖ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ Ȗ ȕȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎ ȞȨȘȎ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȖȕȑȞȎȔ-
ȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȘȎȚȓțȓț ȚȜȟȠ ȟ ȝȓȠ ȟȐȜȒȎ țȎ Ȟ. ǺȎșȨȘ ǶȟȘȨȞ (ǺȎș-
ȘȖ ǶȟȘȨȞ)17. ǰ ȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȭ ȜȠ 15/27 ȒȓȘȓȚȐȞȖ 1865 ȑ. „ǲȡțȎȐ“
ȟȨȜȏȧȎȐȎ, ȥȓ ȏȖș ȖȕȒȖȑțȎȠ ȐȠȜȞȖ ȘȎȚȓțȓț ȚȜȟȠ ȟ ȦȓȟȠ ȟȐȜȒȎ
țȎ Ȟ. ǱȜșȭȚ ǶȟȘȨȞ (ǶȟȘȨȞ), ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎș ȝȜ ȝȨȠȭ, „ȘȜȗȠȜ
ȐȜȒȖ ȜȠ ȟȓșȜȠȜ ǰȞȎȕȒȖțȎ18, [țȎ] ȝȜșȜȐȖț ȥȎȟ ȞȎȕȟȠȜȭțȖȓ ȜȠ
ǿȜȢȖȭ, ȘȨȚ ǼȞȣȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȘȎȕȎ“19. ǰȕȖȚȎȗȘȖ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒ ȠȓȕȖ ȝȡȏ-
șȖȘȎȤȖȖ, ǶȐȎț ǿȠȎȚȓțȜȐ ȒȜȝȡȟȘȎ, ȥȓ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȨȠ ȟ ȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȓ-
ȠȜ țȎ țȜȐȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ Ȗ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȓșȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȕȎ
ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ȓ ȏȖș ȜȘȜțȥȎȠȓșțȜ ȞȓȦȓț ȟȨȟ „ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȎ
ȕȎȝȜȐȓȒ“ ȝȞȓȕ ȒȓȘȓȚȐȞȖ 1865 ȑ. ȝȜ ȐȞȓȚȓȠȜ, ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȟȎȚȖȭȠ
ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ ȓ ȏȖș țȎ ȝȜȟȓȧȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȟȠȜșȖȤȎ, ȕȎ ȒȎ
ȞȎȕȑșȓȒȎ „țȭȘȜȖ ȐȎȔțȖ ȞȎȏȜȠȖ“20, ȠȜȓȟȠ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȥȓȠȓ ȝȞȓȒ Ȝȟ-
ȚȎțȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ȕȎ ȖȕȐȨȞȦȓțȖȠȓ ȒȜ ȠȜȕȖ ȚȜȚȓțȠ Ȟȓ-
ȢȜȞȚȖ ȐȨȐ ȐȖșȎȓȠȎ (Bakardzhieva 2009, 65). ǿȎȚȜȠȜ ȝȞȓȜȏȞȎ-
ȕȡȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ Ȑ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ȜȏȎȥȓ, ȝȜȒȥȓȞȠȎȐȎ
ǿȠȎȚȓțȜȐ, ȓ ȟȠȎțȎșȜ Ȑ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ ȢȓȐȞȡȎȞȖ Ȗ ȝȞȓȕ ȚȎȞȠ 1866 ȑ.
ȕȎȞȎȒȖ ȕȖȚțȖȭ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ Ȗ ȚȡȒțȎȠȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎ ȏȬȞȜȘȞȎȤȖȭ
(Stamenov 2012).
ǸȎȘȠȜ ȟȓ ȐȖȔȒȎ, ȖȟȠȜȞȖȜȑȞȎȢȖȭȠȎ ȝȜ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȎ ȕȎ ȐȨȕțȖȘ-
ȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ țȜȐȖȭ ȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ ȟȓ ȜȟțȜ-
ȐȎȐȎ țȎ ȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȖȠȓ Ȑ ȜȏșȎȟȠțȖȭ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ „ǲȡțȎȐ“, țȎ ȟȐȓ-
ȒȓțȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȃȎȒȔȖ ȄȓțȜ ǸȡȞȠȎțȜȐ Ȗ țȭȘȜȖ ȚȓȟȠțȖ ȝȞȓȒȎțȖȭ.
ǻȎȗ-ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȜ Ȗ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎȠȖȥțȜ țȎ ȠȜȕȖ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ ȟȓ ȟȝȖȞȎ ȚȓȟȠ-
țȖȭȠ ȘȞȎȓȐȓȒ ǶȐȎț ǿȠȎȚȓțȜȐ, ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȘȜȑȜȠȜ Ȝȧȓ ȝȞȓȕ șȭȠȜȠȜ
țȎ 1865 ȑ., ȝȞȖ ȝȜȟȓȧȓțȖȓȠȜ Țȡ Ȑ ȟȓșȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ (Ȏ țȓ
ȝȞȓȕ ȝȞȜșȓȠȠȎ țȎ 1866 ȑ., ȘȎȘȠȜ ȠȐȨȞȒȖ ǽȓȠȨȞ ǾȜȚȎțȟȘȖ),
28
ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȭȠ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ ȐȨȕȝȞȖȓș
ȖȒȓȭȠȎ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ ȒȎ ȝȜșȡȥȖ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȟȠȎȠȡȠ Ȗ ȒȎ ȟȠȎțȓ ȜȘȜ-
șȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ. ȀȜȐȎ ȝȞȓȒșȜȔȓțȖȓ ȝȜșȡȥȖșȜ ȜȒȜȏȞȓțȖȓ ȜȠ
ȤȓțȠȞȎșțȎȠȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎ ȐșȎȟȠ ȝȞȓȕ ȒȓȘȓȚȐȞȖ 1865 ȑ., ȒȜȘȎȠȜ
ȝȎȦȎȠȎ ȓ țȎ ȝȜȟȓȧȓțȖȓ ȝȜ „ȐȎȔțȖ ȒȓșȎ“ Ȑ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȟȠȜ-
șȖȤȎ. ǰȝȜȟșȓȒȟȠȐȖȓ ȠȓȕȎȠȎ țȎ ǿȠȎȚȓțȜȐ, ȥȓ Ȝȧȓ Ȑ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ
1865 ȑ. ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȓ ȜȢȖȤȖȎșțȜ ȜȏȭȐȓț ȕȎ ȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȜȘȜ-
șȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ, ȟȓ ȐȨȕȝȞȖȓȚȎ Ȗ ȜȠ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȎȐȠȜȞȖ (Lazarova
2018; Tsenova 2006, 11). ȁȏȓȒȓț, ȥȓ ȏȖ ȠȞȭȏȐȎșȜ ȒȎ ȖȚȎ Ȝȟ-
ȚȎțȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȜȠȞȎȕȭȐȎȧȖ ȣȞȜțȜșȜȑȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȠȜȕȖ ȝȞȜ-
Ȥȓȟ, ǶȐȎț ǿȠȎȚȓțȜȐ ȟȓ ȜȏȨȞțȎ ȟ ȚȜșȏȎ ȘȨȚ Țȓț ȒȎ ȖȕȒȖȞȭ
ȠȎȘȖȐȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ.
ǻȜȐȜȖȕȒȖȞȓțȖȠȓ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ

ǲȜȟȓȑȎ țȓ ȟȎ ȏȖșȖ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȖ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ
ȒȎ ȞȎȕȘȞȖȭȠ Ȑ ȝȜ-ȕȎȒȨșȏȜȥȓțȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț ȝȞȜȤȓȟȎ țȎ ȝȞȓȜȏȞȎȕȡ-
ȐȎțȓ țȎ țȭȘȜȑȎȦțȜȠȜ ȟȓșȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ
ȤȓțȠȨȞ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ. ǰ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȭ ȎȞȣȖȐ Ȑ ǶȟȠȎțȏȡș ȜȏȎȥȓ ȒȓȗȟȠ-
ȐȖȠȓșțȜ ȟȓ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎȠ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȠȜȕȖ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ. Ȁȓ
Ȑ ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț ȝȜȠȐȨȞȔȒȎȐȎȠ ȠȓȕȎȠȎ țȎ ǶȐȎț ǿȠȎȚȓțȜȐ Ȗ Ȑ
ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț ȭ ȘȜȞȖȑȖȞȎȠ Ȗ ȝȞȓȤȖȕȖȞȎȠ ȝȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ țȎ
ȠȜȥțȎȠȎ ȒȎȠȖȞȜȐȘȎ țȎ ȐȕȓȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȐșȎȟȠȖ ȞȓȦȓțȖȭ.
ǻȎȗ-ȐȎȔțȖȭȠ ȟȞȓȒ țȜȐȜȖȕȒȖȞȓțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȓ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖ
ȡȘȎȕ (ȖȞȎȒȓ) ȜȠ 3/15 țȜȓȚȐȞȖ 1865 ȑ., ȟ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎ
ȒȐȓ ȟȓșȖȧȎ Ȑ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ – ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț Ȗ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ,
ȒȎ ȟȠȎțȎȠ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ ȜȠ ȚȎȞȠ 1866 ȑ.21
ǼȟțȜȐȎțȖȓ ȕȎ ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȡȘȎȕȎ ȟȎ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜș ȜȠ ǮȒȚȖ-
țȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖȭ ȟȨȐȓȠ (ȖȒȎȞȓ ȚȓȒȔșȖȟȖ) țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ,
ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜș ȜȠ ȕȎȟȓȒȎțȖȓ țȎ ǰȖȟȦȖȭ ȟȨȐȓȠ ȕȎ ȟȨȒȓȏțȖ ȞȓȦȓțȖȭ
(ȚȓȒȔșȖȟ-Ȗ ȐȎșȭ) Ȗ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ȐȓșȖȘȖȭ ȐȓȕȖȞ, Ȑ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ
ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎȠ ȚȜȠȖȐȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȖȟȘȎțȓȠȜ ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț Ȗ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȒȎ
ȟȠȎțȎȠ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ. ǽȞȜȠȜȘȜșȨȠ ȜȠ ȐȖșȎȓȠȟȘȖȭ ȎȒ-
ȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐȓț ȟȨȐȓȠ, ȝȜȒȝȖȟȎț ȜȠ ȐȎșȖȭȠȎ ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ Ȗ
ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ Țȡ ȥșȓțȜȐȓ22 Ȗ ȖȕȝȞȎȠȓț ȒȜ ȐȓșȖȘȜȠȜ ȐȓȕȖȞȟȠȐȜ, ȓ ȜȠ
19 ȟȓȝȠȓȚȐȞȖ/1 ȜȘȠȜȚȐȞȖ 1865 ȑ. ǰ țȓȑȜ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎȠ ȚȜȠȖȐȖȠȓ
ȝȨȞȐȜ ȕȎ ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț Ȗ ȟșȓȒ ȠȜȐȎ ȕȎ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ. ǵȎ ȀȡȠȞȎ-
ȘȎț ȟȓ ȖȕȠȨȘȐȎ, ȥȓ ȓ ȑȜșȭȚȜ Ȗ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȓțȜ ȟȓșȜ țȎ ȏȞȓȑȎ țȎ
ȞȓȘȎ ǲȡțȎȐ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȠȜȐȎȞțȜ ȝȞȖȟȠȎțȖȧȓ ȕȎ
29
ȖȕțȜȟ țȎ ȕȨȞțȓțȎȠȎ ȝȞȜȒȡȘȤȖȭ ȜȠ ȟȓșȎȠȎ Ȑ ȜȘȜșțȜȟȠȠȎ. ǵțȎ-
ȥȓțȖȓȠȜ Țȡ țȎȞȎȟțȎșȜ ȕȎȞȎȒȖ ȞȎȕȝȜșȜȔȓțȜȠȜ țȎ ȜȠȟȞȓȧțȖȭ
ȏȞȭȑ ȞȡȚȨțȟȘȜ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȜ ȟȞȓȒȖȧȓ ǼșȠȓțȖȤȎ. ǼȟȐȓț ȠȜȐȎ țȎ
ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎțȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȖȟȠȎțȖȧȓ ȕȎȝȜȥțȎșȖ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȏȖȐȎȠ Ȗ ȎȐȟȠ-
ȞȖȗȟȘȖ ȝȎȞȎȣȜȒȖ. ǼȠ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȟȠȞȎțȎ, ȟșȓȒ ȘȎȠȜ ȏȖșȖ ȝȞȓȚȎȣ-
țȎȠȖ ȝȞȖȣȜȔȒȎȧȖȠȓ ȟȨȒȓȏțȖ ȥȖțȜȐțȖȤȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎșȖ
ȟȨȒȓȏțȖȠȓ ȒȓșȎ țȎ ȚȭȟȠȜ, țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ ȏȖșȜ ȝȞȖțȡȒȓțȜ ȒȎ
ȜȠțȎȟȭ ȔȎșȏȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȘȨȚ ȒȜȟȠȎ ȜȠȒȎșȓȥȓțȖȭ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐȓț
ȤȓțȠȨȞ Ǿȡȟȓ Ȗ ȠȜȐȎ ȕȎȠȞȡȒțȓțȖȓ ȚȜȔȓșȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȜȒȜșȓȓ ȥȞȓȕ
ȝȞȓȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț Ȑ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ, Ȑ ȘȜȗȠȜ
ȜȟȐȓț ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓș (ȚȬȒȬȞ) Ȗ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐȓț ȟȨ-
ȐȓȠ ȒȎ ȖȚȎ ȟȨȧȜ ȟȨȒȖȭ (țȎȖȏ) Ȗ ȟȨȒȓȏȓț ȟȨȐȓȠ23.
ȇȜ ȟȓ ȜȠțȎȟȭ ȕȎ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ, Ȑ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜșȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȭȟțȭȐȎ,
ȥȓ ȝȞȓȒȖ ȠȜȐȎ ȑȞȎȒ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ ȓ ȏȖș ȤȓțȠȨȞ țȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ (ȘȎȕȎ) Ȑ
ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ țȎ ǹȜȐȓȦȘȖ ȜȘȞȨȑ (ȟȎțȒȔȎȘ). ǻȜ ȝȜțȓȔȓ ȠȜȕȖ ȜȘȞȨȑ
ȏȖș ȞȎȕȢȜȞȚȖȞȜȐȎț, ȏȖșȜ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒȓțȜ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȝȜ-
țȖȔȓț ȒȜ ȤȓțȠȨȞ țȎ ȜȏȧȖțȎ (țȎȣȖȭ), ȘȜȭȠȜ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȝȞȖȘȞȓ-
ȝȓțȎ ȘȨȚ ȜȘȜșȖȭȠȎ ȟ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ǵșȎȠȖȤȎ. ǻȜ ȚȎȘȎȞ Ȗ ȒȎ ȜȠȟȠȜȖ
ȟȎȚȜ țȎ ȥȓȠȖȞȖ ȥȎȟȎ ȝȨȠ ȜȠ ǵșȎȠȖȤȎ, ȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ
ȜȠȘȎȕȎșȖ ȑȞȎȒȨȠ ȖȚ ȒȎ ȚȖțȓ ȝȜȒ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȜȠȜ ȡȝȞȎȐ-
șȓțȖȓ țȎ ǵșȎȠȖȤȎ. ǸȎȠȜ ȚȜȠȖȐȖ Ƞȓ ȖȕȠȨȘțȎșȖ, ȥȓ ȒȐȎȠȎ ȑȞȎȒȎ
ȟȎ ȞȎȕȒȓșȓțȖ ȜȠ ȝșȎțȖțȎ, Ȏ ȜȟȐȓț ȠȜȐȎ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȝȨȞȐȓțȤȖȠȓ țȎ
ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ Ȗ ȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ǵșȎȠȖȤȎ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎș țȓȞȎȕȞȓȦȓț
ȝȞȜȏșȓȚ. ǵȎȠȜȐȎ Ƞȓ țȎȟȠȜȭșȖ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ Ȑ ȑȞȎțȖȤȖȠȓ
ȖșȖ țȎ ǹȜȐȓȦȘȖȭ ȜȘȞȨȑ, ȘȎȘȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȖ, ȖșȖ țȎ ǿȜȢȖȗȟȘȖ ȜȘ-
ȞȨȑ. ȅșȓțȜȐȓȠȓ țȎ ǮȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖȭ ȟȨȐȓȠ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ
ȐȖșȎȓȠ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȟȥȓșȖ ȕȎ țȓȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȧȜ ȒȎ ȖȚȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ ȟ ȤȓțȠȨȞ
ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ, ȝȜțȓȔȓ ȞȎȕȟȠȜȭțȖȓȠȜ ȜȠ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ ȒȜ ǹȜȐȓȥ ȖșȖ ȒȜ
ǿȜȢȖȭ ȓ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȜȠ 12 ȥȎȟȎ. ǵȎȠȜȐȎ ȟȨȐȓȠȨȠ ȞȓȦȖș, ȥȓ ȝȜ-
ȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȧ ȐȎȞȖȎțȠ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȢȜȞȚȖȞȎ țȜȐȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ, Ȑ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȒȎ
ȏȨȒȎȠ ȐȘșȬȥȓțȖ ȘȎȘȠȜ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ ȟ ȝȞȖșȓȔȎȧȖȠȓ Țȡ ȟȓșȎ, ȠȎ-
ȘȎ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȟȓșȎ Ȑ ȞȓȑȖȜțȎ, ȥȖȟșȭȧȖ ȟȓ ȘȨȚ ǰȞȎȥȎțȟȘȎ Ȗ ǿȜ-
ȢȖȗȟȘȎ ȜȘȜșȖȖ, țȜ ȜȠȟȠȜȭȧȖ țȎ ȑȜșȭȚȜ ȞȎȕȟȠȜȭțȖȓ ȜȠ ȎȒȚȖ-
țȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖȠȓ ȖȚ ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ – ȒȓȟȓȠ, 12 Ȗ ȒȜȞȖ 15 Ȗ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȥȎ-
ȟȎ. ǮȘȜ ȜȏȎȥȓ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ ȟȠȎțȓș ȤȓțȠȨȞ țȎ țȜȐȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ, țȭ-
ȘȜȖ ȜȠ ȟȓșȎȠȎ, ȕȎ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȏȖșȜ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒȓțȜ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȐȘșȬȥȓțȖ Ȑ
țȓȭ, ȜȠțȜȐȜ ȧȓșȖ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȒȜȟȠȎ ȜȠȒȎșȓȥȓțȖ ȜȠ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎ-
ȠȖȐțȖȭ ȤȓțȠȨȞ. ǵȎȠȜȐȎ ȟȨȐȓȠȨȠ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎ ȕȎ ȤȓțȠȨȞ țȎ țȜȐȎȠȎ
30
ȜȘȜșȖȭ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȜ ȟȓșȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ (Ȑ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎ
ǿȜȚȡțȒȔȡ), ȘȜȓȠȜ ȜȠȟȠȜȖ țȎ ȓȒțȎȘȐȜ ȞȎȕȟȠȜȭțȖȓ ȜȠ ǰȞȎȤȎ,
ǿȜȢȖȭ, ǹȜȐȓȥ Ȗ ǵșȎȠȖȤȎ. ǶȕȠȨȘȐȎ ȟȓ, ȥȓ ȚȎȘȎȞ Ȗ ȟȨȟ ȟȠȎȠȡȠ
țȎ ȟȓșȜ, ȠȜȐȎ ȟȓșȖȧȓ Ȑȓȥȓ ȓ ȟ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȜȏșȖȘ, ȕȎȧȜȠȜ Ȑ țȓȑȜ
ȖȚȎșȜ țȎȒ ȒȐȓȟȠȎ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȖ Ȗ țȓȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȖ ȘȨȧȖ,
ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȒȬȘȭțȖ. ǽȜȟȜȥȐȎ ȟȓ, ȥȓ Ȗ țȜȐȜȠȜ ȦȜȟȓ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȝȞȜ-
ȘȎȞȐȎșȜ ȚȓȔȒȡ ǿȜȢȖȭ Ȗ ǽșȓȐȓț, ȚȖțȎȐȎ ȠȜȥțȜ ȝȞȓȕ ȟȓșȜȠȜ.
ǽȞȖ ȠȜȐȎ, ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜșȎ, ȎȘȜ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ ȖȚ ȟȠȎțȓ ȤȓțȠȨȞ
țȎ țȜȐȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ, ȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȖȕȭȐȖșȖ ȑȜȠȜȐ-
țȜȟȠ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȒȎ ȝȜșȜȔȎȠ ȝȨȠțȎȠȎ țȎȟȠȖșȘȎ Ȗ ȒȎ ȖȕȒȖȑțȎȠ țȓ-
ȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȖȠȓ ȚȜȟȠȜȐȓ, țȜ ȒȎ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȭȠ Ȗ ȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȟȠȐȓțȎ ȟȑȞȎȒȎ
(ȘȜțȎȘ). ǼȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎ ȟȓ ȟȨȧȜ, ȥȓ țȜȐȖȠȓ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ țȎȥȎșțȖȤȖ
țȎ ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț Ȗ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ ȟșȡȔȖȠȓșȖ Ȑ
ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȤȖȭȠȎ, ȧȓ ȕȎȝȜȥțȎȠ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ ȜȠ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ ȚȎȞȠ
1866 ȑ. ǰ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜșȎ ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȜ ȟȓ ȜȝȖȟȐȎ ȝȜ ȘȎȘȨȐ țȎȥȖț ȧȓ ȟȓ
ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȠ ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȖȕȝșȎȧȎțȓ țȎ ȕȎȝșȎȠȖȠȓ țȎ țȜȐȎȠȎ
ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȤȖȭ, Ȏ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȥȞȓȕ țȎȚȎșȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȐȨȕțȎȑȞȎȔȒȓ-
țȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȥȖțȜȐțȖȤȖȠȓ Ȑ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȜȘȜșȖȖ Ȑ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ.
ǿȝȓȟȠȓțȖȠȓ ȝȜ ȠȜȕȖ țȎȥȖț ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȟȨȧȜ ȏȖșȖ țȓȒȜȟȠȎ-
ȠȨȥțȖ Ȗ ȕȎȠȜȐȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȔȒȎ ȚȓȟȓȥțȖȭȠ ȒȓȢȖȤȖȠ ȜȠ ȜȘȜșȜ
600 ȑȞȜȦȎ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȝȜȘȞȖȠ ȥȞȓȕ ȝȜȟȠȨȝșȓțȖȭȠȎ ȜȠ ȒȎțȨȤȖ Ȗ
ȠȎȘȟȖ Ȑ țȜȐȜȟȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȖȠȓ ȜȘȜșȖȖ. ǻȎȘȞȎȭ Ȑ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜșȎ ȟȓ
ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎ ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȘȎȠȜ ȏȨȒȓȧ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ Ȥȓț-
ȠȨȞ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȟȚȓțȓțȜ. ǶȕȠȨȘțȎȠ ȓ ȟșȓȒțȖȭȠ ȚȜȠȖȐ: ȒȜȘȎȠȜ
ȖȚȓȠȜ ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț ȏȖșȜ „ȏȓȕȜȏȖȒțȜ“ (zararsız), ȠȜ ȖȚȓȠȜ ǿȜȚȡț-
ȒȔȡ (ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ) ȠȞȭȏȐȎșȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȕȎȚȓțȖ ȟ ȖȚȓȠȜ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ
ȖșȖ ǺȡȞȎȒȖȓ, ȖșȖ ȝȨȘ ȒȞȡȑȜ „ȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȧȜ“ (münasib) ȖȚȓ24
(ȐȖȔ ǽȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ 3, ȢȖȑ. 3, 4). ǸȨȚ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜșȎ ȓ ȝȞȖșȜȔȓț
ȟȝȖȟȨȘ ȟȨȟ ȕȎȝșȎȠȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȥȖțȜȐțȖȤȖȠȓ Ȑ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ
ȒȐȓȠȓ țȜȐȖ ȜȘȜșȖȖ, ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒȓțȖ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȟȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȖ ȝȞȓȕ
ȚȎȞȠ 1866 ȑ., ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȟȨȟ ȟȡȚȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȜȞȭȕȎțȖ ȜȠ
ȐȨȕțȎȑȞȎȔȒȓțȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȟșȡȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ Ȑ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȧȖ
ȜȘȜșȖȖ25 (ȐȖȔ ǽȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ 2, ȢȖȑ. 2).
ǽȞȜȠȜȘȜșȨȠ ȜȠ 25 ȜȘȠȜȚȐȞȖ/6 țȜȓȚȐȞȖ 1865 ȑ. ȜȠ ȕȎȟȓȒȎ-
țȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǰȖȟȦȖȭ ȟȨȐȓȠ ȕȎ ȟȨȒȓȏțȖ ȞȓȦȓțȖȭ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎ, ȥȓ ȠȜȗ
ȓ ȝȞȖȓș ȏȓȕ ȕȎȏȓșȓȔȘȖ Ȗ ȖȕȚȓțȓțȖȭ ȠȓȕȖ ȝȞȓȒșȜȔȓțȖȭ, ȘȎȠȜ
ȜȒȜȏȞȭȐȎ ȖȚȓȠȜ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ. ǻȓ ȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȎ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȎ ȚȜȠȖȐȖ-
ȞȜȐȘȎ ȕȎ ȠȜȕȖ ȖȕȏȜȞ26. ǻȎ 2/14 țȜȓȚȐȞȖ 1865 ȑ. ȐȓșȖȘȖȭȠ Ȑȓ-
31
ȕȖȞ ǸȓȥȓȒȔȖȕȎȒȓ ǺȓȣȚȓȒ ȂȡȎȒ ȝȎȦȎ (1863 – 1866) ȝȖȦȓ Ȗȕ-
șȜȔȓțȖȓ ȒȜ ȟȡșȠȎț ǮȏȒȡșȎȕȖȕ. ǰ țȓȑȜ ȠȜȗ ȞȓȕȬȚȖȞȎ ȖȕșȜȔȓ-
țȖȠȓ Ȑ ȒȐȎȠȎ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜșȎ ȚȜȠȖȐȖ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎ ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț Ȗ ǿȎ-
ȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ, țȜ ȝȜȒ țȜȐȜ ȖȚȓ – ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ, ȒȎ ȟȠȎțȎȠ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ
ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ27. ǻȎ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖȭ Ȓȓț, 3/15 țȜȓȚȐȞȖ 1865 ȑ., ȝȞȓȒ-
șȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ ȓ ȜȒȜȏȞȓțȜ ȟȨȟ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖ ȡȘȎȕ28 (ȐȖȔ ǽȞȖșȜȔȓ-
țȖȓ 4, ȢȖȑ. 5).
ǻȭȘȜșȘȜ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎ ȜȠ ȚȎȗ – ȬșȖ 1868 ȑ. ȟȓ ȜȠțȎȟȭȠ ȕȎ
ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ țȜȐȖȭ ȘȜțȎȘ Ȑ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ. ǰ ȒȜȘșȎȒ ȜȠ ǮȒȚȖ-
țȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖȭ ȟȨȐȓȠ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ ȒȜ ȐȓșȖȘȜȠȜ ȐȓȕȖȞȟ-
ȠȐȜ ȜȠ 15/27 ȚȎȗ 1868 ȑ. ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ, ȥȓ ȟȨȟ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖ ȡȘȎȕ ȝȞȓ-
ȒȖ ȒȐȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ Ȑ ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ țȎ ǿȜȢȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȟȎțȒȔȎȘ ȓ ȏȖșȎ ȟȢȜȞ-
ȚȖȞȎțȎ țȜȐȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ ȟ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ, Ȑ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȎ ȐȘșȬȥȓțȖ 30
ȟȓșȖȧȎ. ǿ ȐȜșțȖȭ ȠȞȡȒ Ȗ ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎ ȜȠ ȚȓȟȠțȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ Ȑ
ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ȏȖșȖ ȖȕȒȖȑțȎȠȖ ȘȜțȎȘ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȟȑȞȎȒȖ. 10
ȣȖșȭȒȖ ȑȞȜȦȎ ȜȠ ȞȎȕȣȜȒȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȭȐȎțȓȠȜ ȖȚ ȜȏȎȥȓ țȓ ȏȖșȖ
ȝȜȘȞȖȠȖ Ȗ ȟȓ țȎȟȠȜȭȐȎ Ƞȓ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȝȜȓȠȖ ȜȠ ȒȨȞȔȎȐțȎȠȎ ȣȎȕțȎ.
ǽȞȓȒșȎȑȎ ȟȓ ȜȠ ȒȨȞȔȎȐțȎȠȎ ȣȎȕțȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȝȡȟțȎȠ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ 25
ȣȖșȭȒȖ ȑȞȜȦȎ ȕȎ țȜȐȖ ȞȎȕȣȜȒȖ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȜȭȧȜȠȜ
ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȐȎȔțȖ Ȗ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȖ ȕȒȎțȖȭ ȘȎȠȜ ȘȎȕȎȞȚȎ ȕȎ
ȔȎțȒȎȞȚȓȞȖȭȠȎ, ȝȜșȖȤȓȗȟȘȜ ȎȞȓȟȠȎțȠȟȘȜ ȜȠȒȓșȓțȖȓ29 Ȗ Ƞȓșȓȑ-
ȞȎȢțȎ ȟȠȎțȤȖȭ30, ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȜȟȐȓț ȘȜțȎȘȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȖ-
șȜ ȟȨȧȜ ȝȨȠȖȧȎ Ȗ ȚȜȟȠȜȐȓ Ȗ Ȑȓȥȓ țȭȚȎșȜ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȒȎ ȝȜȓȚȓ
ȖȕȒȖȑȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖȠȓ țȜȐȖ ȟȑȞȎȒȖ31. ǰ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ȥșȓ-
țȜȐȓȠȓ țȎ ǲȨȞȔȎȐțȖȭ ȟȨȐȓȠ (ȦȡȞȎ-Ȗ ȒȓȐșȓȠ) Ȑ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ ȜȠ
15/27 ȬțȖ 1868 ȑ. ȒȜ ȐȓșȖȘȖȭ ȐȓȕȖȞ ǺȓȣȚȓȒ ǳȚȖț ǮșȖ ȝȎȦȎ
(1867 – 1871) ȟȓ ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȭ ȝȞȓȒșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ ȕȎ ȜȠȝȡȟȘȎțȓ țȎ ȜȏȧȜ
35 ȣȖșȭȒȖ ȑȞȜȦȎ32. ǻȎ 1/13 ȬșȖ 1868 ȑ. ȐȓșȖȘȖȭȠ ȐȓȕȖȞ ȝȞȖȒ-
ȐȖȔȐȎ ȝȞȓȒșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ ȒȜ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȘȎțȤȓșȎȞȖȭ, Ȏ țȎ ȟșȓȒ-
ȐȎȧȖȭ Ȓȓț, 2/14 ȬșȖ 1868 ȑ., ȓ ȖȕȒȎȒȓț ȡȘȎȕ, ȟ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȓ ȜȒȜȏȞȓțȜ
ȜȠȝȡȟȘȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟțȎȠȎ ȟȡȚȎ33. ǰȎȔțȜ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȏȓșȓȔȖ, ȥȓ
ȝȜ ȖțȖȤȖȎȠȖȐȎ țȎ ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȘȜțȎȘȨȠ Ȑ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ,
țȜ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȟȠȐȓțȖ ȟȑȞȎȒȖ Ȗ Ȑ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖ
ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ Ȑ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ ȟȎ ȖȕȒȖȑțȎȠȖ ȟ ȐȜșțȖȭ ȠȞȡȒ Ȗ
ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎȠȎ țȎ ȚȓȟȠțȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ (Bakardzhieva 2009, 61 – 62).
ǶȚȎ Ȗ Ȝȧȓ ȓȒȖț ȖțȠȓȞȓȟȓț ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭ-
ȐȎ ȘȜșȓȘȠȖȐțȎ ȚȜșȏȎ (ȚȎȣȕȎȞ) ȜȠ 31 ȎȐȑȡȟȠ/12 ȟȓȝȠȓȚȐȞȖ
1870 ȑ. ȜȠ ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ Ȗ țȓȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ
32
țȎ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ. Ȁȓ țȎȟȠȜȭȐȎȠ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖȭȠ ȤȓțȠȨȞ țȎ
ǼȞȣȎțȖȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȚȓȟȠȖ ȜȠ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ Ȑ ǳȠȞȜȝȜ-
șȓ, ȕȎȧȜȠȜ Ȑ ȠȓȣțȖȭ ȑȞȎȒ ȖȚȎșȜ ȜȘȜșȜ 1200 ȘȨȧȖ Ȗ 500 ȒȬ-
ȘȭțȎ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ 32 ȓȟțȎȢȎ, Ȏ ȝȜ ȝȞȎȐȖșȜ ȕȎ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐȓț
ȤȓțȠȨȞ ȟȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭșȜ țȎȗ-ȑȜșȭȚȜȠȜ Ȗ ȐȎȔțȜ ȟȓșȖȧȓ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ
Ƞȭȣ ȟȓșȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ, Ȑ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȖȚȎșȜ ȜȘȜșȜ 70 ȚȬȟȬșȚȎț-
ȟȘȖ Ȗ 150 țȓȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȖ ȘȨȧȖ, țȓȟȝȞȎȐȓȒșȖȐȜ ȓ ȏȖșȜ ȜȝȞȓ-
ȒȓșȓțȜ ȕȎ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐȓț ȤȓțȠȨȞ țȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭȠȎ ȝȜȒ ȖȚȓȠȜ
ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ. ǰȟșȓȒȟȠȐȖȓ țȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȞȓȦȓțȖȓ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǳȠȞȜ-
ȝȜșȓ ȠȨȞȝȭșȜ ȐȞȓȒȖ Ȗ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖȭȠ Ȗ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓț ȔȖȐȜȠ Ȑ ȑȞȎ-
ȒȎ ȕȎȝȎȒțȎșȖ, ȕȎȧȜȠȜ ȝȜȐȓȥȓȠȜ Țȡ ȔȖȠȓșȖ ȑȜ țȎȝȡȟȘȎșȖ Ȗ
ȠȎȘȎ ȘȨȧȖȠȓ Ȗ ȒȬȘȭțȖȠȓ, ȣȞȎȚȜȐȓȠȓ Ȗ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎȠȎ Țȡ ȕȎȝȡȟ-
ȠȭȐȎșȖ. ǺȎȘȎȞ Ȗ ȑȞȎȒȨȠ ȒȎ ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎș Ȑ ȝȞȜȣȜȒ, ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖȠȓ
Ȑȓȥȓ țȓ ȖȒȐȎșȖ ȠȡȘ. ǵȎȠȜȐȎ ȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ ȜȠȝȞȎȐȭȠ
ȚȜșȏȎ ȑȞȎȒȨȠ ȖȚ ȜȠțȜȐȜ ȒȎ ȟȠȎțȓ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐȓț ȤȓțȠȨȞ
țȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ, ȘȎȘȠȜ ȓ ȏȖșȜ Ȗ Ȑ ȚȖțȎșȜȠȜ34. ǺȖțȎș ȜȠȠȡȘ ȝȞȓȕ
1873 ȑ., ȂȓșȖȘȟ ǸȎțȖȤ ȟȨȧȜ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎ, ȥȓ ȝȞȜȘȎȞȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȦȜȟȓȠȜ ȚȓȔȒȡ Ǿȡȟȓ Ȗ ǿȜȢȖȭ Ȗ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭțȓȠȜ țȎ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ ȕȎ
ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐȓț ȤȓțȠȨȞ țȎ țȜȐȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ ȐȜȒȖ ȒȜ ȡȝȎȒȨȘȎ
țȎ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ. ǽȜ ȒȡȚȖȠȓ Țȡ ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ „ȖȚȎ ȑȜșȭȚȜ ȝȞȓȑ-
ȞȓȦȓțȖȓ ȝȞȓȒ ȤȨȢȠȭȧȖȭ țȭȘȜȑȎ ȑȞȎȒ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ.“ ǼȠȥȎȭțȜ ȜȠ
ȠȎȕȖ „ȎțȜȚȎșȖȭ“, ȚȓȟȠțȜȠȜ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ ȝȜȚȜșȖșȜ ȂȓșȖȘȟ
ǸȎțȖȤ ȒȎ ȜȏȭȟțȖ țȎ „ȝȎȦȎȠȎ Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȭ“, ȠȜȓȟȠ ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȭ țȎ
ǿȜȢȖȗȟȘȖ ȜȘȞȨȑ, ȥȓ țȎȗ-ȘȞȎȠȘȖȭȠ ȝȨȠ ȕȎ Ǿȡȟȓ ȚȖțȎȐȎ ȖȚȓț-
țȜ ȝȞȓȕ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ (Kanitz 1995, 211; Tsenov 1926, 32 – 33).
ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ǸȎțȖȤ Ȑ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ ȖȚȎșȜ „400–500 ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȘȨȧȖ“,
ȒȜȘȎȠȜ Ȑ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓțȖȭ „ȖȕȘȡȟȠȐȓțȜ ȜȠ ǺȖȒȣȎȒ“ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ, ȘȜȗȠȜ
ȒȜ 1871 ȑ. ȏȖș ȓȒțȜ „ȑȜșȭȚȜ ȟȓșȜ“, ȖȚȎșȜ „370 ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ,
85 ȠȡȞȟȘȖ, 25 ȥȓȞȘȓȕȘȖ Ȗ 20 ȤȖȑȎțȟȘȖ ȘȨȧȖ“, ȖșȖ ȜȏȧȜ 500
ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ. ǰȟȓ ȝȎȘ ǸȎțȖȤ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎ, ȥȓ țȜȐȜȝȜȟȠȞȜȓțȖȠȓ
ȟȑȞȎȒȖ – ȘȜțȎȘ, ȥȎȟȜȐțȖȘȜȐȎ ȘȡșȎ Ȗ ȒȔȎȚȖȭ, ȟȎ „ȒȜȟȠȎ ȣȡȏȎ-
ȐȖ“ Ȗ Ȑ „ȤȖțȤȎȞȟȘȖ ȟȠȖș“, Ȏ „ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȓ ȞȎȕȝȜșȜȔȓț țȎ ȦȜȟȓ-
ȠȜ, ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ ȏȨȞȕȜ ȏȖ ȠȞȭȏȐȎșȜ ȒȎ ȝȞȜȤȨȢȠȖ.“ (Kanitz 1995,
211, 218). ǲȎțțȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȏȞȜȭ țȎ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ Ȗ țȓȚȬȟȬș-
ȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȘȨȧȖ (ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ) Ȑ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ, ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȧȖ ȟȓ Ȑ
ȚȜșȏȎȠȎ țȎ ȓȠȞȜȝȜșȟȘȖȠȓ ȔȖȠȓșȖ Ȗ Ȑ ȝȨȠȓȝȖȟȎ țȎ ǸȎțȖȤ, ȟȓ
ȞȎȕȚȖțȎȐȎȠ ȟ ȜȢȖȤȖȎșțȖȠȓ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȟȠȎȠȖȟȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȒȎțțȖ.
ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ǱȜȒȖȦțȖȘȎ (ǿȎșțȎȚȓ) țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ ȕȎ 1873
33
– 1874 ȑ. Ȑ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ ȓ ȖȚȎșȜ 88 ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȖ Ȗ 341 ȣȞȖȟȠȖ-
ȭțȟȘȖ, ȖșȖ ȜȏȧȜ 429 ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ, Ȏ Ȑ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȜ
270 ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȖ Ȗ 403 țȓȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȖ, ȖșȖ ȜȏȧȜ 673 ȒȜ-
ȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ35 – ȕțȎȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȝȜ-ȚȎșȘȜ ȜȠ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖȠȓ Ȑ ȚȜșȏȎȠȎ
țȎ ȓȠȞȜȝȜșȥȎțȖ 1200 ȘȨȧȖ, țȜ Ȑȟȓ ȝȎȘ ȟ ȓȒțȎ ȠȞȓȠȎ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȜȠ
ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎȠȎ Ȑ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ.
ǰȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȠȜȐȎ ȚȜșȏȎȠȎ țȎ ȓȠȞȜȝȜșȥȎțȖ țȓ ȓ ȏȖșȎ ȡȒȜȐ-
șȓȠȐȜȞȓțȎ Ȗ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ ȜȟȠȎȐȎ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ȒȜ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ
ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȭ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ǶȐȎț ǶȐȎțȜȐ,
ȝȞȜȟșȜȐȡȠȜȠȜ țȓȞȎȕȏȖȞȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȓȠȞȜȝȜșȥȎțȖ Ȗ ȕșȎȠȖ-
ȥȎțȖ ȖȚȎ ȒȨșȑȎ ȝȞȓȒȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȎ ȟ ȢȡțȘȤȖȜțȖȞȎțȓȠȜ
țȎ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ Ƞȡ ȘȎȠȜ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐȓț ȤȓțȠȨȞ țȎ ȟȎȚȜȟȠȜȭ-
ȠȓșțȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ, Ƞȡ ȘȎȠȜ ȟȓșȖȧȓ, ȐșȖȕȎȧȜ Ȑ ȟȨȟȠȎȐȎ țȎ ǵșȎ-
ȠȖȦȘȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ. ǶȐȎțȜȐ ȜȏȭȟțȭȐȎ ȥȓȟȠȎȠȎ ȟȚȭțȎ țȎ ȎȒȚȖ-
țȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖȭ ȟȠȎȠȡȠ țȎ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ ȟȨȟ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓȠȜ Țȡ țȎ Ȕȓ-
șȓȕȜȒȜȏȖȐțȜ ȟȞȓȒȖȧȓ (Ivanov 2020, 174 – 175). ǼȠ ȟȨȜȏȧȓțȖȭ
ȕȎ ȟȨȒȓȏțȖ ȝȞȖȟȨȒȖ, ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȖ țȎ 30 ȚȎȗ/11 ȬțȖ 1866 ȑ.
ȐȨȐ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ „ǲȡțȎȐ“, ȟȓ ȞȎȕȏȖȞȎ, ȥȓ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ țȓ ȓ ȏȖș ȝȞȖ-
ȟȨȓȒȖțȓț ȐȓȒțȎȑȎ ȘȨȚ ȟȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȎȠȎ ȝȜ-ȞȎțȜ ȝȞȓȕ ȚȎȞȠ ǼȞ-
ȣȎțȖȗȟȘȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ, Ȏ ȜȟȠȎȐȎ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ ȟȨȟ ȟȠȎȠȡȠ țȎ țȎ-
ȣȖȭ Ȑ ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ țȎ ǵșȎȠȖȦȘȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ. ǽȜ ȟȨȧȖȭ țȎȥȖț ȘȎȠȜ
ȟȓșȎ Ȑ ǵșȎȠȖȦȘȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ ȟȎ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖ ǼȟȖȘȜȐȖȤȎ (ǿȖȘȜȐȤȖ) Ȗ
ǸȎȞȎȦ (ǸȞȎȦ)36, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȐȝȜȟșȓȒȟȠȐȖȓ ȟȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ǼȞȣȎțȖȗȟȘȎ-
ȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ. ǶȕȑșȓȔȒȎ ȑȞȎȒ ȀȓȠȓȐȓț Ȗ ȟȓșȜ ǻȜȐȎȥȓțȓ ȝȨȞȐȜ-
țȎȥȎșțȜ ȟȨȧȜ ȟȎ ȟȓ ȥȖȟșȓșȖ ȘȨȚ ǵșȎȠȖȤȎ (Ivanov 2020, 179).
ǽȜ-ȘȨȟțȜ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ Ȗ ȀȓȠȓȐȓț Ȗ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȠȖȠȓ
ȟȓșȎ ȟȎ ȝȞȖȥȖȟșȓțȖ ȘȨȚ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ. ȀȜȐȎ ȜȕțȎȥȎȐȎ, ȥȓ ȜȘȜțȥȎ-
ȠȓșțȜȠȜ ȜȢȜȞȚȭțȓ țȎ ȟȨȟȠȎȐȎ țȎ ǼȞȣȎțȖȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ ȜȠ-
țȓȚȎ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ. ǰ ǱȜȒȖȦțȖȘȎ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ ȕȎ
1873 – 1874 ȑ. ȟȓ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎ ȟȝȖȟȨȘ țȎ 30-Ƞȓ ȟȓșȖȧȎ, ȐȘșȬȥȓțȖ
Ȑ ǼȞȣȎțȖȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ: ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖȭȠ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ, ȒȐȓ
ȟȓșȖȧȎ ȟȨȟ ȟȠȎȠȡȠ țȎ ȑȞȎȒ (ȘȎȟȎȏȎ) – ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ Ȗ ȀȓȠȓȐȓț, Ȗ
27 ȟȓșȎ. ǿ țȎȗ-ȚțȜȑȜșȬȒțȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȓ ȀȓȠȓȐȓț, ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȔȖ-
ȐȓȭȠ ȟȎȚȜ țȓȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ (ȖșȖ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖ), ȟșȓȒȐȎț
ȜȠ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ. ǶȕȤȭșȜ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȖ ȟȎ Ȝȧȓ 24 ȟȓșȎ Ȗ ȟȎȚȜ Ȑ
ȝȓȠ ȟȓșȖȧȎ ȖȚȎ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ – Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ Ȗ ǼȞȣȎ-
țȖȓ Ȗ Ȑ ȟȓșȎȠȎ ǱȡȞȘȜȐȜ, ȃȡȏȎȐȓțȓ Ȗ ǲȜȏȞȓȐȤȖ (Ȑ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȜȠȜ
ȟȎ ȝȜȚȎȤȖ)37.
34
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 1. ǿȓșȖȧȎ Ȗ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ Ȑ ǼȞȣȎțȖȗȟȘȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ
ȝȜ ȒȎțțȖ ȜȠ ǱȜȒȖȦțȖȘ (ǿȎșțȎȚȓ) țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖ ȐȖșȎȓȠ,
țȜȚȓȞ 6, 1290/1873–1874 ȑ., ȟ. 234 – 237.
ǺȬ- ǻȓȚȬ- ǺȨȔȓ
ǺȨȔȓ
ǿȓșȖȧȓ ȟȬșȚ. ȟȬșȚ. țȓȚȬȟ-
ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ
ȘȨȧȖ ȘȨȧȖ ȬșȚȎțȖ
1 Orhaniye kazası (ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ) 88 222 341 1200
2 Etrepol kasabası (ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ) 270 547 403 1367
3 Teteven kasabası (ȀȓȠȓȐȓț) 884 2182
4 úvraceü (ǰȞȎȥȓȦ) 330 1330
5 Litako (ǹȖȠȎȘȜȐȜ) 280 650
6 RadȜtin (ǾȎȒȜȠȖțȎ) 92 370
7 Raükova (ǾȎȦȘȜȐȜ) 73 250
8 Krayova (ǸȞȎȓȐȜ) 27 90
9 Yörükler (ȁȞȡȤȖȠȓ/ǱȡȞȘȜȐȜ) 84 271 86 244
10 Novaçan (ǻȜȐȎȥȓțȓ) 230 648
11 úskravine (ǿȘȞȎȐȓțȎ) 280 680
12 Bojeniçe (ǯȜȔȓțȖȤȎ) 210 567
13 Lipniçe (ǹȖȝțȖȤȎ) 260 510
14 Kaligerova (ǸȎșȡȑȓȞȜȐȜ) 170 423
15 úsvodȓ (ǿȐȜȒȓ) 110 231
16 Karaü (ǸȎȞȎȦ) 182 503
17 Kurnova (ǸȡȞțȜȐȜ) 120 264
18 Huyoven (ȃȡȗȜȐȓțȓ/ȃȡȏȎȐȓțȓ) 25 72 136 349
19 Batofça (ǯȎȠȡșȤȖ) 160 565
20 ZagȎrçı (ǲȜȏȞȓȐȤȖ) 253 1200 41 80
21 ûumlan (ȆȡȚțȓțȓ) 130 312
22 Ablaniçe (ȍȏșȎțȖȤȎ) 190 360
23 Vidrar (ǰȖȒȞȎȞȓ) 624 1110
24 Sikoviçe (ǼȟȖȘȜȐȖȤȎ) 445 1252
25 úzvor-i kebir (ǱȜșȭȚ ȖȕȐȜȞ) 312 692
26 úzvor-i sagir (ǺȎșȨȘ ȖȕȐȜȞ) 146 271
27 Brusan (ǯȞȡȟȓț) 199 542
28 Liben (ǹȜȝȭț) 250 500
29 Brafça (ǽȞȎȐȓȤ) 420 1050
30 Altuntaü (ǹȨȔȓțȓ/ȀȞȡȒȜȐȓȤ) 280 1000
ǼȏȧȜ 710 2312 7511 19706
ǽȞȓȖȕȥȖȟșȓț ȏȞȜȗ 720 2312 7411 19592
ǸȎȘȠȜ ȟȓ ȐȖȔȒȎ ȜȠ ȠȎȏșȖȤȎȠȎ, ȝȞȓȕ 1290/1873 – 1874 ȑ.

ȜȏȧȖȭȠ ȏȞȜȗ țȎ ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎȠȎ Ȑ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ
ȓ 429 Ȗ ȝȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȠȜȗ ȜȠȟȠȨȝȐȎ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȝȞȓȒ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ ȒȐȎ
ȑȞȎȒȎ ȀȓȠȓȐȓț (884 ȘȨȧȖ) Ȗ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ (673 ȘȨȧȖ), țȜ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒ
ȟȓșȎȠȎ ǰȖȒȞȎȞȓ (624 ȘȨȧȖ) Ȗ ǼȟȖȘȜȐȖȤȎ (445 ȘȨȧȖ). ǿȝȜȞȓȒ
ȝȨȞȐȖȭ ǱȜȒȖȦțȖȘ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ ȜȠ 1285/1868 – 1869 ȑ.
35
ȜȏȧȜȠȜ ȥȖȟșȜ țȎ ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎȠȎ Ȑ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ ȓ 416, Ȏ ȒȬȘȭțȖȠȓ
Țȡ țȎȏȞȜȭȐȎȠ 11738. ǲȎțțȖȠȓ ȜȟȠȎȐȎȠ țȓȝȞȜȚȓțȓțȖ Ȗ Ȑ ȟșȓȒ-
ȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȥȓȠȖȞȖ ȑȜȒȖȦțȖȘȎ ȒȜ 1289/1872 – 1873 ȑ.39
ǵȎȧȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ?

ǻȜȐȜȖȕȒȖȞȓțȖȠȓ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ, ȥȓ ȖȒȓȭȠȎ
ȕȎ ȝȞȓȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȓșȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ Ȗ Ȑ
ȤȓțȠȨȞ țȎ țȜȐȜȟȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ Ȑ ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ
ȐȖșȎȓȠ ȓ ȟ Ȥȓș ȜȝȠȖȚȖȕȖȞȎțȓ Ȗ ȜȏșȓȘȥȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȐȞȨȕȘȎȠȎ ȚȓȔ-
Ȓȡ ȟȓșȖȧȎȠȎ Ȗ ȜȏȟșȡȔȐȎȧȖȭ ȑȖ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐȓț ȤȓțȠȨȞ, ȘȎȠȜ
ȕȎ ȠȎȘȨȐ ȟȓ ȖȕȏȖȞȎ ȟȓșȖȧȓ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȖȚȎ ȟȞȓȒȖȧțȜ ȞȎȕȝȜșȜȔȓțȖȓ
Ȑ ȑȞȎțȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȧȎ ȖșȖ țȜȐȜȟȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȎ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟ-
ȠȞȎȠȖȐțȎ ȓȒȖțȖȤȎ. ǰ ȞȓȥȠȎ ȟȖ, ȖȕțȓȟȓțȎ țȎ ȝȨȞȐȜȠȜ ȕȎȟȓȒȎțȖȓ
țȎ ǼȏȧȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠȟȘȖ ȟȨȐȓȠ (ȐȖșȎȓȠ ȡȚȡȚȖ ȚȓȒȔșȖȟȖ), ȝȞȜȐȓ-
ȒȓțȜ țȎ 15/27 ȚȎȞȠ 1866 ȑ., ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ ȝȜȒȥȓȞȠȎȐȎ, ȥȓ ȟȓ ȓ
ȝȞȜȐȓșȎ ȞȓȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖȠȓ ȓȒȖțȖȤȖ, ȕȎ ȒȎ
ȚȜȔȓ ȟȓșȎȠȎ ȒȎ ȜȠȟȠȜȭȠ țȎ ȟȞȎȐțȖȠȓșțȜ ȘȞȎȠȘȜ ȞȎȕȟȠȜȭțȖȓ ȜȠ
ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖȠȓ ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ40. ǰ ȠȜȕȖ ȟȚȖȟȨș țȓ ȑȜșȓȚȖțȎȠȎ
țȎ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ ȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭȧȎ (ȘȎȘȨȐȠȜ ȚȜȠȖȐ ȖȕȠȨȘȐȎȠ ȓȠȞȜȝȜș-
ȥȎțȖ) ȕȎ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȠȎȠȡȠ țȎ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐȓț ȤȓțȠȨȞ.
ǸȜȑȎ ȟȓșȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȐȞȨȧȎ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ?

ǶȒȓȭȠȎ ȟȓșȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȝȞȓȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎțȜ Ȑ ȜȘȜ-
șȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ȟȓ ȓ ȕȎȞȜȒȖșȎ țȓ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȞȜșȓȠȠȎ țȎ 1866 ȑ., ȘȜ-
ȑȎȠȜ ȜȏșȎȟȠțȖȭȠ ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓș ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ ȓ ȏȖș ȜȠȟȓȒțȎș Ȑ
ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȨȠ ȕȎ ǿȜȢȖȭ, ȘȎȘȠȜ ȠȐȨȞȒȖ ǽȓȠȨȞ ǾȜȚȎțȟȘȖ, Ȏ
Ȝȧȓ ȝȞȓȕ șȭȠȜȠȜ ȖșȖ ȞȎțțȎȠȎ ȓȟȓț țȎ ȝȞȓȒȣȜȒțȎȠȎ 1865 ȑ.,
ȘȎȘȠȜ ȜȟțȜȐȎȠȓșțȜ ȝȞȓȒȝȜșȎȑȎ ǶȐȎț ǿȠȎȚȓțȜȐ. ǸȨȚ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ
ȟȓȝȠȓȚȐȞȖ ȖșȖ Ȑ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ ȜȘȠȜȚȐȞȖ 1865 ȑ. ȜȏșȎȟȠțȎȠȎ
ȡȝȞȎȐȎ ȜȠȝȞȎȐȭ ȠȎȘȜȐȎ ȝȞȓȒșȜȔȓțȖȓ ȒȜ ȤȓțȠȞȎșțȎȠȎ ȜȟȚȎț-
ȟȘȎ ȐșȎȟȠ. ǰ ȝȞȓȒșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎ Ȗ ȖȒȓȭȠȎ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ
ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȝȞȓȖȚȓțȡȐȎțȜ țȎ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ ȖșȖ ǺȡȞȎȒȖȓ, ȖșȖ ȝȨȘ
ȒȞȡȑȜ ȖȚȓ, ȘȎȘȐȜȠȜ Ȑ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ ȝȞȖȓȚȎȠ ȕȎ ȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȧȜ. ǽȞȓȒ-
ȟȠȜȭȧȜȠȜ ȟȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ ȟ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȓ
ȜȝȜȐȓȟȠȓțȜ ȜȠ ȜȏșȎȟȠțȖȭ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ „ǲȡțȎȐ“ Ȑ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ ȜȘȠȜȚȐȞȖ
ȖșȖ Ȑ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ țȜȓȚȐȞȖ 1865 ȑ. ǰ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ ȖșȖ ȘȨȚ ȟȞȓ-
ȒȎȠȎ țȎ țȜȓȚȐȞȖ ȐȓșȖȘȖȭȠ ȐȓȕȖȞ ȝȞȖȒȐȖȔȐȎ ȝȞȓȒșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ
ȒȜ ȟȡșȠȎțȎ, ȘȎȠȜ ȜȠ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȭȟțȜ, ȥȓ ȜȠ țȭȘȜșȘȜȠȜ
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ȖȒȓȖ ȕȎ țȜȐȜ ȖȚȓ ȓ ȝȞȓȒȝȜȥȓȠȓțȜ țȎȖȚȓțȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ.
ǿ ȡȘȎȕ ȜȠ 3/15 țȜȓȚȐȞȖ 1865 ȑ. ȟȡșȠȎțȨȠ ȡȠȐȨȞȔȒȎȐȎ ȝȞȓȒ-
șȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ. ǿ ȠȜȕȖ ȎȘȠ ȞȓȦȓțȖȓȠȜ ȐșȖȕȎ Ȑ ȟȖșȎ, țȜ ȟȎȚȜȠȜ
ȘȜțȟȠȖȠȡȖȞȎțȓ țȎ țȜȐȎȠȎ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȎ ȓȒȖțȖȤȎ Ȗ țȜȐȖȭ
ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ȓ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒȓțȜ ȕȎ ȚȎȞȠ 1866 ȑ. ȀȎȘȎ țȜȐȜ-
ȖȕȒȖȞȓțȖȠȓ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȘȜȞȖȑȖȞȎȠ ȝȞȓȒȝȜșȜȔȓțȖȓ-
ȠȜ țȎ ǶȐȎț ǿȠȎȚȓțȜȐ, ȥȓ „ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȕȎȝȜȐȓȒ“ ȕȎ ȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȟȠȎȠȡȠ țȎ ȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ Ȗ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȖȚȓțȡȐȎțȓ țȎ
ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ Ȑ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ ȓ ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȎ ȝȞȓȕ ȒȓȘȓȚȐȞȖ 1865 ȑ.
ǼȘȎȕȐȎ ȟȓ, ȥȓ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖȭȠ ȡȘȎȕ ȓ ȜȠ 3/15 țȜȓȚȐȞȖ 1865 ȑ.
ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ǶȐȎț ǿȠȎȚȓțȜȐ ȟȎȚȜȠȜ ȝȞȓȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȓșȜ
ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ȟ țȜȐȜȠȜ ȖȚȓ ǼȞȣȎ-
țȖȓ ȟȓ ȓ ȕȎȏȎȐȖșȜ ȕȎȞȎȒȖ ȕȖȚȎȠȎ Ȗ ȚȡȒțȎȠȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎ ȏȬȞȜȘ-
ȞȎȤȖȭ. ǰȟȨȧțȜȟȠ ȞȎȕȑșȓȒȎțȖȠȓ ȠȡȘ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȟȐȖ-
ȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎȠ, ȥȓ Ȝȧȓ ȟ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȜȐȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȠȜȕȖ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ ȝȞȓȕ ȘȨȟ-
țȎȠȎ ȓȟȓț țȎ 1865 ȑ. ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȔȒȎ ȝȞȓȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎțȓȠȜ ȒȎ ȟȠȎțȓ
țȓ ȐȓȒțȎȑȎ, Ȏ ȝȞȓȕ ȚȎȞȠ 1866 ȑ. ȀȜȓȟȠ „ȕȎȏȎȐȭțȓȠȜ“ ȓ ȏȖșȜ
ȝșȎțȖȞȎțȜ, Ȏ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖȭȠ ȚȓȟȓȤ ȚȎȞȠ țȓ ȓ ȟșȡȥȎȓț. ǸȎȘȠȜ ȟȓ
ȐȖȔȒȎ Ȗ ȜȠ ȤȖȠȖȞȎțȎȠȎ ȝȜ-ȒȜșȡ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎȤȖȭ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȎ ȟȨȟ
ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖ ȓȒȖțȖȤȖ Ȑ ȜȟȚȎț-
ȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȒȓșȖ Ȗ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȝȜ ȝȞȖțȤȖȝ ȓ ȒȎȠȖȞȎțȎ ȝȜ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎț-
ȟȘȖȭ ȘȎșȓțȒȎȞ, ȘȎȠȜ țȎȥȎșȜ țȎ ȢȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ ȖȚ ȟȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȓ
ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȚȓȟȓȤ ȚȎȞȠ ȝȜ Ƞ. țȎȞ. ȘȎșȓțȒȎȞ ȞȡȚȖ
(ȏȡȘȐ. „ȑȞȨȤȘȖ“ ȖșȖ „ȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖ“), ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȨȐȝȎȒȎ ȟ ȖȕȝȜșȕ-
ȐȎțȖȭ ȠȜȑȎȐȎ Ȑ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȖȭ ȟȐȭȠ ȌșȖȎțȟȘȖ ȘȎșȓțȒȎȞ. ȀȜȕȖ
ȘȎșȓțȒȎȞ ȓ ȐȨȐȓȒȓț Ȑ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȎ ȝȞȓȕ ȐȠȜȞȎȠȎ ȝȜ-
șȜȐȖțȎ țȎ XVII ȐȓȘ ȕȎ ȢȖțȎțȟȜȐȖ ȤȓșȖ: ȕȎ ȜȟȥȓȠȜȐȜȒȭȐȎțȓ
țȎ ȝȞȖȣȜȒȖ Ȗ ȞȎȕȣȜȒȖ Ȑ ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ țȎ ȢȖȟȘȎșțȎȠȎ ȑȜȒȖțȎ, ȘȜȭ-
ȠȜ ȓ ȕȎȝȜȥȐȎșȎ ȜȠ 1 ȚȎȞȠ. ǻȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȟȨȜȏȧȓțȖȓ Ȑ
„ǲȡțȎȐ“ ȜȠ 30 ȚȎȗ/11 ȬțȖ 1866 ȑ. Ȑ „ȟȞȓȒȜȠȜȥȖȓȠȜ“ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐ-
ȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ – Ǿȡȟȓ, ȝȞȖȟȠȖȑțȎș ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖ ȢȓȞȚȎț ȟ ȡȘȎȕȎ-
țȖȓȠȜ „ȜȠ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ ȚȎȞȠ țȎ ȠȎȕȖ ȑȜȒȖțȎ“ „țȎȞȜȒȨȠ“ ȒȎ
ȝșȎȧȎ ȒȎțȨȘ „ȟȨȜȏȞȎȕțȜ ȟȨȟ ȟȠȜȘȎȠȎ Țȡ Ȗ ȟ ȝȓȥȎșȏȎȠȎ“41. ǵȎ-
ȠȜȐȎ țȓȟșȡȥȎȗțȜ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȥȎșȜ țȎ ȢȡțȘȤȖȜțȖȞȎțȓ
țȎ țȜȐȜȟȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȖȠȓ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖ ȓȒȖțȖȤȖ, Ȑ ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ
țȎ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȟȓ ȟȨȏȖȞȎșȖ ȒȎțȨȤȖȠȓ ȜȠ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȓ ȏȖșȜ
ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒȓțȜ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȕȎ ȚȓȟȓȤ ȚȎȞȠ. ǽȜ ȟȨȧȖȭ țȎȥȖț ȓ ȝȞȜȤȓ-
ȒȖȞȎțȜ Ȗ ȟ ǼȞȣȎțȖȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ.
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ǽȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȖȠȓ Ȑ ȜȏșȎȟȠțȖȭ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ „ǲȡțȎȐ“, ȒȎȠȖȞȎȧȖ ȜȠ
ȚȎȞȠ – ȎȝȞȖș 1866 ȑ., ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎȠ, ȥȓ ȞȓȦȓțȖȓȠȜ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȜȏ-
ȞȎȕȡȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȓșȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒ ȟȨȟ ȟȠȎȠȡȠ țȎ ȜȘȜșȖȗ-
ȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ȟ țȜȐȜȠȜ țȎȖȚȓțȜȐȎțȖȓ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ ȓ ȝȞȖȐȓȒȓțȜ Ȑ
ȖȕȝȨșțȓțȖȓ ȟȨȜȏȞȎȕțȜ ȝȜȟȠȎȐȓțȖȠȓ ȟȞȜȘȜȐȓ. ǵȎȟȓȑȎ țȓ ȓ ȜȠȘ-
ȞȖȠ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ, ȎțȎșȜȑȖȥȓț țȎ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȐȎțȎȠȎ Ȑ Țȓȟ-
ȠțȖȠȓ ȣȞȜțȖȘȖ Ȗ Ȑ ȘȞȎȓȐȓȒȟȘȖȠȓ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ ȕȎȝȜȐȓȒ („ȏȜ-
ȞȜțȠȖȭ“), ȟ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȚȓȟȠțȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȓ ȏȖșȜ ȜȢȖȤȖȎșțȜ ȡȐȓ-
ȒȜȚȓțȜ, ȥȓ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ Ȥȓț-
ȠȨȞ. ǰ șȓȠȜȝȖȟțȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȏȓșȓȔȘȖ ȃȎȒȔȖ ȄȓțȜ ǸȡȞȠȎțȜȐ țȓ
ȡȠȜȥțȭȐȎ ȘȨȒȓ Ȑ ȝȓȠȨȘ țȎ 11/23 ȚȎȞȠ 1866 ȑ. ȓ ȏȖșȎ ȝȞȜȥȓȠȓțȎ
ȕȎȝȜȐȓȒȠȎ – Ȑ ȞȜȒțȖȭ Țȡ ȑȞȎȒ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ ȖșȖ Ȑ ȟȓșȜ ǿȎȚȡț-
ȒȔȖȓȐȜ. ǰȨȐ ȐȟȓȘȖ ȟșȡȥȎȗ, ȟșȓȒ ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖ ȡȘȎȕ ȟ
ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȜ ȞȓȦȓțȖȓ, ȐȓșȖȘȖȭȠ ȐȓȕȖȞ ȓ ȒșȨȔȓț ȒȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȓ
țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȖȠȓ ȟȠȨȝȘȖ ȝȜ țȓȑȜȐȜȠȜ ȖȕȝȨșțȓțȖȓ, ȘȎȠȜ ȖȕȝȞȎȠȖ
ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȖȠȓ ȝȜȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖ ȕȎȝȜȐȓȒȖ ȒȜ ȝȜ-țȖȕȦȓȟȠȜȭȧȖȠȓ ȜȞ-
ȑȎțȖ, Ȑ ȟșȡȥȎȭ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ. ȀȜ ȜȠ ȟȐȜȭ
ȟȠȞȎțȎ ȟșȓȒȐȎ ȒȎ ȒȎȒȓ ȞȎȕȝȜȞȓȔȒȎțȖȭ ȒȜ ǿȜȢȖȗȟȘȖ ȜȘȞȨȑ, Ȑ
ȥȖȖȠȜ ȑȞȎțȖȤȖ ȓ țȜȐȎȠȎ ǼȞȣȎțȖȗȟȘȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ, Ȗ țȓȟșȡȥȎȗțȜ
țȓȑȜȐȖȭȠ ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓș ȂȓȣȖȚ ȝȎȦȎ ȜȠȖȐȎ țȎ ȚȭȟȠȜ Ȗ șȖȥțȜ
ȘȜțȠȞȜșȖȞȎ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȎ țȎ ȝȞȓȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȓșȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ
Ȑ ȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ȟ țȜȐȜȠȜ ȖȚȓ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ. ǰ șȓȠȜȝȖȟ-
țȖȠȓ ȏȓșȓȔȘȖ țȎ ȃȎȒȔȖ ȄȓțȜ ǸȡȞȠȎțȜȐ ȓ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎț ȝȞȓȖțȎ-
ȥȓțȖȭȠ ȐȎȞȖȎțȠ „ȏȜȞȜțȠȖȭ“ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȭ ȠȓȞȚȖț „ȏȡȬȞȡșȒȡ“
(buyuruldu), ȘȜȗȠȜ Ȑ ȝȜȏȨșȑȎȞȓț ȐȖȒ ȏȖ ȕȐȡȥȎș ȘȎȠȜ „ȏȡȬȞȡș-
ȠȖȭ“. ȀȓȞȚȖțȨȠ ȝȞȜȖȕȣȜȔȒȎ ȜȠ ȠȡȞȟȘȖȭ ȑșȎȑȜș „ȏȡȬȞȚȎȘ“
(buyurmak) ȟȨȟ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ „ȕȎȝȜȐȭȒȐȎȚ“ Ȗ ȟ țȓȑȜ ȟȓ ȜȏȜȕțȎȥȎȐȎ
ȕȎȝȜȐȓȒ, ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȎ ȜȠ ȐȓșȖȘȖȭ ȐȓȕȖȞ, ȒȞȡȑȖ ȐȖȟȦȖ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖ-
ȠȓșȖ țȎ ȤȓțȠȞȎșțȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȐȖșȎȓ-
ȠȖȠȓ ȒȜ ȝȜ-țȖȕȦȖ ȥȖțȜȐțȖȤȖ. ȀȎȕȖ ȕȎȝȜȐȓȒ ȐȖțȎȑȖ ȓ ȒȎȠȖȞȎ-
țȎ (Velkov 1986, 88; Kütükoùlu 1994, 197 – 206). ȀȎȘȎ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖ-
ȠȓșțȜ țȎ 11/23 ȚȎȞȠ 1866 ȑ. ȟȜȢȖȗȟȘȖȭȠ ȜȘȞȨȔȓț ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓș
ȂȓȣȖȚ ȝȎȦȎ ȖșȖ țȎȕțȎȥȓțȖȭȠ ȘȨȚ 2/14 ȚȎȞȠ 1866 ȑ. ȜȘȜșȖȗȟ-
ȘȖ ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓș ǺȓȣȚȓȒ ȎȑȎ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȎ ȝȞȜȥȓșȖ ȕȎȝȜȐȓȒ ȜȠ
ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȐȓșȖȘȖȭ ȐȓȕȖȞ ȖșȖ țȎ ȐȎșȖȭȠȎ ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ, ȥȞȓȕ
ȘȜȭȠȜ ȚȓȟȠțȖȠȓ ȔȖȠȓșȖ ȟȎ ȏȖșȖ ȜȢȖȤȖȎșțȜ ȡȐȓȒȜȚȓțȖ, ȥȓ ȜȠ
ȠȜȕȖ ȚȜȚȓțȠ țȎȠȎȠȨȘ ȟȓșȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȓ ȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȜȘȜ-
șȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ȟ țȜȐȜȠȜ țȎȕȐȎțȖȓ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ.
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ȇȜ ȟȓ ȜȠțȎȟȭ ȒȜ „ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖȭ ȢȓȞȚȎț“, „ȝȞȜȥȓȠȓț“ ȝȞȓȒ
ȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ/ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȥȖȓȠȜ „ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ“
ǽȓȠȨȞ ǾȜȚȎțȟȘȖ ȤȖȠȖȞȎ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ „ȝȞȓȐȜȒ“, ȠȓȘȟȠȨȠ Țȡ Ȑȓ-
ȞȜȭȠțȜ ȓ ȖȕȚȖȟșȓț ȕȎ ȝȞȖȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȜ-ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȜȏȞȎȕțȜȟȠ Ȗ
ȒȜȟȠȜȐȓȞțȜȟȠ țȎ ȟȨȏȖȠȖȓȠȜ. ǸȎȘȠȜ ȏȓȦȓ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȠȜ, ǾȓțȖ ǹȎ-
ȕȎȞȜȐȎ ȒȜȝȡȟȘȎ, ȥȓ ȠȡȘ ȝȜȒ „ȢȓȞȚȎț“ ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȟȓ ȖȚȎ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒ
ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖȭȠ ȡȘȎȕ, ȘȎȘȨȐȠȜ țȎȖȟȠȖțȎ ȓ ȖȕȒȎȒȓț, ȘȎȘȠȜ ȐȖȒȭȣ-
Țȓ, țȎ 3/15 țȜȓȚȐȞȖ 1865 ȑ. ǳȒȐȎ șȖ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȠȜȕȖ ȡȘȎȕ ȓ
ȏȖș ȝȞȜȥȓȠȓț ȝȞȓȒ ȟȨȏȞȎșȜȠȜ ȟȓ ȚțȜȔȓȟȠȐȜ. ǽȜȒȜȏțȜ țȎ ȒȞȡ-
ȑȖȠȓ ȡȘȎȕȖ, Ȗ ȠȜȕȖ ȓ ȎȒȞȓȟȖȞȎț ȢȜȞȚȎșțȜ ȒȜ ȐȓșȖȘȖȭ ȐȓȕȖȞ,
ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȓ Ȑ ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞ țȎ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȖȭ, ȟ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ
ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭ ȕȎ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȜ ȜȒȜȏȞȓțȖȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȜ ȝȞȓȒșȜȔȓțȖȓ.
ǼȠ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȟȠȞȎțȎ ȢȓȞȚȎțȖȠȓ ȟȨȧȜ ȟȓ ȎȒȞȓȟȖȞȎȠ ȒȜ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȖ
ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞțȖ șȖȤȎ țȎ ȤȓțȠȞȎșțȜ Ȗ ȚȓȟȠțȜ ȞȎȐțȖȧȓ, țȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ
ȒȜ ȘȎȒȖȖ. „ȂȓȞȚȎțȨȠ“ țȎ ǾȜȚȎțȟȘȖ ȓ ȟ ȜȏȞȨȧȓțȖȓ ȘȨȚ „ȝȨȞ-
ȐȓțȤȖȠȓ“ țȎ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ. ǰ țȓȑȜ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ, ȥȓ ȟȥȖȠȎțȜ ȜȠ 11
ȚȎȞȠ 1866 ȑ. ȟȓșȜȠȜ ȟȓ ȜȏȭȐȭȐȎ ȕȎ ȑȞȎȒ (ȘȎȟȎȏȎ) Ȗ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ
ȤȓțȠȨȞ ȟ țȜȐȜȠȜ țȎȖȚȓțȜȐȎțȖȓ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ. ǸȎȘȠȜ ȏȓȦȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȓ-
țȜ, ȐȨȝȞȜȟțȎȠȎ ȒȎȠȎ ȟȓ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȐȎ Ȑ șȓȠȜȝȖȟțȖȠȓ ȏȓșȓȔȘȖ țȎ
ȃȎȒȔȖ ȄȓțȜ ǸȡȞȠȎțȜȐ Ȗ ȜȥȓȐȖȒțȜ ȝȞȜȟȠȜ ȓ ȝȞȓțȓȟȓțȎ Ȑ Ȗȕ-
ȚȖȟșȓțȖȭ „ȢȓȞȚȎț“. ǰ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȠȓșțȜȟȠ, țȎ 11/23 ȚȎȞȠ 1866 ȑ.,
ȝȓȠȨȘ, ȒȜȘȎȠȜ ȟȜȢȖȗȟȘȖȭȠ ȜȘȞȨȔȓț ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓș ȂȓȣȖȚ ȝȎȦȎ ȓ
ȝȞȓȏȖȐȎȐȎș ȒȓȟȓȠ ȒțȖ Ȑ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ, țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ ȧȓ ȒȎ ȓ
ȏȖșȜ ȜȢȖȤȖȎșțȜ ȡȐȓȒȜȚȓțȜ ȕȎ ȠȞȎțȟȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ.
ȀȜȐȎ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȓ ȟȠȎțȎșȜ țȓȟșȡȥȎȗțȜ Ȑ ȝȓȠȨȥȓț Ȓȓț, ȘȜȑȎȠȜ Ȑ
ȤȓțȠȨȞȎ țȎ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȓ ȟȨȏȞȎșȜ ȝȜ-ȑȜșȭȚȜ ȚțȜȔȓȟȠȐȜ ȕȎȞȎ-
ȒȖ ȜȏȖȥȎȗțȜȠȜ ȝȜ-ȚțȜȑȜșȬȒțȜȠȜ ȝȓȠȨȥțȜ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȜ ȏȜȑȜȟ-
șȡȔȓțȖȓ. ǸȎȘȠȜ ȟȓ ȕțȎȓ, ȐȎȔțȖ ȎȘȠȜȐȓ țȎ ȐșȎȟȠȠȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȖȚȎȠ
ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ ȘȨȚ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȟȓ ȜȝȜȐȓȟȠȐȭȐȎȠ ȖșȖ ȜȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȭ-
ȐȎȠ ȜȏȖȘțȜȐȓțȜ Ȑ ȒțȖ, Ȑ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȜ ȓȒțȎ ȖșȖ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȝȞȖȥȖțȎ ȟȓ
ȟȨȏȖȞȎ ȝȜ-ȑȜșȭȚȜ ȚțȜȔȓȟȠȐȜ. ǰȎȟȖș ǹȓȐȟȘȖ ȓ Ȝȏȓȟȓț țȎ 6/18
ȢȓȐȞȡȎȞȖ 1873 ȑ., ȐȠȜȞțȖȘ – ȝȎȕȎȞțȖȭȠ Ȓȓț țȎ ǿȜȢȖȭ. Ƕȕȑ-
șȓȔȒȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȏȖȐȦȓ ȟȓșȜ Ȑ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ țȓ ȓ ȖȚȎșȜ ȢȖȘȟȖȞȎț ȠȞȎ-
ȒȖȤȖȜțȓț ȝȎȕȎȞȓț Ȓȓț, ȕȎȧȜȠȜ ȥȎȘ țȎ 11/23 ȒȓȘȓȚȐȞȖ 1866 ȑ.
ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ „ǲȡțȎȐ“ ȟȨȜȏȧȎȐȎ, ȥȓ ȝȜ ȞȓȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ǼȏȧȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ-
ȟȘȖ ȟȨȐȓȠ ȟȨȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȓ ȏȖșȎ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȎ ȕȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȓț Ȓȓț Ȑ ǼȞȣȎ-
țȖȓ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȒțȖ ȜȠ ȟȓȒȚȖȤȎȠȎ ȕȎ țȭȘȜȖ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȟȓșȖȧȎ,
Ȑ ȘȜȖȠȜ „țȓ ȟȠȎȐȎȠ ȝȎȕȎȞȖ“42 (Koç 2021, 272). ȇȜ ȟȓ ȜȠțȎȟȭ ȒȜ
39
ȒȡȚȎȠȎ „ȢȓȞȚȎț“, Ȑ ȞȎȕȑȜȐȜȞțȎȠȎ Ȟȓȥ Ƞȭ ȖȚȎ ȚțȜȑȜ ȝȜ-ȦȖȞȜȘȎ
ȡȝȜȠȞȓȏȎ ȜȠ ȘȎțȤȓșȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ țȎ ȠȓȞȚȖțȎ Ȑ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎ-
ȠȎ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ. ǿȞȓȒ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ ȐȟȭȘȎ ȟȡș-
ȠȎțȟȘȎ ȕȎȝȜȐȓȒ ȟȓ ȖțȠȓȞȝȞȓȠȖȞȎ ȘȎȠȜ „ȢȓȞȚȎț“. ǻȎȞȜȒțȎȠȎ
ȝȓȟȓț ȕȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ „ǵȎȑȞȎȒȖșȎ ȟȓ țȜȐȎ ȘȎ-
ȟȎȏȎ“ ȕȎȝȜȥȐȎ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȟ ȒȡȚȖȠȓ: „ȂȓȞȚȎț ȒȜȢȠȎȟȎ//ȜȠ ȄȎȞȖȑ-
ȞȎȒȎ//ȒȜ ǾȡȟȥȡȘ ȑȞȎȒȎ//ȒȜ ȐȎșȖȭȠȎ//ǺȖȠȣȎȒ ȝȎȦȎ…“ (Tsenova
2007, 11). ǻȜ ȒȜȞȖ Ȗ Ȑ ȝȓȟȓțȠȎ, ȝȜ-ȎȒȓȘȐȎȠțȜ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ
ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ, ȟȓ ȝȓȓ, ȥȓ „ȢȓȞȚȎțȨȠ“ ȓ ȖȕȝȞȎȠȓț
ȜȠ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ ȒȜ ȐȎșȖȭȠȎ ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ, Ȏ țȓ ȓ ȝȞȭȘȜ ȎȒȞȓȟȖ-
ȞȎț ȒȜ ȝȨȞȐȓțȤȖȠȓ țȎ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ.
ǵȎȧȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȓ ȝȞȓȖȚȓțȡȐȎțȜ țȎ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ?

ǽȞȜȠȜȘȜșȨȠ ȜȠ ȕȎȟȓȒȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǼȏșȎȟȠțȖȭ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎ-
ȠȖȐȓț ȟȨȐȓȠ Ȑ Ǿȡȟȓ, ȖȕȝȞȎȠȓț ȒȜ ȤȓțȠȞȎșțȎȠȎ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎ-
ȤȖȭ Ȑ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ, ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎ Ȗ ȝȞȖȥȖțȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȟȚȭțȎȠȎ țȎ țȎȖ-
ȚȓțȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ ȜȠ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ Ȑ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ – ȐȨȝ-
ȞȜȟ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȒȜȟȓȑȎ țȓ ȓ ȘȜȚȓțȠȖȞȎț Ȑ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȜȑȞȎȢȖȭȠȎ ȝȜȞȎȒȖ
șȖȝȟȎȠȎ țȎ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȖ ȝȜȒȎȠȘȖ. ǰ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜșȎ ȟȓ ȖȕȠȨȘȐȎ, ȥȓ
ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȕȎ ȞȎȕșȖȘȎ ȜȠ țȎȖȚȓțȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȏȖ-
șȜ „ȏȓȕȜȏȖȒțȜ“ (zararsız), ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȞȡȑȜȠȜ ȟȓșȖȧȓ, ȕȎ ȘȜȓȠȜ
ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎ ȒȎ ȟȠȎțȓ ȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ – ǿȜȚȡțȒȔȡ
(ȖșȖ ȝȜȏȨșȑȎȞȓțȖȭȠ Țȡ ȐȎȞȖȎțȠ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ), ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ
ȕȎȚȓțȖ ȟ ȝȜ-ȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȧȜ. ǿ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȒȡȚȖ, țȎȟȠȜȭȧȜȠȜ ȖȚȓ țȎ
ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ țȓ ȓ ȏȖșȜ ȐȨȕȝȞȖȓȚȎțȜ ȘȎȠȜ „ȏȓȕȜȏȖȒțȜ“.
ǻȎȖȚȓțȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ ǿȜȚȡțȒȔȡ ȝȞȜȖȕȣȜȔȒȎ ȜȠ ȠȡȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȒȡȚȎ
„ȟȜȚȡț“ (somun), ȘȜȭȠȜ ȜȕțȎȥȎȐȎ „ȝȖȠȘȎ“. ǰ ȠȡȞȟȘȖȭ ȓȕȖȘ Ƞȭ ȓ
țȎȐșȭȕșȎ ȜȠ ȑȞȨȤȘȖȭ (țȎ țȜȐȜȑȞȨȤȘȖ ǙǚǍǀǎ Ȗ țȎ ȟȠȎȞȜȑȞȨȤȘȖ
ǙǚǍǝǓ), Ȑ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȜȕțȎȥȎȐȎ „ȣȎȝȘȎ ȣșȭȏ“. ǰ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȭ ȓȕȖȘ Ȓȡ-
ȚȎȠȎ ȓ țȎȐșȭȕșȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȠȡȞȤȖȕȨȚ ȝȜȒ ȢȜȞȚȎȠȎ „ȟȎȚȡț“ ȟȨȟ ȕțȎ-
ȥȓțȖȓ țȎ „ȝȖȠȎ ȣșȭȏ“. ȂȜȞȚȎȠȎ „ȟȜȚȡțȒȔȡ“ ȜȏȎȥȓ, ȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎțȎ
ȜȠ „ȟȜȚȡț“ Ȗ ȠȡȞȟȘȎȠȎ țȎȟȠȎȐȘȎ „ȒȔȡ“, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȜȏȖȘțȜȐȓțȜ ȟȓ Ȗȕ-
ȝȜșȕȐȎ ȕȎ țȎȖȚȓțȜȐȎțȖȭ țȎ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȖ, ȜȟȐȓț „ȚȎȗȟȠȜȞ țȎ ȝȖȠ-
ȘȖ, ȟȎȚȡțȖ“, ȘȎȘȠȜ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȝȜșȜȔȖ, ȜȕțȎȥȎȐȎ Ȗ „ȑȜȠȜ-
ȐȎțȓȤ“, „ȎȐȎțȠȎȒȔȖȭ“ (Redhouse 1997, 1027). ǶȕȑșȓȔȒȎ ȖȚȓț-
țȜ ȕȎȞȎȒȖ ȠȜȐȎ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ țȎȖȚȓțȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ țȓ ȓ
ȏȖșȜ ȐȨȕȝȞȖȓȚȎțȜ ȕȎ „ȏȓȕȜȏȖȒțȜ“ Ȗ ȏȖșȜ ȟȥȓȠȓțȜ ȕȎ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖ-
ȚȜ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȕȎȚȓțȓțȜ ȟ ȝȜ-ȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȧȜ, ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ ȧȜȚ ȧȓ ȓ ȟȨȟ
40
ȟȠȎȠȡȠ țȎ ȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ. ǰ ȒȜȘșȎȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎ țȜ-
ȐȜȠȜ țȎȖȚȓțȜȐȎțȖȓ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ ȖșȖ ǺȡȞȎȒȖȓ ȖșȖ țȭȘȎȘ-
ȐȜ ȒȞȡȑȜ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȐșȎȟȠȖȠȓ Ȑ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ ȟȥȓȠȎȠ ȕȎ ȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȧȜ.
ȀȜȐȎ ȝȞȓȒșȜȔȓțȖȓ ȓ Ȑ ȒȡȣȎ țȎ țȎșȜȔȓțȎȠȎ ȝȞȓȕ ȐȠȜȞȎȠȎ
ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ țȜȐȜȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎțȖ, ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȓ-
țȖ Ȗ ȡȞȏȎțȖȕȖȞȎțȖ ȟȓșȖȧȎ Ȑ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȒȓșȖ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ
ȘȞȨȧȎȐȎțȖ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȟȡșȠȎțȖ. ȀȎȘȎ țȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ ȝȞȓȕ 1856 ȑ.
ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ ǸȎȞȎȟȡ Ȑ ǿȓȐȓȞțȎ ǲȜȏȞȡȒȔȎ ȓ ȝȞȓȖȚȓțȡȐȎțȜ țȎ
ǺȓȒȔȖȒȖȓ (Ȓțȓȟ ǺȓȒȔȖȒȖȭ Ȑ ȌȑȜȖȕȠȜȥțȎ ǾȡȚȨțȖȭ) ȝȜ ȖȚȓȠȜ
țȎ ȡȝȞȎȐșȭȐȎȧȖȭ ȠȜȑȎȐȎ ȟȡșȠȎț ǮȏȒȡșȚȓȒȔȖȒ I (1839 –
1861). ǽȜ ȠȜȕȖ țȎȥȖț ȟȎ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȎțȖ ȕȎȟșȡȑȖȠȓ Țȡ ȕȎ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠ-
ȞȜȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ, ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȟșȓȒ ǸȞȖȚȟȘȎȠȎ ȐȜȗțȎ (1853 –
1856) ȟȓ ȕȎȟȓșȐȎ ȚțȜȑȜȏȞȜȗțȎ ȘȜșȜțȖȭ ȜȠ ȏȓȔȎțȤȖ ȘȞȖȚȟȘȖ
ȠȎȠȎȞȖ. ǽȜ ȝȜȒȜȏȖȓ țȎ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ/ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ ȝȞȓȖȚȓțȡȐȎțȓ-
ȠȜ țȎ ǸȎȞȎȟȡ Ȑ ǺȓȒȔȖȒȖȓ ȟȨȧȜ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȟ țȎȞȜȥȓț ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖ
ȡȘȎȕ (ȖȞȎȒȓ), ȖȕȒȎȒȓț țȎ 2 ȚȡȣȎȞȞȓȚ 1273/2 ȟȓȝȠȓȚȐȞȖ 1856 ȑ.
(Karpat 1984 – 1985). ǽȞȓȕ ȚȎȞȠ 1862 ȑ. Ȑ ȖȕȠȜȥțȜȎțȎȒȜșȟȘȎȠȎ
ȝȞȜȐȖțȤȖȭ ǿȖȐȎȟ ȓ ȜȟțȜȐȎța țȜȐȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ ȟ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐȓț
ȤȓțȠȨȞ ǮȕȖȕȖȓ (Ȓțȓȟ ȑȞ. ǽȨțȎȞȏȎȦȨ Ȑ ǶȕȠȜȥțȎ ȀȡȞȤȖȭ),
ȘȞȨȟȠȓțȜ țȎ ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȡȝȞȎȐșȭȐȎȧȖȭ ȠȜȑȎȐȎ ȟȡșȠȎț ǮȏȒȡșȎ-
ȕȖȕ. ǿȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ țȜȐȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ ȓ ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȜ ȟ ȚȎȟȜȐȜȠȜ ȝȞȓ-
ȟȓșȐȎțȓ Ȑ ȞȓȑȖȜțȎ țȎ ȥȓȞȘȓȕȖ ȏȓȔȎțȤȖ ȜȠ ǸȎȐȘȎȕ ȟșȓȒ ȕȎȐșȎ-
ȒȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȞȜȒțȖȠȓ ȖȚ ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȖ ȜȠ ǾȡȟȖȭ. Ƕ Ȑ ȠȜȕȖ ȟșȡȥȎȗ
ȞȓȦȓțȖȓȠȜ ȓ ȐȕȓȠȜ Ȑ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ 1861 ȑ. ȖșȖ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ 1862 ȑ., Ȏ
ȖȕȝȨșțȓțȖȓȠȜ Țȡ ȓ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒȓțȜ ȕȎ ȚȎȞȠ 1862 ȑ. (Tosun 2015).
ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȐșȎȟȠȖ ȝȞȓȟȓșȐȎȠ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȠȓȕȖ ȥȓȞȘȓȕȖ ȜȠ ȎțȎȒȜș-
ȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȐȖțȤȖȖ Ȑ ȟȓșȖȧȎ țȎ ǯȎșȘȎțȖȠȓ, ȐȘș. Ȗ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ
ȕȓȚȖ. ǰ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠ țȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȝȞȓȟȓșȓțȖȓ, ȝȞȓȕ 1865 ȑ. Ȑ ȑȞȎțȖȤȖ-
Ƞȓ țȎ ǯȓșȜȑȞȎȒȥȖȦȘȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ ȓ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓț ȑȞȎȒ (ȘȎȟȎȏȎ) Ǽȟ-
ȚȎțȖȓ (Ȓțȓȟ ȑȞ. ǲȖȚȜȐȜ ȐȨȐ ǰȖȒȖțȟȘȎ ȜȏșȎȟȠ), țȎȖȚȓțȡȐȎțȜ
țȎ ȝȨȞȐȖȭ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȟȡșȠȎț ǼȟȚȎț I. ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ,
ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȖ Ȑ ǶȟȠȎțȏȡșȟȘȖȭ ȎȞȣȖȐ Ȗ ȒȎȠȖȞȎȧȖ ȜȠ ȎȐȑȡȟȠ
186543, ȭțȡȎȞȖ – ȢȓȐȞȡȎȞȖ 186644 Ȗ ȬșȖ – ȎȐȑȡȟȠ 1866 ȑ.45, ȟȓ
ȜȠțȎȟȭȠ ȕȎ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȚȜȟȠ ȝȜ ȝȨȠȭ ȕȎ ǰȖȒȖț ȐȨȞȣȡ Ƞȓ-
ȥȎȧȎȠȎ Ȑ ȝȜȘȞȎȗțȖțȖȠȓ țȎ ǼȟȚȎțȖȓ/ǲȖȚȜȐȜ ȞȓȘȎ ǮȞȥȎȞ.
ǿȨȧȜ ȜȠ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȑ ǶȟȠȎțȏȡșȟȘȖȭ ȎȞȣȖȐ, ȒȎȠȖȞȎȧȖ ȜȠ ȎȐ-
ȑȡȟȠ46 Ȗ ȒȓȘȓȚȐȞȖ 1864 ȑ.47, ȘȎȘȠȜ ȒȓȘȓȚȐȞȖ 186548 Ȗ ȚȎȗ 1866
ȑ.49, ȟȓ ȞȎȕȏȖȞȎ, ȥȓ ȟȓșȜ, ȕȎȟȓșȓțȜ ȟ ȥȓȞȘȓȕȖ Ȗ ȟȨȧȜ țȎȖȚȓțȡ-
41
ȐȎțȜ ǼȟȚȎțȖȓ, ȓ ȏȖșȜ ȜȟțȜȐȎțȜ Ȗ Ȑ ǿșȖȐȓțȟȘȖ ȜȘȞȨȑ Ȑ ȞȎȚȘȖ-
Ƞȓ țȎ ǼȒȞȖțȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ. ǸȎȘȠȜ ȏȓȦȓ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȠȜ, ȝȞȓȕ 1866 ȑ.
ȥȓȞȘȓȕȖ ȟȓ ȕȎȟȓșȐȎȠ Ȗ Ȑ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ/ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ. ǽȎȘ ȒȜȘȡȚȓț-
ȠȖ ȜȠ ǶȟȠȎțȏȡșȟȘȖȭ ȎȞȣȖȐ, ȒȎȠȖȞȎȧȖ ȜȠ ȜȘȠȜȚȐȞȖ 1865 ȑ.,
ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎȠ, ȥȓ ȜȠțȜȐȜ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȚȎȟȜȐȜ ȝȞȓȟȓșȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȏȓȔȎțȤȖ ȓ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓțȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ ȟ ȖȚȓȠȜ ǼȟȚȎțȖȓ Ȑ ȎțȎȒȜșȟȘȖȭ
ȜȘȞȨȑ ȌȕȓȖȞ ȟ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ȑȞȎȒ ǽȎȭȟ (Ȓțȓȟ Ȑ ȌȔțȎ ȀȡȞȤȖȭ), Ȑ
ȑȞȎțȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ ȐȖșȎȓȠȎ ȟ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ǮșȓȝȜ50.
ǰ ȟșȡȥȎȭ ȟȨȟ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȓ ȝȞȓȒșȜȔȓțȜ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ ȒȎ
ȏȨȒȓ ȘȞȨȟȠȓțȜ ȓȐȓțȠȡȎșțȜ țȎ ȐȠȜȞȖȭ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȟȡșȠȎț ǼȞȣȎț
ȖșȖ țȎ ȠȞȓȠȖȭ ȟȡșȠȎț ǺȡȞȎȒ I (1362 – 1389), ȖșȖ ȝȨȘ ȒȎ ȟȓ
ȝȞȓȖȚȓțȡȐȎ ȟ ȒȞȡȑȜ ȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȧȜ ȖȚȓ, ȘȎȘȐȜȠȜ ȤȓțȠȞȎșțȎȠȎ
ȐșȎȟȠ Ȑ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ țȎȚȓȞȖ ȕȎ ȡȒȎȥțȜ. ǺȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȝȜșȜ-
ȔȖ, ȥȓ ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȖ ȠȜȐȎ țȭȘȜșȘȜ țȜȐȜȟȨȕȒȎȒȓțȖ ȟȓșȖȧȎ
ȟȎ ȏȖșȖ Ȑȓȥȓ ȘȞȨȟȠȓțȖ țȎ ȝȨȞȐȖȭ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȟȡșȠȎț, ȠȜ ȐȖșȎ-
ȓȠȟȘȜȠȜ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ Ȑ Ǿȡȟȓ ȟȓ ȟȝȖȞȎ țȎ ȖȚȓțȎȠȎ țȎ ȐȠȜȞȖȭ Ȗ
ȠȞȓȠȖȭ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȟȡșȠȎțȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȐȎȞȖȎțȠȖ ȕȎ țȜȐȜ ȖȚȓ țȎ ǿȎ-
ȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ. ǰ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜșȎ ȜȠ ȕȎȟȓȒȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǰȖȟȦȖȭ ȟȨȐȓȠ ȕȎ
ȟȨȒȓȏțȖ ȞȓȦȓțȖȭ Ȗ Ȑ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȐȓșȖȘȖȭ ȐȓȕȖȞ ȒȜ ȟȡș-
ȠȎțȎ Ȑȓȥȓ ȢȖȑȡȞȖȞȎ ȓȒȖțȟȠȐȓțȜ ȖȚȓȠȜ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ. ȀȜȐȎ ȜȕțȎ-
ȥȎȐȎ, ȥȓ ȞȓȦȓțȖȓȠȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȝȞȓȘȞȨȟȠȓțȜ țȎ
ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ, ȓ ȐȕȓȠȜ ȜȠ ȥșȓțȜȐȓȠȓ țȎ ǰȖȟȦȖȭ ȟȨȐȓȠ Ȗ ȟșȓȒ ȠȜȐȎ ȓ
ȜȒȜȏȞȓțȜ ȟȨȟ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖ ȡȘȎȕ.
ǵȎȘșȬȥȓțȖȓ
ǰ ȕȎȘșȬȥȓțȖȓ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȒȥȓȞȠȎȓ, ȥȓ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ
ȝȞȓȕ 1865 – 1866 ȑ. țȎ ȓȒȖț țȜȐ ȑȞȎȒ – ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ, ȓ ȓșȓȚȓțȠ ȜȠ
ȝȜ-ȚȎȧȎȏȓț ȝȞȜȤȓȟ țȎ ȜȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞțȖ ȞȓȢȜȞȚȖ
Ȑ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭȠȎ, ȖȕȐȓȟȠȓț ȘȎȠȜ ȀȎțȕȖȚȎȠ. ȀȜȗ ȕȎȝȜȥȐȎ ȟ Ƞ. țȎȞ.
ǱȬșȣȎțȟȘȖ ȣȎȠȖȦȓȞȖȢ ȜȠ 1839 ȑ. Ȗ ȢȜȞȚȎșțȜ ȝȞȖȘșȬȥȐȎ ȟ
ȝȞȖȓȚȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȘȜțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȭ ȝȞȓȕ 1876 ȑ. ȀȜȕȖ
ȝȞȜȓȘȠ ȕȎ ȚȜȒȓȞțȖȕȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭȠȎ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎ ȞȓȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎ-
ȤȖȭ țȎ ȤȓțȠȞȎșțȎȠȎ Ȗ ȝȞȜȐȖțȤȖȎșțȎ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȎ ȟȖȟ-
ȠȓȚȎ, ȐȨȐȓȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ȞȎȐțȜȝȜȟȠȎȐȓțȜȟȠ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȝȜȒȎțȖ-
ȤȖ țȎ ȟȡșȠȎțȎ ȏȓȕ ȞȎȕșȖȘȎ țȎ ȓȕȖȘ Ȗ ȞȓșȖȑȖȭ, ȑȎȞȎțȠȖȞȎțȓ țȎ
ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȠȓȣțȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ Ȗ ȖȚȜȠȖȠȓ ȖȚ, ȝȜȒȜȏȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȎȒ-
ȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȜȠȜ ȜȏȟșȡȔȐȎțȓ Ȗ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȝȞȎȐȓȒșȖȐȜ
ȟȨȒȜȝȞȜȖȕȐȜȒȟȠȐȜ, ȜȏșȎȑȜȞȜȒȓțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ ȕȎ ȔȖȐȜȠ, ȟȠȖȚȡșȖȞȎțȓ
42
țȎ ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȖȭ ȝȞȜȟȝȓȞȖȠȓȠ. ǿ ȓȒțȎ ȒȡȚȎ, ȣȜȞȖȕȜțȠȨȠ țȎ
ȠȓȕȖ ȞȓȢȜȞȚȖ ȓ țȎȝȞȓȒ Ȑ „ȟȐȓȠșȜȠȜ ȏȨȒȓȧȓ“ țȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭȠȎ
ȥȞȓȕ ȕȎȝȎȕȐȎțȓ țȎ țȓȗțȎȠȎ ȤȭșȜȟȠ Ȗ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȏșȎȑȜ-
ȒȓțȟȠȐȖȓ ȕȎ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ țȓȗțȖ ȝȜȒȎțȖȤȖ. ǼȠ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȟȠȞȎțȎ ȜȏȎȥȓ, Ȑ
ȖȒȓȜșȜȑȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ ȠȜȕȖ ȚȜȒȓȞțȖȕȎȤȖȜțȓț ȝȞȜȓȘȠ Ȝȏ-
ȞȨȧȎ Ȗ ȝȜȑșȓȒ țȎȕȎȒ – ȘȨȚ ȟșȎȐțȜȠȜ ȚȖțȎșȜ țȎ ȝȨȞȐȖȠȓ Ȝȟ-
ȚȎțȟȘȖ ȟȡșȠȎțȖ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȝȞȜȑȞȓȟȖȐțȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ
țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȭ ȓșȖȠ, ȚȓȔȒȡ ȘȜȖȠȜ Ȗ ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ, ȓ ȓșȓȚȓț-
ȠȨȠ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȝȜȭȐȎ șȎțȟȖȞȎțȎȠȎ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎ „țȎȤȖȜțȎșțȎ“
ȖȒȓțȠȖȥțȜȟȠ. ǵȎȠȜȐȎ Ȗ ȝȞȓȕ 1865 – 1866 ȑ., ȝȜȒȜȏțȜ țȎ ȒȞȡȑȖ
ȚȓȟȠȎ Ȑ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭȠȎ, ȓȒțȜ ȟȓșȜ ȓ ȖȕȒȖȑțȎȠȜ ȒȜ ȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟ-
ȠȞȎȠȖȐȓț ȤȓțȠȨȞ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȜșȖȤȓȠȐȜȞȖ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȭ ȚȜȒȓȞțȖȕȨȚ
ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ, țȜ ȓ ȝȞȓȖȚȓțȡȐȎțȜ țȎ ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȐȠȜȞȖȭ ȜȟȚȎț-
ȟȘȖ ȟȡșȠȎț, ȡȝȞȎȐșȭȐȎș ȝȞȓȕ XIV ȐȓȘ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȝȜȒȥȓȞȠȎȓ ȐȖȠȎș-
țȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȒȨȞȔȎȐțȎ ȠȞȎȒȖȤȖȭ.
ǽǾǶǹǼǴǳǻǶȍ
1. ǹȓȠȜȝȖȟțȖ ȏȓșȓȔȘȖ țȎ ȃȎȒȔȖ ȄȓțȜ ǸȡȞȠȎțȜȐ

(ǻǯǸǺ, ǯǶǮ, Ȣ. 468, Ȏ. ȓ. 1, ș. 8ȏ)
ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ ȜȠȝȖȟȎȣȎ ȑȜ ȜȠ ǹȜȐȓȥ Ȗ ȑȜ ȝȖȟȎȣȎ țȎ ǿȜȢȖȭ:
1865, ȭțȡȎȞȖ 5. Ƕ ȒȜȒȓ ȏȜȞȜțȠȖȭ ȒȎ ȓ Ȗ ǵșȎȠȖȤȎ ȝȜȒ ǳȠȞȜȝȜ-
șȓ, țȜ ȑȞȓȦȖȣȎ, ȘȎȒȖȭȠȎ Ȗ ǿȎșȖ ȎȑȎ ȠȎ ȝȞȎȠȖȣȎ ȃȎȒȔȖ Ǯȏ-
ȒȖȭ Ȗ ǮșȖ ȓȢȓțȒȖ ȆȓȞȏȓȠȥȖ țȎ ǿȜȢȖȭ ȝȞȖ ȂȓȖȚ ȝȎȦȎ, ȠȎ
ȞȓȘșȖ: „ǯȖȕ ǵșȎȒȎȖ ȘȜșȎțȎȚȎȖȟ, ȏȖȕȓ ȐȓȞȓ ǽȞȎȐȤȎ, ǰȞȎȥȓȦ,
ǻȎȐȎȥȎțȓ“. Ƕ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȟȨȞȒȖș ȝȎȦȎȠȎ Ȗ țȖ ȝȜȒȝȖȦȓ țȎȣȖȭ ȝȜȒ
ǵșȎȠȖȤȎ. Ƕ ȒȜȒȜȣȎ ȜȠ ǵșȎȠȖȤȎ ȕȎ ȠȓȢȠȓȞȖȠȓ Ȗ țȜȢȡȕȖȠȓ,
țȜ ȟȓ ȜȝȞȓȣȎ ȠȡȞȤȖȠȓ Ȗ ȞȎȭȠȎ. ǿȠȎțȎȣȚȓ ȕȨȠ ȟȨȟ ȝȎȦȎȠȎ
ȟȜȢȖȗȟȘȖ. Ƕ ȣȜȒȖȣȎ ȠȞȖ ȝȨȠȖ țȎ ǾȡȟȥȡȘ ȝȞȖ ǺȖȠȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ Ȗ
ȝȜȣȎȞȥȖȣȎ ȒȜ 3 ȣȖșȭȒȖ ȑȞȜȦȎ Ȗ țȖȧȜ țȓ ȟȠȜȞȖȣȎ. ǻȜ ȖȚ ȘȎȕȎș
ȝȎȦȎȠȎ: „Ǯȕ ȧȓ ȒȜȒȎ ȟȎȚ Ȗ ȧȓ ȞȎȕȝȞȎȐȭ ȣȎȘȥȓȟȨ.“ Ƕ ȟȓȠțȓ ȒȜ-
Ȓȓ ȒȜ ǿȜȢȖȭ Ȗ țȎȦȖ ȥȜȐȓȤȖ ȣȜȒȖȣȎ, Ȏ ȝȎȦȎȠȎ ȟȓ ȟȨȓȒȖțȖș. Ƕ
ȝȜȟȠȎȐȖș ȐȨȕ ȂȓȖȚ ȝȎȦȎ ȒȎ țȎȝȞȎȐȖ ȑȒȓ ȓ ȚȜțȎȟȖȝ. Ƕ ȝȖȠȎ-
șȖ țȎȦȖȠȓ „ǻȓ ȒȓȓȒȔȓȘȟȖțȖȟ ǿȎȚȜțȒȔȖ ȖȥȖț ȚȎȒȎȚ ǵșȎȒȎȖ
ȖȟȠȓȚȓȕȟȓțȖȟ“. Ǯ țȎȦȖȠȓ ȞȓȘșȖ: „ǳȚȓȞȓ ȟȖȕȖț“. Ƕ ȝȎȦȖȠȓ
ȠȨȗ ȟȠȎțȎȣȎ ȚȜȘȎȓȠ. Ƕ țȎȞȓȘȜȣȎ ǿȎȚȜțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ ȘȎ-
ȟȎȏȎ ȟ 30 ȟȓșȎ. Ƕ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ ȜȟȠȎțȎȣȎ ȝȜȒ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓȠȜ, ȒȎȐȎ țȓ
ȒȎȐȎ. ǯȜȞȜțȠȖȭ ȟȓ ȥȓȠȓ țȎ 1866, ȚȎȞȠ 11, ȝȓȠȨȘ.
43
ǹȓȠȜȝȖȟțȖ ȏȓșȓȔȘȖ țȎ ȃȎȒȔȖ ȄȓțȜ ǸȡȞȠȎțȜȐ
ǻǯǸǺ, ǯǶǮ, Ȣ. 468, Ȏ. ȓ. 1, ș. 8ȏ
44
2. ǿȝȖȟȨȘ țȎ ȕȎȝșȎȠȖȠȓ Ȑ țȜȐȖȠȓ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ
ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț Ȗ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ
(BOA, ú.MVL, 542/24356, ȒȜȘ. 1, ș. 1Ȏ).
ǵȎȝșȎȠȖ, ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖ ȕȎ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖȠȓ ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȖ (ȚȬ-
ȒȬȞ), ȟȨȒȖȖȠȓ (țȎȖȏ) Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ [ȟșȡȔȖȠȓșȖ] Ȑ ȜȘȜșȖȖȠȓ ȀȡȠȞȎ-
ȘȎț Ȗ ǿȜȚȡțȒȔȡ, ȕȎ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȓ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒȓțȜ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȟȢȜȞȚȖȞȎ-
țȖ, ȟȥȖȠȎțȜ ȜȠ ȚȎȞȠ [12]8151, Ȗ ȟȠȜȗțȜȟȠ țȎ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒȓțȎȠȎ ȟȡ-
ȚȎ ȕȎ ȝȜȘȞȖȐȎțȓ țȎ ȠȓȕȖ ȕȎȝșȎȠȖ:
ǵȎȝșȎȠȖ țȎ ȟșȡȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȎȠ țȎȕțȎȥȓțȖ:

ǯȞȜȗ ǻȎ ȟșȡ-
ǻȎ ȚȓȟȓȤ Ȑ
ȟșȡȔȖ- ȔȖȠȓș Ȑ
ȑȞȜȦȜȐȓ
ȠȓșȖ ȑȞȜȦȜȐȓ
ǵȎȝșȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓș 2 2000 4000
ǵȎȝșȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȟȨȒȖȭ 2 1500 3000
ǵȎȝșȎȠȖ ȕȎ ȥșȓțȜȐȓȠȓ țȎ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎ-
ȠȖȐțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȟȨȒȓȏțȖȠȓ ȟȨȐȓȠȖ Ȑ ȒȐȓȠȓ ȜȘȜ-
șȖȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȝȜ ȥȓȠȖȞȖȚȎ ȐȨȐ ȐȟȓȘȖ ȟȨȐȓȠ
16 150 2400
țȎ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȖȠȓ ȜȘȜșȖȖ
ǰȨȐ ȐȟȭȘȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȎȠ țȎȓȠȖ ȝȜ ȒȐȎȚȎ
ȝȖȟȎȞȖ, ȘȎȠȜ ȕȎȝșȎȠȎȠȎ ȖȚ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȓ ȜȝȞȓ-
ȒȓșȓțȎ ȟȝȜȞȓȒ țȡȔȒȎȠȎ; ȕȎ ȐȟȭȘȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ 4 800
ǵȎȝșȎȠȖ ȕȎ ȘȜȐȥȓȔțȖȤȖȠȓ 2 200 400
ǸȎțȤȓșȎȞȟȘȖ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ 20 40
ǼȏȧȜ 10 640
ǿȠȜȗțȜȟȠ, ȟ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ țȎȚȎșȓțȖ ȕȎȝșȎȠȖȠȓ,

ȟȥȖȠȎțȜ ȜȠ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȠȖȭ ȚȓȟȓȤ, ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȝȜȘ-
ȞȖȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖȠȓ ȝȜ-ȑȜȞȓ ȕȎȝșȎȠȖ, ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖ [ȕȎ
ȟșȡȔȖȠȓșȖ Ȑ ȒȐȓȠȓ țȜȐȖ ȜȘȜșȖȖ]:
ɇɚ ɦɟɫɟɰ
ɜ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɟ
Ɉɬ ɡɚɩɥɚɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɴɞɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɨɤɨɥɢɹɬɚ ɋɭɥɢɧɚ ɜ Ɍɭɥɱɚɧɫɤɢ ɨɤɪɴɝ 1000
Ɉɬ ɡɚɩɥɚɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹɬɚ Ȼɟɥɨɝɪɚɞɱɢɤ ɜɴɜ ȼɢɞɢɧɫɤɢ ɨɤɪɴɝ 1000
Ɉɬ ɡɚɩɥɚɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɴɞɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɚɬɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹ 1000
Ɂɚɩɥɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɧɬɚ ɢ ɩɢɫɚɪɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɧɚ Ɍɭɬɪɚɤɚɧ ɜ Ɋɭɫɟɧɫɤɢ ɨɤ- 900
ɪɴɝ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɳɟ ɛɴɞɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɨɤɨɥɢɹ
Ⱥɤɨ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ȿɬɪɨɩɨɥɟ ɋɨɦɭɧɞɠɭ ɫɬɚɧɟ ɨɤɨɥɢɣɫɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ, ɨɬ ɡɚɩ- 500
ɥɚɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɧɬɚ ɧɚ ȿɬɪɨɩɨɥɟ
Ɉɬ ɡɚɩɥɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɨ ɢ ɞɜɚɧɚɞɟɫɟɬ ɱɥɟɧɨɜɟ [ɧɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɢ ɫɴ-
ɞɟɛɧɢ ɫɴɜɟɬɢ] ɜ ɱɟɬɢɪɢɧɚɞɟɫɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɢɢ, ɤɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɚɥɹɬ ɫ ɩɨ ɩɟɬɞɟɫɟɬ
ɝɪɨɲɚ ɡɚɩɥɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɟɦɬɟ ɱɥɟɧɨɜɟ ɜɴɜ ɜɫɹɤɚ ɨɬ ɨɤɨɥɢɢɬɟ Ⱥɞɥɢɟ ɢ Ȼɟɥɨɝ-
ɪɚɞɱɢɤ ɜɴɜ ȼɢɞɢɧɫɤɢ ɨɤɪɴɝ, ɘɪɝɸɛ (ɉɪɨɤɭɥɟ) ɢ ɂɡɧɟɛɨɥ (Ɂɧɟɩɨɥɟ) ɜ ɇɢɲɤɢ 5600
ɨɤɪɴɝ, Ɋɚɞɨɦɢɪ, Ɂɥɚɬɢɰɚ ɢ ɂɯɬɢɦɚɧ ɜ ɋɨɮɢɣɫɤɢ ɨɤɪɴɝ, ɋɟɜɥɢɟɜɨ ɢ Ƚɚɛɪɨɜɨ
ɜ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɫɤɢ ɨɤɪɴɝ, Ⱦɠɭɦɚ-ɢ ɚɬɢɤ (Ɍɴɪɝɨɜɢɳɟ) ɜ Ɋɭɫɟɧɫɤɢ ɨɤɪɴɝ, Ɇɟɞɠɢ-
ɞɢɹ, ɏɴɪɫɨɜɨ ɢ Ɇɚɱɢɧ ɜ Ɍɭɥɱɚɧɫɤɢ ɨɤɪɴɝ ɢ Ɇɢɧɤɚɥɢɹ ɜɴɜ ȼɚɪɧɟɧɫɤɢ ɨɤɪɴɝ
Ɉɛɳɨ 10 000
45
Ɋɟɤɚɩɢɬɭɥɚɰɢɹ Ƚɪɨɲɨɜɟ
ɋɬɨɣɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɢɬɟ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ ɡɚɩɥɚɬɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢ [ɡɚ ɨɤɨ- 10 640
ɥɢɢɬɟ Ɍɭɬɪɚɤɚɧ ɢ ɋɨɦɭɧɞɠɭ]
ɋɭɦɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɪɢɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɢɦ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ 10 000
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɢɝ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɳɟ ɛɴɞɟ ɫɴɛɪɚɧ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢ ɧɚ 640
ɨɤɨɥɢɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɳɟ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɢ
ǿȝȖȟȨȘ țȎ ȕȎȝșȎȠȖȠȓ Ȑ țȜȐȖȠȓ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț Ȗ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ

BOA, ú.MVL, 542/24356, ȒȜȘ. 1, ș. 1Ȏ
46
3. ǽȞȜȠȜȘȜș ȜȠ ȕȎȟȓȒȎțȖȓ țȎ ǼȏșȎȟȠțȖȭ
ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐȓț ȟȨȐȓȠ Ȑ Ǿȡȟȓ, 1865 ȑ.
(BOA, ú.MVL, 542/24356, ȒȜȘ. 2, ș. 1ȏ–2ȏ)
ǲȜ ȐȖȟȜȥȎȗȦȓȠȜ ȐȓȒȜȚȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȐȓșȖȘȖȭ ȐȓȕȖȞ
[Ƕȕȣ. Ɋ] 204
ǱȞȎȒȨȠ (ȘȎȟȎȏȎ) ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț e ȞȎȕȝȜșȜȔȓț țȎ ȏȞȓȑȎ țȎ ȞȓȘȎ

ǲȡțȎȐ ȚȓȔȒȡ ǾȡȟȓțȟȘȎȠȎ Ȗ ǿȖșȖȟȠȞȓțȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȖ (ȘȎȕȎ) Ȗ
ȘȎȠȜ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ǾȡȟȓțȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ ȠȜȗ ȜȠȘȞȎȗ ȐȞȓȚȓ ȓ ȡȝȞȎȐșȭ-
ȐȎț ȜȠ ȘȜȚȓțȒȎțȠ (ȕȎȏȖȠ). ǸȜȑȎȠȜ [ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭȠ] ȐȖșȎȓȠ ȏȓȦȓ
ȜȟțȜȐȎț, ȠȜȐȎ ȝȜșȜȔȓțȖȓ Ȗ [țȎȥȖț țȎ] ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ ȏȭȣȎ ȕȎȝȎ-
ȕȓțȖ. ǿȝȜȚȓțȎȠȖȭȠ ȑȞȎȒ, ȟȓșȖȧȓ ȟ ȐȖȒ țȎ ȑȜșȭȚȜ Ȗ ȡȞȓȒȓțȜ
ȟȓșȜ, ȓ ȟȨȧȜ ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ ȝȞȖȟȠȎțȖȧȓ, ȜȠȒȎșȓȥȓțȜ țȎ ȝȜ ȒȐȎțȎȒȓ-
ȟȓȠ ȥȎȟȎ [ȝȨȠ] ȜȠ țȎȚȖȞȎȧȖȠȓ ȟȓ ȜȠ ȒȐȓȠȓ Țȡ ȟȠȞȎțȖ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓ
Ǿȡȟȓ Ȗ ǿȖșȖȟȠȞȎ. ǵȨȞțȜȠȜ țȎ ȚțȜȑȜ ȟȓșȎ Ȑ ǾȡȟȓțȟȘȎȠȎ, ǾȎȕȑ-
ȞȎȒȟȘȎȠȎ Ȗ ǿȖșȖȟȠȞȓțȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȖ ȟȓ ȒȜȘȎȞȐȎ [ȖȚȓțțȜ] ȠȎȚ
Ȗ ȟȓ ȠȜȐȎȞȖ țȎ ȘȜȞȎȏȖ. Ƕ ȝȜțȓȔȓ țȎ ȜȠȟȞȓȧțȖȭ [ȏȞȭȑ țȎ ǲȡ-
țȎȐȎ] ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȜȠȜ ȟȞȓȒȖȧȓ ǼșȠȓțȖȤȎ, ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓȠȜ
țȎ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȠȜȠȜ ȟȓșȖȧȓ [ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț] ȝȜȟȠȓȝȓțțȜ țȎȞȎȟțȎ, ȡȚ-
țȜȔȖȣȎ ȟȓ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖȠȓ ȟ ȚȓȟȠțȜ Ȗ ȥȡȔȒȓȟȠȞȎțțȜ ȝȜȒȎțȟȠȐȜ Ȗ Ȑ
ȠȎȕȖ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟȓ ȡȐȓșȖȥȖȣȎ ȟȨȧȜ ȘȨȧȖȠȓ Ȗ ȒȬȘȭțȖȠȓ. ǵȎȓȒțȜ ȟ
ȝȜȟȠȞȜȓțȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȕ ȠȎȕȖ ȑȜȒȖțȎ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ țȜȐȖ ȟȑȞȎȒȖ ȥȖȟșȜȠȜ
țȎ ȘȨȧȖȠȓ ȒȜȟȠȖȑțȎ ȣȖșȭȒȎ, Ȏ țȎ ȒȬȘȭțȖȠȓ țȎȒȣȐȨȞșȖ ȒȐȓȟ-
ȠȎ. ȁșȖȤȖȠȓ Țȡ ȝȨȘ ȏȭȣȎ ȐȘȎȞȎțȖ Ȑ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȎ ȞȓȑȡșȎȤȖȭ.
ȀȎȚ ȕȎȝȜȥțȎȣȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȏȖȐȎȠ Ȗ ȎȐȟȠȞȖȗȟȘȖ ȝȎȞȎȣȜȒȖ. ǻȎȞȓȒ ȟ
ȐȟȖȥȘȜ ȠȜȐȎ, ȘȎȘȠȜ ȏȓȦȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȜ, [ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ] ȓ ȜȠȒȎșȓȥȓțȜ țȎ
ȒȐȎțȎȒȓȟȓȠ ȥȎȟȎ ȞȎȕȟȠȜȭțȖȓ ȜȠ Ǿȡȟȓ Ȗ ȒȜȟȓȑȎ ȟȨȒȓȏțȖȠȓ ȟȝȜ-
ȞȜȐȓ [ȚȓȔȒȡ ȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ] țȭȘȜȖ ȟȓșȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎȠ Ȑ
ȏșȖȕȜȟȠ Ȗ ȝȜ-ȒȎșȓȥ ȜȠ [ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț] Ȗ ȟȝȎȒȎȠ ȘȨȚ ǾȡȟȓțȟȘȎȠȎ
ȜȘȜșȖȭ, ȟȓ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎȣȎ ȜȠ ȟȨȒȖȖ (țȎȖȏ), țȎȞȖȥȎțȖ ȜȏȧȖțȟȘȖ
ȟȨȒȖȖ (țȎȣȖȓ țȎȖȏȖ), ȘȜȖȠȜ ȜȏȖȘȎșȭȣȎ ȝȜ ȟȓșȎȠȎ. ǿȨȑșȎȟțȜ
țȜȐȜȠȜ ȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȐȖșȎȓȠȎ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎȠȎ ȒȓșȎȠȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ
ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎȠ [țȎ ȚȭȟȠȜ] ȜȠ ȝȞȖȣȜȔȒȎȧȖ [ȟȨȒȓȏțȖ] ȥȖțȜȐțȖȤȖ,
ȏȓȦȓ ȝȞȓȡȟȠȎțȜȐȓțȎ, Ȏ Ȑ ȞȎȗȜțȎ țȭȚȎ [ȟȨȒȓȏȓț] ȟȨȐȓȠ ȖșȖ ȟȨ-
ȒȖșȖȧȓ, Ȑ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎȠ ȒȓșȎȠȎ. ǵȎȠȜȐȎ ȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ
țȎ ȟȓșȎȠȎ ȏȭȣȎ ȝȞȖțȡȒȓțȖ ȒȎ ȣȜȒȭȠ ȝȜ ȐȟȭȘȎȘȐȖ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȖ
47
[ȥȎȘ] ȒȜ Ǿȡȟȓ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȜȠȟȠȜȖ țȎ ȞȎȕȟȠȜȭțȖȓ ȦȓȟȠțȎȒȓȟȓȠ-
ȜȟȓȚțȎȒȓȟȓȠ ȥȎȟȎ. ǵȎȞȎȒȖ ȠȓȕȖ ȕȎȠȞȡȒțȓțȖȭ ȟȓ țȎșȎȑȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ
ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓ [țȜȐȎ] ȜȘȜșȖȭ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȒȎ ȐȘșȬȥȖ țȭȘȜȖ ȟȓșȎ ȜȘȜșȜ
ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȒȓșȭȠ ȜȠ ǾȡȟȓțȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ.
ǽȜȒȜȏțȜ țȎ ȠȜȕȖ ȘȎȕȡȟ, ȑȞȎȒȨȠ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȖ ȠȜ-
ȐȎ ȏȓȦȓ [ȤȓțȠȨȞ țȎ] ȜȘȜșȖȭ Ȑ [ȚȓȔȒȡȐȞȓȚȓțțȜ] ȕȎȘȞȖȠȖȭ
ǹȜȐȓȦȘȖ ȜȘȞȨȑ (ȟȎțȒȔȎȘ), ȏȓȦȓ ȝȞȓȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎț Ȑ [ȤȓțȠȨȞ] țȎ
ȜȏȧȖțȎ (țȎȣȖȭ), ȝȞȖȒȎȒȓțȎ ȘȨȚ ǵșȎȠȖȦȘȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȓ
Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȜȘȞȨȑ. ǺȎȘȎȞ Ȗ ȒȎ ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎ ȟȎȚȜ țȎ ȥȓȠȖȞȖ
ȥȎȟȎ ȞȎȕȟȠȜȭțȖȓ ȜȠ ǵșȎȠȖȤȎ, ȕȎȞȎȒȖ țȎșȖȥȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȎșȘȎț
[ȚȓȔȒȡ Ƞȭȣ] Ȗ țȎ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȝȨȞȐȓțȤȖȠȓ [țȎ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ] Ȗ
ȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ǵșȎȠȖȤȎ, țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ ȘȎȘȠȜ țȎ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ, ȠȎȘȎ
Ȗ țȎ ȝȞȖȒȎȒȓțȖȠȓ ȘȨȚ țȓȑȜ ȟȓșȎ țȎȟȠȜȭȠȓșțȜ ȚȜșȖ [ȟȓșȖȧȎ-
ȠȎ ȖȚ] ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȝȞȖȒȎȒȓțȖ ȖșȖ ȘȨȚ ǹȜȐȓȥ, ȘȎȘȠȜ ȓ ȏȖșȜ
ȝȞȓȒȖ, ȖșȖ ȘȨȚ ǿȜȢȖȭ. ǻȜ ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ Ȗ ȒȐȎȠȎ [ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎ-
ȠȖȐțȖ] ȤȓțȠȨȞȎ ȟȎ țȎ ȒȓȟȓȠ, ȒȐȎțȎȒȓȟȓȠ ȥȎȟȎ ȞȎȕȟȠȜȭțȖȓ ȜȠ-
ȠȎȚ, țȓ ȓ ȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȧȜ Ȗ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȝȞȖȟȨȓ-
ȒȖțȓțȜ ȘȨȚ țȭȘȜȗ ȜȠ ȒȐȎȠȎ ȜȘȞȨȔțȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞȎ ȖșȖ ȝȨȘ ȒȎ
ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȖ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ [ȤȓțȠȨȞ țȎ] ȜȘȜșȖȭ, ȘȎȘȐȖȠȜ ȖȟȘȎțȖȭ ȟȨ-
ȧȜ ȖȚȎ. ǻȎȞȓȒ ȟ ȠȜȐȎ, ȜȟȐȓț ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ Ȗ ȝȞȖșȓȔȎȧȖȠȓ Țȡ ȟȓ-
șȎ, Ȑ ȠȜȕȖ ȞȎȗȜț Ȗ Ȑ ȏȎșȘȎțȎ ȖȚȎ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȑȜșȓȚȖ Ȗ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠ-
ȞȜȓțȖ ȟȓșȎ. ǻȭȘȜȖ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȟȎ [ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȜ] ȝȜȒȥȖțȓțȖ
țȎ ǰȞȎȥȎțȟȘȎȠȎ Ȗ ǿȜȢȖȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȖ, ȐȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȥȓ ȟȎ ȜȠȒȎ-
șȓȥȓțȖ țȎ ȒȓȟȓȠ, ȒȐȎțȎȒȓȟȓȠ, ȝȓȠțȎȒȓȟȓȠ Ȗ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȥȎȟȎ ȞȎȕȟ-
ȠȜȭțȖȓ. ȀȜȐȎ ȝȜȞȎȔȒȎ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚȖ ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȑ ȡȞȓȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȐȨȝ-
ȞȜȟȖȠȓ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ Ȑ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȜȠȜ ȡȝȞȎȐ-
șȓțȖȓ. ǮȘȜ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȝȜȥȓȠȓ ȑȞȎȒȨȠ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ ȒȎ ȟȠȎțȓ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟ-
ȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ, ȘȎȘȨȐȠȜ ȓ ȏȖș Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȖ, ȠȜ ȒȜȟȠȨȝȨȠ ȜȠ ȏșȖȕȘȖȠȓ
ȟȓșȎ ȒȜ țȓȑȜ ȧȓ ȓ șȓȟȓț, țȜ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ ȟȓșȎ ȜȠțȜȐȜ ȧȓ ȟȓ țȎȚȖ-
ȞȎȠ țȎ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȜȠ ȒȓȟȓȠ ȥȎȟȎ ȞȎȕȟȠȜȭțȖȓ Ȗ țȭȚȎ ȒȎ ȖȚȎȠ șȓȟȓț
ȒȜȟȠȨȝ. ǵȎȠȜȐȎ ȓ ȝȜ-ȡȒȎȥțȜ Ȑ ȞȎȗȜțȎ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓț țȜȐ
ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ, ȘȨȚ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȝȞȖȟȨȓȒȖțȓțȖ țȎȚȖ-
ȞȎȧȖȠȓ ȟȓ Ȑ ȏȎșȘȎțȎ ȟȓșȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȜȟȠȎȐȎȠ ȒȎșȓȥ ȜȠ ǰȞȎȤȎ,
ǿȜȢȖȭ, ǹȜȐȓȥ Ȗ ǵșȎȠȖȤȎ, Ȏ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ ȟȨȧȜ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȝȞȖȒȎȒȓț
ȘȨȚ țȓȑȜ. ǿȓșȜȠȜ ǿȜȚȡțȒȔȡ (ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ) ȕȎȓȚȎ ȟȞȓȒȖȧțȜ
ȝȜșȜȔȓțȖȓ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȠȓȕȖ ȟȓșȎ Ȗ ȖȚȎ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȜȏșȖȘ ȟ țȎȒ ȒȐȓȟ-
ȠȎ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȖ Ȗ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȖ ȘȨȧȖ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓț
ȏȞȜȗ ȒȬȘȭțȖ. [ǼȟȐȓț ȠȜȐȎ] ȦȜȟȓȗțȖȭȠ ȝȨȠ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȓ ȝȞȜȘȎȞȐȎ
48
ȜȠ ǿȜȢȖȭ ȘȨȚ ǽșȓȐȓț, ȚȖțȎȐȎ ȠȜȥțȜ ȝȞȓȕ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ țȎ ȠȜȐȎ
ȟȓșȜ, Ȏ ȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ Țȡ ȟȎ ȜȠȝȞȎȐȖșȖ ȚȜșȏȎ ȒȜ ȜȘȞȨȔțȖȭ ȡȝȞȎ-
ȐȖȠȓș (ȘȎȗȚȎȘȎȚ) țȎ ǿȜȢȖȭ, ȎȘȜ ȟȓșȜȠȜ ȖȚ ȟȠȎțȓ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ
ȤȓțȠȨȞ, țȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȒȎ ȝȜșȜȔȎȠ ȝȨȠțȎȠȎ țȎȟȠȖșȘȎ Ȗ ȒȎ ȖȕȑȞȎȒȭȠ
țȡȔțȖȠȓ ȚȜȟȠȜȐȓ, țȜ Ȗ ȒȎ ȖȕȒȖȑțȎȠ ȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȟȠȐȓțȎ ȟȑȞȎȒȎ
(ȘȜțȎȘ). ǺȜșȏȎȠȎ ȖȚ ȓ ȜȒȜȏȞȓțȎ Ȗ ȕȎȠȜȐȎ ȓȒțȜ ȠȎȘȜȐȎ ȞȓȦȓ-
țȖȓ ȏȓȦȓ ȟȥȓȠȓțȜ ȕȎ ȡȒȎȥțȜ Ȗ țȎȐȞȓȚȓțțȜ.
ǾȓȦȓțȖȓȠȜ ȘȜȖ ȜȠ ȟȓșȎȠȎ, ȜȝȖȟȎțȖ Ȑ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȠȓ țȎ ȟȓȑȎ
ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȐȨȐ ȐȖșȎȓȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȖ, ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȝȞȖȒȎȒȓțȖ Ȗ
ȝȞȖȟȨȓȒȖțȓțȖ ȘȨȚ ǿȜȚȡțȒȔȡ Ȗ ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț ȝȞȖ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ
țȎ [țȜȐȖȠȓ] ȜȘȜșȖȖ, ȧȓ ȏȨȒȓ ȐȕȓȠȜ ȐȝȜȟșȓȒȟȠȐȖȓ, Ȏ ȝȜțȎȟȠȜȭ-
ȧȓȚ ȝȜ-ȐȎȔȓț ȓ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȨȠ ȕȎ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȖȕȠȜȥțȖȤȖ, ȟ
ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȘȞȖȭȠ ȕȎȝșȎȠȖȠȓ țȎ [ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎ-
ȤȖȭ, ȐȘșȬȥȐȎȧȎ] ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓș (ȚȬȒȬȞ), ȟȨȒȓȏȓț
ȥȖțȜȐțȖȘ (țȎȖȏ), ȥșȓțȜȐȓ (ȎȕȎ) țȎ [ǮȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖȭ] ȟȨ-
ȐȓȠ Ȗ ȕȎȟȓȒȎȠȓșȖ (ȚȬȚȓȗȖȕ) țȎ ǿȨȒȓȏțȖȭ ȟȨȐȓȠ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȝȖ-
ȟȎȞ, ȎȘȜ ȠȓȕȖ ȒȐȓ ȟȓșȖȧȎ ȟȠȎțȎȠ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ. ǽȞȖ
ȜȏȟȨȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȜȕȖ ȐȨȝȞȜȟ ȏȓȦȓ ȜȠȥȓȠȓțȜ, ȥȓ ȘȜȑȎȠȜ Ƞȓ ȟȠȎ-
țȎȠ ȜȠȒȓșțȖ ȜȘȜșȖȖ Ȗ ȕȎȝȜȥțȎȠ ȒȎ ȟȨȏȖȞȎȠ ȝȞȖȣȜȒȖ ȟȎȚȜȟȠȜ-
ȭȠȓșțȜ ȘȎȘȠȜ ȜȠ ȒȎțȨȤȖ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ ȜȠ ȠȎȘȟȖ ȜȠ ȒȓșȎȠȎ, ȞȎȕȑșȓȔ-
ȒȎțȖ Ȑ ȟȨȒȖșȖȧȎȠȎ Ȗ Ȑ ȟȨȐȓȠȖȠȓ, ȜȠ ȞȎȕȞȓȦȖȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȓȟ-
țȎȢȟȘȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȜȠ ȟȘșȬȥȓțȖȠȓ ȒȜȑȜȐȜȞȖ, Ȗ ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȠȓȕȖ
ȝȞȖȣȜȒȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȜțȎȟȠȜȭȧȓȚ șȖȝȟȐȎȠ, ȟȎ ȒȜȟȠȎȠȨȥțȖ, ȠȜȑȎȐȎ
Ȗ Ȑ ȒȐȓȠȓ ȜȘȜșȖȖ ȝȎȘ țȭȚȎ ȒȎ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝșȎȧȎ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȎ-
ȠȎ ȚȖțȖȚȎșțȎ ȚȓȟȓȥțȎ ȕȎȝșȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȒȓȟȓȠ ȣȖșȭȒȖ ȑȞȜȦȎ ȕȎ
ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȭ. ǵȎȠȜȐȎ ȓ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ țȎȚȓȞȖ ȒȞȡȑ ȖȕȠȜȥ-
țȖȘ. ǽȞȖ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȐȖșȎȓȠȎ ȕȎȝșȎȠȖȠȓ țȎ ȥșȓțȜȐȓȠȓ țȎ
ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖȠȓ ȟȨȐȓȠȖ Ȗ țȎ ȕȎȟȓȒȎȠȓșȖȠȓ Ȑ ȟȨȒȓȏțȖȠȓ
ȟȨȐȓȠȖ țȎ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȜȘȜșȖȖ ȏȭȣȎ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖ ȟ ȝȜ ȒȐȓȟȠȎ ȑȞȜȦȎ
ȝȜ-ȚȎșȘȜ. ǼȟȐȓț ȠȜȐȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȖȚ țȓ ȓ ȓȒțȎȘȐȜ țȎȠȜȐȎȞȓțȎ.
ǻȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ, țȓ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȞȎȐțȖ țȎȠȜȐȎȞȓțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȚȓȟȠȎ
ȘȎȠȜ ȆȡȚȓț, ǿȖșȖȟȠȞȎ Ȗ ǸȬȟȠȓțȒȔȎ ȟ ȠȎȕȖ țȎ ǺȎțȑȎșȖȭ Ȗ
ǺȓȒȔȖȒȖȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎȠ ȜȠ ȒȞȡȑȎȠȎ ȟȠȞȎțȎ [țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȎ].
ǵȎȠȜȐȎ Ȗ țȓ ȟȓ țȎșȎȑȎ ȕȎȝșȎȠȖȠȓ țȎ ȥȖțȜȐțȖȤȖȠȓ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ
ȓȒțȎȘȐȖ. ǰ ȝȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȭ ȟȝȖȟȨȘ ȟȎ ȜȝȖȟȎțȖ ȝȜ ȖȚȓțȎ ȥȓȠȖ-
ȞȖțȎȒȓȟȓȠ ȜȘȜșȖȖ, ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȕȎȝșȎȠȎȠȎ țȎ ȥșȓțȜȐȓȠȓ țȎ [ȎȒȚȖ-
țȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖȠȓ] ȟȨȐȓȠȖ Ȗ țȎ ȕȎȟȓȒȎȠȓșȖȠȓ Ȑ ȟȨȒȓȏțȖȠȓ ȟȨȐȓȠȖ
ȧȓ ȏȨȒȓ țȎȚȎșȓțȎ ȟ ȝȜ ȝȓȠȒȓȟȓȠ ȑȞȜȦȎ. ǰ ȜȘȜșȖȭȠȎ ȟ ȤȓțȠȨȞ
49
ǿȡșȖțȎ ȝȨȘ, ȝȜțȓȔȓ ȠȎȚ țȓ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎȠ țȖȘȎȘȐȖ ȟȨȒȓȏțȖ
ȒȓșȎ, ȓ ȏȓȕȝȞȓȒȚȓȠțȜ ȒȎ ȖȚȎ ȟȨȒȓȏȓț ȥȖțȜȐțȖȘ (țȎȖȏ) ȟȨȟ
ȕȎȝșȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȥȓȠȖȞȖ ȣȖșȭȒȖ ȑȞȜȦȎ, Ȗ ȕȎȠȜȐȎ ȠȎȕȖ ȕȎȝșȎȠȎ ȧȓ
ȏȨȒȓ țȎȚȎșȓțȎ țȎ ȠȞȖ ȣȖșȭȒȖ ȑȞȜȦȎ. ǵȎȝșȎȠȎȠȎ țȎ ȡȝȞȎȐȖ-
Ƞȓșȭ țȎ ǯȓșȜȑȞȎȒȥȖȦȘȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ ȝȨȘ ȓ ȠȞȖ ȣȖșȭȒȖ ȑȞȜȦȎ, Ȏ
țȎ ȟȨȒȓȏțȖȭ ȥȖțȜȐțȖȘ ȒȐȓ ȣȖșȭȒȖ Ȗ ȝȓȠȟȠȜȠȖț ȑȞȜȦȎ, țȜ ȠȨȗ
ȘȎȠȜ Ȗ ȠȓȕȖ ȕȎȝșȎȠȖ ȘȨȚ ȠȜȕȖ ȚȜȚȓțȠ ȟȎ ȝȞȓȘȎșȓțȜ ȑȜșȓȚȖ,
ȠȓȣțȖȠȓ ȕȎȝșȎȠȖ ȟȨȧȜ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȎȠ țȎȚȎșȓțȖ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȜ țȎ ȒȐȓ
ȣȖșȭȒȖ Ȗ țȎ ȣȖșȭȒȎ Ȗ ȝȓȠȟȠȜȠȖț ȑȞȜȦȎ. Ǯ ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȟȓ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓ
ȜȘȜșȖȭ ȟ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ǿȜȚȡțȒȔȡ, țȭȚȎ ȒȎ ȓ țȡȔțȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝșȎȧȎ
ȕȎȝșȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȣȖșȭȒȎ ȑȞȜȦȎ țȎ ȘȜȚȓțȒȎțȠȎ Ȑ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ Ȗ Ƞȭ ȧȓ
ȏȨȒȓ țȎȚȎșȓțȎ țȎ ȝȓȠȟȠȜȠȖț ȑȞȜȦȎ. ǿȓȑȎȦțȖȠȓ ȕȎȝșȎȠȖ țȎ
ȘȜȚȓțȒȎțȠȎ Ȗ țȎ ȝȖȟȎȞȭ Ȑ ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț ȟȨȧȜ ȟȎ ȐȘșȬȥȓțȖ Ȑ
ȟȝȖȟȨȘȎ. ǰȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȠȜȐȎ, ȘȎȘȠȜ ȓ ȝȜȘȎȕȎțȜ Ȑ ȒȜȝȨșțȓțȖȓȠȜ
ȘȨȚ ȠȜȕȖ ȟȝȖȟȨȘ, ȕȎ [ȖȕȝșȎȧȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒȓțȖȠȓ] ȚȓȟȓȥțȖ
ȕȎȝșȎȠȖ ȕȎ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓș, ȟȨȒȓȏȓț ȥȖțȜȐțȖȘ, ȥșȓțȜ-
Ȑȓ Ȗ ȟȨȒȓȏțȖ ȕȎȟȓȒȎȠȓșȖ țȎ ȟȨȐȓȠȖ, ȝȖȟȎȞ Ȗ ȘȜȐȥȓȔțȖȘ Ȑ ȎȒ-
ȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȒȐȓȠȓ [țȜȐȖ] ȜȘȜșȖȖ ȟȓ ȜȢȜȞȚȭ țȓȒȜȟȠȖȑ
ȜȠ ȜȘȜșȜ ȦȓȟȠȟȠȜȠȖț ȑȞȜȦȎ ȚȓȟȓȥțȜ. ǻȜ ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ, ȘȎȘȠȜ ȏȓȦȓ
ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȜ, ȐȝȜȟșȓȒȟȠȐȖȓ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȞȖȣȜȒȖ ȜȠ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ
ȒȎțȨȤȖ Ȗ ȠȎȘȟȖ ȧȓ ȟȓ ȝȜȐȖȦȎȐȎȠ, ȎȘȜ țȓȑȜȐȜ ȐȖȟȜȥȓȟȠȐȜ Ȑȓ-
șȖȘȖȭȠ ȐȓȕȖȞ ȜȒȜȏȞȖ ȑȜȞȓȖȕșȜȔȓțȜȠȜ, ȠȜ țȎȕțȎȥȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ
ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȖ țȎ [ȒȐȓȠȓ ȜȘȜșȖȖ] Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȜȟȠȖ ȧȓ ȏȨ-
ȒȎȠ ȝȞȖȐȓȒȓțȖ Ȑ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȓ, ȟȥȖȠȎțȜ ȜȠ ȚȎȞȠ țȎ [12]82 ȑ.52 ǽȜ-
țȓȔȓ Ȗ ȝȜțȎȟȠȜȭȧȓȚ ȖȚȎ ȥȖțȜȐțȖȤȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȘȜȚȓțȒȎțȠȖ Ȗ
ȏȖȞțȖȤȖ (ȠȎȣȟȖșȒȎȞ), ȠȜ ȟȓ ȜȠȝȞȎȐȭ ȚȜșȏȎ Ȝȧȓ ȟȓȑȎ ȐȓșȖȘȜȠȜ
ȐȓȕȖȞȟȠȐȜ ȒȎ ȒȎȒȓ ȡȘȎȕȎțȖȭ, ȘȎȠȜ ȝȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȟȨȒȓȏțȖ-
Ƞȓ ȥȖțȜȐțȖȤȖ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȡȐȓȒȜȚȓțȜ ǱșȎȐțȜȠȜ ȚȬȢȠȖȗȟȠȐȜ, Ȏ
ȝȨȘ ȂȖțȎțȟȜȐȜȠȜ ȐȓȒȜȚȟȠȐȜ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȓ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȖȠȓ
ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȭ, ȕȎȟȭȑȎȧȖ ȒȨȞȔȎȐțȎȠȎ ȣȎȕțȎ.
[Ƕ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȜ], ȒȜȘȎȠȜ ȖȚȓȠȜ ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț țȎ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ ȠȓȕȖ
[ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒȓțȖ ȕȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓ] ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ ȓ ȏȓȕȜȏȖȒțȜ,
ȠȜ ȟȓ țȎșȎȑȎ ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȞȡȑȖȭ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ǿȜȚȡțȒȔȡ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȟȚȓ-
țȓțȜ, ȘȎȠȜ ȏȨȒȓ ȝȞȓȖȚȓțȡȐȎțȜ ȟ ȖȚȓțȎȠȎ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ ȖșȖ Ǻȡ-
ȞȎȒȖȓ, ȖșȖ ȝȨȘ ȟ ȒȞȡȑȜ ȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȧȜ ȖȚȓ, ȘȎȘȠȜ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȝȜȞȓȒȖ.
ǼȘȜțȥȎȠȓșțȜȠȜ ȞȓȦȓțȖȓ ȝȞȖțȎȒșȓȔȖ țȎ ȠȜȕȖ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȓ ȜȐșȎȟ-
Ƞȓț ȒȎ ȕȎȝȜȐȭȒȐȎ.
50
10 ȒȔȓȚȎȕȖȬșȓȐȐȓș [12]82 ȑ. Ȗ 18 ȟȓȝȠȓȚȐȞȖ [12]81 ȑ.53
Ǯȕ, ȞȎȏȜșȓȝțȖȭȠ ǺȖȒȣȎȠ [ȝȎȦȎ], ȐȎșȖȭ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ (ȝȓȥȎȠ)
ǺȜșȖȠȓșȭȠ, ȟȨȒȓȏțȖȭȠ ȖțȟȝȓȘȠȜȞ ǿȓȗȖȒ ǺȓȣȚȓȒ ǻȓȒȔȖȏ (ȝȓȥȎȠ)
Ǯȕ, ȞȎȏȜșȓȝțȖȭȠ ȟȥȓȠȜȐȜȒȖȠȓș – ȝȜ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ Ȑ ȟȠȜșȖȤȎȠȎ
Ǯȕ, ȞȎȏȜșȓȝțȖȭȠ ȟȓȘȞȓȠȎȞ ȂȡȎȠ ȃȎșȖș (ȝȓȥȎȠ)
Ǯȕ, ȞȎȏȜșȓȝțȖȭȠ ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞțȖȘ ȕȎ ȐȨțȦțȖȠȓ ȞȎȏȜȠȖ ǼȒȖȭț (ȝȓȥȎȠ)
Ǯȕ, ȞȎȏȜșȓȝțȖȭȠ ȥșȓț țȎ ȟȨȐȓȠȎ ȘȚȓȠ (ȚȡȣȠȎȞ) ǮȣȚȓȒ (ȝȓȥȎȠ)
Ǯȕ, ȞȎȏȜșȓȝțȖȭȠ ȥșȓț țȎ ȟȨȐȓȠȎ ȃȎȒȔȖ ǶȐȎțȥȜ (ȝȓȥȎȠ)
Ǯȕ, ȞȎȏȜșȓȝțȖȭȠ ȥșȓț țȎ ȟȨȐȓȠȎ ǮșȖ ǻȎȚȨȘ (ȝȓȥȎȠ)
Ǯȕ, ȞȎȏȜșȓȝțȖȭȠ ȥșȓț țȎ ȟȨȐȓȠȎ ǺȓȣȚȓȒ (ȝȓȥȎȠ)
Ǯȕ, ȞȎȏȜșȓȝțȖȭȠ ȥșȓț țȎ ȟȨȐȓȠȎ ȃȎȒȔȖ ǷȜȞȒȎț ǻȖȘȜșȎ (ȝȓȥȎȠ)
Ǯȕ, ȞȎȏȜșȓȝțȖȭȠ ȥșȓț țȎ ȟȨȐȓȠȎ ǮȠȎțȎȟ (ȝȓȥȎȠ)
ǽȞȜȠȜȘȜș ȜȠ ȕȎȟȓȒȎțȖȓ țȎ ǼȏșȎȟȠțȖȭ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐȓț ȟȨȐȓȠ Ȑ Ǿȡȟȓ,

1865 ȑ. BOA, ú.MVL, 542/24356, ȒȜȘ. 2, ș. 1ȏ–2Ȏ
51
ǽȞȜȠȜȘȜș ȜȠ ȕȎȟȓȒȎțȖȓ țȎ ǼȏșȎȟȠțȖȭ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐȓț ȟȨȐȓȠ Ȑ Ǿȡȟȓ,
1865 ȑ. BOA, ú.MVL, 542/24356, ȒȜȘ. 2, ș. 2ȏ
4. ǶȕșȜȔȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ȐȓșȖȘȖȭ ȐȓȕȖȞ ȒȜ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȎȠȎ

ȘȎțȤȓșȎȞȖȭ Ȗ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖ ȡȘȎȕ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȟȓșȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ
ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ, 1865 ȑ. (BOA, ú.MVL, 542/24356, ȒȜȘ. 4, ș. 1Ȏ)
ǰȖȟȜȘȜȡȐȎȔȎȓȚȖ ȥȓȟȠȖȠȖ ȑȜȟȝȜȒȎȞȬ,

ǽȞȖșȜȔȓțȜ [ǰȖ] ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭȚ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜșȎ, ȖȕȑȜȠȐȓț ȜȠ
ǰȖȟȦȖȭ ȟȨȐȓȠ (ȚȓȒȔșȖȟ-Ȗ ȐȎșȭ) ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜșȎ, ȝȜ-
șȡȥȓț ȜȠ ǮȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖȭ ȟȨȐȓȠ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ ȜȠ-
țȜȟțȜ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜȟȠȠȎ ȜȠ ȝȞȓȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȓșȎȠȎ ȀȡȠȞȎ-
ȘȎț Ȗ ǿȜȚȡțȒȔȡ Ȑ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ [ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ]. ǸȎȘȠȜ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȏȖȞȎ ȜȠ
ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓȠȜ Țȡ, ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȠȖȭȠ ȑȞȎȒ ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎ țȎ
52
ȏȞȓȑȎ țȎ ȞȓȘȎ ǲȡțȎȐ ȚȓȔȒȡ ǾȡȟȓțȟȘȎȠȎ Ȗ ǿȖșȖȟȠȞȓțȟȘȎȠȎ
ȜȘȜșȖȖ. ǺȎȘȎȞ ȥȓ ȓ ȑȜșȭȚȜ ȟȓșȜ, ȡȝȞȎȐșȭȐȎțȜ ȜȠȘȞȎȗ ȐȞȓȚȓ
ȜȠ ȘȜȚȓțȒȎțȠ, ȠȜ ȓ țȎȗ-ȏșȖȕȘȜȠȜ Ȗ ȑșȎȐțȜ ȝȞȖȟȠȎțȖȧȓ ȕȎ ȟȓ-
șȎȠȎ, ȝȞȖșȓȔȎȧȖ ȘȨȚ țȎȚȖȞȎȧȖȠȓ ȟȓ ȜȠ ȒȐȓȠȓ Țȡ ȟȠȞȎțȖ
ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓ Ǿȡȟȓ Ȗ ǿȖșȖȟȠȞȎ, Ȏ ȕȎȞȎȒȖ ȞȎȕȝȜșȜȔȓțȜȠȜ țȎ ȜȠȟ-
ȞȓȧțȖȭ ȏȞȭȑ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȜ ȟȞȓȒȖȧȓ ǼșȠȓțȖȤȎ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ
ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȠȜȠȜ ȟȓșȖȧȓ [ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț] țȎȞȎȟțȎșȜ. ǻȎȞȓȒ ȟ ȠȜȐȎ, ȠȜ
ȓ ȜȠȒȎșȓȥȓțȜ țȎ ȒȐȎțȎȒȓȟȓȠ ȥȎȟȎ [ȝȨȠ] ȜȠ Ǿȡȟȓ, Ȏ ȏșȖȕȘȖȠȓ Ȗ
ȝȜ-ȒȎșȓȥțȖ ȟȓșȎ ȜȘȜșȜ țȓȑȜ ȟȎ ȘȨȚ ǾȡȟȓțȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ Ȗ ȝȜ
ȠȓȕȖ ȚȓȟȠȎ țȭȚȎ ȟȨȒȖșȖȧȎ Ȗ ȟȨȐȓȠȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎȠ
ȟȨȒȓȏțȖȠȓ ȒȓșȎ Ȗ ȠȓȘȡȧȖȠȓ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȖ, ȠȎ ȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ ȖȚ, ȖȟȘȎȠ
țȓ ȖȟȘȎȠ, ȟȎ ȝȞȖțȡȒȓțȖ ȒȎ ȜȠțȎȟȭȠ ȔȎșȏȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȒȜ ȤȓțȠȨȞȎ
[Ǿȡȟȓ], ȘȜȗȠȜ ȓ ȜȠȒȎșȓȥȓț țȎ ȝȓȠțȎȒȓȟȓȠ, ȦȓȟȠțȎȒȓȟȓȠ ȥȎȟȎ
ȞȎȕȟȠȜȭțȖȓ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ. ȀȜȐȎ ȝȜȞȎȔȒȎ ȕȎȠȞȡȒțȓțȖȭ ȕȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ-
ȠȜ Ȗ ȕȎȠȜȐȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓ ȓȒțȎ [țȜȐȎ] ȜȘȜșȖȭ, ȘȜ-
ȭȠȜ ȒȎ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎ ȟȓșȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȜ ȠȜȕȖ [ȚȎșȨȘ] ȑȞȎȒ.
ǴȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȎ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ ȝȨȘ țȓ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȏȖȞȎȠ ȟ ȔȖȠȓ-
șȖȠȓ țȎ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖȭ [ȤȓțȠȨȞ] ǵșȎȠȖȤȎ, ȘȨȚ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȠȜ ȏȖșȜ
ȝȞȖȜȏȧȓțȜ. ǰ ȞȎȗȜțȎ ȖȚȎ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȑȜșȓȚȖ Ȗ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȓțȖ
ȟȓșȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȜȠȟȠȜȭȠ ȒȎșȓȥ ȜȠ [ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖȭ ȖȚ] ȤȓțȠȨȞ,
Ȗ ȕȎȠȜȐȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎ Ƞȓ ȟȨȧȜ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȜȏȓȒȖțȓțȖ Ȑ ȟȎȚȜȟȠȜȭ-
ȠȓșțȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ, Ȏ ȟȓșȜȠȜ ǿȜȚȡțȒȔȡ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȖȚȎ ȟȞȓȒȖȧțȜ ȞȎȕ-
ȝȜșȜȔȓțȖȓ, ȒȎ ȟȠȎțȓ Ƞȓȣȓț [ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ] ȤȓțȠȨȞ. ǻȎȞȓȒ ȟ ȠȜȐȎ,
ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎ ȠȜ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȝȞȓȖȚȓțȡȐȎțȜ țȎ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ.
ȇȜ ȟȓ ȜȠțȎȟȭ ȒȜ ȝȞȓȒșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ ȝȜ ȘȎȘȨȐ țȎȥȖț ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ
ȝȜȘȞȖȠȖ ȕȎȝșȎȠȖȠȓ țȎ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖȠȓ ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȖ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ [ȥȖ-
țȜȐțȖȤȖ], ȘȜȖȠȜ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȝȜȒȏȞȎțȖ ȕȎ ȠȓȕȖ țȜȐȖ ȜȘȜșȖȖ, Ȗȕ-
ȝȨșțȓțȖȓȠȜ Țȡ ȟȓ ȐȨȕșȎȑȎ țȎ ȡȐȎȔȎȓȚȖȭ [ǺȖȒȣȎȠ] ȝȎȦȎ, ȡȝȞȎ-
ȐȖȠȓș țȎ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȠȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ, ȟȨȑșȎȟțȜ ȝȞȎȐȜȚȜȧȖȭȠȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȓ
ȝȜșȡȥȖș Ȝȧȓ ȝȞȖ ȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȐȖșȎȓȠȎ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ țȎ ȂȖțȎț-
ȟȜȐȜȠȜ ȐȓȒȜȚȟȠȐȜ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȒȎ ȖȕȝȨșțȖ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȤȓȒȡȞȖ,
ȕȎȟȭȑȎȧȖ ȒȨȞȔȎȐțȎȠȎ ȣȎȕțȎ. ǯȓȦȓ ȞȓȦȓțȜ ȟȨȧȜ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȡȐȓ-
ȒȜȚȓțȜ ǱșȎȐțȜȠȜ ȚȬȢȠȖȗȟȠȐȜ ȝȜ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȎ ȕȎ țȎȕțȎȥȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȟȨȒȓȏțȖ ȥȖțȜȐțȖȤȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȝȜȔȓșȎțȖ ȕȎ ȠȓȕȖ [țȜȐȖ] ȜȘȜșȖȖ.
ǱȜȟȝȜȒȎȞȬ, ȠȜȐȎ ȞȎȏȜșȓȝțȜ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȖȓ ȟȓ țȎȝȖȟȎ Ȑ ȡȐȓ-
ȞȓțȖȓ țȎ ȠȜȐȎ, ȥȓ ȧȓ ȟȓ ȖȕȝȨșțȭȠ ȘȎȘȐȖȠȜ Ȗ ȒȎ ȟȎ ȕȎȝȜȐȓȒȠȎ
Ȗ ȡȘȎȕȎțȖȓȠȜ ȜȠ ǰȎȦȓ ȐȓșȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ ȝȜ ȠȜȕȖ ȐȨȝȞȜȟ.
24 ȒȔȓȚȎȕȖȬșȎȣȖȞ 1282 ȑ.54
53
[ǲȜȝȨșțȖȠȓșțȜ ȐȝȖȟȐȎțȓ ȝȜȒ ȜȟțȜȐțȖȭ ȠȓȘȟȠ – ȖȞȎȒȓ]:
ǲȜțȓȟȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȓȒțȖȭ ȞȎȏ ȓ ȟșȓȒțȜȠȜ:
ǻȎȟȠȜȭȧȜȠȜ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ȐȓșȖȘȖȭ ȐȓȕȖȞ Ȗ ȝȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȠȓ
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȏȭȣȎ ȝȞȓȑșȓȒȎțȖ ȝȜ ȐȖȟȜȥȎȗȦȓ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȜ ȞȎȕȝȜ-
ȞȓȔȒȎțȓ. ǼȠ ȟȠȞȎțȎ țȎ ȐșȎȒȓȠȓșȭ ȏȓȦȓ ȖȕȞȎȕȓțȜ ȝȨșțȜ ȟȨȑ-
șȎȟȖȓ ȟ ȠȎȕȖ ȚȜșȏȎ Ȗ ȏȓȦȓ ȖȕȒȎȒȓț ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȖȭȠ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖ
ȡȘȎȕ (ȖȞȎȒȓ) ȒȎ ȟȓ ȖȕȝȨșțȖ, ȘȎȘȐȜȠȜ ȓ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜ. ǰȨȝȞȜȟ-
țȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȟȓ ȐȞȨȧȎȠ Ȑ ȘȎțȤȓșȎȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȐȓșȖȘȖȭ Ȑȓ-
ȕȖȞ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȓ ȜȐșȎȟȠȓț ȒȎ ȖȕȒȎȒȓ [ȝȜȟșȓȒȐȎȧȎ] ȕȎȝȜȐȓȒ ȝȜ ȠȜ-
ȕȖ ȐȨȝȞȜȟ.
25 ȒȔȓȚȎȕȖȬșȎȣȖȞ 1282 ȑ.55
(ȑȞȨȏ)
[Ƕȕȣ. Ɋ] 924
[Ƕȕȣ. Ɋ] 419, [ȖȕȝȞȎȠȓțȜ țȎ] ǰȨȠȞȓȦțȜȠȜ ȐȓȒȜȚȟȠȐȜ (ǲȎȣȖ-
șȖȓ), țȎ 27 ȒȔȓȚȎȕȖȬșȎȣȖȞ [12]82 ȑ.56
54
ǶȕșȜȔȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ȐȓșȖȘȖȭ ȐȓȕȖȞ ȒȜ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȘȎțȤȓșȎȞȖȭ
Ȗ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖ ȡȘȎȕ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȓșȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒ
Ȗ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ, 1865 ȑ. BOA, ú.MVL, 542/24356, ȒȜȘ. 4, ș. 1Ȏ
55
ǱȞȎȒȟȘȖȭȠ ȝșȜȧȎȒ ȟ ȥȎȟȜȐțȖȘȜȐȎȠȎ ȘȡșȎ Ȑ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ (ǯȜȠȓȐȑȞȎȒ)
NOTES/ǯǳǹǳǴǸǶ
1. ǲȎȠȎȠȎ ȓ ȝȜ ȌșȖȎțȟȘȖȭ ȘȎșȓțȒȎȞ (ȟȠȎȞ ȟȠȖș) Ȗ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠȟȠȐȎ țȎ
23 ȚȎȞȠ 1866 ȑ. ȝȜ ȟȓȑȎ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȎȧȖȭ ǱȞȖȑȜȞȖȎțȟȘȖ ȘȎșȓțȒȎȞ (țȜȐ
ȟȠȖș). ǽȜ-țȎȠȎȠȨȘ Ȑ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȖȭ ȠȓȘȟȠ ȒȎȠȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȒȎȒȓțȖ ȝȎȞȎșȓșțȜ
(ȟ ȘȜȟȎ ȥȓȞȠȎ) ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȒȐȎȠȎ ȘȎșȓțȒȎȞȎ.
2. ǻǯǸǺ, ǯǶǮ, Ȣ. 468, a. e. 1, ș. 8ȏ.
3. ǲȜ 1867 ȑ. ȒșȨȔțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓș ȓ ȜȏȜȕțȎȥȎȐȎțȎ
ȟ ȠȓȞȚȖțȎ ȚȬȒȬȞ/ȚȬȒȬȞȖț, Ȏ ȟșȓȒ ȠȜȐȎ ȟ ȠȓȞȚȖțȎ ȘȎȗȚȎ-
ȘȎȚ/ȘȎȗȚȎȘȎȚȖț, ȐȔ. Koç 2021, ȟ. 5.
4. ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑȜȒ. 2, ȏȞ. 53, 2 ȚȎȞȠ 1866 ȑ., ȟ. 105.
5. ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑȜȒ. 3, ȏȞ. 180, 4 ȬțȖ 1867 ȑ., ȟ. 359.
6. ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑȜȒ. 2, ȏȞ. 63, 6 ȎȝȞȖș 1866 ȑ., ȟ. 125.
8. ǲȜ 1867 ȑ. ȒșȨȔțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȜȘȞȨȔȓț ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓș ȓ ȜȏȜȕțȎȥȎȐȎțȎ ȟ
ȠȓȞȚȖțȎ ȘȎȗȚȎȘȎȚ/ȘȎȗȚȎȘȎȚȖț, Ȏ ȟșȓȒ ȠȜȐȎ ȟ ȠȓȞȚȖțȎ ȚȡȠȎȟȎ-
ȞȨȢ/ȚȬȠȓȟȎȞȖȢ, ȐȔ. Koç 2021, ȟ. 5.
10. ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑȜȒ. 2, ȏȞ. 95, 31 ȬșȖ 1866 ȑ., ȟ. 189.
11. ǺȎȘȎȞ, ȥȓ ȝȨȞȐȜȠȜ ȖȕȒȎțȖȓ țȎ ǱȜȒȖȦțȖȘȎ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖ-
șȎȓȠ ȜȠ 1868–1869 ȑ. ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ țȎșȖȥȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȐȓ ȒȔȎȚȖȖ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ,
țȜȐȎȠȎ ȒȔȎȚȖȭ ȓ ȏȖșȎ ȜȘȜțȥȎȠȓșțȜ ȕȎȐȨȞȦȓțȎ ȘȨȚ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ
1872 ȑ., ȐȔ. Salname-i Tuna, defa 1, Rusçuk, 1285/1868–1869, ȟ. 110;
56
ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑȜȒ. 7, ȏȞ. 644, 19/31 ȭțȡȎȞȖ 1872 ȑ., ȟ. 1287.
12. ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑȜȒ. 2, ȏȞ. 112, 28 ȟȓȝȠȓȚȐȞȖ 1866 ȑ., ȟ. 223.
13. ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑȜȒ. 2, ȏȞ. 137, 25 ȒȓȘȓȚȐȞȖ 1866 ȑ., ȟ. 273.
14. „ȄȖțȤȎȞȖ“ ȓ ȓȒțȜ ȜȠ țȎȕȐȎțȖȭȠȎ, ȡȝȜȠȞȓȏȭȐȎțȖ ȕȎ ȎȞȡȚȨțȖȠȓ
ȖșȖ ȐșȎȟȖȠȓ (ȘȡȤȜȐșȎȟȖ), țȎȟȓșȭȐȎșȖ ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȖȠȓ țȎ ȒțȓȦțȖȠȓ
ȒȨȞȔȎȐȖ ǱȨȞȤȖȭ, ǮșȏȎțȖȭ, ǿȓȐȓȞțȎ ǺȎȘȓȒȜțȖȭ Ȗ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ.
„ǱȞȎȒȟȘȖȠȓ“ ȐșȎȟȖ ȟȎ ȟȓ ȕȎțȖȚȎȐȎșȖ ȟȨȟ ȕȎțȎȭȠȖ, ȠȨȞȑȜȐȖȭ, șȖȣ-
ȐȎȞȟȠȐȜ, ȣȎțȒȔȖȗȟȠȐȜ, Ȏ „ȟȓșȟȘȖȠȓ“ ȐșȎȟȖ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȝȖȠȎȐȎșȖ ȝȞȓȒȖȚ-
țȜ ȘȎȠȜ ȝȎȟȠȖȞȖ.
15. ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑȜȒ. 1, ȏȞ. 19, 7 ȬșȖ 1865 ȑ., ȟ. 37; ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑȜȒ. 1, ȏȞ. 23, 4
ȎȐȑȡȟȠ 1865 ȑ., ȟ. 45.
16. ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑȜȒ. 1, ȏȞ. 23, 4 ȎȐȑȡȟȠ 1865 ȑ., ȟ. 45.
17. ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑȜȒ. 1, ȏȞ. 35, 27 ȜȘȠȜȚȐȞȖ 1865 ȑ., ȟ. 69.
18. ǶȕȑșȓȔȒȎ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȒȡȚȎ ȕȎ ȟ. ǰȞȎȔȒȓȏțȎ, Ȓțȓȟ ȘȐȎȞȠȎș țȎ ǿȜȢȖȭ.
20. ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑȜȒ. 1, ȏȞ. 39, 24 țȜȓȚȐȞȖ 1865 ȑ., ȟ. 75; ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑȜȒ. 1, ȏȞ.
46, 12 ȭțȡȎȞȖ 1866 ȑ., ȟ. 91.
21. BOA, ú.MVL. 542/24356, ȒȜȘ. 4.
22. ǼȏșȎȟȠțȖȭȠ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐȓț ȟȨȐȓȠ ȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȓȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȎț ȜȠ ȐȎ-
șȖȭȠȎ, Ȏ țȓȑȜȐȖ ȥșȓțȜȐȓ ȟȎ ȟȓȘȞȓȠȎȞ (ȚȓȘȠȡȏȥȡ/ȚȓȘȠȡȏȖ), ȟȨȒȓ-
ȏȓț ȖțȟȝȓȘȠȜȞ (ȚȬȢȓȠȖȦ-Ȗ ȣȬȘȭȚ), ȚȬȢȠȖȭ, ȟȥȓȠȜȐȜȒȖȠȓș (ȚȡȣȎ-
ȟȓȏȓȒȔȖ/ȒȓȢȠȓȞȒȎȞ), ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞțȖȘ ȕȎ ȐȨțȦțȖȠȓ ȒȓșȎ (ȣȎȞȖȒȔȖȓ
ȚȬȒȬȞȬ) Ȗ Ȝȧȓ ȦȓȟȠ ȥșȓțȜȐȓ – ȝȜ ȠȞȖȚȎ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ Ȗ ȠȞȖȚȎ țȓ-
ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ. ǰȔ. Koç 2021, ȟ. 5.
23. ǻȎ 28 ȎȝȞȖș/9 ȚȎȗ 1865 ȑ. ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ „ǲȡțȎȐ“ ȝȖȦȓ, ȥȓ ȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ
țȎ ȟȓșȜ ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȎ, Ȗ țȎ ȜȘȜșțȖȠȓ ȟȓșȎ
ȟȎ țȎȝȞȎȐȖșȖ țȎ ȏȞȓȑȎ țȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȓșȜ ȝȞȖȟȠȎțȖȧȓ („ȟȘȓșȭ“). ȀȨȗ ȘȎ-
ȠȜ ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎșȜ ȟȞȓȧȡ ȞȡȚȨțȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȖȟȠȎțȖȧȓ ǼșȠȓțȖȤȎ, ȝȞȓȕ
ȎȝȞȖș ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȖ ȘȜȞȎȏȖ ȕȎȝȜȥțȎșȖ ȒȎ ȎȘȜȟȠȖȞȎȠ Ȗ țȎ țȜȐȜȠȜ
ȝȞȖȟȠȎțȖȧȓ. ǺȎȘȎȞ Ȗ ȟȓșȜ, ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț ȟȓ ȟȥȖȠȎș „ȘȎȠȜ ȓȒȖț ȑȞȎȒ“ Ȗ
„ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȎ ȟȘȓșȭ“ (ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑȜȒ. 1, ȏȞ. 9, 28 ȎȝȞȖș 1865 ȑ., ȟ. 17). ǻȎ
5/17 ȬțȖ 1866 ȑ. „ǲȡțȎȐ“ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎ, ȥȓ „ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț ȏȓȦȓ ȓȒȖț ȚȎ-
șȨȘ ȑȞȎȒȓȤ ȜȠ ȠȞȖȟȠȎ, ȥȓȠȖȞȖȟȠȜȠȖț ȘȨȧȖ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȝȜ[ȞȎȒȖ] ȒȜȏȞȜȠȜ
ȟȖ ȚȓȟȠȜȝȜșȜȔȓțȖȓ ȜȠ Ȓȓț țȎ Ȓȓț ȟȓ ȞȎȕȦȖȞȭȐȎȦȓ“ Ȗ ȕȎȠȜȐȎ ȜȠ țȎ-
ȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ ȚȎȞȠ 1866 ȑ. ȓ ȟȠȎțȎș ȤȓțȠȨȞ țȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ ȟ „ȥȓȠȖȞȖȒȓȟȓȠ Ȗ
țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȟȓșȎ“ (ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑȜȒ. 2, ȏȞ. 79, 5 ȬțȖ 1866 ȑ., ȟ. 157). ǸȨȚ țȎ-
ȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ ȎȐȑȡȟȠ ȟ. ȑ. ȓ ȕȎȐȨȞȦȓț ȟȠȞȜȓȔȨȠ țȎ ȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȟȠȐȓțȎȠȎ
ȟȑȞȎȒȎ (ȘȜțȎȘ) Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ (ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑȜȒ. 2, ȏȞ. 96, 3 ȎȐȑȡȟȠ 1866 ȑ., ȟ.
191). ǻȎ 14/26 ȟȓȝȠȓȚȐȞȖ 1866 ȑ. „ǲȡțȎȐ“ ȜȠȞȎȕȭȐȎ ȡȞȏȎțȖȟȠȖȥțȜȠȜ
Ȗ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȜ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȎ, Ȑ ȘȜȗȠȜ Ȑȓȥȓ ȖȚȎșȜ „ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȜȠ ȣȖ-
șȭȒȎ ȘȨȧȖ Ȗ ȠȞȖȟȠȎ, ȥȓȠȖȞȖȟȠȜȠȖț ȒȬȘȭțȖ“, ȏșȎȑȜȒȎȞȓțȖȓ țȎ ȘȜȓ-
57
ȠȜ „ȒȜ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȠȜȗ ȧȓ ȟȠȎțȓ ȓȒțȎ ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȑȜșȓȚȖȠȓ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟ-
ȘȖ ȟȘȓșȖ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȜȠȜ ȘȞȎȗȏȞȓȔȖȓ“ (ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑȜȒ. 2, ȏȞ. 108, 14/26
ȟȓȝȠȓȚȐȞȖ 1866 ȑ., ȟ. 215). ǽȞȓȕ 1869 ȑ. Ȑ ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț ȓ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȓțȜ
ȝȞȖȟȠȎțȖȧȓ Ȗ ȕȎ ȝȨȠțȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȝșȎȐȎȠȓșțȖ ȟȨȒȜȐȓ (ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑȜȒ. 5,
ȏȞ. 416, 5/17 ȜȘȠȜȚȐȞȖ 1869 ȑ., ȟ. 832). ǽȜȐȓȥȓ ȕȎ ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț ȐȔ.
Zmeev 1987, ȟ. 32 – 33.
24. BOA, ú.MVL. 542/24356, ȒȜȘ. 2.
25. BOA, ú.MVL. 542/24356, ȒȜȘ. 1.
26. BOA, ú.MVL. 542/24356, ȒȜȘ. 3.
27. BOA, ú.MVL. 542/24356, ȒȜȘ. 4.
28. BOA, ú.MVL. 542/24356, ȒȜȘ. 4.
29. ǽȜșȖȤȓȗȟȘȜȠȜ ȜȠȒȓșȓțȖȓ ȓ ȕȎȐȨȞȦȓțȜ ȘȨȚ 1871 ȑ., ȐȔ.
Salname-i Tuna, defa 4, Rusçuk, 1288/1871–1872, ȟ. 112.
30. ȀȓșȓȑȞȎȢțȎȠȎ ȟȠȎțȤȖȭ ȓ ȕȎȐȨȞȦȓțȎ Ȑ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ 1869 ȑ., ȐȔ.
ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑȜȒ. 4, ȏȞ. 341, 1/13 ȭțȡȎȞȖ 1869 ȑ., ȟ. 681; Salname-i Tuna,
defa 1, Rusçuk, 1285/1868–1869, ȟ. 82, 110.
31. BOA, ú.ûD. 7/362, ȒȜȘ. 2.
32. BOA, ú.ûD. 7/362, ȒȜȘ. 1.
33. BOA, ú.ûD. 7/362, ȒȜȘ. 3.
34. BOA, ûD, 2866/25, ȒȜȘ. 3.
35. Salname-i Tuna, defa 6, Rusçuk, 1290/1873–1874, ȟ. 234 – 237.
36. ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑȜȒ. 2, ȏȞ. 77, 30 ȚȎȗ 1866 ȑ., ȟ. 153.
37. Salname-i Tuna, defa 6, Rusçuk, 1290/1873–1874, ȟ. 234 – 237.
38. Salname-i Tuna, defa 1, Rusçuk, 1285/1868–1869, ȟ. 110.
39. Salname-i Tuna, defa 2, Rusçuk, 1286/1869–1870, ȟ. 109;
Salname-i Tuna, defa 3, Rusçuk, 1287/1870–1871, ȟ. 112; Salname-i
Tuna, defa 4, Rusçuk, 1288/1871–1872, ȟ. 112; Salname-i Tuna, defa
5, Rusçuk, 1289/1872–1873, ȟ. 110.
40. ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑȜȒ. 2, ȏȞ. 58, 20 ȚȎȞȠ 1866 ȑ., ȟ. 116.
41. ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑȜȒ. 2, ȏȞ. 77, 30 ȚȎȗ 1866 ȑ., ȟ. 153.
43. BOA, ú.MVL, 559/25106, ȒȜȘ. 1, 2.
44. BOA, MVL, 1072/77, ȒȜȘ. 1; BOA, ú.MVL, 559/25106, ȒȜȘ. 3, 4, 5.
45. BOA, ú.MVL, 559/25106, ȒȜȘ. 5, 6, 7.
46. BOA, MVL, 997/36, ȒȜȘ. 1.
47. BOA, MVL, 997/36, ȒȜȘ. 2.
48. BOA, MVL, 1032/72, ȒȜȘ. 1.
49. BOA, MVL, 1067/125, ȒȜȘ. 1.
50. BOA, A.MKT.MHM, 344/29, ȒȜȘ. 1.
51. ǺȎȞȠ 1866 ȑ.
52. ǺȎȞȠ 1866 ȑ.
58
53. 19 ȟȓȝȠȓȚȐȞȖ/1 ȜȘȠȜȚȐȞȖ 1865 ȑ.
54. 2/14 țȜȓȚȐȞȖ 1865 ȑ.
55. 3/15 țȜȓȚȐȞȖ 1865 ȑ.
56. 5/17 țȜȓȚȐȞȖ 1865 ȑ.
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OTTOMAN DOCUMENTS
ABOUT THE ESTABLISHMENT
OF A NEW CITY IN 1865 – 1866:
ORHANIYE (BOTEVGRAD)
Abstract: The study presents and analyses newly discovered
Ottoman documents related to the transformation of the village of
Somuncu/Samundjievo into a town and district centre with the new
name Orhaniye (Botevgrad as of 1934). These documents reveal the
motives of the Ottoman authorities for this transformation as well as
its chronology, carried out in two stages – a formal decision by
sultan’s decree (irade) of November 15, 1865 and the actual
beginning of the transformation as of March 1866. The author
concludes that the case of Orhaniye reflects the pro-European
modernization process in the 19th-century Ottoman Empire, as well
as the ideological influence of Ottomanism.
Keywords: Orhaniye, irade, 19th century, urbanization, Ottomanism.
Correspondence address:
Prof. DSc Orlin Sabev
Institute for Balkan Studies and Centre of Thracology
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
45, Moskovska Str., 1000 Sofia
Tel.: (+ 359) 886 764 457
E-mail address: orlin_vtu@yahoo.com
Web of Science Researcher ID: DPZ-2878-2022
Scopus ID: 41762583800
62
ǻǳǶǵǰǳǿȀǳǻ ǲǼǸȁǺǳǻȀ
ǵǮ ȀǾȈǻ Ƕ ǿǮǺǼǸǼǰǿǸǶȍ
ǵǼǱǾǮȂ ǸǼǿȀǮǲǶǻ ǰǮǹȊǼǰ
ǽȞȜȢ. Ȓ-Ȟ ǻȎȒȭ ǺȎțȜșȜȐȎ-ǻȖȘȜșȜȐȎ
ǿȜȢȖȗȟȘȖ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠ „ǿȐ. ǸșȖȚȓțȠ ǼȣȞȖȒȟȘȖ“
ǾȓȕȬȚȓ: ǰ ȟȠȎȠȖȭȠȎ ȟȓ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ – ȝȖȟȚȜ ȜȠ ȚȖȠ-

ȞȜȝȜșȖȠȎ țȎ ǻȖȦȎȐȟȘȎȠȎ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȭ ǮțȠȖȚ I, ȟ ȒȎȠȎ 26 ȎȐȑȡȟȠ 1854 ȑ.,
ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȜȠțȎȟȭ ȒȜ ȟȎȚȜȘȜȐȟȘȖȭ ȕȜȑȞȎȢ ǸȜȟȠȎȒȖț ǽȓȠȞȜȐȖȥ ǰȎ-
șȪȜȐ. ǿȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȖȟȚȜȠȜ ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȢȜȞȚȡșȖȞȎ ȣȖȝȜ-
ȠȓȕȎȠȎ, ȥȓ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȘȨȠ ȓ ȞȎȏȜȠȖș ȐȨȐ ȐȨȠȞȓȦțȎȠȎ ȡȘȞȎȟȎ țȎ ȤȨȞȘ-
ȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ǽȓȠȘȎ“ Ȑ ȑȞ. ȀȞȨț, ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȝȞȓȕ 1853 ȖșȖ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ
ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎ țȎ 1854 ȑ. ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȨȠ ȒȎȐȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȘȜȭȠȜ
Ǹ. ǰȎșȪȜȐ ȓ ȝȞȓȏȖȐȎȐȎș Ȑ ȑȞ. ǽȖȞȜȠ ȝȞȓȕ 1854 ȑ., ȒȜȝȨșȐȎȗȘȖ ȏȖ-
ȜȑȞȎȢȖȭȠȎ Țȡ, Ȑ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȕȎ ȐȞȓȚȓȠȜ ȜȠ 1845 ȒȜ 1856 ȑ. ȒȜȟȓȑȎ țȭȚȎȦȓ
țȖȘȎȘȐȖ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ.
ǸșȬȥȜȐȖ ȒȡȚȖ: ǸȜȟȠȎȒȖț ǽȓȠȞȜȐȖȥ ǰȎșȪȜȐ, ȀȞȨț, ǽȖȞȜȠ,
ǻȖȦȎȐȟȘȎ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȭ, ȝȖȞȜȠȟȘȖ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ ǮțȠȖȚ I.
ǵȜȑȞȎȢȨȠ ǸȜȟȠȎȒȖț ǽȓȠȞȜȐȖȥ ǰȎșȪȜȐ (ȘȞ. XVIII Ȑ. – 1863),

ȖșȖ ȝȜ-ȘȞȎȠȘȜ ǸȜȟȠȎ ǰȎșȪȜȐ, ȓ ȟȞȓȒ țȎȗ-ȖȕȠȨȘțȎȠȖȠȓ ȖȚȓțȎ
țȎ ǿȎȚȜȘȜȐȟȘȎȠȎ ȣȡȒȜȔȓȟȠȐȓțȎȠȎ ȦȘȜșȎ, ȜȟțȜȐȎțȎ ȜȠ ȃȞȖȟȠȜ
ǲȖȚȖȠȞȜȐ Ȑ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ XVIII ȐȓȘ. Ǹ. ǰȎșȪȜȐ ȓ ȡȥȓțȖȘ țȎ ǲȖȚȖȠ-
ȞȜȐ, ȟȨȧȓȐȞȓȚȓțțȜ țȓȑȜȐ ȕȓȠ, ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȓ Ȕȓțȓț ȕȎ ȒȨȧȓȞȭȠȎ
Țȡ ǿȡȟȎțȎ/ǿȡȟȖ. ǵȜȑȞȎȢȨȠ ȞȎȏȜȠȖ ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ Ȑ ȞȎȗȜțȖȠȓ țȎ
ǵȎȝȎȒțȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ. ȅȓȟȠȜ ȕȎȓȒțȜ ȟ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȡȥȓțȖȤȖ țȎ ȃȞ. ǲȖ-
ȚȖȠȞȜȐ – țȓȑȜȐȖȭ ȑȜșȭȚ ȟȖț ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ ǵȜȑȞȎȢ (1794/5? –
19.10.1860) Ȗ ǷȜȎț ǶȘȜțȜȝȖȟȓȤ (1795 – 6.07.1854). ǽȞȓȕ ȝȜȟ-
șȓȒțȖȠȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȠȞȖȚȎȠȎ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȤȖ ǲ.
ǵȜȑȞȎȢ, Ƿ. ǶȘȜțȜȝȖȟȓȤ Ȗ Ǹ. ǰȎșȪȜȐ ȝȞȜȢ. ǳșȓțȎ ǱȓțȜȐȎ ȝȡȏ-
șȖȘȡȐȎ țȎȗ-ȒȓȠȎȗșțȜȠȜ ȟȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ, Ȑ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȑȖ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭ
ȘȎȠȜ ȐȠȜȞȜ ȝȜȘȜșȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ǿȎȚȜȘȜȐȟȘȎȠȎ ȔȖȐȜȝȖȟțȎ ȦȘȜșȎ
(Genova 2015). ǮȐȠȜȞȘȎȠȎ ȖȕȠȨȘȐȎ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȜȠȜ ȜȏȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȜ,
ȥȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȎȠȎ ȏȎȕȎ ȕȎ ȖȕȡȥȎȐȎțȓ ȔȖȐȜȠȎ țȎ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȤȖ-
Ƞȓ ȜȠ ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ ȓ ȠȐȨȞȒȓ ȜȑȞȎțȖȥȓțȎ. ǵȎ ȔȖȐȜȠȎ Ȗ ȞȎȏȜ-
63
ȠȎȠȎ țȎ Ǹ. ǰȎșȪȜȐ țȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ șȖȝȟȐȎȠ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȝȞȓȕ ȟȞȎȐțȖ-
ȠȓșțȜ ȒȨșȨȑ ȐȞȓȚȓȐȖ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ – ȜȠ 1845 ȒȜ ȘȨȚ 1856 ȑ. țȭȚȎ
ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȒȓșȎȠȎ țȎ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȘȎ (Genova 2015, 206).
ǾȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎțȖȭȠ ȠȡȘ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ ȓ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȜȠ ȠȜȕȖ țȓȖȕȐȓȟ-
Ƞȓț ȝȓȞȖȜȒ Ȑ ȔȖȐȜȠȎ țȎ ǰȎșȪȜȐ. ȀȜȐȎ ȓ ȝȖȟȚȜ, ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȜ Ȑ
ǲȨȞȔȎȐȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ – ǽȓȞțȖȘ, ȐȨȐ ȢȜțȒȎ țȎ Ƞ.ț. ǵțȓȝȜșȟȘȖ ǽȓ-
ȓȐ ȎȞȣȖȐ1. ǽȖȟȚȜȠȜ ȝȞȜȖȕșȖȕȎ ȜȠ ȘȎțȤȓșȎȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ǽȖȞȜȠȟ-
ȘȖȭ ȐșȎȒȖȘȎ, ȡȝȞȎȐșȭȐȎȧ ǻȖȦȎȐȟȘȎȠȎ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȭ, ȝȜ ȠȜȐȎ
ȐȞȓȚȓ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ ǮțȠȖȚ I. ǮȒȞȓȟȖȞȎțȜ ȓ ȒȜ ȥȜȞȏȎȒȔȖ ǽȓȭ
ǿȠȓȝȎțȜȐ Ȑ ȀȞȨț. ǽȓȭ ǿȠȓȝȎțȜȐ (1768 – 1869) ȓ ȞȜȒȜțȎȥȎș-
țȖȘ țȎ ȑȜșȓȚȖȭ ȠȞȨțȟȘȖ ǽȓȓȐ ȞȜȒ, ȥȖȖȠȜ țȎȟșȓȒțȖȤȖ ȜȝȎȕ-
ȐȎȠ țȓȑȜȐȖȭ ȏȜȑȎȠ Ȗ ȞȎȕțȜȜȏȞȎȕȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ, ȒȜȝȨșȐȎȗȘȖ ȑȜ ȟ ȒȜ-
ȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȜȠ XIX Ȗ XX ȐȓȘ. ǮȞȣȖȐȨȠ ȟȓ ȟȨȟȠȜȖ ȑșȎȐțȜ ȜȠ ȝȖȟȚȎ,
ȥȖȭȠȜ ȕțȎȥȖȠȓșțȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȟȎ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȜȠ ǽȖȞȜȠȟȘȎȠȎ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜ-
șȖȭ, ȘȨȚ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȝȞȓȕ ȠȓȕȖ ȐȓȘȜȐȓ ȝȞȖțȎȒșȓȔȖ ȞȎȗȜțȨȠ țȎ
ǵțȓȝȜșȓ Ȗ ȑȞ. ȀȞȨț. ǽȞȖȥȖțȎȠȎ ȓ ȜȏȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ, ȥȓ ǽ. ǿȠȓ-
ȝȎțȜȐ ȓ ȐȓȘȖș, ȟȖȞȓȥ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓș țȎ țȖȦȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐșȎȒȖȘȎ Ȑ
ǵțȓȝȜșȓ Ȗ ȝȜȒȒȨȞȔȎ ȒȨșȑȜȑȜȒȖȦțȎ ȘȜȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȤȖȭ ȟ ȚȖȠ-
ȞȜȝȜșȖȭȠȎ ȝȜ țȎȗ-ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȖ.
ǰȞȨȕȘȖȠȓ țȎ ǽ. ǿȠȓȝȎțȜȐ ȟ ǽȖȞȜȠ ȒȎȠȖȞȎȠ Ȝȧȓ ȜȠ 30-Ƞȓ
ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ ȐȓȘȎ, ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȠȜȗ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȎ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȤȨȞ-
ȘȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ǰȚȘ ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ“ Ȑ ȞȜȒțȜȠȜ Țȡ ȟȓșȜ ȍȞșȜȐȤȖ, ȀȞȨțȟ-
ȘȜ. ǵȎ țȡȔȒȖȠȓ țȎ ȣȞȎȚȎ țȓȑȜȐȖȭȠ ȏȞȎȠ ǮțȑȓșȘȜ ȝȞȖȓȚȎ ȟȐȓ-
ȧȓțȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȟȎț ȜȠ ȠȜȑȎȐȎȦțȖȭ ǻȖȦȎȐȟȘȖ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ ǷȓȞȜ-
țȖȚ (Manolova-Nikolova 2014, 152). ȄȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ, ȝȜȟȠȞȜȓțȎ ȝȞȓȕ
ȕȖȚțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȝȞȜșȓȠțȖȠȓ ȚȓȟȓȤȖ țȎ 1835 ȑ., ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȘȎȠȜ „ȜȠȑȜ-
ȐȜȞ“ țȎ ȥȡȚțȎ ȓȝȖȒȓȚȖȭ Ȑ ȞȎȗȜțȎ, ȓ ȣȡȒȜȔȓȟȠȐȓțȜ ȜȢȜȞȚȓțȎ ȟ
ȥȡȒȓȟȓț ȖȘȜțȜȟȠȎȟ Ȗ ȟȠȓțȜȝȖȟȖ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȖȭ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ –
ȟȚȓȠȘȎ ȕȎ ȝȜȣȎȞȥȓțȖȠȓ ȟȡȚȖ, ȜȏȎȥȓ ȒȎȟȘȎșȨȠ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȘ ȜȟȠȎȐȎ
ȎțȜțȖȚȓț (Manolova-Nikolova 2014, 168). ǲȓȟȓȠ ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȝȜ-
ȘȨȟțȜ, ȝȞȓȕ 1845 ȑ. Ǹ. ǰȎșȪȜȐ ȖȕȐȨȞȦȐȎ țȜȐȜ ȟȠȓțȜȝȖȟȐȎțȓ, ȟ
ȖȕȜȏȞȎȔȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȝȞȖȠȐȜȞȎ țȎ ȒȐȎȚȎȠȎ ȘȠȖȠȜȞȖ țȎ ȣȞȎȚȎ – ȥȜȞ-
ȏȎȒȔȖ ǽ. ǿȠȓȝȎțȜȐ Ȗ țȓȑȜȐȖȭ ȏȞȎȠ ȝȜȝ ǮțȑȓșȘȜ (1779 – 1859).
ǻȎȡȥȎȐȎȚȓ ȑȜ ȜȠ ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȖȭ ȘȠȖȠȜȞȟȘȖ țȎȒȝȖȟ:
„ǶȕȐȜșȓțȖȓ WȤȎ ǻȟȝȜȝȓȦȓțiȓ ǿȠȎȑȜ ǲȣȎ wȏțȜȐșȓțiȓ

ǿȠȎȑȜ ȃȞȎȚȎ: 1835: Ǯ țȎ ȖȕȜȏȞȎȔȓțiȓ: 1845: NȎȟȠȜȭȠȓșț Ȕȓ
ǯȖȟȠȪ ǸȪȠȖȠȜȞț ǻȝȞȖșȜȔțiȤȖ w/Ƞ/ȏșȎȑȜȞȜȒțțȖ ǱȜȟȝȜȒȎȞț
ǱȜȟȝȜȒțNȪ ǽȓȭ ǻȓȒȖțȜ ȜȡȠȞȜȏțȖ ǯȞȎȠȪ ǳȑȜ ǱȜȟȝȜȒțNȪ ǽȜȝȪ
64
ǮțȑȓșȘȜ ǿȠȓȝȎțȜȐȖȥȪ ǻȝȞȜȥȖȭ ǻȖȣȪ. ǲȎ ȝȜȚȓțȓȠȪ ǱȒȪ ǯȑȪ
ǰȜȐȓȘȖ ǰȓȘȜȐȪ. ǺȤȪ ǼȘȠȜȚȐȞiȗ: 12: ǲȓțȪ ǸȜțȓȤȪ. ǾȡȘȜȬ
ǸȜȟȠȎȒȖțȪ:“ (Vasiliev 1960, 150).
ǽȜȞȠȞȓȠȨȠ ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȐȎ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȖ ȟȨȚțȓțȖȭ Ȗ ȝȖȠȎțȖȭ.

ǳșȓțȎ ǱȓțȜȐȎ ȝȜȟȠȎȐȭ ȟȝȞȎȐȓȒșȖȐȜ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȎ ȕȎȧȜ ȘȠȖȠȜȞȖȠȓ
ȟȎ țȎȞȖȟȡȐȎțȖ ȟȞȎȐțȖȠȓșțȜ ȚșȎȒȖ, ȟȨȝȜȟȠȎȐȓțȜ ȟ ȒȎțțȖȠȓ ȕȎ
ȠȭȣțȎȠȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ. ǸȨȚ 1845 ȑ., ȑȜȒȖțȎȠȎ ȜȠ țȎȒȝȖȟȎ țȎ ȘȠȖ-
ȠȜȞȟȘȖȭ ȝȜȞȠȞȓȠ, ȝȜȝ ǮțȑȓșȘȜ ȓ țȎ 65 ȑ., Ȏ ǽȓȭ – țȎ 76 ȑ. ǻȎ-
ȖȟȠȖțȎ ȕȎȟȓȑȎ țȭȚȎ ȝȞȖȓȚșȖȐȜ ȜȏȭȟțȓțȖȓ, țȜ ȓ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȜ, ȥȓ
ǽȓȭ ǿȠȓȝȎțȜȐ ȓ ȟȠȜșȓȠțȖȘ. ȀȜȗ ȒȜȔȖȐȭȐȎ 101 ȑ. Ȗ țȎ 76 ȓ Ȗȕ-
ȑșȓȔȒȎș ȜȥȓȐȖȒțȜ ȒȜȏȞȓ. ǵȎ țȓȑȜȐȎȠȎ ȖȕȒȞȨȔșȖȐȜȟȠ Ȗ ȒȜȏȞȜ
ȢȖȕȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȟȨȟȠȜȭțȖȓ ȑȜȐȜȞȖ ȢȎȘȠȨȠ, ȥȓ ȝȞȓȕ ȭțȡȎȞȖ 1860 ȑ.,
Ȑȓȥȓ țȎ 92 ȑ., ȠȜȗ ȝȨȠȡȐȎ ȕȎȓȒțȜ ȟ ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȒȓșȓȑȎȤȖȭ ȜȠ 46
ȒȡȦȖ ȕțȓȝȜșȤȖ ȒȜ ǻȖȦ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȝȞȓȒȎȒȓț ȝȞȜȠȓȟȠ ȟȞȓȧȡ
ȒȎțȨȥțȎȠȎ ȝȜșȖȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ ǮțȠȖȚ I (Manolova-
Nikolova, Zeleva 1999, 41, 137). ǰȝȞȜȥȓȚ, țȭȚȎ ȠȜȥțȜȟȠ Ȗ Ȑ
ȖȕȜȏȞȎȕȓțȖȭ ȚȎȘȓȠ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȝȜȒȒȨȞȔȎȠ ȒȐȎȚȎȠȎ
ȒȎȞȖȠȓșȖ țȎ ȝȜȞȠȞȓȠȎ. ǻȎ ȚȎȘȓȠȎ șȖȥȖ ȣȞȎȚ ȟ ȘȡȝȜș, ȘȎȘȨȐ-
ȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ țȓ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎ (Vasiliev 1960, 150).
ǲȞȡȑ, ȝȜ ȚȜȓ ȚțȓțȖȓ ȝȜ-ȖțȠȓȞȓȟȓț, ȓ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȨȠ ȕȎȧȜ țȎ
ȘȠȖȠȜȞȟȘȖȭ ȝȜȞȠȞȓȠ ǽ. ǿȠȓȝȎțȜȐ țȓ țȜȟȖ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞțȜȠȜ ȕȎ
ȞȎȗȜțȎ ȏȭșȜ ȠȞȎȒȖȤȖȜțțȜ ȜȏșȓȘșȜ. ǰ ȞȎȗȜțȎ țȎ ǵțȓȝȜșȓ
ȠȞȎȒȖȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ Ƞ.ț. ȏȓșȜȒȞȓȦȘȜȐȤȖ ȟȓ ȕȎȝȎȕȐȎ Ȗ ȟșȓȒ ǼȟȐȜ-
ȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ (Transki krai 1940, 275, 276). ǽ. ǿȠȓȝȎțȜȐ, ȟȝȜ-
ȞȓȒ Ǯȟ. ǰȎȟȖșȖȓȐ, ȓ Ȝȏșȓȥȓț Ȑ ȠȨȚțȜȟȖȐȎ ȑȜȞțȎ ȒȞȓȣȎ, ȟ ȦȖ-
ȞȜȘȖ ȞȨȘȎȐȖ Ȗ ȦȖȞȜȘȎ ȖȕȝȞȎȐȓțȎ ȭȘȎ, ȜȠȒȜșȡ ȟ ȥȓȞȐȓț ȓșȓȘ,
ȟȖȐȎ ȞȖȕȎ ȟ ȦȓȐȖȤȖ, ȝȞȓȝȎȟȎț ȟ ȏȭș ȝȜȭȟ, ȡȘȞȎȟȓț ȟ ȠȨȚțȖ
ȡȟȝȜȞȓȒțȖ ȥȓȞȠȖ. ǰȎȟȖșȖȓȐ ȜȏȜȏȧȎȐȎ, ȥȓ ȔȓșȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ
ȚȎȗȟȠȜȞȎ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȒȜȏȓȞȓ ȒȜ ȐȭȞțȎ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞȖȟȠȖȘȎ țȎ ȒȐȎȚȎȠȎ
ȜȒȡȣȜȠȐȜȞȓțȖ ȒȓȗȤȖ ȜȠ ȀȞȨțȟȘȖȭ ȘȞȎȗ (Vasiliev 1960, 153).
ȀȖȝȨȠ ȜȏșȓȘșȜ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȓ ȘȞȎȗțȜ țȓȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞȓț ȕȎ ȞȎȗȜțȎ Ȗ
ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȝȜșȜȔȖ, ȥȓ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȒȡȚȎ ȕȎ ȐșȖȭțȖȓ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȟ-
ȘȎȠȎ ȘȡșȠȡȞȎ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȝȜȥȖȠȎțȜ ȜȏșȓȘșȜ, ȥȖȖȠȜ ȝȎȞȎșȓșȖ ȚȜ-
ȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȠȨȞȟȭȠ Ȑ ǿȎȚȜȘȜȐ (Semerdjiev 2014, 227). ǾȎȕȑ-
șȓȔȒȎȗȘȖ țȓȑȜȐȖȠȓ ȓșȓȚȓțȠȖ, ȝȞȎȐȖ ȐȝȓȥȎȠșȓțȖȓ ȏȓșȖȭȠ
ȝȜȭȟ, ȟ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȓ ȜȝȎȟȎțȎ ȑȜȞțȎȠȎ Țȡ ȒȞȓȣȎ. ǽȜȭȟȨȠ Ȑ ȠȞȎȒȖȤȖ-
ȜțțȜȠȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜ ȜȏșȓȘșȜ ȖȚȎ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȜ ȟȖȚȐȜșțȜ ȕțȎȥȓ-
țȖȓ. ǯȓșȖȭȠ ȤȐȭȠ țȎ ȚȨȔȘȖȭ ȝȜȭȟ ȓ ȟȖȚȐȜș țȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠțȖȭ
65
ȥȜȐȓȘ, ȐȒȜȐȓȤ, ȥȜȐȓȘ ȏȓȕ ȝȜșȜȐȜ ȎȘȠȖȐȓț ȔȖȐȜȠ, Ȑ ȠȜȕȖ ȟȚȖ-
ȟȨș „ȥȖȟȠ“ ȥȜȐȓȘ (Ganeva 2003, 217). ǼȠ ȟȓȚȓȗțȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȒȎțȖȭ
ȕȎ ǽ. ǿȠȓȝȎțȜȐ ȟȓ ȕțȎȓ, ȥȓ țȓȖȕȐȓȟȠțȜ ȘȜȑȎ ȠȜȗ ȑȡȏȖ ȟȨȝȞȡȑȎ-
ȠȎ Ȗ ȒȓȤȎȠȎ ȟȖ, ȖșȖ ȝȨȘ ȓ ȏȖș ȏȓȕȒȓȠȓț, ȝȜȞȎȒȖ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȜȟȖțȜ-
ȐȭȐȎ ȟȖțȎ țȎ ȟȐȜȭ ȏȞȎȠ ȝȜȝ ǮțȑȓșȘȜ Ȗ ȜȟȠȎȐȎ ȟȎȚ ȒȜ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ
ȔȖȐȜȠȎ ȟȖ (IȜrdanov 1935, 23; Manolova-Nikolova 2014, 163).
ǮțȎșȖȕȨȠ țȎ ȝȜȞȠȞȓȠȎ țȎ ǽȓȭ – ȚșȎȒȜșȖȘȜȠȜ șȖȤȓ, ȑȞȎȒ-
ȟȘȖȭ ȐȖȒ țȎ ȜȏșȓȘșȜȠȜ, țȜ ȟ ȏȭș ȝȜȭȟ, ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȭ ȜȝȖȟȎțȖȭȠȎ
țȎ țȓȑȜȐȎȠȎ șȖȥțȜȟȠ ȘȎȠȜ ȟȠȞȜȑ ȝȎȕȖȠȓș țȎ ȟȓȚȓȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ Ȗ
ȜȏȧțȜȟȠȠȎ, ȝȜȘȞȜȐȖȠȓș, ȐȜȒȎȥ țȎ ȚȓȟȠțȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȝȞȓȒ
ȐșȎȟȠȖȠȓ (Iordanov 1935, 16). ȀȖȝȎȔ, ȠȐȨȞȒȓ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞȓț ȕȎ
ȥȜȞȏȎȒȔȖȗȟȘȜȠȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜ ȟȨȟșȜȐȖȓ ȝȞȓȕ ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ. ǳȠȜ
ȕȎȧȜ ȟȚȭȠȎȚ, ȝȞȖȒȨȞȔȎȗȘȖ ȟȓ ȘȨȚ ȚțȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǰȎȟȖșȖȓȐ,
ȥȓ ȝȜȞȠȞȓȠȨȠ ȜȠ ȍȞșȜȐȟȘȎȠȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ ȓ ȝȞȎȐȓț ȜȠ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȘȎ
ȝȜ țȎȠȡȞȎ, ȠȜȗ ȟȓ ȓ ȟȠȞȓȚȭș ȒȎ ȖȕȜȏȞȎȕȖ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȠȓșțȜȟȠȠȎ
ȠȎȘȎȐȎ, ȘȎȘȐȎȠȜ ȭ ȓ ȐȖȒȭș. ǽȜ ȝȜȒȜȏȓț țȎȥȖț ȝȞȓȕ 1844 ȑ. Ǹ.
ǰȎșȪȜȐ ȞȖȟȡȐȎ ȝȜȞȠȞȓȠȎ țȎ ȒȭȒȜ ǰȡȥȓ Ȑ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ǻȖȘȜ-
șȎ“ țȎ ȟ. ǱȜȞțȖ ǽȎȟȎȞȓș (Genova 2015, 202).
ǲȓȠȎȗșȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȘȠȖȠȜȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȜȞȠȞȓȠȖ Ȑ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ǰȚȘ
ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ“ Ȑ ȟ. ȍȞșȜȐȤȖ țȓ ȜȟȠȎȐȭȠ ȟȨȚțȓțȖȓ, ȥȓ Ǹ. ǰȎșȪȜȐ ȓ
ȝȜȕțȎȐȎș ȚțȜȑȜ ȒȜȏȞȓ ǽ. ǿȠȓȝȎțȜȐ. ǲȜȝȡȟȠȖȚȜ ȓ ȠȜȐȎ ȝȜȕțȎț-
ȟȠȐȜ ȒȎ ȒȎȠȖȞȎ Ȝȧȓ ȜȠ 1835 ȑ., ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȣȞȎȚȨȠ ȓ ȖȕȝȖȟȐȎț, ȘȎȘ-
ȠȜ șȖȥȖ ȜȠ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȎȠȎ ȟȚȓȠȘȎ ȝȜ ȟȠȞȜȓȔȎ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ǳș. ǱȓțȜȐȎ
ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜ ȓ Ȓțȓȟ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȟȠȓțȜȝȖȟȖ ȒȎ ȟȎ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȜȠ
1835 ȑ., Ȏ țȓ ȜȠ ȝȜ-ȘȨȟțȎȠȎ 1845 ȑ. (Genova 2015, p. 202). ǿȨ-
ȧȓȐȞȓȚȓțțȜ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȖȕȠȨȘțȎȠ ȒȨșȑȜȑȜȒȖȦțȖȠȓ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟ-
ȘȖ ȐȞȨȕȘȖ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȀȞȨțȟȘȖȭ ȘȞȎȗ Ȗ ȞȜȒțȖȭ ȕȎ ǰȎșȪȜȐ ǿȎȚȜ-
ȘȜȐ. ǲțȓȟ ȚȎȘȎȞ ȒȎ ȖȕȑșȓȔȒȎȠ ȒȎșȓȥțȖ ȞȎȗȜțȖ, ȝȞȓȕ XIX Ȑ.
ȜȏȚȓțȨȠ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȟȓșȖȧȎȠȎ ȜȠ ǵțȓȝȜșȓ Ȗ ǿȎȚȜȘȜȐ ȓ ȠȐȨȞȒȓ Ȗț-
ȠȓțȕȖȐȓț. ǽȞȓȕ ǿȎȚȜȘȜȐ ȓ ȚȖțȎȐȎș ȝȨȠȭȠ țȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖȠȓ,
ȒȔȓșȓȝȖȠȓ Ȗ ȐȜȗțȡȤȖȠȓ ȜȠ ǵȎȝȎȒțȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ ȘȨȚ ȑȜșȓȚȖȠȓ
ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ Ȑ ȀȞȎȘȖȭ – ǽȎȕȎȞȒȔȖȘ, ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ, ǼȒȞȖț Ȗ ȕȎ ȄȎ-
ȞȖȑȞȎȒ. ǺțȜȑȜ ȟȎ, țȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ, ȕȎȝȜȐȓȒȖȠȓ ȘȨȚ ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȭ țȎ
ǿȎȚȜȘȜȐ ȃȬȟȞȓȐ ȝȎȦȎ ȟ ȡȘȎȕȎțȖȓ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǵțȓȝȜșȓ,
ǾȎȒȜȚȖȞȟȘȜ, ǿȜȢȖȗȟȘȜ ȒȎ ȖȕȝȞȎȧȎ ȔȓșȭȕțȎ ȞȡȒȎ ȘȨȚ ȟȎȚȜ-
ȘȜȐȖȠȓ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȎ (Dorev 1940, 73, 106, 118). ǰȨȝȞȜȟȨȠ țȓ ȓ ȒȜȟ-
ȠȎȠȨȥțȜ ȝȞȜȡȥȓț, țȜ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȭȟțȜ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ ȐȞȨȕȘȖȠȓ țȎ
ǿȎȚȜȘȜȐ ȟȨȟ ȕȎȝȎȒțȖȠȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȕȓȚȖ – ȐȞȨȕȘȖ ȟ ȞȎȕțȜȟȠȞȎ-
țȓț ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞ, ȐȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȒȡȣȜȐȓț Ȗ ȘȡșȠȡȞȓț2.
66
ǿșȓȒ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ Ȑ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ țȎ ȟ. ȍȞșȜȐȤȖ ȝȞȓȕ 1845 ȑ. ȟșȓ-
ȒȖȠȓ țȎ Ǹ. ǰȎșȪȜȐ ȟȓ ȑȡȏȭȠ ȒȜȘȨȚ 1856 ȑ. ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȨȠ, ȝȡȏșȖ-
ȘȡȐȎț ȠȡȘ, ȓ ȜȠ 26 ȎȐȑȡȟȠ 1854 ȑ. (ȟȠȎȞ ȟȠȖș). ǻȓȑȜȐ ȎȐȠȜȞ ȓ
ǻȖȦȎȐȟȘȖȭȠ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ ǮțȠȖȚ I, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȖȒȐȎ Ȑ ǽȖȞȜȠ ȝȞȓȕ
ȭțȡȎȞȖ 1853 ȑ. (Manolova-Nikolova 2014, 152). Ǽȧȓ ȟȨȧȎȠȎ ȑȜ-
ȒȖțȎ ȠȜȗ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎ ȘȜțȠȎȘȠȖ ȟ ȥȜȞȏȎȒȔȖ ǽȓȭ, ȘȎȘȠȜ șȖȥȖ ȜȠ
țȓȑȜȐȖȭ ȎȞȣȖȐ. ǽȞȖ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖȠȓ ȜȏȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȎ țȓ ȓ ȖȕțȓțȎȒ-
ȐȎȧȜ ȝȖȟȚȜȠȜ țȎ ǮțȠȖȚ ȒȜ ǽȓȭ, ȟ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȜȠȝȞȎȐȭ ȚȜșȏȎ ȕȎ ȟȨ-
ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȓ Ȗ ȞȓȦȎȐȎțȓ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚȎ țȎ ȕȜȑȞȎȢȎ Ǹ. ǰȎșȪȜȐ.
ǽȖȟȚȜȠȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎ ȟșȓȒțȜȠȜ:
„ǳȑȜ țȎȦȓȚȡ ȓȝȖȠȞȜȚȡ Ȗ ȓȘȕȎȞȣȡ ȘȖȞȪ ǽȓȬ, ȚȜșȖȠȐȓțȜ
ǰȪ ȀȞȩțȪ
ǳȘȕȎȞȣȓ ǸȖȞȪ ǽȓȭ ȎȞȣȖȓȞȓȗȟȘȜ ȠȖ ȚȜșȖȠȐȡȓȚ
ȀȜȗ ȥȓșȜȐȓȘȪ ǸȜȟȠȎ ǽȓȠȞȜȐȖȥȪ ȏȓȦȓ ȠȡȘȎ ȡ ȣȎȝȟȎțȡ3 ȕȎ
ȏȜȞȤȪ4 Ȏ Țiȓ ȟȓ ȢȎțȎȣȚȖ ȘȓȢȖșȪ5 Ȗ ȑȎ ȖȟȘȎȞȎȣȚȖ ȝȜ ȟșȜȐȜ ȜȠȖ
ȖȚȎ ȕȎ ȕȖȚȎțiȎ ȜȠ ȀȞȖțȪ țȓȘȜșȘȜ ȝȎȞȖ ȟȜȟȪ ȠȓȚȓȟȡȤȖȠȓ6 Ȗ ȠȖ
ȒȎ ȟȠȎțȓȠȓ ȚȡȘȎȓȠȪ7 ȕȎ ȒȎ Țȡ Ȗ[ȕ]ȐȎȒȖȠȓ Ƞiȓ ȝȎȞȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȒȎ ȟȖ
ȘȡȞȠȡșȖȟȎȚȖ8 Ȗ țiȓ ȜȠȪ ȘȓȢȖșȖȘȪ, Ȗ ȒȎ Țȡ ȘȎȕȖȟȪ țȎ ǺȎȣȚȡȠȪ
ȏȓȑȜ țȎȦȓȑȎ ȟȓșȎȚȖ9 Ȗ ȝȜȠȜȚȪ ȝȜȟșȓ ȒȎ Țȡ ȘȎȕȖȟȪ Ȗ ȜțȪ țȓȘȎ
ȟȖ ȥȖțȓ10 ȚȡȘȎȓȠȪ țȎ ȠȎȭ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ, ȠȎȘȎ ȥȖțȓ Ȗ ȏȡȒȖ ȕȒȞȎȐȪ.
1854 ȎȐȑȡȧȎ 26
[ȟșȓȒȐȎ ȝȜȒȝȖȟȨȠ țȎ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠȎ] NȖȦȎȐȟȘȖ ȚȜșȓȠțȖ-
ȐȓȘȪ ȠȐȜț[Ȗ]11.
ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȝȖȟȚȜȠȜ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȘȨȠ ȟȓ ȓ țȎȚȖȞȎș Ȑ ȕȎȠȐȜȞȎ țȎ

ǽȖȞȜȠ ȕȎ țȓȝșȎȠȓțȖ ȒȨșȑȜȐȓ (ȏȜȞȥȜȐȓ). ǺȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠȨȠ ȓ ȟȠȎ-
țȎș țȓȑȜȐ ȑȎȞȎțȠ Ȗ ȠȜȗ ȓ ȏȖș ȜȟȐȜȏȜȒȓț. ǺȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠȨȠ ȡȚȜ-
șȭȐȎ ȥȜȞȏȎȒȔȖ ǽȓȗȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȖȕȝșȎȠȭȠ ȒȨșȔȖȚȖȠȓ țȎ ȕȜȑȞȎȢȎ
ȝȎȞȖ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȚȜȔȓ țȎ ȟȐȜȗ ȞȓȒ Ȗ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠȨȠ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȟȐȜȏȜȒȖ
ȜȠ ȝȜȓȠȜȠȜ ȕȎȒȨșȔȓțȖȓ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȑȎȞȎțȠ.
ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȨȠ ȒȎȐȎ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȠȐȨȞȒȓ ȝȜȘȎȕȎȠȓș-
țȖ. ǻȎ ȝȨȞȐȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ ȒȜȘȎȕȐȎ, ȥȓ Ǹ. ǰȎșȪȜȐ ȓ ȖȕȐȨȞȦȖș țȭ-
ȘȎȘȐȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ Ȑ ȀȞȨț, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȓ ȠȞȭȏȐȎșȜ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȕȎȝșȎȠȓțȎ ȝȜ
ȒȜȑȜȐȜȞȘȎ ȟ ȚȓȟȠțȖȠȓ ȝȨȞȐȓțȤȖ. ȀȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȓ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȜ, ȥȓ ȝȞȓȕ
1853 ȑ. ȠȞȨțȟȘȖ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȤȖ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȎȠ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜ țȎ
ȣȞȎȚȎ „ǿȐ. ǽȓȠȘȎ“, țȎȗ-ȓȟȠȓȟȠȐȓțȜ ȓ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȜșȜȔȖȚ, ȥȓ
ȝȞȓȟȠȜȭȠ Țȡ Ȑ ȀȞȨț ȓ ȏȖș ȟȐȨȞȕȎț ȟ ȠȜȕȖ ȢȎȘȠ. ȍȟțȜ ȓ ȟȨȧȜ,
ȥȓ ȕȜȑȞȎȢȨȠ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȎȐȎ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȏȖȐȎȐȎ/ȞȎȏȜȠȖ? Ȑ ǻȖȦȎȐȟȘȎ-
67
ȠȎ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȭ, ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȝȞȓȕ 1854 ȑ. ȓ Ȑ ȑȞ. ǽȖȞȜȠ.
ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȖȠȓ ȘȎȚȓțțȖ țȎȒȝȖȟȖ ȜȠ ȣȞȎȚȎ „ǿȐ. ǽȓȠ-
ȘȎ“, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȜȠ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ, ȑșȎȐțȖ ȖțȖȤȖȎȠȜȞȖ țȎ ȟȠȞȜ-
ȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȟȎ ȥȜȞȏȎȒȔȖ ǽ. ǿȠȓȝȎțȜȐ ȜȠ ȟ. ȍȞșȜȐȤȖ, ȣȎȒȔȖ
ǻȖȘȜȒȖȚ ȜȠ ȟ. ǻȎȟȎșȓȐȤȖ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȚȎțȒȞȖȠ ǺȖȟȎȖș ǯȎȗȘȡȦȓȐ
ȜȠ ȀȞȨț. ȃȎȒȔȖ ǻȖȘȜȒȖȚ ȓ ȖȕȐȓȟȠȓț ȟȨȟ ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȒȎȞȖȠȓșȟȘȎ
ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȖȠȓ Ȗ ȘȖșȖȗțȖȠȓ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ Ȑ ȠȞȨțȟȘȖȠȓ ȟȓșȎ
(Atanasov 1987, 112 – 113). ǮȞȣȖȚȎțȒȞȖȠ ǺȖȟȎȖș ȓ ȟȨȧȜ
ȓȒȖț ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȒȓȗțȖȠȓ ȞȎȠțȖȤȖ țȎ ȒȡȣȜȐțȜȠȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓ Ȑ
ȀȞȨțȟȘȜ. ǽȞȓȕ 30-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ ȐȓȘȎ, ȠȜȗ ȐȨȕȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎ ȚȎ-
țȎȟȠȖȞȎ „ǿȐ. ȁȟȝȓțȖȓ ǯȜȑȜȞȜȒȖȥțȜ“ Ȑ ȟ. ǺȖȟșȜȐȧȖȤȎ. ǿșȓ-
ȒȜȐȎȠȓșțȜ ȠȓȕȖ ȎȘȠȖȐțȖ ȒȓȗȤȖ țȎ ȒȡȣȜȐțȜȠȜ Ȗ ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȜȠȜ
ȐȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓ Ȑ ȀȞȨțȟȘȖȭ ȞȎȗȜț ȟȎ ȜȏȓȒȖțȖșȖ ȡȟȖșȖȭ, Ȏ ȐȓȞȜ-
ȭȠțȜ Ȗ ȢȖțȎțȟȜȐȖ ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎ ȕȎ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȣȞȎȚ Ȑ ȑȞ.
ȀȞȨț (Transki krai 1940, 515 – 517).
ǰ ǽȓȓȐȖȭ ȎȞȣȖȐ ȓ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȜ ȝȖȟȚȜ țȎ ȝȖȞȜȠȟȘȖȭ ȐșȎȒȖȘȎ
ǮțȠȖȚ ȜȠ 30 ȚȎȗ 1853 ȑ., Ȑ ȘȜȓȠȜ șȖȥȖ ȜȏȎȥȓ, ȥȓ ȖȚȎ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚȖ ȟ
ȢȖțȎțȟȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȠȞȜȓȔȎ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȝȖȟȚȜȠȜ ȒȎșȓȥȓ țȓ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ
ȜȠ ȚȓȟȠțȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȑȜ ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȭȠ, Ȏ ȐșȎȒȖȘȎȠȎ ȖȕȠȨȘȐȎ ȕȎ-
ȒȨșȔȓțȖȓȠȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȡȥȎȟȠȐȎ ȖșȖ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȒȝȜȚȎȑȎ ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȖȭ
ȑȞȎȒȓȔ ȘȜȗ ȟ ȘȎȘȐȜȠȜ ȚȜȔȓ. ǮțȠȖȚ ȕȎȝșȎȦȐȎ ȟ țȎȘȎȕȎțȖȓ ȜȠ-
ȘȎȕȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȒȎ ȟȨȒȓȗȟȠȐȎȠ ȟ ȝȜȚȜȧ (ȐȔ. ǽȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ 1). Ǽȥȓ-
ȐȖȒțȜ ȢȖțȎțȟȜȐȜȠȜ ȜȏȓȕȝȓȥȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȓ ȓ ȝȜțȓ-
ȟȓțȜ ȟȎȚȜ ȜȠ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȖȠȓ ȠȞȨțȟȘȖ ȝȨȞȐȓțȤȖ, Ȏ Ȓȭș Ȑ țȓȑȜ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ
ȒȎ ȖȚȎ Ȗ ȚȓȟȠțȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ. ȀȜȐȎ ȓ ȦȖȞȜȘȜ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȎ ȝȞȎȘ-
ȠȖȘȎ ȝȞȓȕ ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ, ȘȜȑȎȠȜ țȎȗ-ȕȎȚȜȔțȖȠȓ șȬȒȓ țȎ Ȝȏȧ-
țȜȟȠȠȎ ȝȜȓȚȎȠ ȖțȖȤȖȎȠȖȐȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ, ȟ țȎȗ-ȑȜșȭȚȎ
ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎȠȎ, țȜ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖȠȓ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖ ȓ
ȕȎȒȨșȔȖȠȓșțȜ (Manolova-Nikolova 2016, 170 – 193).
ǻȎȐȭȞțȜ ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎ ȕȎ ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȜȠȜ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ȟȎ ȜȟȖȑȡ-
ȞȭȐȎțȖ ȠȐȨȞȒȓ ȠȞȡȒțȜ Ȗ ȓ ȖȚȎșȜ ȟȓȞȖȜȕțȖ ȝȞȓȥȘȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ
țȓȖȕȐȓȟȠțȖ Ȓțȓȟ. ȀȜȐȎ ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȓ ȒȜȐȓșȜ ȒȜ țȓȖȕȝșȎȧȎțȓ țȎ
ȝȎȞȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȕȜȑȞȎȢȎ ȝȞȓȕ 1854 ȑ. Ȗ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ țȎ Ǹ. ǰȎșȪȜȐ ȓ Ȝȟ-
ȠȎțȎșȎ țȓȝșȎȠȓțȎ. ǽȜ ȠȎȕȖ ȝȞȖȥȖțȎ ȠȜȗ ȓ țȎȠȞȡȝȎș ȒȨșȑȜȐȓ
Ȗ ȓ ȕȎȠȐȜȞȓț, Ȏ ȐșȎȒȖȘȎȠȎ ǮțȠȖȚ, ȟȝȜȞȓȒ țȓȑȜȐȜȠȜ ȝȖȟȚȜ, ȓ
ȒȎș ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȒȡȚȎ Ȗ ȑȎȞȎțȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȘȎ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȓ ȏȖș ȜȟȐȜ-
ȏȜȒȓț ȜȠ ȐșȎȟȠȖȠȓ. ǰȝȞȜȥȓȚ Ȑ ȝȖȟȚȜȠȜ ȓ țȎȚȓȘțȎȠȜ Ȝȧȓ, ȥȓ
ȚȓȟȠțȖȭȠ ȏȓȗ, ȘȜȑȜȠȜ ȐșȎȒȖȘȎȠȎ ȝȜȕȒȞȎȐȭȐȎ, ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȝȜȒ-
ȝȜȚȜȑțȓ, ȜȥȓȐȖȒțȜ ȟ țȎȠȖȟȘ, ȖȕȝșȎȧȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȓȕȖ ȝȎȞȖ ȕȎ
68
ȕȜȑȞȎȢȎ ȜȠ ȠȞȨțȟȘȜȠȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ.
ǾȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ țȎ Ǹ. ǰȎșȪȜȐ Ȑ ȠȞȨțȟȘȎȠȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȖ-
ȠȡȖȞȎ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȓȚȓȠȜ ȟșȓȒ țȓȗțȜȠȜ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȭȐȎțȓ. ǸȠȖȠȜȞȟȘȖȠȓ
țȎȒȝȖȟȖ ȢȖȘȟȖȞȎȠ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȣȞȎȚȎ Ȑ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȓȠȎȝȎ.
ǽȨȞȐȖȭȠ ȓȠȎȝ ȜȠ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȓ ȕȎȐȨȞȦȓț ȘȨȚ 20
ȬțȖ 1853 ȑ. (ȟȠȎȞ ȟȠȖș), ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȟȎ ȝȜȟȠȎȐȓțȖ ȠȞȖ ȢȎȟȎȒțȖ
ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșțȖ ȘȎȚȓțțȖ țȎȒȝȖȟȖ: ȓȒȖț ȒȜ ȕȎȝȎȒțȎȠȎ ȐȞȎȠȎ țȎ
ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ ȟ ȒȎȠȎ 20 ȬțȖ 1853 ȑ.12, ȒȞȡȑ țȎȒ ȟȓȐȓȞțȎȠȎ ȐȞȎȠȎ –
ȟȨȟ ȟȨȧȎȠȎ ȒȎȠȎ13; ȠȞȓȠȖ țȎȒ ȬȔțȎȠȎ ȐȞȎȠȎ, țȜ ȏȓȕ ȒȎȠȎ14.
ǽȨȞȐȖȠȓ ȒȐȎ țȎȒȝȖȟȎ ȟȨȜȏȧȎȐȎȠ ȖȚȓțȎȠȎ țȎ țȎȗ-ȐȎȔțȖȠȓ
ȒȎȞȖȠȓșȖ – ȥȜȞȏȎȒȔȖ ǽȓȭ ȜȠ ȟ. ȍȞșȜȐȤȖ, ȣȎȒȔȖ ǻȖȘȜȒȖȚ ȜȠ ȟ.
ǻȎȟȎșȓȐȤȖ Ȗ ȎȞȣȚ. ǺȖȟȎȖș ǯȎȗȘȡȦȓȐ ȜȠ ȀȞȨț. ǽȜȟșȓȒțȖȭȠ
țȎȒȝȖȟ țȖ ȖțȢȜȞȚȖȞȎ ȕȎ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȟȞȓȒ țȎȗ-
ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȖȠȓ Ȑ ǵȎȝȎȒțȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ. ȀȜȐȎ ȓ ȚȎȗȟȠȜȞ ǺȖșȓțȘȜ
ǿȠȓȢȎțȜȐ ǰȓșȓȐ ȜȠ ǯșȎȠȓȦțȖȤȎ, ȕȎȓȒțȜ ȟȨȟ ȟȐȜȭ ȏȞȎȠ ǲȎȚȭț
Ȗ ȠȓȣțȖȠȓ ȟȖțȜȐȓ.
ǺȎȗȟȠȜȞ ǺȖșȓțȘȜ ȓ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ ȜȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȖ țȎ ȬȔțȜ-
ȠȜ ȘȞȖșȜ țȎ ǾȖșȟȘȖȭ ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞ ȝȞȓȕ 1847 – 1848 ȑ. ǽȞȓȕ 50-Ƞȓ
ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȠȜȗ ȟȠȞȜȖ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȤȨȞȘȐȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȖȚȎȠ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȎ
ȝȞȖșȖȘȎ ȝȜ ȎȞȣȖȠȓȘȠȡȞțȜ ȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜ Ȗ ȐȨțȦțȎ ȡȘȞȎȟȎ. ǽȞȓȕ
1851 ȑ. ȚȎȗȟȠȜȞ ǺȖșȓțȘȜ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ǯȜȑȜȞȜȒȖȤȎ“
Ȑ ǯȜȏȜȦȓȐȜ, Ȏ ȟșȓȒ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȞȨțȟȘȖȭ ȣȞȎȚ ȝȞȓȕ 1853
ȑ., ȝȞȓȕ 1856 – 1857 ȑ. ȠȜȗ ȟȠȞȜȖ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ǶșȖȭ“ Ȑ ȟ. ǱȞȎțȖ-
ȤȎ, ǸȬȟȠȓțȒȖșȟȘȜ. ȀȞȖȠȓ ȤȨȞȘȐȖ ȟȎ ȟȠȎȏȖșțȖ ȟȑȞȎȒȖ ȟ ȞȎȕȘȜ-
Ȧȓț ȐȨțȦȓț ȐȖȒ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȐȝȓȥȎȠșȭȐȎ Ȗ Ȓțȓȟ. ǺȎȘȎȞ ȒȎ țȭȚȎ ȝȞȓ-
ȘȖ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ, ȑȞȎȒȓȔȨȠ ȖȚ ȟȨȟ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ țȓ ȓ ȏȖș țȖȘȎȘ ȓȐȠȖț.
ǰȠȜȞȖȭȠ ȓȠȎȝ ȜȠ ȟȨȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȞȨțȟȘȎȠȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ „ǿȐ.
ǽȓȠȘȎ“ ȝȜ ȐȨȠȞȓȦțȎȠȎ ȡȘȞȎȟȎ țȎ ȣȞȎȚȎ, ȓ ȕȎȐȨȞȦȖș ȘȨȚ ȜȘ-
ȠȜȚȐȞȖ 1856 ȑ. ǲȜȘȎȕȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ȕȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȓ țȎȒȝȖȟȨȠ Ȑ ȒȜșțȖȭ
Ȓȓȟȓț ȨȑȨș țȎ ȑȜșȭȚȎȠȎ ȖȘȜțȎ „ȁȟȝȓțȖȓ ǯȜȑȜȞȜȒȖȥțȜ“ ȜȠ Ƞ.ț.
ȤȎȞȟȘȖ ȞȓȒ Ȑ ȖȘȜțȜȟȠȎȟȎ, ȘȜȗȠȜ țȜȟȖ ȒȎȠȎ 15 ȜȘȠȜȚȐȞȖ 1856
ȑ. (ȟȠȎȞ ȟȠȖș)15. ǿșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșțȜ ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȝȞȓȕ șȭȠȜȠȜ ȖșȖ
ȓȟȓțȠȎ țȎ 1853 ȑ., ȖșȖ ȝȨȘ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȞȜșȓȠȠȎ Ȗ șȭȠȜȠȜ țȎ 1854 ȑ.,
ȕȎ Ǹ. ǰȎșȪȜȐ ȓ ȏȖșȜ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜ ȒȎ ȝȞȖȟȠȨȝȖ ȘȨȚ ȐȨȠȞȓȦțȜȠȜ
ȣȡȒȜȔȓȟȠȐȓțȜ ȜȢȜȞȚȭțȓ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ, ȘȨȚ ȖȕȞȎȏȜȠȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȖȘȜțȜȟȠȎȟȎ Ȗ/ȖșȖ ȕȜȑȞȎȢȖȟȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȠȓțȖȠȓ Țȡ.
ǶȚȎ șȖ ȟșȓȒȖ ȜȠ țȓȑȜȐȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ Ȓțȓȟ?
ȀȓȞȓțțȖȭȠ ȜȑșȓȒ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ǽȓȠȘȎ“ Ȑ ȀȞȨț țȎȝȞȎ-
Ȑȓț ȝȞȓȕ ȜȘȠȜȚȐȞȖ 2021 ȑ. ȟ ȞȎȕȞȓȦȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȜȠȓȤ ǿȝȖȞȖȒȜț,
69
ȜȠȑȜȐȎȞȭȧ ȕȎ ȣȞȎȚȎ, ȝȜȘȎȕȎ ȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠȖ.
ǶȘȜțȜȟȠȎȟȨȠ ȓ ȕȎȝȎȕȖș Ȑ ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț ȜȞȖȑȖțȎșțȎȠȎ ȟȖ
țȎȥȎșțȎ ȐȖȕȖȭ. ǺțȜȑȜ ȖȘȜțȖ Ȑ Ƞ.ț. ȤȎȞȟȘȖ ȞȓȒ țȎ ȖȘȜțȜȟȠȎȟȎ
ȟȎ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȖ Ȗ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȠȓșțȜ ȟȎ ȘȞȎȟȖȐȜ ȒȓșȜ țȎ ȟȎȚȜȘȜȐȟȘȖ
ȚȎȗȟȠȜȞ ȖșȖ ȚȎȗȟȠȜȞȖ. ǶȕȘșȬȥȓțȖȓ ȟȎ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȖȘȜțȖ, ȕȎ
ȘȜȖȠȜ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȖ, ȥȓ ȟȎ ȝȜ-ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ Ȗ ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȝșȜȒ
țȎ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȠȐȜȞȤȖ. ǿȞȓȒ Ƞȭȣ ȕȎ ȟȨȔȎșȓțȖȓ ȓ ȠȎȕȖ țȎ ȝȎȠȞȜțȎ
țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ǽȓȠȘȎ“.
ǵȎȟȓȑȎ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȖȘȜțȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȠȞȨțȟȘȎȠȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ „ǿȐ. ǽȓȠȘȎ“
țȓ ȟȎ ȎȠȞȖȏȡȠȖȞȎțȖ. ǮȐȠȜȞȨȠ ȖșȖ ȎȐȠȜȞȖȠȓ ȖȚ țȓ ȟȎ ȘȜțȘȞȓ-
ȠȖȕȖȞȎțȖ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȟȨȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȟȏȜȞțȖȘȎ „ȀȞȨțȟȘȖ
ȘȞȎȗ“ ȜȠ 1940 ȑ. ȐȨȞȣȡ ȝȜ-ȟȠȎȞȖȠȓ ȖȘȜțȖ ȜȠ ȖȘȜțȜȟȠȎȟȎ ȓ
ȖȚȎșȜ țȎȒȝȖȟ „ǾȡȘȎ ǱȓȜȞȑȖ ȃȞȖȟȠȜȐ – ǿȎȚȜȘȜȐ“ (Transki
krai, 1940, 212). ǿȎȚȜȘȜȐȟȘȖȭȠ ȚȎȗȟȠȜȞ ǱȓȜȞȑȖ ȃȞȖȟȠȜȐ
ǸșȖțȘȜȐ țȎȖȟȠȖțȎ ȓ ȞȖȟȡȐȎș Ȑ ǵȎȝȎȒțȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ, țȜ Ȑ ȝȜ-
ȘȨȟȓț ȝȓȞȖȜȒ (Vasiliev, 1965, 468).
ǿȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȟȓȑȎ ȟȠȓțȜȝȖȟȖ ȟȎ ȘȨȟțȖ. ǰȨȞȣȡ ȬȔțȎ-
ȠȎ ȟȠȓțȎ ȟȓ ȥȓȠȓ ȘȠȖȠȜȞȟȘȖ țȎȒȝȖȟ ȜȠ 1877 ȑ. ǽȞȜșȖȥȎȐȎ ȜȏȎ-
ȥȓ, ȥȓ ȖȚȎ ȝȜ-ȞȎțȓț ȟȠȓțȜȝȖȟȓț ȟșȜȗ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȓ ȡțȖ-
ȧȜȔȓț ȜȠ ȑȜȞțȖȭ.
ǵȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ țȎ Ǹ. ǰȎșȪȜȐ Ȑ ǽȖȞȜȠȟȘȎȠȎ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȭ ȜȘȜșȜ
1853 – 1854 ȑ. ȖȚȎ Ȝȧȓ ȝȜȒȎȠȘȖ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ȟ. ǽȓ-
ȠȨȞșȎȦ (Ȓț. Ȑ ǿȨȞȏȖȭ), ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ȀȞȜȖȤȎ“ ȓ ȟȠȞȜȓțȎ ȘȨȚ
1853 ȑ., ȝȜ ȟȨȧȜȠȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ ȘȎȘȠȜ ȠȞȨțȟȘȎȠȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ (Stavrov
2000, 199). ǳș. ǽȜȝȜȐȎ ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎ ȟșȓȒȖ ȜȠ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ țȎ Ǹ. ǰȎ-
șȪȜȐ Ȑ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ ȥȞȓȕ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȖȠȓ ȢȞȎȑȚȓțȠȖ ȜȠ țȓȗțȖȭ ȖȘȜ-
țȜȟȠȎȟ, ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȖ Ȓțȓȟ Ȑ ȟȓșȜȠȜ16. ǮȐȠȜȞȟȠȐȜȠȜ Ƞȭ ȜȝȞȓȒȓ-
șȭ ȘȎȠȜ țȎȗ-ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ țȎ Ǹ. ǰȎșȪȜȐ (Popova 2004, 26).
ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȨȠ țȎ ǻȖȦȎȐȟȘȎȠȎ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȭ ȜȠ 30 ȎȐȑȡȟȠ
1854 ȑ. (ȟȠȎȞ ȟȠȖș) ȝȜȟȠȎȐȭ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȎ ȕȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ țȎ Ǹ. ǰȎșȪȜȐ
Ȑ ȀȞȨț ȖșȖ ȓȐȓțȠȡȎșțȜ Ȑ ȟȓșȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșțȜȟȠ. ǻȎȒȭȐȎȚ ȟȓ ȟ
ȘȜȚȝȓȠȓțȠțȎȠȎ țȎȚȓȟȎ țȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖȠȓ ȖȕȘȡȟȠȐȜȐȓȒȖ ȒȎ
ȏȨȒȓ ȞȓȦȓț ȐȨȝȞȜȟȨȠ ȒȎșȖ ȖȚȎ Ȓțȓȟ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȖ ȠȐȜȞȏȖ ȐȨȐ
ȐȨȠȞȓȦțȎȠȎ ȡȘȞȎȟȎ țȎ ȠȞȨțȟȘȎȠȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ „ǿȐ. ǽȓȠȘȎ“ ȜȠ ȟȎ-
ȚȜȘȜȐȟȘȖȭ ȕȜȑȞȎȢ ǸȜȟȠȎȒȖț ǽȓȠȞȜȐȖȥ ǰȎșȪȜȐ.
70
ǽǾǶǹǼǴǳǻǶǳ17
ǯșȎȑȜȑȜȐȪțȖȣȪ ȟȧȓțȖȤȖ ȒȜȏȞiȖ Ȗ ȝȜȥȠȓțȖ ȠȓȞȑȜȐȤȖ Ȗ
ȠȞȡȒȜ șȬȏȖȐȖ ȕȓȚșȓ ȒȓșȤȖ ȚȎșȖȚ Ȕȓ Ȗ ȐȓșȖȘȖ ȧȜ ȟȓ
wȏȞȓȠȎȓȠȓ ȏȑȜ ȣȞȎțȖȚȡȬ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȬ ȕțȓȝȜșȟȘȡ ȏȡȒȖ Ȕȓ ȚȖȞ Ȗ
ȚȖșȜȟȠȪ ؐ ȑȒȎ ȏȑȎ ȐȟȓȒȨȞȔȖȠȓșȭ w țȎȟ Ȕȓ ȚȜșȖȠȐȎ Ȗ ȏșȎ-
ȑȜȟșȜȐȓțȖȓ, ȥȎȒȎ ȚȜȭ ȐȜȕșȬȏșȓțȎȭ țȎȡȥȖȣȟȓ ȞȎȒȖ ȐȎȦȡ ȤȓȞȘȐȡ
ȟȠȡ ȝȓȠȘȡ ȘȎȘȐȜȠȜȟȠȓ ȝȜȥȓșȖ ȟȎȟȪ ȏȔȖȓ ȖȚȓ ȒȎȑȬ ȝȞȎȐȖȠȓ
țȜȐȡ Ȗ ȭȟȨȚȟȓ ȐȜȕȞȎȒȡȐȎșȪ ȝȜȝȞȓȚțȜȑȜ, țȓȑȜ ȟșȖȦȎȓȘȖ țȓȘȜȖ
șȬȒȖ ȒȜȏȞȓ ȞȎȒȡ ȕȎȒȎȟȓ ȝȜȟȘȜȞȜ țȎȝȞȎȐȖ, Ȏ țȓȘȖ țȓȟȎȘȎȬ țȖȠȜ
ȒȎȕțȎȬ, ȠȜȑȜ ȞȎȒȖ wȠȓȥȓȟȘȖ ȝȜȡȥȎȐȎȚ ȐȎȟ ȒȎȐȖ ȏȖșȖ ȟȐȎȘȖ
ȚȡȘȎȓȠȪ ȒȎȝȜȚȜȑțȓ ȘȜȗ ȟȜȟȪ ȝȎȞȓ ȘȜȗ ȟȎȟȪ ȞȡȘȜȒȓșȖȓ ȕȎȒȎȏȖȟȓ
ȝȜȟȘȜȞȜ țȎȝȞȎȐȖșȎ ȓȒȎțȪ ȟȎȎȠȪ ȝȜțȎȝȞȓȒ, Ȗ ȒȎ ȕțȎȓȠȓ ȘȜȗ țȓ
ȏȖ ȝȜȟșȡȦȎș ȘȎȘȐȜȠȜ ȕȎȝȜȐȓȒȡȓȚ ȠȎȗ ȥȜȐȓȘȪ ȥȓ ȏȡȒȓ ȘȎȧȖȑȡ-
ȐȎț18, ȎȐȖ ȧȜȥȓ ȒȎȟȓ ȝȜȠȞȡȒȖȠȓ ȞȎȒȖ ȟȠȗ ȣȞȎȚȪ ȏȔȖ Ȗ ȧȜȥȓ
ȒȎ ȟȓ wȎȞȥȖȠȓ, ȑȒȪ ȏȑȪ ȒȎȐȖ ȐȜȕȐȞȎȠȖ ȟȠȜȘȞȎȠțȜ Ȗ ȒȎȐȖ ȏșȎ-
ȑȜȟșȜȐȖ ȭȘȜȔȓ ȎȐȞȎȎȚȎ Ȗ ȖȟȎȎȘȎ Ȗ ȭȘȜȐȎ Ȗ ȒȎȐȖ ȟȝȜȒȜȏȖ ȤȎȞ-
ȟȠȐȖȓ țȓȏȓȟțȓȚ. ǮȚȖț! 1853 ȚȎiȎ 30: ȡ ǽȖȞȜȠȪ
NǻȆǮǰȄǸǶ ǮǻȀǶǺ ǰǮȆIǼ ǺǼǹǻȀǰǳNǻǸȊ
1. ǲȨȞȔȎȐȓț ȎȞȣȖȐȖ (ǲǮ) – ǽȓȞțȖȘ, Ȣ. 349Ǹ, Ȝȝ. 1, Ȏ. ȓ. 5, ș. 44.
2. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȝȞȓȒȎțȖȓ ȜȠ ȟ. ǾȎțȖ șȡȑ, ȀȞȨțȟȘȜ, ȝȨȞȐȜȠȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ Ȑ
ȟȓșȜȠȜ ȓ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓțȜ ȜȠ ȟȎȚȜȘȜȐȟȘȖ ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȖ, ȜȏȡȥȖșȖ ȚȓȟȠȓț ȘȖ-
șȖȓț ȒȎȟȘȎș (Atanasov, 1987, 132).
3. ȃȎȝȟȎțȎ – ȕȎȠȐȜȞ.
4. ǯȜȞȤ – ȏȜȞȥ, ȒȨșȑ.
5. ǸȓȢȖș – ȑȎȞȎțȠ.
6. ȀȓȚȓȟȡȘ, ȠȓȚȓȟ/ȡ/ȬȤȖ – ȞȎȕȝȖȟȘȖ, ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȝȜșȖȤȖ.
7. ǺȡȘȎȓȠ – ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȨȑșȎȟȖ.
8. ǸȡȞȠȡșȖȟȎȚ – ȜȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȎȐȎȚ ȟȓ.
9. ǿȓșȎȚȖ – ȝȜȕȒȞȎȐȖ.
10. ȅȖțȓ – ȥȖțȖ – ȝȞȎȐȖ.
11. ǲǮ – ǽȓȞțȖȘ, Ȣ. 349Ǹ, Ȝȝ. 1, Ȏ.ȓ. 5, ș. 44. ǽȖȟȚȜȠȜ ȓ țȎȝȖȟȎțȜ
ȐȨȞȣȡ ȏȭșȎ, ȑȞȡȏȎ ȣȎȞȠȖȭ, ȟȑȨțȎȠȜ, ȕȎȠȐȜȞȓțȜ ȟ ȝȓȥȎȠ, ȘȜȗȠȜ șȖȝȟ-
ȐȎ. ȀȓȘȟȠȨȠ Țȡ ȓ ȟȖșțȜ ȝȜȐșȖȭț ȜȠ ȑȜȐȜȞȎ țȎ ȑȞȨȤȘȖȭ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ
ǮțȠȖȚ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȓ ȜȏȧȡȐȎș ȟ ǽ. ǿȠȓȝȎțȜȐ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ.
12. ȀȓȘȟȠȨȠ ȑșȎȟȖ: „ǶȕȐȜșȓțȖȓȚ ǼȠȤȎ ǿȜȐȓȞȦȓț ǿȖțȎ, ȟȝȜȟȝȓȦȓ-
țȖȓȚ ǿȐȓȠȖ ǲȡȣ. ǿȓȗ ȣȞȎȚ ȟȜȕȖȒȎȠȟȭ ȠȞȡȒȜȚ ȖȔȒȖȐșȓțȖȓȚ ȖȓȞȜ-
ȚȜțȎȣȎ ǺȖȟȎȖșȎ ȄȐȓȠȘȜȐ ȜȠ ǯȎȗȘȡȦȓȐȖ, ȐȨȕȝȜȚȜȧȐȎțȖȚȓȚ ȘȠȖ-
71
ȠȜȞȜȐ ȣȎȒȔȖ ǻȖȘȜȒȖȚ ȜȠ ǻȎȟȎșȓȐȤȖ Ȗ ȥȜȞȏȎȒȔȖ ǽȖȭ ȜȠ ȍȞșȜȐȤȖ,
Ț. ȌțȖȗ 20.1853 ȑȜȒ.“ (Transki krai, 1940, 519).
13. ȀȓȘȟȠȨȠ ȑșȎȟȖ: „ǶȕȐȜșȓțiȓȚ ǼȠȤȎ, ǿȜȐȓȞȦȓț ǿȖțȎ, ǿȝȜȟȝȓȦȓ-
țiȓȚ ǿȐȓȠȖ ǲȡȣ: ǿȓȗ ȣȞȎȚ ȟȜȕiȒȎȟȭ ȠȞȡȒȜȚ ȖȕȔȒȖȐșȓțiȓȚ ȖȓȞȜȚȜ-
țȎȣȎ ǺȖȟȎȖșȎ ȄȐȓȠȘȜȐ ȜȠ ǯȎȗȘȡȦȓȐ Ȗ ȐȨȕȝȜȚȜȑȡȟȐȜȐȜțȖȓȚ ȘȠȖ-
ȠȜȞȜȐ ȣȎȒȔȖ ǻȖȘȜȒȖȚ ȜȠ ǻȎȟȎșȓȐȤȖ Ȗ ȥȜȞȏȎȒȔȖ ǽȓȭ ȜȠ ȍȞșȜȐȤȖ
Ț. ȌțȖ 20 1853“ (Transki krai, 1940, 212).
14. ȀȓȘȟȠȨȠ ȑșȎȟȖ: „ ǿȓȚȡ ȣȞȎȚ ȏiȓȠ ȚȎȗȟȠȜȞ ǺișȓțȘȜ ȟ ȏȞȎȠȜȚ ǲȎȚȭ-
țȜȚ ȜȠ ǯșȎȠȓȦțiȤȡ – ȥȎȒȎȣ ǿȠȓȢȎț – ǰȓșȓ“ (Transki krai, 1940, 212).
15. ȀȓȘȟȠȨȠ ȑșȎȟȖ: „ ǿȓȗ ȜȏȞȎȕ ȓȟȠ – ǮȞȣȖȚȎțȒȞȖȠ ǺȖȟȎȖș ȜȠ ȞȜȒȎ
ǯȎȗȘȡȦȓȐ ȧȜ ȒȜ ȒȐȓ ȤȨȞȘȐȖ ȘȠȖȠȜȞ ȏȖȓȠ ȝȓȞȐȜ ȐȜ ȜȏțȜȐȖ ȚȜțȎȟ-
ȠȖȞȎ ǺȖȟșȜȐȧȖȥȘȖ 1830, Ȗ ȐȠȜȞȜ ȜȏțȜȐȖ ȟȓȗ ȣȞȎȚ – ȟȐȓȠȎȭ ȝȞȓȝȜ-
ȒȜȏțȎ ǽȎȞȎȟȘȓȐȎ: 15 ȜȘȠȜȚȐȞȖ 1856 ȑ.“ (Transki krai, 1940, 212).
16. ȄȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ȀȞȜȖȤȎ“ țȎ ȟ. ǽȓȠȨȞșȎȦ ȓ Ȑ ȞȡȖțȖ Ȗ ȖȘȜțȜȟȠȎ-
ȟȨȠ țȓ ȓ ȟȨȣȞȎțȓț, ȟ ȖȕȘșȬȥȓțȖȓ țȎ ȒȐȓ ȥȎȟȠȖ ȜȠ ȎȝȜȟȠȜșȟȘȖȭ Ȗ
ȝȞȜȞȜȥȓȟȘȖȭ ȞȓȒ, ȝȎȕȓțȖ Ȑ ȘȚȓȠȟȠȐȜȠȜ (Popova, 2004, 26).
17. ǲǮ – ǽȓȞțȖȘ, Ȣ. 349Ǹ, Ȝȝ. 1, Ȏ.ȓ. 4, ș. 14.
18. ǸȎȧȖȑȡȐȎț – țȎȘȎȕȎț.
ǮȠȎțȎȟȜȐ, ǿș., 1987. ǻȎȟȎșȓȐȤȖ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǶȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ țȎ ǼȂ.
ǰȎȟȖșȖȓȐ, Ǯȟ., 1960. ǸȠȖȠȜȞȟȘȖ ȝȜȠȞȓȠȖ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǶȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ
ǯǮǻ.
ǰȎȟȖșȖȓȐ, Ǯȟ., 1965. ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȖ ȚȎȗȟȠȜȞȖ. ǴȖȐȜ-
ȝȖȟȤȖ, ȞȓȕȏȎȞȖ, ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȖ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǻȎȡȘȎ Ȗ ȖȕȘȡȟȠȐȜ.
ǱȎțȓȐȎ, Ǿ., 2003. ǵțȎȤȖȠȓ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȠȞȎȒȖȤȖȜțțȜ ȜȏșȓȘșȜ.
ǿȜȢȖȭ: ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȜ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ǿȐ. ǸșȖȚȓțȠ ǼȣȞȖȒȟȘȖ.
ǱȓțȜȐȎ, ǳ., 2015. ǰȠȜȞȜȠȜ ȝȜȘȜșȓțȖȓ ȕȜȑȞȎȢȖ ȜȠ ǿȎȚȜȘȜȐȟȘȎȠȎ
ȔȖȐȜȝȖȟțȎ ȦȘȜșȎ. ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ ȃȞȖȟȠȜȐ ǵȜȑȞȎȢ, ǷȜȎț ǻȖȘȜșȜȐ
ǶȘȜțȜȝȖȟȓȤ, ǸȜȟȠȎȒȖț ǽȓȠȞȜȐȖȥ ǰȎșȪȜȐ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ȂȜțȒȎȤȖȭ
„ǽȜȘȞȜȐ ǯȜȑȜȞȜȒȖȥȓț“.
ǲȜȞȓȐ, ǽ., 1940. ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȕȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ, Ƞ. III. ǲȜ-
ȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȗȕ ȠȡȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȒȨȞȔȎȐțȖ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ (1564 – 1908). ǿȜȢȖȭ:
ǶȕȒȎȐȎ ǯǮǻ.
ǷȜȞȒȎțȜȐ, ǿȐ., 1935. ǿȠȜȑȜȒȖȦțȖțȎȠȎ țȎ ȣȞȎȚȎ „ǿȐ. ǰȚȘ ǲȖ-
ȚȖȠȞȖȗ“ Ȑ ȟ. ȍȞșȜȐȤȖ, ȀȞȨțȟȘȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ. ǿȜȢȖȭ.
ǺȎțȜșȜȐȎ-ǻȖȘȜșȜȐȎ, ǻ. ǽ. ǴȓșȓȐȎ, 1999. ǹȓȠȜȝȖȟțȖ ȏȓșȓȔȘȖ ȜȠ
ǿȞȓȒțȎ ǵȎȝȎȒțȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ XVI – XIX Ȑ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǹǶǸ.
ǺȎțȜșȜȐȎ-ǻȖȘȜșȜȐȎ, ǻ., 2014. ǻȖȦȎȐȟȘȖȠȓ ȐșȎȒȖȤȖ ȝȞȓȕ XIX Ȑ.
ǰ: ǺȎțȜșȜȐȎ-ǻȖȘȜșȜȐȎ ǻ. ǴȓșȓȐȎ ǽ. ǶȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ
ȕȎ ǿȞȓȒțȎ ǵȎȝȎȒțȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ XVI – XIX Ȑ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȜ
72
ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ „ǿȐ. ǸșȖȚȓțȠ ǼȣȞȖȒȟȘȖ“, 151 – 154.
ǺȎțȜșȜȐȎ-ǻȖȘȜșȜȐȎ, ǻ., 2014. „ǵțȎțȜ ȏȡȒȖ ȘȜȗ ȝȞȎȐȖ ȤȞȘȐȡ...“
(ȄȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ȐȚȘ. ǲȖȚȖȠȞȖȗ“ țȎ ȟ. ȍȞșȜȐȤȖ Ȑ ȀȞȨțȟȘȖȭ ȘȞȎȗ).
ǰ: ǺȎțȜșȜȐȎ-ǻȖȘȜșȜȐȎ, ǻ. ǴȓșȓȐȎ ǽ. ǶȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ
ȕȎ ǿȞȓȒțȎ ǵȎȝȎȒțȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ XVI – XIX Ȑ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȜ
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ǺȎțȜșȜȐȎ-ǻȖȘȜșȜȐȎ, ǻ., 2016. ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ, ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȜȠȜ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠ-
ȐȜ Ȗ ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȎȠȎ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎ (30-Ƞȓ – 40-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ).
ǿȜȢȖȭ: ȁțȖȐȓȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȜ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ǿȐ. ǸșȖȚȓțȠ ǼȣȞȖȒȟȘȖ.
ǽȜȝȜȐȎ, ǳș., 2004. ǶȘȜțȖ ȜȠ ǷȜȎț ǻȖȘȜșȜȐ-ǶȘȜțȜȝȖȟȓȤ Ȑ ȄȎȞȖȏ-
ȞȜȒȟȘȜ. ǽȎȚȓȠțȖȤȖ, ȞȓȟȠȎȐȞȎȤȖȭ, ȚȡȕȓȖ. ǯȞ. 3, VI, 21 – 26.
1940. ȀȞȨțȟȘȖ ȘȞȎȗ: ǽȞȖțȜȟ ȘȨȚ ȖȕȡȥȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ǵȎȝȎȒțȖȠȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞ-
ȟȘȖ ȘȞȎȖȧȎ. ǿȏȜȞțȖȘ/ȁȞȓȒțȖȘ Ǿ. ȀȜȒȜȞȜȐ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǼȒȓȜț.
ǿȓȚȓȞȒȔȖȓȐ, ȃȞ., 2014. ǿȎȚȜȘȜȐ Ȗ ȜȘȜșțȜȟȠȖȠȓ Țȡ. ǽȞȖțȜȟ ȘȨȚ
ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ ȖȚ ȜȠ ȠȡȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȎȐȜȓȐȎțȖȭ ȒȜ ǯȎșȘȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȐȜȗțȎ.
ǿȎȚȜȘȜȐ: ǶǺ – ǿȎȚȜȘȜȐ.
ǿȠȎȐȞȜȐ, ǿȠ., 2000. ǽȓȠȞșȎȦ – ȟȓșȜ ȘȜje țȓȟȠȎje. ǲȖȚȖȠȞȜȐȑȞȎȒ.
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UNKNOWN DOCUMENT ABOUT TRAN AND THE

PAINTER KOSTADIN VALIOV FROM SAMOKOV
Abstract: The article dwells on a letter written by the
Metropolitan of Nishava Antim I, and dated 26 August 1854. It refers
to the painter Kostadin Petrovich Valiov from Samokov. The content
of the letter allows us to develop the hypothesis that the artist
worked in the interior decoration of the church “St. Petka” in the
town of Tran, probably in 1853 or in the first half of 1854. The
document reveals that K. Valiov resided in the town of Pirot in 1854
– an unknown fact in his biography, which lacks information about
the period from 1845 through 1856.
Keywords: Kostadin Petrovich Valiov, Tran, Pirot, Diocese of
Nishava, Metropolitan Antim I of Pirot.
Prof. Nadya Manolova-Nikolova, PhD
Faculty of History
Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”
“Tzar Osvoboditel” Blvd. 15/ kab. 28
E-mail address: manolova@uni-sofia.bg
Web of Science ID: AAL-1475-2021
Scopus ID: 37761856900
74
ǲǻǳǰǻǶǸ ǻǮ ȅǶȀǮǹǶȇǳ
„ǮǾȃǮǻǱǳǹ ǺǶȃǮǶǹ“ ǸǮȀǼ ǶǵǰǼǾ
ǵǮ ǸȁǹȀȁǾǻǮȀǮ ǺǼǲǳǾǻǶǵǮȄǶȍ ǻǮ
ǯȈǹǱǮǾǿǸǮȀǮ ǼǯȇǻǼǿȀ ǰ ǱǾǮǲ ȆȁǺǳǻ
ǽǾǳǵ 60-Ƞȓ Ƕ 70-Ƞȓ ǱǼǲǶǻǶ ǻǮ XIX ǰǳǸ
ǽȞȜȢ. Ȓ.Ȗ.ț., Ȓ.ț.Ș. ǰȓȞȎ ǯȜțȓȐȎ
ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠ ȝȜ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȜȕțȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖ

ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ
ǾȓȕȬȚȓ: ǿȠȎȠȖȭȠȎ ȖȚȎ ȕȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȟȘȖ ȜȏȓȘȠ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ

țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒ ȆȡȚȓț ȜȠ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ 60-Ƞȓ ȒȜ ȟȞȓȒȎ-
ȠȎ țȎ 70-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ. ǼȠȘȞȜȓțȎ ȓ țȎȤȖȜțȎșțȎȠȎ ȞȜșȭ țȎ
ȚȓȟȠțȖȠȓ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȖ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȠȭȣțȎȠȎ ȞȎțțȎ ȝȜȭȐȎ.
ǼȝȖȟȎț ȓ ȘȜțȠȓȘȟȠȨȠ țȎ ȐșȖȭțȖȓȠȜ ȖȚ Ȑ ȞȓȑȖȜțȎ. ǽȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖ ȟȎ
ȐȎȔțȖ ȒȓȠȎȗșȖ ȜȠ ȢȡțȘȤȖȜțȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȠȖȭ ȘȡșȠȡȞȓț
ȤȓțȠȨȞ țȎ ȏȎȕȎȠȎ țȎ țȎȟȘȜȞȜ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȖ Ȗ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȖ Ȑ
ǶțȠȓȞțȓȠ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ. ǿȠȎȠȡȠȨȠ Ȗ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȥȖȠȎ-
șȖȧȓȠȜ ȟȎ ȎțȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȖ Ȑ șȜȑȖȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȚȜȒȓȞțȖȕȎȤȖȜțțȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȤȓ-
ȟȖ. ǲȓȠȎȗșțȜ ȟȎ ȝȜȒȥȓȞȠȎțȖ ȝȓȞȟȜțȎșțȖȠȓ ȝȞȖțȜȟȖ Ȗ ȢȖțȎțȟȜȐȖȠȓ
ȎȟȝȓȘȠȖ Ȑ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ țȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȭȠȎ. ǮȐȠȜȞȨȠ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖ-
ȚȜȟȠȠȎ ȜȠ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȖ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȥȞȓȕ ȘȜȓȠȜ
ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȏșȓȘȥȖ ȒȜȟȠȨȝȨȠ ȒȜ Ƞȭȣ Ȗ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȦȖȞȭȠ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖȠȓ ȕȎ
ȝȞȜȥȖȠ Ȗ ȝȞȓȝȞȜȥȖȠ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ. ǸȨȚ ȟȠȎȠȖȭȠȎ ȖȚȎ
ȠȞȖ ȝȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȭ. Ȁȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎȠ ȜȠȘȨȟȖ ȜȠ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȖȚȎȧȖ
ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ ȘȨȚ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȎȠȎ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȭ.
ǸșȬȥȜȐȖ ȒȡȚȖ: ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ, ȆȡȚȓț, ȘȡșȠȡȞȎ, ȚȜȒȓȞțȖȕȎȤȖȭ,
ȎȞȣȖȐ, ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ.
ǲ-Ȟ ǽȓȠȨȞ ǸȨȞȒȔȖȓȐ (1868 – 1963) ȓ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȐșȖȭ-

ȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȦȡȚȓțȟȘȖ ȖțȠȓșȓȘȠȡȎșȤȖ ȜȠ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ XIX Ȗ țȎȥȎșȜ-
ȠȜ țȎ XX ȐȓȘ (Ignatovski 2011, 423 – 433), ȘȜȗȠȜ ȡȥȎȟȠȐȎ ȘȎȘ-
ȠȜ Ȑ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȎ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ Ȑ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȜȠȜ
Țȡ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ. ǰ ȟȝȜȚȓțȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȕȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǮȞȣȎțȑȓș ǺȖ-
ȣȎȖș“1, ȜȠȝȓȥȎȠȎțȖ ȝȞȓȕ 1958 ȑ., ȠȜȗ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎ ȟșȓȒțȜȠȜ:
„ǸȎȠȜ ȡȥȓțȖȘ Ȑ țȎȥȎșțȜȠȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ ȟșȡȦȎȣ ȞȎȕȑȜȐȜȞȖ ȖșȖ
75
ȥȓȠȓțȖȭ țȎ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ Ȑ țȎȦȖȭ ȒȜȚ ȜȠ ȚȜȖȠȓ ȝȜ-ȑȜșȓȚȖ ȏȞȎȠȭ,
ȥȖȥȜȐȤȖ Ȗ ȏȞȎȠȜȐȥȓȒȖ, ȚȓȔȒȡ ȖȚȓțȎȠȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȥȡȐȎȣ ȒȎ ȟȓ
ȝȞȜȖȕțȎȟȭȠ ȘȎȠȜ ǯȜțȎȝȎȞȠȓ, ǱȎȞȖȏȎșȒȖ, ǶțȑșȓȠȓȞȎ, ȂȞȎțȤȎ
Ȗ ȝȞ., țȎȗ-ȥȓȟȠȜ ȟȓ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȐȎȣȎ ȒȡȚȖȠȓ ǾȡȟȖȭ, ǲȭȒȜ ǶȐȎț Ȗ
ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ. Ȁȓ ȏȭȣȎ ȟȠȎțȎșȖ țȎȗ-ȜȏȎȭȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȖȚȓțȎ ȕȎ ȏȨș-
ȑȎȞȖȠȓ Ȑ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȐȜȏȜȒȖȠȓșțȎȠȎ ȓȝȜȣȎ. Ǯ ȕȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȑȜ-
ȐȜȞȓȦȓ ȚțȜȑȜ ȥȓȟȠȜ ȡ ȒȜȚȎ, ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȚȜȭȠ țȎȗ-ȑȜșȭȚ ȏȞȎȠ
ǰȎȟȖș ȏȓȦȓ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ țȓȑȜȐȖȠȓ ȐȨȕȜȏțȜȐȖȠȓșȖ, Ȏ ȏȞȎȠȜȐȥȓȒ ȚȖ
ȀȓȜȒȜȟȖȗ ȏȓȦȓ ȥșȓț țȎ țȎȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ Ȗ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ ȎȘȠȖȐțȖȠȓ
ȡȥȎȟȠțȖȤȖ Ȑ ȠȓȎȠȞȎșțȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȓțȖȭ.“ (Stanchev 1958,
257). ǽȜȒȞȓȒȏȎȠȎ țȎ ȒȡȚȎȠȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ ȒȜ țȎȠȜȐȎȞȓțȜȠȜ ȟ ȑȜ-
șȓȚȖ ȝȜșȖȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȜȥȎȘȐȎțȖȭ ȒȨȞȔȎȐțȜ Ȗ ȟȖȚȐȜșțȜ ȖȚȓ țȎ
ǾȡȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ Ȑ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓ țȎ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȜȠȜ ȟȓȚȓȗȟȠ-
ȐȜ ȓ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȜȠ ȝȜȘȎȕȎȠȓșțȜ. ȀȜȐȎ ȜȏȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ȓ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȓțȜ
Ȗ ȟ ȜȑșȓȒ țȎ ȝȞȭȘȎȠȎ ȎțȑȎȔȖȞȎțȜȟȠ țȎ ȝȜ-ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠțȖȠȓ ȥșȓ-
țȜȐȓ țȎ ȢȎȚȖșȖȭȠȎ țȎ Ȓ-Ȟ ǽȓȠȨȞ ǸȨȞȒȔȖȓȐ2 ȟ ȠȓȘȡȧȖȠȓ Ȓȓ-
șȎ țȎ țȎȗ-ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșțȎȠȎ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȭ Ȑ ȆȡȚȓț
ȒȜ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ – ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǮȞȣȎțȑȓș ǺȖȣȎȖș“.
ǽȜȞȎȒȖ ȕțȎȥȖȚȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȖȠȓ, ȞȎȕȐȖȐȎțȖ ȜȠ ȥȖȠȎ-
șȖȧȓȠȜ, țȓȑȜȐȎȠȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ ȓ ȜȏȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȓțȜ ȝȞȜȡȥȓțȎ ȜȠ
ȚȓȟȠțȖ Ȗ țȎȤȖȜțȎșțȖ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȤȖ, ȢȖșȜșȜȕȖ, ȘȡșȠȡȞȜșȜȕȖ
(Chilingirov 1930, 621 – 641; Stanchev 1958; Kondarev 1978,
122, 314 – 315; Tsvetkov 2001; Avramov 2006). ǽȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȖ
ȟȎ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȖ ȝȨȞȐȜȖȕȠȜȥțȖȤȖ Ȗ ȟȝȞȎȐȜȥțȖ ȖȕȒȎ-
țȖȭ, ȝȜȟȐȓȠȓțȖ Ȗ țȎ ȚȭȟȠȜȠȜ țȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȭȠȎ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȜȠȜ
ȘȡșȠȡȞțȜ ȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȟȠȐȜ, Ȗ țȎ șȖȥțȜȟȠȖȠȓ, ȜȏȐȨȞȕȎșȖ ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟ-
ȘȎȠȎ ȟȖ ȓțȓȞȑȖȭ Ȗ ȑȞȎȒȖȐțȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȡȟȖșȖȭ ȟ ȡȠȐȨȞȔȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ
țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ (Avramov 2006, 340 – 343). ǿȞȎȐțȖȠȓșțȜ ȒȜȏ-
Ȟȓ ȝȜȕțȎȠȖ ȟȎ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ ȕȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǮȞȣȎț-
ȑȓș ǺȖȣȎȖș“ / „ǲȜȏȞȖ ǰȜȗțȖȘȜȐ“, ȟȨȣȞȎțȓțȖ Ȑ țȓȑȜȐȖȭ Ȑȓ-
ȒȜȚȟȠȐȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ, Ȑ ǾȓȑȖȜțȎșțȖȭ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ Țȡȕȓȗ – ȆȡȚȓț
Ȗ Ȑ ȝȜȒȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǲȨȞȔȎȐțȎ ȎȑȓțȤȖȭ „ǮȞȣȖȐȖ“ – ȆȡȚȓț.
ǰȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȖ ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎȚ ȜȠțȜȐȜ ȒȎ ȜȏȨȞțȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓș-
ȟȘȖ ȝȜȑșȓȒ ȘȨȚ ȝȜȞȓȒȖȤȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȢȎȘȠȖ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȞȜșȭȠȎ țȎ
ȘȡșȠȡȞțȜȠȜ ȟȞȓȒȖȧȓ Ȑ ȚȜȒȓȞțȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ Ȝȏȧ-
țȜȟȠ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ Ȑ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ 60-Ƞȓ Ȗ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ 70-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ
XIX ȐȓȘ. ǽȜȐȜȒ ȕȎ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȖȭ (ȝȞȓ)ȝȞȜȥȖȠ țȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȞȎțțȎȠȎ
ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǮȞȣȎțȑȓș ǺȖȣȎȖș“ ȓ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȖȭȠ
76
țȎȟȘȜȞȜ Ȑ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșțȜȠȜ ȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȟȠȐȜ „ǲțȓȐțȖȘ“ țȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡ-
ȤȖȭȠȎ, ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȧ ȝȨȞȐȖȥțȖ ȕȎȝȖȟȖ ȟ ȐȖȟȜȘȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț țȎ ȐȎȔ-
țȜȟȠ, ȜȠțȎȟȭȧȖ ȟȓ ȒȜ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ 1 ȟȓȝȠȓȚȐȞȖ 1869 – 25 ȬșȖ
1872 ȑ.3 ǼȏȧȜȒȜȟȠȨȝțȖȭȠ ȞȨȘȜȝȖȟ ȚȖ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȖ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȕȎ
ȝȜ-ȕȎȒȨșȏȜȥȓț ȎțȎșȖȕ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȖ ȠȜȐȎ ȝȜȕ-
țȎȐȎȣ ȏȓȑșȜ, Ȗ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȐȎȔțȖ ȝȜȒȞȜȏ-
țȜȟȠȖ ȕȎ ȞȎȕȐȜȭ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧțȜȠȜ ȒȓșȜ Ȑ ȆȡȚȓț. ǲȜȝȨșțȖ-
ȠȓșțȖȭȠ ȎțȎșȖȕ țȎ ȐȠȜȞȎȠȎ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜșțȎ ȘțȖȑȎ ȜȠ ȒȜȜȟȐȜȏȜȔ-
ȒȓțȟȘȖȭ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ, ȘȜȭȠȜ (ȝȜȞȎȒȖ ȘȨȟțȜȠȜ ȟȖ ȝȞȓȒȎȐȎțȓ Ȑ ȟȖȟ-
ȠȓȚȎȠȎ țȎ ȒȨȞȔȎȐțȖȠȓ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ) ȟȨȧȜ țȓ ȓ ȚțȜȑȜ ȒȜȏȞȓ ȝȜȕțȎ-
ȠȎ țȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖȠȓ, ȓ ȒȜȝȨșțȖȠȓșțȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȜȟȠȎȐȘȎ ȕȎ țȎȒȑ-
ȞȎȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ țȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȭȠȎ.
ǾȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎȗȘȖ ȠȓȕȖ ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȜȟȠȖ Ȑ ȘȜțȠȓȘȟȠȎ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖ-
ȭȠȎ, ȖȕȐșȓȥȓțȎ ȜȠ ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖȠȓ ȖȕȠȜȥțȖȤȖ (țȎȞȎȠȖȐțȖ, ȐȖȕȡ-
ȎșțȖ, ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖ), ȐțȎȟȭȚ țȜȐȖ ȡȠȜȥțȓțȖȭ Ȑ ȕțȎțȖȓȠȜ
ȕȎ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȖȭ ȘȡșȠȡȞȓț ȞȎȕȐȜȗ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ
Ȑ ȚțȜȑȜȓȠțȖȥțȖȭ ȑȞȎȒ4. ȁȟȝȜȞȓȒțȜ ȟ ȠȜȐȎ, ȏȖȣ ȖȟȘȎșȎ ȒȎ
ȝȜȒȥȓȞȠȎȭ ȕȎ ȝȜȞȓȒȓț ȝȨȠ, ȥȓ ȝȨșțȜȠȓȘȟȠȜȐȜȠȜ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȓ
țȎ ȘșȬȥȜȐȖ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȜȠ ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ ȓ ȝȞȓȒȝȜȟ-
ȠȎȐȘȎ ȕȎ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ Ȗ ȝȜ-ȕȎȒȨșȏȜȥȓțȖ țȎȡȥțȖ ȖțȠȓȞȝȞȓȠȎȤȖȖ,
ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȕȎ ȝȜȝȡșȭȞȖȕȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȏșȖȕȘȖ ȒȜ ȓȝȜȣȎȠȎ Ȗ țȎȒȓȔȒ-
țȖ ȎȞȠȓȢȎȘȠȖ, ȥȞȓȕ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȦȖȞȭȐȎ ȝȞȖșȜȔțȜȠȜ ȝȜșȓ țȎ
ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȟȠȖțȎ, ȖȕȠșȎȟȘȐȎțȎ ȥȓȟȠȜ ȜȠ ȟȐȜȏȜȒțȖ ȖțȠȓȞ-
ȝȞȓȠȎȤȖȖ Ȗ ȜȠȘȞȜȐȓțȖ ȢȎșȦȖȢȖȘȎȤȖȖ țȎ ȚȖțȎșȜȠȜ.
ǽȞȖȓȠȜ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȥȖȠȎ, ȥȓ ȦȡȚȓțȟȘȜȠȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǮȞȣȎțȑȓș
ǺȖȣȎȖș“ ȓ ȓȒțȎ ȜȠ ȝȨȞȐȖȠȓ ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȖ ȜȠ ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȘȎȠȓȑȜȞȖȭ,
ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓțȎ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȞȓȒȖ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ, țȎȞȓȒ ȟ
ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȎȠȎ Ȑ ǹȜȚ Ȗ ǿȐȖȧȜȐ (Kondarev 1972, 17 – 41). ǯȓȕ
ȟȨȚțȓțȖȓ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧțȎȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ ȓ ȟȐȨȞ-
ȕȎțȜ ȟ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȡȥȖȠȓșȭ ǿȎȐȎ ǲȜȏȞȜȝșȜȒțȖ (1820 –
1898)5, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȝȞȖȟȠȖȑȎ ȕȎ ȐȠȜȞȖ ȝȨȠ Ȑ ȆȡȚȓț ȝȞȓȕ ȎȝȞȖș
1856 ȑ., ȝȞȖȓȚȎȗȘȖ ȝȜȘȎțȎȠȎ țȎ ȚȓȟȠțȎȠȎ ȜȏȧȖțȎ ȒȎ ȜȑșȎȐȖ
ȡȥȖșȖȧțȜȠȜ ȒȓșȜ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ (Tsvetkov 2001, 22 – 34). ȁȟȐȜȖș Ȟȓ-
ȒȖȤȎ ȚȜȒȓȞțȖ ȖȒȓȖ Ȗ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ Ȑ ȣȜȒȎ țȎ ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎȠȓșȟȘȎȠȎ
ȟȖ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ Ȑ ȑȖȚțȎȕȖȭȠȎ Ȑ ǿȞȓȚȟȘȖ ǸȎȞșȜȐȤȖ (1853 – 1856),
ȎȚȏȖȤȖȜȕțȖȭȠ ȟșȖȐȓțȓȤ ȝȞȓȡȟȠȞȜȗȐȎ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȖȠȓ țȎ ȚȨȔȘȜȠȜ
Ȗ țȎ ȒȓȐȖȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ, ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȖȞȎ ȝȨȞȐȜȠȜ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ ȟȐȓȠ-
ȟȘȜ ȥȓȟȠȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȐ. ȟȐ. ǸȖȞȖș Ȗ ǺȓȠȜȒȖȗ (11 ȚȎȗ 1856), ȟȨȕȒȎ-
77
ȐȎ ȜȏȧȜȡȥȖșȖȧțȎ ȘȎȟȎ Ȗ ȒȞ. ǽȜȒ ȐșȖȭțȖȓ țȎ ȎțȎșȜȑȖȥțȖ
ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ Ȑ ǮȐȟȠȞȖȭ Ȗ ǿȨȞȏȖȭ, ȠȜȗ ȖțȖȤȖȖȞȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȝȡȏșȖȥțȎ ȜȏȧȜȒȜȟȠȨȝțȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ – ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ. ȁȥȞȓȒȭȐȎ-
țȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȨȞȐȜȠȜ ȦȡȚȓțȟȘȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ ȟȓ ȜȠțȎȟȭ ȘȨȚ ȞȎțțȜȠȜ
șȭȠȜ țȎ 1856 ȑ. – ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ Ț. ȬțȖ. ǵȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎȠ ȟȝȜ-
ȚȓțȖȠȓ țȎ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖȤȖȠȓ ǰȎȟȖș ǿȠȜȭțȜȐ, ǻȖȘȜșȎ ǴȓșȭȕȘȜȐ
(Stanchev 1958, 11, 247), ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȚȓȚȜȎȞȖȠȓ țȎ ȟȎȚȖȭ ǿȎȐȎ
ǲȜȏȞȜȝșȜȒțȖ. „ǸȎȠȜ ȏȭȣ ȐȖȒȭș Ȗ ȝȜȟȓȧȎȐȎș ȏȓșȑȞȎȒȟȘȜȠȜ ȥȖ-
ȠȎșȖȧȓ, ȝȜ [țȓȑȜȐȜ] ȝȜȒȞȎȔȎțȖȓ ȜȠȐȜȞȖȣȚȓ ȓȒțȜ ȘȎȕȖțȜ, ȒȜȟ-
ȠȎ ȟȑȜȒțȜ Ȗ ȐȖȟȜȘȜ, ȟ ȒȓȟȓȠȖțȎ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘȎ Ȗ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȟȝȖ-
ȟȎțȖȭ – ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ, ȞȡȟȘȖ, ȥȓȦȘȖ, ȝȜșȟȘȖ, ȒȎșȚȎȠȖțȟȘȖ, ȣȨȞ-
ȐȎȠȟȘȖ, ȟȞȨȏȟȘȖ, ȢȞȓțȟȘȖ Ȗ țȓȚȟȘȖ, ȕȎ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȠȎȞȎțȖȓ ȝȞȖȓȣ
ȏșȎȑȜȒȎȞȖȠȓșțȜ Ȗ ȝȜȣȐȎșȖȠȓșțȜ ȝȖȟȚȜ ȜȠ țȓȚȟȘȖȭ ȘȜțȟȡș Ȑ
Ǿȡȟȓ.“ (Dobroplodni 1893, 54). ǽȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȣȞȜțȜșȜȑȖȭȠȎ
țȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȭȠȎ ȓȒȖțȟȠȐȓțȎȠȎ ȏȓȕȟȝȜȞțȎ ȒȎȠȎ ȓ
15 ȎȐȑȡȟȠ 1856 ȑ., ȘȜȑȎȠȜ țȓȑȜȐȖȠȓ ȥșȓțȜȐȓ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȖȞȎȠ ȝȨȞ-
ȐȎȠȎ ȠȓȎȠȞȎșțȎ ȝȜȟȠȎțȜȐȘȎ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ – ȘȜȚȓȒȖȭȠȎ „ǺȖȣȎș“. ǰ
șȜȑȖȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖȠȓ ȢȎȘȠȖ ȟȎ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖ ȘȜșȘȜȠȜ
„ȝȨȞȐȜȟȠȠȎ“6 țȎ ȜȝȖȟȎțȖȠȓ ȖțȖȤȖȎȠȖȐȖ Ȑ țȎȤȖȜțȎșȓț ȝșȎț,
ȠȜșȘȜȐȎ Ȗ ȐȨȕȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧțȖȠȓ ȒȓșȎ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȚȓȟȠțȜ-
ȠȜ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ, ȐȘșȬȥȐȎȧȜ ȝȜ ȠȜȐȎ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ, țȜ Ȗ Ȑȟȓ Ȝȧȓ țȓțȎȝȡȟțȎșȖ ȕȓȚȖȠȓ (ȟșȓȒ ȝȞȖȘșȬȥȖ-
șȎȠȎ ȝȞȓȕ Ț. ȚȎȞȠ 1856 ȑ. ȐȜȗțȎ) ȢȞȓțȟȘȖ Ȗ ȎțȑșȖȗȟȘȖ ȐȜȓț-
țȖ. ǵȎ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎțȓ ȓ Ȗ ȢȎȘȠȨȠ, ȥȓ ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȖȒȓȭ țȎ ȡȥȞȓȒȖȠȓ-
șȖȠȓ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȎȠ ȖțȠȓșȖȑȓțȠȟȘȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ ȜȘȜșȜ ȓȒțȎ ȥȖȠȎș-
țȭ7 (ȜȠȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȖȒȐȎ Ȗ ȒȡȚȎȠȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ), ȘȜȭȠȜ ȝȜȟȠȓȝȓțțȜ
ȞȎȕȦȖȞȭȐȎ ȢȡțȘȤȖȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȟ ȠȓȎȠȞȎșțȖ, ȚȡȕȖȘȎșțȖ, ȡȥȖșȖȧțȖ
Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȖțȖȤȖȎȠȖȐȖ.
ǰ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ țȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȟȠȖțȎ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȒȥȓȞ-
ȠȎȓ, ȥȓ ȝȨȞȐȜțȎȥȎșțȖȭȠ ȠșȎȟȨȘ ȕȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȥȖȠȎ-
șȖȧȓ Ȑ ȆȡȚȓț ȓ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠ Ȗ ȜȠ ȘȜțȠȎȘȠȖȠȓ țȎ ȚȓȟȠțȖȠȓ ȏȨș-
ȑȎȞȖ ȟ ȢȞȓțȟȘȖȠȓ Ȗ ȎțȑșȖȗȟȘȖ ȐȜȓțțȖ, ȝȞȓȏȖȐȎȐȎșȖ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ
Ȑ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȓțȖȓ țȎ ȒȐȓ ȝȨșțȖ ȑȜȒȖțȖ – ȜȠ ȝȞȜșȓȠȠȎ țȎ 1854
ȒȜ ȝȞȜșȓȠȠȎ țȎ 1856 ȑ. ǿȝȜȚȓțȎȠȎȠȎ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȓ ȜȠȞȎȕȓțȎ ȓȒ-
țȜȕțȎȥțȜ Ȑ ȎȐȠȜȏȖȜȑȞȎȢȖȭȠȎ țȎ ǿȎȐȎ ǲȜȏȞȜȝșȜȒțȖ. „ǽȜȚțȭ
ȒȜȏȞȓ, – ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎ ȠȜȗ – ȥȓ ȒȜȘȎȠȜ Ȝȧȓ ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎȣȎ Ȏțȑ-
șȖȥȎțȖ, ȢȞȎțȤȡȕȖ Ȗ ȝȞȜȥȓȓ ȝȜȒȖȞ ǸȞȖȚȟȘȎȠȎ ȐȜȗțȎ, ȝȜȘȎȕȎ
ȟȓ ȔȓșȎțȖȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖ Ȑ ȆȡȚȓț ȘȜȚȓȒȖȭȠȎ „ǺȖȣȎș“.
78
ǽȞȖȑȜȠȐȖ ȟȓ ȟȤȓțȎ ȝȞȖȐȞȓȚȓțțȜ, ȒȜȘȜșȘȜȠȜ ȏȓȦȓ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜ,
ȡȝȞȎȔțȖȣȎ ȟȓ ȟȨȧȜ ȎȘȠȪȜȞȖȠȓ – ȚȜȖ ȟȨȧȖ ȡȥȓțȖȤȖ: ǲȜȏȞȖ
ǰȜȗțȖȘȜȐ, ǿȖȚȓȜț ȍțȥȓȐ, ǰȎȟȖș ǲȞȡȚȓȐ (ȟȓȑȎ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ
ȀȨȞțȜȐȟȘȖ), ǰȎȟȖș ǿȠȜȭțȜȐ Ȗ ȝȞȜȥȓȓ. ǽȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȓțȖȓȠȜ Ȗȕșȓ-
ȕȓ ȚțȜȑȜ ȟȝȜșȡȥșȖȐȜ ȟ ȞȨȘȜȝșȭȟȘȎțȖȭ. ȀȜȐȎ ȏȓȦȓ ȝȨȞȐȜȠȜ
ȠȓȎȠȞȎșțȜ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȓțȖȓ Ȑ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ țȎ 1856 ȑ.“ (Do-
broplodni 1893, 50).
ǵȎ ȝȞȭȘȎ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȖȠȓ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟȖ țȎ ȕȎȝȎȒ-
țȜȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖȠȓ ȜȢȖȤȓȞȖ Ȗ ȐȜȗțȖȤȖ Ȗ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ ȥȖȠȎ-
șȖȧțȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ Ȑ ȆȡȚȓț ȝȞȓȕ șȭȠȜȠȜ țȎ 1856 ȑ. ȖȚȎ ȒȎțțȖ Ȗ
Ȑ ȟȝȜȚȓțȖȠȓ țȎ ǰȎȟȖș ǿȠȜȭțȜȐ – ȝȞȭȘ ȡȥȎȟȠțȖȘ Ȑ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȠȖ-
Ƞȓ ȟȨȏȖȠȖȭ Ȗ ȭȞȨȘ ȘțȖȔȜȐȓț ȒȓȓȤ ȝȞȓȕ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȒȓȟȓȠȖ-
șȓȠȖȭ. ȀȜȗ ȠȐȨȞȒȖ ȘȎȠȓȑȜȞȖȥțȜ, ȥȓ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǮȞȣȎțȑȓș ǺȖ-
ȣȎȖș“ ȓ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓțȜ ȝȜ ȖțȖȤȖȎȠȖȐȎ țȎ ǿȎȐȎ ǲȜȏȞȜȝșȜȒțȖ „ȟȨȟ
ȟȨȑșȎȟȖȓȠȜ Ȗ ȜȒȜȏȞȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȡȥȖșȖȧțȜȠȜ țȎȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȜ,
ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ țȎ ȝȨȞȐȓțȤȖȠȓ, ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ Ȗ ȟ ȑȜȞȓȧȜȠȜ ȟȨȥȡȐȟȠȐȖȓ Ȗ
ȑȜȠȜȐțȜȟȠ țȎ ȚșȎȒȎȠȎ ȦȡȚȓțȟȘȎ ȖțȠȓșȖȑȓțȤȖȭ“ (Stanchev
1958, 246). ǽȜ-țȎȠȎȠȨȘ Ȑ ȤȖȠȖȞȎțȖȭ ȚȓȚȜȎȞȓț ȜȠȘȨȟ ǰȎȟȖș
ǿȠȜȭțȜȐ ȝȜȒȥȓȞȠȎȐȎ, ȥȓ „ȝȜ ȝȞȖȚȓȞȎ țȎ ȠȎȘȖȐȎ ȡȥȞȓȔȒȓțȖȭ
Ȑ ȟșȎȐȭțȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ Ȗȕ ǮȐȟȠȞȖȭ“, ȟȓ ȞȓȦȎȐȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ
ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȖ Ȑ țȭȘȜȓ „ȝȞȖșȖȥțȜ ȘȎȢȓțȓ, ȘȎȕȖțȜ ȖșȖ ȑȜȟȠȖșțȖ-
ȤȎ“, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȨȏȖȞȎȠ ȟȐȜȏȜȒțȜ ȥșȓțȜȐȓȠȓ Ȗ ȒȎ ȖȚȎ ȒȜȟȠȨȝ țȎ
ȐȨțȦțȖ șȖȤȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȏȖȣȎ ȚȜȑșȖ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȖȜȏȧȭȠ ȘȨȚ Șȡș-
ȠȡȞțȜȠȜ ȟȞȓȒȖȧȓ. ǰȜȒȓțȖ ȜȠ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȠȖȠȓ ȚȜȠȖȐȖ, ȝȨȞȐȜȜȞ-
ȑȎțȖȕȎȠȜȞȖȠȓ țȎȟȠȎțȭȐȎȠ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ Ȑ ȘȎȢȓțȓ țȎ ȤȓțȠȞȎș-
țȎȠȎ ȡșȖȤȎ „ǮȞȎȟȠȎ“. ǽȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ǸȞȖȚȟȘȎȠȎ ȐȜȗțȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟ-
țȜȠȜ ȘȎȢȓțȓ ȓ ȟșȡȔȖșȜ ȕȎ ȑȜȟȠȖșțȖȤȎ Ȗ ȚȭȟȠȜ ȕȎ ȟȞȓȧȖ țȎ
ȎțȑșȖȗȟȘȖȠȓ Ȗ ȢȞȓțȟȘȖ ȜȢȖȤȓȞȖ. ǰ țȓȑȜ ȖȚȎ ȚțȜȑȜ ȒȜȏȞȎ
ȚȓȏȓșȖȞȜȐȘȎ Ȗ ȟȓ ȝȜșȡȥȎȐȎȠ ȐȓȟȠțȖȤȖȠȓ, ȕȎ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȏȖșȖ
ȎȏȜțȖȞȎțȖ ȕȎȝȎȒțȜȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȤȖȠȓ, ȜȠȠȓȑșȖșȖ ȟȓ ȜȠ ȑȞȎȒȎ ȝȞȓȕ
șȭȠȜȠȜ țȎ 1856 ȑ. ȀȎȘȎ, țȎ ȚȭȟȠȜȠȜ țȎ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȘȎȢȓțȓ ȓ ȜȏȜ-
ȞȡȒȐȎțȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧțȎ ȕȎșȎ, Ȑ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȎȐȎȠ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜșȡ-
ȥȎȐȎȠ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȎȏȜțȎȚȓțȠțȖȠȓ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ, Ȑ ȟȨȥȓȠȎțȖȓ ȟ țȜȐȖ
ȝȜȟȠȨȝșȓțȖȭ țȎ ȐȓȟȠțȖȤȖ, ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȖ Ȑ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȟȠȜșȖȤȎ,
ȟȞȓȒ ȘȜȖȠȜ Ȗ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȭȠ „ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ“. ǻȎ ȢȎȟȎ-
ȒȎȠȎ ȜȠȘȨȚ ȡșȖȤȎȠȎ ȓ ȝȜȟȠȎȐȓțȎ ȠȎȏȓșȎ țȎ ȠȞȖ ȓȕȖȘȎ – ȏȨș-
ȑȎȞȟȘȖ, ȢȞȓțȟȘȖ Ȗ ȠȡȞȟȘȖ. ȀȎȘȎ, ȝȜȒ ȠșȎȟȨȘȎ țȎ ȝȞȜȟȐȓȧȓțȟ-
ȘȜȠȜ ȟȖ șȬȏȜȝȖȠȟȠȐȜ Ȗ ȝȜȒ ȝȞȭȘȜȠȜ ȐȨȕȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȓ țȎ ȚȜȒȓȞțȖ-
79
ȕȎȤȖȜțțȖȠȓ ȐȓȭțȖȭ, ȒȜțȓȟȓțȖ ȜȠ ȕȎȝȎȒțȖȠȓ ȟȠȞȎțȖ ȥȞȓȕ ǿȎȐȎ
ǲȜȏȞȜȝșȜȒțȖ Ȗ ȥȞȓȕ ȢȞȓțȟȘȖȠȓ Ȗ ȎțȑșȖȗȟȘȖ ȝȜȒȎțȖȤȖ, ȝȞȓȕ
ȝȜȐȞȎȠțȜȠȜ ȕȎ ȏȎșȘȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ șȭȠȜ țȎ 1856 ȑ. ȦȡȚȓțȟ-
ȘȖȠȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ ȝȜșȎȑȎȠ ȘȞȎȗȨȑȨșțȖȭ ȘȎȚȨȘ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧțȜȠȜ
ȒȓșȜ Ȑ țȎȤȖȜțȎșțȎȠȎ țȖ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ.
ǰ țȎȗ-ȞȎțțȖȭ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ ȜȠ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ Țȡ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ Ȑ
ȆȡȚȓț ȓ ȝȞȓȒȖ ȐȟȖȥȘȜ ȟȞȓȒȖȧȓ ȕȎ ȥȓȠȓțȓ Ȗ ȜȏȟȨȔȒȎțȓ țȎ
ȠȓȘȡȧȎ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȘȎ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȕȎ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȠȓȎȠȞȎșțȖ
ȝȜȟȠȎțȜȐȘȖ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȟȝȜȚȓțȖȠȓ țȎ ȡȥȞȓȒȖȠȓșȖȠȓ, ȝȜ ȠȜȐȎ
ȐȞȓȚȓ ȠȜ ȓ ȖȚȎșȜ ȜȘȜșȜ ȟȠȜȠȖțȎ ȥșȓțȜȐȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȕȎȝșȎȧȎșȖ
ȥșȓțȟȘȖ ȐțȜȟ, țȜ ȒȜȟȠȨȝȨȠ ȒȜ ȥȖȠȎșțȭȠȎ ȓ ȏȖș ȏȓȕȝșȎȠȓț Ȗ ȕȎ
țȓȥșȓțȜȐȓȠȓ. ǽȞȓȕ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȏȞȜȭȠ țȎ ȥșȓțȜȐȓȠȓ
ȒȜȟȠȖȑȎ 200 ȒȡȦȖ – ȑȞȎȚȜȠțȖ ȚȨȔȓ ȟ ȝȜ-ȐȖȟȜȘȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȜ
ȝȜșȜȔȓțȖȓ. ǼȠ ȏșȎȑȜȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȜȥȖȠȎțȓȠȜ ȟȎ ȟȓ ȝȜșȕȐȎșȖ Ȗ ȝȓ-
ȠȖȚțȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȕțȎțȖȭ țȓȡȘȖ Ȗ țȓȑȞȎȚȜȠțȖ ȑȞȎȔȒȎțȖ, țȎ ȘȜȖȠȜ
ȝȜ-ȑȜșȭȚ ȡȥȓțȖȘ ȖșȖ ȡȥȖȠȓș ȓ ȥȓȠȭș ȐȓȥȓȞ ȐȓȟȠțȖȤȖ Ȗ ȘțȖȑȖ
„țȎ ȐȟȓȡȟșȖȦȎțȖȓ“. ȁȥȖȠȓșȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȐȓȔȒȎșȖ ȡȟȠțȜ Ȗ ȞȎȕȭȟțȭ-
ȐȎșȖ ȟȠȎȠȖȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȐȓȟȠțȖȤȖȠȓ Ȗ ȟȝȖȟȎțȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȥȡȔȒȖ ȓȕȖȤȖ.
ȀȎȘȎ Ȑ ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ țȎ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȟȓ ȟȨȕȒȎșȎ ȡȟȠȜȗȥȖȐȎ Ȝȏ-
ȧțȜȟȠ, ȜȏȓȒȖțȓțȎ ȜȘȜșȜ ȚȜȒȓȞțȎȠȎ ȤȓțțȜȟȠ țȎ ȥȓȠȓțȓȠȜ Ȗ
ȜȟȚȖȟșȭțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȓȥȎȠțȜȠȜ ȟșȜȐȜ (Stanchev 1958, 11 – 12). ǵȎ
ȟȨȔȎșȓțȖȓ, ȜȠ ȠȜȕȖ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ țȓ ȟȎ ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖ
ȖșȖ ȢȖțȎțȟȜȐȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎ ȞȎȕȘȞȖȭȠ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȒȓȠȎȗ-
șȖ ȕȎ ȝȨȞȐȜȝȞȜȣȜȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧțȜȠȜ ȒȓșȜ Ȑ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ.
ǾȎȕȦȖȞȖșȎȠȎ ȟȓ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧțȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖ-
ȚȜȟȠ ȜȠ ȝȞȜȚȭțȎ țȎ ȟȓȒȎșȖȧȓȠȜ țȎ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȜȠȜ ȟȞȓȒȖȧȓ. ǵȎ
ȘȞȎȠȘȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ, ȘȨȚ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ 1856 ȑ., ȠȜ ȓ ȝȞȓȚȓȟȠȓțȜ Ȑ ǸȎȐȞȨ-
ȘȜȐȜȠȜ ȘȎȢȓțȓ, Ȏ ȜȠ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ 1857 ȑ. Ȑȓȥȓ ȟȓ ȝȜȚȓȧȎȐȎ Ȑ
ȓȒțȎ ȜȠ ȟȠȎȖȠȓ țȎ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓȠȜ, țȎȕȜȐȎțȜ ȜȠ ǿȎȐȎ ǲȜȏȞȜȝșȜȒțȖ
ȟ ȐȖȟȜȘȖȭ ȠȖȠȡș „ȆȡȚȓțȟȘȎ ȝȜșȡȑȖȚțȎȕȖȭ“. ǽȜȟșȓȒțȜȠȜ Ȝȏȟ-
ȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ȓ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎțȜ Ȑ ȒȜȝȖȟȘȎ, ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȎ Ȑ ȠȜȑȎ-
ȐȎȦțȖȭ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥȓț ȝȓȥȎȠ: „ǻȎȦȖ[Ƞȓ] ȑȞȎȔȒȎțȖ – ȝȖȦȓ ȒȜ-
ȝȖȟțȖȘȨȠ – ȝȜȘȎȕȎȣȎ ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȞȓȐțȜȟȠ Ȗ Ȑ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ[ȠȜ] Ȗ ȟ
Ƞȡȗ, ȧȜ[ȠȜ] țȎ ȝȨȞȐȜ ȝȞȓȒșȜȔȓțȖȓ [țȎ] ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȭ ǲȜȏȞȜȝ-
șȜȒțȎȑȜ ȕȎ ȦȡȚȓțȟȘȜȠȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ, Ȑ ȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțțȜȚȡ ȟȚȖȟșȡ,
ȝȜȚȜȑțȎȣȎ ȧȓȒȞȜ. Ƕ ȓȠȜ, Ȑȓȥȓ ȖȚȎȚȓ ȕȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ țȎȦȎȠȎ
ȑȖȚțȎȕȖȎșțȎ ȕȎșȎ Ȗ ȒȜȏȖȐȎȚȓ 15 ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ șȖȟȠȜȐȓ8 ȜȠ ȞȎȕ-
țȖ ȓȕȖȤȖ“9. ǼȝȖȟȎțȎȠȎ ȟȖȠȡȎȤȖȭ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȎȐȎ ȒȜȘȨȚ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ
80
țȎ 1859 ȑ., ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ǿȎȐȎ ǲȜȏȞȜȝșȜȒțȖ țȎȝȡȟȘȎ ȆȡȚȓț Ȗ ȝȜ-
ȞȎȒȖ șȖȝȟȎ țȎ ȒȜȏȞȜ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ ȕȎȝȎȒȎ. ǲȓȗ-
țȜȟȠȠȎ Țȡ ȓ ȐȨȕȟȠȎțȜȐȓțȎ ȝȞȓȕ 1860 ȑ., țȜ țȓ Ȑ ȝȞȓȒȣȜȒțȖȠȓ
ȚȎȧȎȏȖ. ǽȞȓȕ ȠȜȕȖ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ țȎȥȓșȜ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧțȎȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ
ȕȎȟȠȎȐȎ ǲȜȏȞȖ ǰȜȗțȖȘȜȐ (1833 – 1878), ȘȜȗȠȜ ȜȠțȜȐȜ ȜȏȓȒȖ-
țȭȐȎ ȚșȎȒȓȔȖȠȓ ȜȘȜșȜ ȝȡȏșȖȥțȎȠȎ ȥȖȠȎșțȭ, ȡȟȠȞȜȓțȎ ȝȜ ȠȜ-
ȐȎ ȐȞȓȚȓ Ȑ ȟȑȞȎȒȎȠȎ țȎ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȭȠȎ. ǰ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ 60-Ƞȓ
ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ ȦȡȚȓțȟȘȜȠȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ ȝȜȝȡșȭȞȖȕȖȞȎ țȓ
ȟȎȚȜ ȥȓȠȓțȓȠȜ, țȜ Ȗ ȖȕȘȡȟȠȐȎȠȎ – ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ ȠȓȎȠȨȞ Ȗ ȚȡȕȖȘȎ.
ǿșȓȒ țȎȝȡȟȘȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ǲȜȏȞȖ ǰȜȗțȖȘȜȐ ȝȞȓȕ șȭȠȜȠȜ țȎ 1864 ȑ.
ȜȠțȜȐȜ țȎȟȠȨȝȐȎ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ țȎ ȕȎȟȠȜȗ, Ȑ ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ țȎ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȥȖȠȎ-
șȖȧȓȠȜ ȞȓȎșțȜ ȟȝȖȞȎ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎțȖȓȠȜ ȟȖ (Blaskov 1895, 16 –
20; Stanchev 1958, 16 – 18). ǲȜ ȓȟȓțȠȎ țȎ 1869 ȑ. ȦȡȚȓțȟȘȜȠȜ
ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ ȜȟȠȎȐȎ ȟȎȚȜ ȒȜȏȨȞ ȟȝȜȚȓț ȕȎ ȎȘȠȖȐțȎ Ȗ ȟȚȖȟșȓțȎ
ȘȡșȠȡȞțȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ10.
ǵȎȝȎȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧțȎȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ țȎȚȖȞȎ ȖȕȞȎȕ Ȑ ȝȜȒ-
ȞȜȏțȎ ȘȞȖȠȖȥțȎ ȟȠȎȠȖȭ ȕȎ țȖȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ ȒȓȕȜȞȑȎ-
țȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȠȓ ȒȓșȎ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ, ȝȖȟȎțȎ ȜȥȓȐȖȒțȜ ȜȠ
ȚȓȟȠȓț ȏȨșȑȎȞȖț, ȝȜȒȝȖȟȎț ȟ ȎȘȞȜțȖȚ ǯ. ȀȓȘȟȠȨȠ ȓ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡ-
ȐȎț Ȑ ȒȐȎ ȝȜȞȓȒțȖ ȏȞȜȭ țȎ Ȑ. „ǽȞȎȐȜ“ Ȗ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȜȏȐȖ-
țȓțȖȭ ȘȨȚ ȚȓȟȠțȖȭ ȓșȖȠ, ȖȕțȓȐȓȞȖș țȎ ȎȝȜȟȠȜșȟȘȖȭ Ȓȡȣ ȜȠ
ȝȞȓȒȖ ȑȜȒȖțȖ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȓ ȜȏȓȒȖțȖș ȚȓȟȠțȎȠȎ ȝȞȎȐȜȟșȎȐțȎ Ȝȏȧ-
țȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȝȞȜȑȜțȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȎȠȞȖȎȞȦȓȟȘȖȭ ȐșȎȒȖȘȎ ǰȓțȖȎȚȖț.
ǿșȓȒ ȘȞȖȠȖȘȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȡȝȎȒȨȘȎ țȎ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎȠȎ ȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȜ, ȥȓ Ȗ
ȥȖȠȎșȖȧțȜȠȜ ȒȓșȜ ȓ Ȑ ȒȨșȏȜȘȎ ȘȞȖȕȎ: „ǽȞȖ ȠȖȭ [ȜȏȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠ-
ȐȎ] țȓ ȓ ȜȠ ȚȎșȘȎ ȝȜșȕȎ, ȎȘȜ ȟȓ ȕȎȓȚȓȣȠȓ ȒȎ ȐȨȕȘȞȓȟȖȠȓ ȡȚȓȞ-
ȦȓȠȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ, ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȑșȓȒȎȠȓ, ȥȓ [Ȗ] Ȑ ȟȓșȎȠȎ [Ȑȓȥȓ] ȝȜȥȠȖ ȟȓ
ȜȟțȜȐȎȐȎȠ [ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȎ]. ǿȞȎȚȜȠȎ ȓ țȎȖȟȠȖțȎ ȑȞȎȒ ȘȎȠȜ ȆȡȚȓț
ȒȎ țȭȚȎ ȓȒțȜ ȡȞȓȒȓțȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ, Ȏ ȠȜȕȖ ȟȞȎȚ ȠȓȔȖ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ
ȐȎȚ11, ȕȎȧȜȠȜ ȐȎȚ ȝȞȎȐȓȒțȜ țȎȒșȓȔȖ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȕȎȓȚȓȠȓ ȕȎ ȝȜȒțȜ-
ȐȭȐȎțȓȠȜ Țȡ Ȗ ȠȜȐȎ ȠȐȨȞȒȎ șȓȟțȜ ȚȜȔȓȠȓ ȑȜ ȟȠȜȞȖ.“12
ǺțȜȑȜ ȟȘȜȞȜ ȟșȓȒ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȘȞȖȠȖȥțȎȠȎ ȟȠȎȠȖȭ
ȜȝȖȟȎțȜȠȜ Ȑ țȓȭ ȟȨȟȠȜȭțȖȓ ȟȓ ȝȞȜȚȓțȭ. ǻȎ 15 ȎȐȑȡȟȠ 1869 ȑ.
ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ Ȑ Ƞ.țȎȞ. „ǲȜșțȎ ȚȎȣȎșȎ“ ȡȥȞȓȒȭȐȎȠ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ
„ǻȎȝȞȓȒȨȘ“. ǻȓȑȜȐ ȖțȖȤȖȎȠȜȞ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȟȓȒȎȠȓș ȓ ȡȥȖȠȓșȭȠ
ǶșȖȭ ǾȎȦȘȜȐ ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ. ȀȜ ȓ ȜȏȭȐȓțȜ ȘȎȠȜ ȝȞȜȟȐȓȠțȜ ȟȞȓȒȖȧȓ
ȕȎ ȝȜ-ȏȓȒțȖȠȓ Ȗ țȓȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖ ȑȞȎȔȒȎțȖ – „ȝȞȜȟȠȖȠȓ ȣȜȞȖȤȎ“.
Ǽȧȓ ȝȞȓȕ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȎȠȎ ȑȜȒȖțȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǻȎȝȞȓȒȨȘ“ ȟȓ ȟȒȜ-
81
ȏȖȐȎ ȟȨȟ ȟȐȜȭ ȟȑȞȎȒȎ, ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ Ȗ ȥȖȠȎșțȭ (Blaskov 1907,
247 – 248; Kondarev 1972, 315). ǸȨȚ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ ȓ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȖ-
ȞȎțȜ Ȗ țȓȒȓșțȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȒȎȐȎ ȑȞȎȚȜȠțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȝȨȞȐȜțȎ-
ȥȎșțȖ ȕțȎțȖȭ țȎ ȥȖȞȎȤȖȠȓ, ȘȎșȢȖȠȓ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȚșȎȒȓȔȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ
țȓ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȝȜȟȓȧȎȐȎȠ ȜȏȧȖțȟȘȜȠȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ13. ǺȎȘȎȞ Ȗ ȟȥȖ-
ȠȎțȜ ȕȎ ȝȜ-ȐȠȜȞȜȟȠȓȝȓțȓț ȘȡșȠȡȞȓț ȤȓțȠȨȞ, ȞȎȏȜȠȓȧ Ȑ ȘȐȎȞ-
ȠȎșȎ țȎ „ȓȟțȎȢȖȠȓ Ȗ ȥȜȏȎțȖȠȓ“, ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǻȎȝȞȓȒȨȘ“ Ȗȕ-
ȝȨșțȭȐȎ ȡȟȝȓȦțȜ ȝȞȜȟȐȓȠțȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȢȡțȘȤȖȖ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȒȜ ǼȟȐȜ-
ȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ ȜȠ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎ ȐșȎȟȠ, țȜ Ȗ ȟșȓȒ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȀȞȓȠȜȠȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜ ȤȎȞȟȠȐȜ Ȗ ȒȜȞȖ ȒȜ țȎȦȖ ȒțȖ.
ǽȞȓȒȚȓȠ țȎ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȖȭ țȎȞȎȠȖȐ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȓ ȒȞȡȑȜȠȜ ȦȡȚȓțȟ-
ȘȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ – „ǮȞȣȎțȑȓș ǺȖȣȎȖș“ – ȝȞȖȓȚțȖȘ țȎ ȝȨȞȐȜȠȜ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ Ȑ ȆȡȚȓț, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȓ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓțȜ ȝȞȓȕ șȭȠȜ-
ȠȜ țȎ 1856 ȑ. ǽȜȥȠȖ ȝȜ ȟȨȧȜȠȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ, ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȟȓ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎ „ȒȜș-
țȜȚȎȣșȓțȟȘȜȠȜ“ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǻȎȝȞȓȒȨȘ“, ȑȜȞțȜȚȎȣșȓțȤȖ, ȟȥȖ-
ȠȎțȖ ȕȎ ȝȜ-ȖȕȒȖȑțȎȠȖ Ȑ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȜ Ȗ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓ-
țȖȓ (Ȑ ȟȞȎȐțȓțȖȓ ȟ ȒȜșțȜȚȎȣșȓțȤȖ), ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȎȠ ȖțȖȤȖȎ-
ȠȖȐȎ ȕȎ ȐȨȕȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȕȎșȖȥȓțȜȠȜ ȜȠ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȜȠȜ șȖȤȓ
țȎ ȑȞȎȒȎ ȏȖȐȦȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ. ȅȞȓȕ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȓț ȒȜȘȡ-
ȚȓțȠ, țȎȞȓȥȓț „ǽȞȖȕȜȐȎȐȎțȖȓ“, ȑȞȡȝȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȤȖ ȟȓ Ȝȏ-
ȞȨȧȎȠ ȘȨȚ ȟȨȑȞȎȔȒȎțȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȟ Ȏȝȓș „ȕȎ ȐȨȕȜȏțȜȐȓțȖȓ țȎ ȟȠȎ-
ȞȜȠȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ“. ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȨȠ țȜȟȖ ȒȎȠȎ 1 ȟȓȝȠȓȚȐȞȖ 1869 ȑ. Ȗ
ȓ ȝȜȟȠȎȐȓț Ȑ ȞȨȘȜȝȖȟ Ȑ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ „ǲțȓȐțȖȘȎ“ țȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡ-
ȤȖȭȠȎ (ǽȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ 1). ǽȜ ȟȝȜȚȓțȖ țȎ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖȤȖ ȠȜȗ ȓ
ȏȖș ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓț Ȗȕ ȑȞȎȒȎ ȥȞȓȕ ȝȞȓȝȖȟȖ (Stanchev 1958, 19
– 20). ǾȎȕȝȞȎȠȓțȖ ȟȎ Ȗ ȝȜȘȎțȖ ȕȎ ȡȥȞȓȒȖȠȓșțȜ ȟȨȏȞȎțȖȓ. ǿȎ-
ȚȜȠȜ ȟȨȏȞȎțȖȓ ȟȓ ȝȞȜȐȓȔȒȎ țȎ 8 țȜȓȚȐȞȖ ȟ.ȑ. – țȎ ȝȞȎȕțȖȘȎ
țȎ ȎȞȣȎțȑȓș ǺȖȣȎȖș, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȓț ȕȎ ȝȎȠȞȜț țȎ ȜȏțȜȐȓ-
țȎȠȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȭ. ǰ ȣȜȒȎ țȎ ȢȜȞȡȚȎ ȓ ȖȕȏȞȎțȜ ȞȨȘȜȐȜȒȟȠȐȜ
țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ Ȑ ȟȨȟȠȎȐ ȜȠ ȜȟȓȚ ȥșȓțȜȐȓ, ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖ ȟ ȠȎȗțȜ
ȑșȎȟȡȐȎțȓ ȜȠ ȡȥȞȓȒȖȠȓșȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ (ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȟȝȖȟȨȘȎ ȕȎ ȟȨȏȞȎț
ȥșȓțȟȘȖ ȐțȜȟ ȟȎ 119 ȚȨȔȓ)14. ǻȎȥȓșȜ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ ȕȎȟȠȎȐȎ
ȖțȖȤȖȎȠȜȞȨȠ ȕȎ ȐȨȕȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎțȓȠȜ Țȡ – ȡȥȖȠȓșȭȠ ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ
ǸȜțȟȠȎțȠȖțȜȐ (1839 – 1913) (Ignatovski 2011, 397), ȘȜȗȠȜ
ȒȨȞȔȖ ȝșȎȚȓțțȜ ȟșȜȐȜ ȝȞȓȒ ȟȨȚȖȦșȓțȖȤȖȠȓ ȟȖ. ǰ ȟȨȣȞȎțȓ-
țȖȭ Ȗ ȜȠȝȓȥȎȠȎț ȝȜ-ȘȨȟțȜ ȠȓȘȟȠ ȐȨȕȜȏțȜȐȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȥȖȠȎ-
șȖȧȓȠȜ ȓ ȚȜȠȖȐȖȞȎțȜ ȟ „ȡȟȨȞȒȖȓȠȜ țȎ țȎȦȖȠȓ ȚșȎȒȖ ȘȨȚ
ȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȘȨȚ ȜȏȧȜȠȜ ȒȜȏȞȜ“. ǰ ȝȜ-ȘȜțȘȞȓȠȓț ȝȜȞȭȒȨȘ ȞȜșȭ-
82
ȠȎ țȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȭȠȎ ȓ ȝȞȜȐȖȒȭțȎ ȠȎȘȎ: „ȄȓșȠȎ țȎ țȎȦȓȠȜ ȥȖ-
ȠȎșȖȧȓ, ȘȎȘȠȜ ȧȓ ȐȖȒȖ ȝȜȥȠȓțȜȠȜ ȟȨȏȞȎțȖȓ ȜȠ ȡȟȠȎȐȎ Țȡ, ȧȓ
ȏȨȒȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȒȎȒȓ ȓȒțȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ țȎ ȚșȎȒȓȔȖȠȓ țȖ, ȜȠȒȓȠȜ ȒȎ ȥȓȞ-
ȝȭȠ ȝȜșȓȕțȖ ȕțȎțȖȭ ȕȎ ȜȏȜȑȎȠȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȡȚȜȐȓȠȓ ȟȖ Ȗ ȕȎ ȡșȡȥ-
ȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȠȓȣțȖȠȓ țȞȎȐȖ Ȗ ȜȏțȜȟȘȖ; Ȗ ȟȨȧȓȐȞȓȚȓțțȜ ȒȎ țȎ-
ȚȓȞȭȠ Ȑ țȓȑȜ ȝȜșȓȕțȜ ȝȞȓȚȖțȡȐȎțȖȓ țȎ ȝȞȎȕțȜȠȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ, ȒȎ
țȎȚȓȞȭȠ ȕȎȏȎȐșȓțȖȭ, țȜ ȕȎȏȎȐșȓțȖȭ ȝȜșȓȕțȖ, ȝȜȡȥȖȠȓșțȖ, Ȏ
țȓ ȐȞȓȒȖȠȓșțȖ Ȗ ȡȏȖȠȜȥțȖ“15 (Blaskov 1907, 252).
„ǲțȓȐțȖȘȨȠ“ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǮȞȣȎțȑȓș ǺȖȣȎȖș“16 ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎ
ȝȜȖȚȓțȓț ȟȝȖȟȨȘ țȎ ȡȥȞȓȒȖȠȓșȖȠȓ, ȐȟȓȘȖ ȜȠ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȓ ȐțȓȟȨș Ȑ
ȘȎȟȎȠȎ ȝȜșȎȑȎȧȖȭ ȟȓ ȥșȓțȟȘȖ ȐțȜȟ ȜȠ 42 ȑȞȜȦȎ. ǽȞȜȠȜȘȜșȖ-
ȞȎțȜ ȓ ȞȓȦȓțȖȓȠȜ ȕȎ ȖȕȏȜȞ țȎ ȞȨȘȜȐȜȒȟȠȐȜ. ǰȝȖȟȎț ȓ Ȗ ȡȠȐȨȞ-
ȒȓțȖȭȠ ȡȟȠȎȐ (ǽȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ 2). ǶȕȐȨț ȥșȓțȟȘȖȭ ȐțȜȟ ȓ ȞȓȑȖȟȠ-
ȞȖȞȎț Ȗ Ȝȧȓ ȓȒȖț țȓȑȜșȭȚ ȚȜȚȓțȠȓț ȝȞȖȣȜȒȜȖȕȠȜȥțȖȘ –
țȎȝȞȎȐȓțȖ ȒȎȞȓțȖȭ Ȑ ȞȎȕȚȓȞ țȎ 399 ȑȞȜȦȎ. ǽȞȜȠȜȘȜșțȎȠȎ
ȘțȖȑȎ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ ȓ ȟȨȣȞȎțȖșȎ ȤȓțțȖ ȕȎȝȖȟȖ ȕȎ țȎȝȞȎȐȓ-
țȖȠȓ ȝȨȞȐȖ ȞȎȕȣȜȒȖ ȝȜ ȡȟȠȞȜȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȭȠȎ. ǻȎ ș.
4 ȓ ȐȝȖȟȎț ȟȝȖȟȨȘ țȎ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭȠȎ, ȕȎ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȓ ȝșȎȠȓț ȎȏȜțȎȚȓțȠ
– ȐȓȟȠțȖȤȖȠȓ „ǺȎȘȓȒȜțȖȭ“, „ǽȞȎȐȜ“, „ȀȡȞȤȖȭ“, „ǲȡțȎȐ“, „ǯȜȟ-
țȎ“, „ǳȒȖȞțȓ“, „ǿȜșȡț“, ȓȒțȜ ȢȞȓțȟȘȜ, ȓȒțȜ ȑȞȨȤȘȜ Ȗ ȓȒțȜ
ȟȠȜșȖȥțȜ ȠȡȞȟȘȜ ȖȕȒȎțȖȓ. ǼȏȧȎȠȎ ȟȡȚȎ țȎ ȝȎȞȖȠȓ, ȒȎȒȓțȖ ȕȎ
ȎȏȜțȎȚȓțȠ ȓ 1080 ȑȞȜȦȎ – ȜȘȜșȜ 1/4 ȜȠ ȝȨȞȐȜțȎȥȎșțȖȭ ȥșȓț-
ȟȘȖ ȐțȜȟ. 840 ȑȞȜȦȎ ȟȎ ȝȜȣȎȞȥȓțȖ ȕȎ ȜȏȕȎȐȓȔȒȎțȓ – ȚȎȟȖ,
ȟȠȜșȜȐȓ, șȎȚȝȖ, ȝȜȟȠȓșȘȖ Ȗ ȒȞ. ǰ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȜȠȥȓȠțȎ
ȑȜȒȖțȎ ȘȎȟȖȓȞȨȠ ȓ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎș Ȝȧȓ ȠȓȘȡȧȖ ȞȎȕȣȜȒȖ țȎ ȟȠȜȗ-
țȜȟȠ 1404 ȑȞȜȦȎ – ȕȎ ȒȨȞȐȎ, ȘȬȚȬȞ, ȑȐȜȕȒȓȖ, ȘȎȢȓ, ȑȎȕ, ȚȓȠ-
șȖ, țȎȓȚ, „ȐȜȒȜȟȐȓȠ țȎ ȝȜȝȎ“. ǲȓȠȎȗșțȎȠȎ ȜȠȥȓȠțȜȟȠ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎ
ȟȠȞȜȑ ȐȨȠȞȓȦȓț ȞȓȒ, ȞȓȔȖȚ țȎ ȟȝȓȟȠȜȐțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞțȜȟȠ ȘȨȚ
ȜȏȧȖȠȓ ȝȎȞȖ. ǺȎȘȎȞ Ȗ țȓȑȜșȭȚ (ȜȘȜșȜ 5000 ȑȞȜȦȎ), ȝȨȞȐȖȭȠ
ȑȜȒȖȦȓț ȏȬȒȔȓȠ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȝȜȟȞȓȧȎ ȞȎȕȣȜȒȖȠȓ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ,
țȜ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎ Ȗ ȝȞȓȣȜȒțȎ ȟȡȚȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȝȞȓȣȐȨȞșȓțȎ ȕȎ
ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȎȠȎ ȢȖțȎțȟȜȐȎ ȑȜȒȖțȎ. ǸȎȠȜ ȤȭșȜ ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȖȠȓ ȕȎȝȖȟȖ
ȜȘȜșȜ ȡȥȞȓȒȭȐȎțȓȠȜ Ȗ ȝȨȞȐȜțȎȥȎșțȎȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ
„ǮȞȣȎțȑȓș ǺȖȣȎȖș“ ȟȎ ȝȜȘȎȕȎȠȓșțȖ ȕȎ Ȑȓȥȓ ȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȎȠȎ Ȗț-
ȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȜțȎșțȎ ȘȡșȠȡȞȎ țȎ ȡȥȞȓȒȖȠȓșȖȠȓ, ȕȎ ȭȟțȎ ȚȖȟȖȭ Ȗ ȕȎ
ȞȎȕȡȚțȖ ȟȠȨȝȘȖ Ȑ ȞȓȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ țȎȏȓșȭȕȎțȎȠȎ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȎ.
ǾȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎțȜȠȜ Ȑ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜșțȎȠȎ ȘțȖȑȎ (ȝȞȓ)ȡȥȞȓȒȭȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȜȟțȜȐțȜȠȜ ȦȡȚȓțȟȘȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ ȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȜ Ȗ Ȑ ȠȜȑȎȐȎȦțȖȭ
83
ȝȓȥȎȠ ȘȎȠȜ ȐȎȔțȜ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȜ ȟȨȏȖȠȖȓ: „ǱȞȎȒȨȠ țȖ ȟȎ ȟȒȜȏȖ Ȑȓȥȓ ȟ
ȜțȜȐȎ ȟȐȭȠȜ ȕȎȐȓȒȓțȖȓ, ȘȜȓȠȜ țȎȞȖȥȎȚȓ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ – țȓȧȜ, ȘȜȓ-
ȠȜ ȜȠȐȎȞȭ țȜȐȎ ȓȝȜȣȎ Ȑ țȎȦȖȗ ȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȘȜȓȠȜ Ȝȧȓ ȚȖ ȒȎȐȎ ȑȜșȭȚȎ
țȎȒȓȔȒȎ ȕȎțȎȝȞȓȒ, ȕȎȧȜȠȜ ȑșȓȒȎȚ, ȥȓ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȚșȎȒȓȔȖ țȎ ȞȎȒȜ
ȟȨȞȤȓ ȐȕȓȚȎȠ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ Ȑ țȓȑȜ, ȘȎȠȜ ȟȓ ȕȎȝȖȟȐȎȠ [ȕȎ] ȥșȓțȜȐȓ.
ȁȐȓȞȭȐȎȚ ǰȖ, ȑ-ț ȞȓȒȎȘȠȜȞȓ, ȥȓ țȖȘȎȘ țȓ ȟȓ țȎȒȓȭȣ, ȧȜȠȜ țȎ-
ȦȖȠȓ ȚșȎȒȓȔȖ ȠȨȗ ȟȘȜȞȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȨȑșȎȟȭȠ ȒȡȣȜȚ Ȗ ȒȓșȜȚ. ȅȖȠȎ-
șȖȧțȜȠȜ țȎȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ȝȞȓȒșȜȔȖ țȎ ȥșȓțȜȐȓȠȓ ȒȎ ȟȠȎȐȎȠ ȜȠ
ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȐȞȓȚȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȓțȖȭ Ȑ ȝȜșȕȎ țȎ ȘȎȟȎȠȎ. Ƕ ȠȨȗ, ȟȝȜ-
ȞȓȒ ȜȒȜȏȞȓțȖȓȠȜ ȖȚ, ȠȡȘȎ ȟȠȎțȎȣȎ ȒȐȓ ȠȎȘȐȖȕȖ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȓțȖȭ,
țȎ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȟȠȓȥȓ ȠȐȨȞȒȓ ȚțȜȑȜ țȎȞȜȒ. ǿȓȑȎ ȝȨȘ ȑȜȠȐȖȚ ȒȎ
ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȚ ȠȞȎȑȓȒȖȭȠȎ „[ǺțȜȑȜȟȠȞȎȒȎșțȎ] ǱȓțȜȐȓȐȎ“, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȓ
țȎȒȓȓȚ ȒȎ ȟȝȜșȡȥȖ ȒȜȏȞȓ“17. ȄȖȠȖȞȎțȎȠȎ ȒȜȝȖȟȘȎ ȓ ȟȨȟȠȎȐȓțȎ
ȏȡȘȐȎșțȜ ȒȐȎ ȚȓȟȓȤȎ ȟșȓȒ ȜȢȖȤȖȎșțȜȠȜ (ȝȞȓ)ȡȥȞȓȒȭȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ. Ȁȭ ȓ ȭȟțȜ ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȜ, ȥȓ ȐȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȘȞȎȠȘȖȭ ȟȞȜȘ,
ȝȜȒțȜȐȓțȜȠȜ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȜ ȟȞȓȒȖȧȓ Ȑȓȥȓ ȓ ȟȨȏȞȎșȜ ȚțȜȑȜ ȑȜșȭȚȎ
ȝȜȝȡșȭȞțȜȟȠ, ȞȓȎșȖȕȖȞȎșȜ ȓ ȒȐȓ ȠȓȎȠȞȎșțȖ ȝȜȟȠȎțȜȐȘȖ Ȗ ȖȚȎ
ȕțȎȥȖȚȖ ȝșȎțȜȐȓ ȕȎ ȏȨȒȓȧȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ.
ǰ ǲȨȞȔȎȐȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ – ȆȡȚȓț ȓ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȎ Ȝȧȓ ȓȒțȎ ȝȞȜȠȜ-
ȘȜșțȎ ȘțȖȑȎ ȜȠ ȞȎțțȖȭ ȓȠȎȝ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧțȜȠȜ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ18. ǰ
țȓȭ ȟȎ ȐȝȖȟȎțȖ țȭȘȜȖ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜșȖ ȜȠ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ țȎ țȎȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠ-
ȐȜȠȜ ȝȞȓȕ 70-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ. ǻȎșȖȥțȖ ȟȎ Ȗ ȜȢȖȤȖȎșțȖ
ȝȞȓȝȖȟȖ ȜȠ ȡȟȠȎȐȎ, ȝȞȓȞȎȏȜȠȓț ȝȞȓȕ 1870 ȑ., ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȜȠ ȝȞȎ-
ȐȖșțȖȘȎ ȕȎ ȐȨȠȞȓȦțȖȭ ȞȓȒ țȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȭȠȎ. ȁȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȓțȖ-
Ƞȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȟȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓțȖ ȟ ȐȓȧȖțȎ Ȗ ȟȠȎȞȎțȖȓ. ǰ Ƞȭȣ ȟȎ
ȕȎȏȞȎțȓțȖ „ȝȜșȖȠȖȥȓȟȘȖȠȓ Ȗ ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖ ȞȎȕȖȟȘȐȎțȖȭ“, ȝȜȕ-
ȐȜșȓțȜ ȓ ȏȓȕȝșȎȠțȜ ȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ țȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȡȥȓțȖȤȖ,
ȕȎȏȞȎțȭȐȎ ȟȓ ȝȖȓțȓȠȜ țȎ ȎșȘȜȣȜș Ȗ ȒȜȝȡȟȘȎțȓȠȜ țȎ șȖȤȎ Ȑ
țȓȠȞȓȕȐȜ ȟȨȟȠȜȭțȖȓ. ǿȠȞȜȑȖ ȟȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȖȟȎțȖȭȠȎ ȜȠțȜȟțȜ țȓȜȏ-
ȣȜȒȖȚȜȟȠȠȎ ȒȓȏȎȠȖȠȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȐȜȒȭȠ ȐȨȕȝȖȠȎțȜ Ȗ ȏȓȕ șȖȥțȖ ȜȏȖ-
ȒȖ. ǵȎȒȎȒȓțȖ ȟȎ ȭȟțȖ ȝȞȎȐȖșȎ țȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥțȎȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ
(Avramov 2006, 180 – 191). ǽȞȓȒȐȖȒȓțȖ ȟȎ Ȗ țȭȘȜȖ ȜȠ ȞȓȑșȎ-
ȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧțȖȭ ȏȬȒȔȓȠ.
ǿȞȎȐțȖȠȓșțȜ ȒȜȏȞȜȠȜ ȢȖțȎțȟȜȐȜ ȟȨȟȠȜȭțȖȓ țȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡ-
ȤȖȭȠȎ Ȑ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ 1871 – 1877 ȑ. ȒȎȐȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȝȡȟ-
ȘȎȠ ȕȎȓȚȖ țȎ ȑȞȎȔȒȎțȟȘȖ șȖȤȎ, ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȒȝȜȚȎȑȎ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȎȠȎ
ȜȏȧȖțȎ Ȗ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȖȕȝȞȎȠȭȠ ȝȎȞȖ țȎ ǺȎȘȓȒȜțȟȘȎȠȎ ȒȞȡȔȖțȎ Ȑ
ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ, ȥȞȓȕ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȝȜȒȝȜȚȎȑȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎ-
84
ȞȖȠȓ Ȑ ȬȑȜȕȎȝȎȒțȎȠȎ ȥȎȟȠ țȎ ȠȜȑȎȐȎȦțȎȠȎ țȖ ȓȠțȖȥȓȟȘȎ Ƞȓ-
ȞȖȠȜȞȖȭ. ǽȞȓȕ ȓȟȓțȠȎ țȎ 1876 ȑ. ȟȎ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȓțȖ 5550 ȑȞȜȦȎ
țȎ ȔȓțȟȘȜȠȜ ȒȞȡȔȓȟȠȐȜ Ȑ ȆȡȚȓț, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȖȞȎ ȜȏșȖȥȎ-
țȓȠȜ Ȗ ȖȕȣȞȎțȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȓȤȎ, ȝȜȟȠȞȎȒȎșȖ ȜȠ țȎȟȖșȖȭȠȎ ȟșȓȒ
ǮȝȞȖșȟȘȜȠȜ ȐȨȟȠȎțȖȓ. ǿȓȞȖȜȕțȖ ȟȎ ȖțȐȓȟȠȖȤȖȖȠȓ Ȑ ȠȓȎȠȞȎș-
țȎȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ, ȐȘș. ȞȓȘȐȖȕȖȠ Ȗ ȝȜȝȡșȭȞȖȕȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȝȜȟȠȎțȜȐ-
ȘȖ. ǰȝȞȜȥȓȚ, ȝȞȓȕ ȐȖȕȖȞȎțȖȭ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȠȓȎȠȨȞȨȠ ȜȟȖ-
ȑȡȞȭȐȎ țȎȗ-ȕțȎȥȖȚȖȠȓ ȝȞȖȣȜȒȖ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǮȞȣȎțȑȓș ǺȖ-
ȣȎȖș“. ȄȭșȜȟȠțȖȭȠ ȝȜȑșȓȒ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎțȖȠȓ Ȑ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎ-
ȠȎȠȎ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜșțȎ ȘțȖȑȎ ȒȎțțȖ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎ, ȥȓ ȜȠ ȐȨȕȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎ-
țȓȠȜ Țȡ ȝȞȓȕ 1869 ȑ. ȒȜ ȜȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȎ ȜȠ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎ
ȐșȎȟȠ ȝȞȓȕ 1878 ȑ. ȦȡȚȓțȟȘȜȠȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǮȞȣȎțȑȓș ǺȖȣȎ-
Ȗș“ ȓ ȐȜȒȓȧȎ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȎ ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȎ ȟȞȓȒ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ, ȞȎȕȐȖȐȎșȎ
ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ ȘȎȠȜ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ Ȗ ȥȖȠȎșțȭ, ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȖȞȎșȎ ȝȜȥȠȖ
ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȠȓȎȠȞȎșțȖ Ȗ ȚȡȕȖȘȎșțȖ ȝȜȟȠȎțȜȐȘȖ, ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎșȎ
ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȜȑȞȎȚȜȠȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȓȧȖ ȬțȜȦȖ Ȗ țȎ ȐȨȕ-
ȞȎȟȠțȖ ȥȞȓȕ țȓȒȓșțȜȠȜ ȟȖ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ.
ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȨȠ, ȜȏȓȘȠ țȎ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȎȠȎ ȟȠȎȠȖȭ, ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎ ȝȜȒ-
ȞȜȏțȖ ȟȝȖȟȨȤȖ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧțȖȠȓ ȥșȓțȜȐȓ ȕȎ 1870, 1871 Ȗ 1872
ȑ. ǼȠ Ƞȭȣ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȭȟțȜ, ȥȓ ȒȜ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖȭ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ ȥșȓțȜ-
ȐȓȠȓ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ ȒȜȟȠȖȑȎȠ ȒȜ 230 ȒȡȦȖ. Ȁȓ ȟȎ ȟȎȚȜ ȚȨȔȓ Ȗ
ȟȎȚȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ. ǼȠȘȞȜȭȐȎȠ ȟȓ ȖȚȓțȎȠȎ țȎ ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ ǸȜțȟȠȎț-
ȠȖțȜȐ, ȀȜȒȜȞ ǲȔȎȏȎȞȜȐ, ȀȜȒȜȞ ǯȎȗȥȓȐ, ǻȖȘȜșȎ ǽȎȠȜȓȐ, ǺȎ-
ȠȬ ǾȎȥȓȐ, ȃȎȞȎșȎț ǺȎȞȘȜȐ, ȃȎȞȎșȎț ǮțȑȓșȜȐ, ǴȓȥȘȜ ǽȜȝȜȐ,
ȀȜȒȜȞ ǽȜȝȜȐ Ȗ ȒȞ. ǽȜ ȒȎțțȖ țȎ ȚȓȟȠțȖȠȓ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȖ, ȐȜ-
ȒȓȧȖȠȓ ȒȓȗȤȖ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ ȟȎ ȚșȎȒȖ ȚȨȔȓ ȜȠ ȟȞȓȒțȜȠȜ Ȗ
ȕȎȚȜȔțȜ ȟȨȟșȜȐȖȓ – ȡȥȖȠȓșȖ, ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ, șȓȘȎȞȖ, ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȖ.
ȅȎȟȠ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȟȎ ȝȞȖȜȏȧȓțȖ ȘȨȚ ȞȓȐȜșȬȤȖȜțțȖȭ ȘȜȚȖȠȓȠ, ȟȨȕ-
ȒȎȒȓț Ȗ ȡȠȐȨȞȒȓț Ȑ ȆȡȚȓț ȝȞȓȕ 1870 – 1871 ȑ. ǽȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ
ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȝȞȓȒȣȜȒțȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȖ țȎ țȎȤȖȜțȎșțȜȞȓȐȜșȬȤȖ-
ȜțțȜȠȜ ȒȐȖȔȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ ȜȠ ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎ țȎ 70-Ƞȓ ȑȜ-
ȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ ȟȎ ȘȎȠȓȑȜȞȖȥțȖ, ȥȓ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǮȞȣȎțȑȓș
ǺȖȣȎȖș“ ȓ Ȗ ȝȞȖȘȞȖȠȖȓ țȎ ȚȓȟȠțȖȭ ȞȓȐȜșȬȤȖȜțȓț ȘȜȚȖȠȓȠ
(Nedev 2004, 202; Ignatovski 2011, 198). ǻȓȞȭȒȘȜ ȠȜ ȓ ȖȕȝȜșȕ-
ȐȎțȜ ȕȎ ȘȜțȟȝȖȞȎȠȖȐțȖ ȟȞȓȧȖ, Ȏ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ șȖȒȓȞȖȠȓ Țȡ ȖȕȝȜș-
ȕȐȎȠ ȠȓȎȠȞȎșțȎȠȎ Ȗ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥțȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȝȜȒȒȨȞȔȎȠ Ȗ
ȞȎȕȦȖȞȭȐȎȠ ȘȜțȠȎȘȠȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȟ ȞȓȎșțȖ Ȗ ȝȜȠȓțȤȖȎșțȖ ȝȞȖ-
ȐȨȞȔȓțȖȤȖ țȎ ȞȓȐȜșȬȤȖȜțțȜȠȜ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȓ (ǿȠȎțȓȐ 1858, 27).
85
ǼȟȐȓț ȟȝȖȟȨȤȖ țȎ ȥșȓțȜȐȓ, ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜșȖȞȎțȖ ȞȓȦȓțȖȭ ȕȎ
ȟȨȟȠȎȐȎ țȎ ȖȕȏȖȞȎțȜȠȜ ȐȟȭȘȎ ȑȜȒȖțȎ țȎȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȜ, „ǲțȓȐ-
țȖȘ“-ȨȠ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ ȝȎȕȖ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȝȓȥȎȠȎ țȎ Ȗțȟ-
ȠȖȠȡȤȖȭȠȎ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȓ ȝȜșȜȔȓț țȎ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȚȓȟȠȎ. ȀȜȗ ȓ ȘȞȨȑȨș
ȟ țȎȒȝȖȟ „ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ Ȑ ȆȡȚȓț“ ȜȘȜșȜ ȟȖȚȐȜșțȜ
ȖȕȜȏȞȎȔȓțȖȓ țȎ ȎȞȣȎțȑȓș ǺȖȣȎȖș. ǿȎȚȖȭȠ ȝȓȥȎȠ țȓ ȓ ȕȎȝȎ-
ȕȓț, țȜ ȜȠȝȓȥȎȠȨȤȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ȕȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȜțȎșțȎ
ȘȡșȠȡȞȎ țȎ ȞȨȘȜȐȜȒȟȠȐȜȠȜ. ǰ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎ ȟȎ țȎșȖȥțȖ Ȗ țȭȘȜș-
ȘȜ ȟȝȖȟȨȘȎ țȎ ȘțȖȑȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȒȎȞȭȐȎțȖ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧțȎȠȎ
ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ. ǽȖȟȎȞȖȠȓ ȖȕȞȖȥțȜ ȟȎ ȝȜȟȜȥȖșȖ ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȎȞȖ-
Ƞȓșȭ, ȘȎȠȜ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎȠ Ȗ ȏȞȜȭ țȎ ȓȘȕȓȚȝșȭȞȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȓȒțȜ ȖșȖ
ȒȞȡȑȜ ȖȕȒȎțȖȓ. ǻȎșȖȥȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȜȠ ȓȒȖț ȓȘȕȓȚȝșȭȞ ȜȠ
ȡȥȓȏțȖ ȘțȖȑȖ ȝȜȒȟȘȎȕȐȎ, ȥȓ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭȠȎ ȟȎ ȝȜșȕȐȎțȖ ȕȎ ȡȥȖ-
șȖȧțȖ țȡȔȒȖ – ȓȐȓțȠȡȎșțȜ țȎ ȏȓȒțȖȠȓ ȒȓȤȎ. ǼȠȒȓșțȜ ȜȠ ȒȎ-
ȞȖȠȓșȟȘȖȭ ȟȝȖȟȨȘ ȓ țȎȝȞȎȐȓț Ȗ ȟȝȖȟȨȘ, țȎȞȓȥȓț „ǸȎȠȎșȜȑ țȎ
ȥȖȠȎșȖȧțȖȠȓ ȘțȖȑȖ“ (ș. 23 – 27). ǰ ȘȎȠȎșȜȑȎ ȟȎ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎ-
țȖ 394 „ȘțȖȑȖ“, țȭȘȜȖ ȜȠ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎȠ ȓȒȖțȖȥțȖ
ȏȞȜȓȐȓ țȎ ȖȕșȖȕȎȧȖ ȝȜ ȠȜȐȎ ȐȞȓȚȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȟȝȖȟȎțȖȭ. Ȁȓ
ȟȎ ȜȟțȜȐțȜ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ Ȗ ȟȎ ȞȎȕțȜȜȏȞȎȕțȖ ȝȜ ȠȓȚȎȠȖȘȎ
Ȗ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ – ȝȞȓȐȜȒțȖ ȞȜȚȎțȖ, ȡȥȓȏțȎ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎ, ȝȓȞȖ-
ȜȒȖȘȎ, șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎ ȟ ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ, țȎȡȥțȜȝȜȝȡ-
șȭȞțȖ ȜȥȓȞȤȖ Ȗ ȒȞ. ǸȞȎȠȘȖȠȓ ȜȝȖȟȎțȖȭ ȟȎ ȝȞȓȥȘȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ țȎȝ-
ȞȎȐȖ ȤȭșȜȟȠțȎ ȐȨȕȟȠȎțȜȐȘȎ țȎ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧ-
țȎȠȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ, țȜ Ȑ țȎȗ-Ȝȏȧ ȝșȎț ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȖȓȚȓ, ȥȓ
ȠȓȕȖ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ ȓ ȏȖșȎ ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȜȓȕȖȥțȎ, ȞȎȕțȜȜȏ-
ȞȎȕțȎ Ȗ ȜȟțȜȐțȜ ȜȞȖȓțȠȖȞȎțȎ ȘȨȚ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖȠȓ țȡȔȒȖ
țȎ ȚșȎȒȜȠȜ ȝȜȘȜșȓțȖȓ. ǻȎșȖȥȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȕțȎȥȖȚ ȏȞȜȗ ȘțȖȑȖ Ȑ
ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ ȓ Ȗ ȓȒțȎ ȜȠ ȝȞȓȒȝȜȟȠȎȐȘȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȓȠȜ ȒȜ
țȎȦȖ ȒțȖ țȎ ȓȒțȎ ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȘȜșȓȘȤȖȖ ȜȠ
ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȖ ȘțȖȑȖ, ȜȏȑȞȖȔȐȎțȖ ȜȠ ȦȡȚȓțȟȘȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡ-
ȤȖȖ țȎ ȝȎȚȓȠȠȎ – ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎȠȎ, ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȎȠȎ, Țȡȕȓȭ, ȎȞȣȖȐȎ,
ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȎ. ǿȞȓȒ țȎȒșȓȔțȜ ȜȝȖȟȎțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȝȞȜȡȥȓțȖ ȜȠ ȓȘȟ-
ȝȓȞȠȖȠȓ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ ȟȎ țȎșȖȥțȖ Ȗ ȠȎȘȖȐȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ țȜȟȭȠ ȝȓȥȎȠȎ
țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǮȞȣȎțȑȓș ǺȖȣȎȖș“ ȜȠ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȟȘȖȭ
ȝȓȞȖȜȒ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȧȓ Ȟȓȥȓ ȥȓ ȠȓȕȖ ȘțȖȑȖ ȟȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȞȎțțȖȭ
ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥȓț ȢȜțȒ țȎ ȝȞȜȟȐȓȠțȜȠȜ ȟȞȓȒȖȧȓ (Borisova 2005).
ǸȎȘȠȜ ȐȟȭȘȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ Ȑ țȎȦȓțȟȘȖ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭ, ȥȖ-
ȠȎșȖȧțȎȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ țȎ „ȑȜȞțȜȚȎȣșȓțȤȖ“ țȓ ȝȞȓȚȖțȎȐȎ ȏȓȕȝ-
86
ȞȜȏșȓȚțȜ. ȅȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȚȓȚȜȎȞțȖȠȓ ȖȕȠȜȥțȖȤȖ ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎȠ ȕȎ
țȎȝȞȓȔȓțȖȭ ȟȞȓȒ ȞȨȘȜȐȜȒȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȝȜ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȟȘȖ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȖ.
ǺȜȚȓțȠțȖȠȓ ȕȎȠȞȡȒțȓțȖȭ Ȑ ȣȜȒȎ țȎ ȡȥȖșȖȧțȖȠȓ ȒȓșȎ ȟȨȧȜ
ȒȎȐȎȠ ȘȜȟȐȓțȜ ȜȠȞȎȔȓțȖȓ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȖțȎȥȓ ȟȝȜȘȜȗțȎȠȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧ-
țȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ. ǿȝȜȚȓțȎȠȖȠȓ ȜȏȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȎ ȟȎ ȖțȠȓȞȝȞȓȠȖȞȎțȖ Ȑ
ȒȜȝȖȟȘȎ ȜȠ ȑȞȎȒȎ, ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȎ ȝȞȓȕ șȭȠȜȠȜ țȎ 1871 ȑ. Ȑ ȟȠȜ-
șȖȥțȖȭ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ „ȀȡȞȤȖȭ“. ǻȎȝȖȟȎț ȜȥȓȐȖȒțȜ ȜȠ ȒȜȏȞȓ ȕȎ-
ȝȜȕțȎȠ ȟ ȦȡȚȓțȟȘȖȠȓ ȒȓșȎ ȚȓȟȠȓț ȏȨșȑȎȞȖț, ȠȓȘȟȠȨȠ ȑȜȐȜȞȖ
ȕȎ „țȓȟȨȑșȎȟȖȭ“ Ȗ ȘȞȎȚȜșȖ ȟȞȓȒ ȞȨȘȜȐȜȒȟȠȐȎȠȎ țȎ ȜȏȧȖțȎȠȎ
Ȗ țȎ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎȠȎ. ǻȓ ȟȎ ȝȜȒȚȖțȎȠȖ Ȗ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȎȠȎ. ǽȜȟȜȥȓțȜ
ȓ, ȥȓ „ȑȜȞțȜȠȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ ȖȚȎ ȕȎ ȟȓȏȓ ȟȖ ȝȜ-ȐȖȟȜȘȎ ȖȒȓȭ, ȠȨȗ
ȘȎȠȜ Ȑ țȓȑȜ ȟȎ ȟȠȞȡȝȎțȖ ȖțȠȓșȖȑȓțȤȖȭȠȎ Ȗ ȚșȎȒȓȔȠȎ țȎ ȑȞȎ-
ȒȎ“. ȀȜ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȓ ȜȐșȎȒȭțȜ ȜȠ „ȏȓȕȞȓȒțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȎțȎȞȣȖȭ“. ǻȎȟȠȜȭ-
ȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ Ȗ ȞȓȒȜȐȖȠȓ ȥșȓțȜȐȓ ȟȖ ȞȎȕȚȓțȭȠ ȜȏȐȖțȓțȖȭ ȕȎ
ȝȞȖȥȖțȖȠȓ, ȒȜȐȓșȖ ȒȜ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȨȟȠȜȭțȖȓ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȎȐȠȜȞȎ, ȜȠȑȜ-
ȐȜȞțȜȟȠȠȎ ȓ țȎ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȎțȑȎȔȖȞȎțȖ ȟ ȐȖȟȜȘȎȠȎ Șȡș-
ȠȡȞțȎ ȚȖȟȖȭ19. ǽȞȖ Ȑȟȓ ȥȓ ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎ ȝȜȕțȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȒȓșȎȠȎ Ȑ
ȑȞȎȒȎ, ȤȖȠȖȞȎțȎȠȎ ȟȠȎȠȖȭ țȓ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠȖȕȖȞȎ ȜȏȐȖțȓțȖȭȠȎ
ȟȞȓȧȡ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧțȖȠȓ ȒȓȭȠȓșȖ. ǻȓ ȒȎȐȎ Ȗ ȝȞȖȚȓȞȖ ȕȎ țȓȡȟȝȓ-
ȣȖ Ȑ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȖȚ. ǽȜ ȠȎȕȖ ȝȞȖȥȖțȎ ȭ ȝȞȖȓȚȎȚ ȘȎȠȜ ȥȎȟȠțȜ
ȚțȓțȖȓ țȎ ȚȓȟȠȓț ȒȓȓȤ – ȞȓȐțȖȠȓș țȎ ȝȞȜȟȐȓȠȎȠȎ Ȗ ȘȡșȠȡȞȎ-
ȠȎ, țȜ ȟȘșȜțȓț ȘȨȚ ȝȞȓȡȐȓșȖȥȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȓȟȠȓȟȠȐȓțȖȠȓ ȐȨȠ-
ȞȓȦțȖ ȝȞȜȠȖȐȜȞȓȥȖȭ, țȎșȖȥțȖ ȐȨȐ ȐȟȭȘȜ ȕțȎȥȖȚȜ țȎȥȖțȎ-
țȖȓ, ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȖȞȎțȜ ȜȠ ȑȜșȓȚȖ ȑȞȡȝȖ ȟȨȚȖȦșȓțȖȤȖ.
ȂȎȘȠȨȠ, ȥȓ Ȑ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȖȭ ȟșȡȥȎȗ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȒȡȚȎ ȕȎ ȟȡȏȓȘȠȖȐ-
țȜ ȚțȓțȖȓ, țȎȚȖȞȎ ȖȕȞȎȕ Ȑ ȏȓȕȟȝȜȞțȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȎ
ȑșȓȒțȎ ȠȜȥȘȎ ȒȎțțȖ ȕȎ ȏșȎȑȜȠȐȜȞȖȠȓșțȎȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ țȎ ȥȖȠȎ-
șȖȧȓȠȜ ȟșȓȒ ǮȝȞȖșȟȘȜȠȜ ȐȨȟȠȎțȖȓ, ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȟȎ ȜȠȒȓșȓțȖ ȕțȎ-
ȥȖȠȓșțȖ ȟȡȚȖ ȕȎ ȝȜȒȝȜȚȎȑȎțȓ țȎ ȒȓȤȎ ȜȠ ȒȞȡȑȖ țȎȟȓșȓțȖ
ȚȓȟȠȎ, ȥȖȖȠȜ ȞȜȒȖȠȓșȖ ȟȎ ȕȎȑȖțȎșȖ ȖșȖ ȖȕȥȓȕțȎșȖ Ȑ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ
țȎ ȞȎȕȚȖȞȖȤȖȠȓ. ǿȨȧȜ ȠȎȘȎ ȟȎ țȎșȖȥțȖ ȏȓȕȟȝȜȞțȖ ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓș-
ȟȠȐȎ ȕȎ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȎȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ Ȑ ȝȜȚȜȧ țȎ ȏȓȒ-
țȖ ȡȥȓțȖȤȖ, ȕȎ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȕȎȘȡȝȡȐȎțȖ ȡȥȓȏțȖȤȖ, ȒȞȓȣȖ Ȗ ȝȜ-
ȚȎȑȎșȎ (Stanchev 1958, 26). ǼȟȜȏȓțȜ ȭȞȘȎ Ȗ ȟȎȚȜȜȠȐȓȞȔȓțȎ ȓ
ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧțȖȠȓ ȥșȓțȜȐȓ Ȑ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ 1878 ȑ.,
ȘȜȑȎȠȜ Ƞȓ ȜȠȒȓșȭȠ ȕțȎȥȖȠȓșțȎ ȝȎȞȖȥțȎ ȟȡȚȎ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȚțȜȑȜ
ȡȟȖșȖȭ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȝȜȒȝȜȚȜȑțȎȠ ȏȓȔȎțȤȖȠȓ ȜȠ ǼȚȡȞȠȎȑ Ȗ ȀȨȞȑȜ-
ȐȖȧȓ (ǽȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ 3). ȀȓȕȖ ȜȏȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȎ ȞȎȕȦȖȞȭȐȎȠ ȥȖȠȎ-
87
șȖȧțȎȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ ȒȎșȓȥ ȜȠȐȨȒ ȝȞȜȟȐȓȠȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ, ȒȓȚȜțȟȠ-
ȞȖȞȎȗȘȖ ȝȜ ȡȏȓȒȖȠȓșȓț țȎȥȖț, ȥȓ ȚȜȒȓȞțȖȠȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ Ȗțȟ-
ȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ, ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȖȞȎțȖ ȜȘȜșȜ ȕțȎȥȖȚȖ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖ ȖȒȓȎșȖ,
ȖȚȎȠ ȟȖșȎȠȎ Ȗ ȔȖȕțȓțȜȟȠȠȎ ȒȎ ȠȐȜȞȭȠ țȜȐȖ ȘȜțȟȠȞȡȘȠȖȐțȖ
ȢȜȞȚȖ țȎ ȟȜȤȖȎșȓț ȖțȠȓȑȞȖȠȓȠ.
ǼȏȕȜȞȨȠ țȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖȠȓ ȜȏȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȎ, ȝȞȖ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȞȓȕ
1869 ȑ. ȓȒțȜ ȜȠ ȝȨȞȐȖȠȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȎ ȐȨȕȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎ
ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ ȟȖ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȞȎȕȦȖȞȖ ȐșȖȭțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȘțȖȔȜȐțȜȟȠȠȎ, ȠȓȎ-
ȠȨȞȎ, ȚȡȕȖȘȎȠȎ Ȗ ȕțȎțȖȓȠȜ Ȑ ȠȜȑȎȐȎȦțȜȠȜ ȦȡȚȓțȟȘȜ ȐȟȓȘȖȒțȓ-
ȐȖȓ, ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎ ȝȜ țȓȒȐȡȟȚȖȟșȓț țȎȥȖț, ȥȓ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȜȠȜ ȝȞȓ-
ȒȜȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȟȘȜ ȒȓȟȓȠȖșȓȠȖȓ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ ȟȎ țȎșȖȥ-
țȖ ȓșȓȚȓțȠȖȠȓ țȎ ȚȜȒȓȞțȎȠȎ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȘȡșȠȡȞȎ, ȟȨȕȒȎ-
ȐȎȧȖ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭ ȕȎ ȜȠȘȞȖȠȜ Ȗ ȒȓȚȜȘȞȎȠȖȥțȜ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ țȎ Ȗțȟ-
ȠȖȠȡȤȖȭȠȎ. ȁȟȝȜȞȓȒțȜ ȟ ȠȜȐȎ, ȒȜȏȞȜȐȜșțȜȠȜ ȝȞȖȜȏȧȎȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȟȠȜȠȖȤȖ ȚșȎȒȓȔȖ ȘȨȚ țȎȥȖțȎțȖȓȠȜ ȓ ȟȖȑțȎș ȕȎ ȝȜȐȖȦȓțȖȭ
ȝȞȓȟȠȖȔ țȎ țȎȡȘȎȠȎ Ȗ ȖȕȘȡȟȠȐȜȠȜ Ȑ ȓȒțȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȒȜȝ-
ȞȓȒȖ ȒȓȟȓȠȖșȓȠȖȭ ȓ ȏȖșȜ ȖȕȤȭșȜ ȝȜȠȜȝȓțȜ Ȑ ȠȞȎȒȖȤȖȜțțȜȠȜ ȏȖ-
ȠȖȓ, Ȑ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȜȏȟȘȡȞȎțȠȖȕȚȨȠ (ȏȓȕ ȒȎ ȓ țȜȞȚȎ) ȝȞȖȟȨȟȠȐȎ ȟȖșțȜ.
ǲȜȘȜȟȐȎțȓȠȜ ȒȜ ȜȥȓȞȠȎțȎȠȎ ȘȎȞȠȖțȎ ȏȖ ȏȖșȜ țȓȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜ
Ȑ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȎȠȎ ȜȏȣȐȎȠțȜȟȠ, ȎȘȜ țȓ ȏȭȣȎ ȟȓ ȕȎȝȎȕȖșȖ ȒȜ țȎȦȖ
ȒțȖ ȒȐȓȠȓ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜșțȖ ȘțȖȑȖ – „ȒțȓȐțȖȤȖ“ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǮȞ-
ȣȎțȑȓș ǺȖȣȎȖș“, ȜȏȣȐȎȧȎȧȖ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȠȓ 1869 – 1872 ȑ. Ȗ 1869
– 1881 ȑ. ǽȞȖȜȏȧȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȎțțȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȠȓȕȖ ȏȓȕȤȓțțȖ ȎȞ-
ȣȖȐțȖ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖ ȘȨȚ ȟȝȜȚȓțȖȠȓ, ȒȜȝȖȟȘȖȠȓ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ ȖȕȠȜȥ-
țȖȤȖ ȟ ȝȨȞȐȖȥȓț ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞ, ȡȝșȨȠțȭȐȎ ȘȎȞȠȖțȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȜȡȥ-
ȐȎțȖȭ ȢȓțȜȚȓț. ǿȨȧȜ ȠȎȘȎ ȜȠ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ ȓ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȖ-
ȕȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȓȒțȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȒȐȓȠȓ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜșțȖ ȘțȖȑȖ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎ-
ȐȭțȓȠȜ ȖЉ ȕȎ ȟȐȜȏȜȒțȜ ȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ ȜȠ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȖ Ȗ ȝȜȥȖȠȎȠȓ-
șȖ țȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ. ǼȠȐȜȞȓțȖȭȠ ȒȜȟȠȨȝ ȏȖ ȠȞȭȏȐȎșȜ ȒȎ ȜȏȣȐȎțȓ
Ȗ Ȝȧȓ ȥȎȟȠȖ ȜȠ ȏȜȑȎȠȜȠȜ ȎȞȣȖȐțȜ țȎȟșȓȒȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ
„ǮȞȣȎțȑȓș ǺȖȣȎȖș“ / „ǲȜȏȞȖ ǰȜȗțȖȘȜȐ“, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȦȖȞȖ
ȒȜȟȠȨȝȨȠ ȒȜ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȜȠȜ țȎȟșȓȒȟȠȐȜ țȎ ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ, ȜȟȜȏȓ-
țȜ ȝȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȠȎȘȨȐ ȐȎȔȓț ȕȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ Ȝȏ-
ȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșȓț Ȗ ȘȡșȠȡȞȓț ȤȓțȠȨȞ ȘȎȠȜ ȑȞȎȒ ȆȡȚȓț.
ǰȚȓȟȠȜ ȕȎȘșȬȥȓțȖȓ ȟȓ ȐȞȨȧȎȚ ȘȨȚ ȒȡȚȖȠȓ țȎ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ țȎȗ-
ȎȐȠȜȞȖȠȓȠțȖȠȓ ȦȡȚȓțȟȘȖ ȝȓȒȎȑȜȕȖ, ȝȞȖȓȚțȖȤȖ țȎ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓț-
ȤȖȠȓ ǶȐȎț ǺȜșșȜȐ (1868 – 1953) (Ignatovski 2011, 486). ǰ ȟȝȜ-
ȚȓțȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȝȜ ȠȓȚȎȠȎ, ȕȎȝȖȟȎțȖ ȝȞȓȕ 1898 ȑ., ȠȜȗ ȜȏȜȏȧȎȐȎ:
88
„ȅȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ „ǮȞȣȎțȑȓș ǺȖȣȎȖș“ ȓ ȏȖșȜ ȓȒțȖȥȘȜȠȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ, ȜȠ
ȘȜȓȠȜ ȑȞȎȔȒȎțȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȚȜȑșȓ ȒȎ ȝȜȥȓȞȝȭȠ ȒȡȣȜȐțȎ ȘȡșȠȡȞȎ. ǻȓ-
ȑȜȐȎȠȎ ȥȖȠȎșțȭ Ȑ ȝȞȎȕțȖȥțȖ ȒțȖ ȓ ȟșȡȔȖșȎ ȕȎ ȚțȜȑȜȏȞȜȗțȖ
țȎȡȥțȖ, ȐȨȕȝȖȠȎȠȓșțȖ, ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȟȨȏȞȎțȖȭ, ȐȓȥȓȞȖț-
ȘȖ, ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȓțȖȭ Ȗ ȒȞ. ǽȞȓȕ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȒȖȠȓșțȎȠȎ ȐȜȗțȎ ȥȖȠȎ-
șȖȧȓȠȜ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȖȞȎșȜ ȝȜȚȜȧ țȎ ȕȎȏȓȑțȎșȖȠȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ ȜȠ ǳȟȘȎ
ǲȔȡȚȎȭ (ȀȨȞȑȜȐȖȧȓ) Ȗ ȜȘȜșțȖȠȓ ȟȓșȎ. ȀȜ ȟȨȏȖȞȎșȜ Ȗ ȒȎȐȎșȜ
ȝȜȚȜȧȖ țȎ ȒȜȏȞȖ Ȗ ȟȝȜȟȜȏțȖ ȏȓȒțȖ ȡȥȓțȖȤȖ. ȅȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ ȐȖ-
țȎȑȖ ȓ ȜȏȓȒȖțȭȐȎșȜ ȖțȠȓșȖȑȓțȤȖȭȠȎ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ Ȗ ȠȐȨȞȒȓ ȚțȜȑȜ ȓ
ȒȜȝȞȖțȓȟșȜ ȕȎ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȜȠȜ Țȡ ȖȕȒȖȑȎțȓ“ (Stanchev 1958, 264).
1. „ǽȞȖȕȜȐȎȐȎțȖȓ“ – ȜȏȞȨȧȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ȖțȖȤȖȎȠȖȐțȖȭ ȘȜȚȖȠȓȠ ȕȎ

ȐȨȕȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ, ȆȡȚȓț, 1 ȟȓȝȠȓȚȐȞȖ 1869
ǽȞȖȕȜȐȎȐȎțȖȓ
ǱȜȟȝȜȒȎ ȑȞȎȔȒȎțȖ,
ǻȡȔȒȎȠȎ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȡȟȠȞȜȖ ȖȕțȜȐȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ țȖ (ȘȜȓȠȜ
ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȦȓ ȝȞȓȒȖ, ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȝȜȥȠȖ Ȗȕ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ țȖȘȎȘ țȓ
ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȣȎ [ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȎ]), ȡȟȓȧȎ ȟȓ ȟ ȓțȠȡȟȖȎȕȨȚ ȡ ȐȟȭȘȜȑȜ
ȜȠ țȎȟ; Ȗ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȓ ȒȜȘȎȕȐȎ ȜȠ ȞȎȕȝȎșȓțȜȠȜ ȔȓșȎțȖȓ țȎ ȐȟȭȘ[Ȝȗ]
– ȚșȎȒ Ȗ ȟȠȎȞ. ǽȞȜȥȓȓ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȠȖȑțȓ ȔȓșȎțȖȓȠȜ țȖ, ȠȜ ȟȓ
țȡȔȒȎȓȚ ȜȠ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎș (ȝȎȞȖ), Ȏ ȕȎ ȒȎ ȟȭ ȟȒȜȏȖȓȚ ȟ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎș,
țȓȖȕȏȓȔțȜ țȡȔțȖ ȟȎ țȎȦȖȠȓ ȟȝȜȚȜȧȓȟȠȐȜȐȎțȖȭ. ȀȜȐȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȓ
ȠȨȗ, ȑȜȟȝȜȒȎ, ȏșȎȑȜȐȜșȓȠȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȕȎȝȖȦȓȠȓ ȥșȓț Ȗ ȐȨȕȜȏțȜȐȖ-
Ƞȓș țȎ Ƞȡȗ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ.
ǱȜȒȖȦțȎȠȎ ȝșȎȠȎ, ȚȭȟȠȜȠȜ, ȑȒȓȠȜ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȓ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ
Ȗ ȡȟȠȎȐȨȠ Țȡ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȑȞȖȔȎ țȎ ȑȜȟȝȜȒȎ ȥșȓțȜȐȓȠȓ țȎ ȅȖȠȎ-
șȖȧțȎȠȎ ȘȜȚȖȟȖȭ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȧȓ ȟȓ ȖȕȏȓȞȓ ȜȠ ȑȜȟȝȜȒȎ ȥșȓțȜȐȓȠȓ
țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ.
ȆȡȚȓț, 1 ȟȓȝȠȓȚȐȞȖ 1869 ȑ.
[ǲȜȏȎȐȘȎ ȜȠ ȎȐȠȜȞȖȠȓ]: ǵȎȟȓȑȎ ȑȜȒȖȦțȎȠȎ ȝșȎȠȎ ȟȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭ
ȝȜ ȒȐȓ ȏȓșȖ ȚȓȒȔȖȒȖȓȠȎ, Ȏ ȒȜȏȞȜȐȜșțȖȠȓ ȟȝȜȚȜȧȓȟȠȐȜȐȎțȖȭ
ȟȎ țȓȜȑȞȎțȖȥȓțȖ Ȗ ȕȎȠȡȗ ȝșȎȠȎȠȎ ȧȓ ȟȓ ȒȜȏȖȐȎ ȝȜ ȓȒȖț ȏȖșȓȠ
ȟ țȎȒȝȖȟ ȜȠ ȘȎȟȖȓȞȖțȎ ǻ[ȖȘȜșȎ] ǽȎȠȜȓȐ Ȗ ȜȠ ȝȖȟȎȞȖțȎ
Ǯ[țȒȜț] ȍțȓȐ.
ǲǮ – ȆȡȚȓț, Ȣ. 33Ǹ, Ȝȝ. 4, Ȏ.ȓ. 1, ș. 1.
89
2. ȁȟȠȎȐ ȕȎ ȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ
Ȑ ȆȡȚȓț,
ȡȠȐȨȞȒȓț ȜȠ ȡȥȞȓȒȖȠȓșțȜȠȜ ȟȨȏȞȎțȖȓ, ȆȡȚȓț
[8 țȜȓȚȐȞȖ 1869]
ȁȟȠȎȐ ȕȎ ȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ǻȎȞȜȒțȜȠȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜ

ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ Ȑ ȆȡȚȓț
ǿȝȜȚȜȧȓȟȠȐȜȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ Ƞȡȗ ȕȎȐȓȒȓțȖȓ ȟȓ ȟȨȑșȎȟȭȐȎȠ
ȒȎ ȖȕȝȨșțȭȐȎȠ ȠȜȥțȜ ȡȟȠȎȐȎ.
1-ȐȜ. [ǰ]ȟȭȘȜȗ e ȟȝȜȚȜȧȓȟȠȐȜȐȎȠȓș țȎ țȎȞȜȒțȜȠȜ ȏȨș-
ȑȎȞȟȘȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȝșȎȠȖ ȑȜȒȖȦțȜȠȜ ȟȖ ȟȝȜȚȜȧȓȟȠ-
ȐȜȐȎțȖȓ [ȜȠ] ȒȐȓ ȏȓșȖ ȚȓȒȔȖȒȖȓȠȎ (42) [ȑȞȜȦȎ], ȘȎȠȜ ȟȖ ȐȕȓȚȓ
ȏȖșȓȠ, ȝȜȒȝȖȟȎț ȜȠ ȘȎȟȖȓȞȎ Ȗ ȝȖȟȎȞȭ.
2-ȞȜ. ȅȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ ȧȓ ȑșȭȒȎ ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȜȏȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȎȠȎ ȟȖ
ȒȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȖȞȎ.
3-ȠȜ. ǽȜțȓȔȓ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ ȖȚȎ ȝȜȠȞȓȏȎ ȜȠ țȎȒȕȖȞȎȠȓș,
ȘȎȟȖȓȞ, ȝȖȟȎȞ Ȗ [ȜȠ] țȭȘȜȖ ȜȠȏȞȎțȖ ȥșȓțȜȐȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȧȓ ȖȚȎȠ
ȑȞȖȔȎ ȕȎ ȝȜȠȞȓȏțȜȟȠȖȠȓ Țȡ.
4-ȠȜ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȏȓșȭȕȎțȎȠȎ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȎ ȕȎ ȐȓȟȠțȖȤȖȠȓ,
[ȘȎȘȠȜ] Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ ȝȜȠȞȓȏțȜȟȠȖ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ, ȧȓ ȟȓ ȖȔȒȖ-
ȐȭȐȎȠ ȜȠ ȘȎȟȎȠȎ.
5-ȠȜ. ǵȎȟȓȑȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȓ ȜȠȐȜȞȓțȜ Ȑ țȓȒȓșțȖ Ȗ
ȝȞȎȕțȖȥțȖ ȒțȖ; ȝȞȖ Ƞȡȗ ȐȟȭȘȜȗ ȓ ȒșȨȔȓț ȒȎ ȜȟȠȎȐȭ țȎ
ȥȖȠ[ȎșȖȧțȎȠȎ] ȘȡȠȖȭ ȝȜ ½ ȝȎȞȎ, [ȕȎ] ȒȎ ȖȚȎ ȕȎ ȘȎȢȓ; Ȗ ȜȠ
ȟȨȏȞȎțȖȠȓ ȝȎȞȖ ȧȓ ȟȓ ȘȡȝȡȐȎȠ ȒȨȞȐȎ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȠȎȘȖȐȎ ȝȜȠȞȓȏ-
țȜȟȠȖ.
6-ȠȜ. [ǰ]ȟȭȘȜȗ ȓ ȒșȨȔȓț ȜȠ ȟȝȜȚȜȧȓȟȠȐȜȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ
ȠȞȡȒȖ ȕȎ țȎȝȞȓȒȨȘȎ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ Ȗ ȒȎ ȝȜȒȘȎțȭ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ ȒȎ
[Ȑ]ȕȓȚȎȠ ȟȨȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȟȭ [ȕȎ]ȝȖȟȐȎȠ ȟȝȜȚȜȧȓȟȠȐȜȐȎȠȓșȖ.
7-ȚȜ. ǵȎȝȞȓȧȎȐȎ ȟȭ ȟȠȞȜȑȜ țȎ ȐȟȭȘȜȑȜ ȜȠ Ƞȡȗ ȟȨȏȞȎțȖȓ
ȒȎ ȘȞȖȠȖȘȡȐȎ ȜȠȐȨț țȓȧȜ ȝȞȜȠȖȐ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ.
8-ȚȜ. ǿȨȧȜ ȟȎ ȕȎȝȞȓȠȭȐȎ Ȗ ȐȨȠȞȓ Ȑ ȥȖȠȎ[șȖȧȓȠȜ] ȒȎ
ȝȎȕȭȠ ȠȖȦȖțȎ ȜȠ ȖȕȐȨțȞȓȒțȜ ȘȎȞȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȘȞȎȚȜșȖ. [ȀȓȕȖ], Ȓȓ-
ȠȜ ȝȞȖȥȖțȭȐȎȠ ȟȨȧȜ ȠȎȘȖȐȎ, ȟșȓȒ ȓȒȖț ȒȐȎ ȟȨȐȓȠȎ Ȗ țȎ ȠȞȓ-
ȠȖȭ [ȝȜșȡȥȎȐȎȠ] ȑșȜȏȎ ȜȠ 1 ȏȭșȜ Ț[ȓȒȔȖȒȖȓ]. Ƕ țȎȗ-ȝȜȟșȓ ȟȎ
ȖȕȘșȬȥȐȎȠ.
9-ȠȜ. ǮȘȜ ȏȖ ȒȎ ȟȠȎȐȎȠ țȭȘȎȘȐȖ ȘȞȖȠȖȘȖ Ȑ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ,
ȠȜ [Ȑ]ȟȭȘȜȗ ȓ ȟȐȜȏȜȒȓț ȒȎ ȟȖ ȝȜȒȎȐȎ ȑșȎȟȎ.
90
10-ȠȜ. ǻȖȘȜȚȡ țȓ ȓ ȝȜȕȐȜșȓțȜ ȒȎ ȖȕțȎȟȭ țȎȐȨț ȥȖȠȎ-
șȖȧțȖȠȓ ȐȓȧȖ, ȟȖȞ[ȓȥ] ȐȓȟȠțȖȤȖ, ȘțȖȑȖ Ȗ ȝȞ[Ȝȥȓȓ].
11-ȠȜ. ǵȎȏȞȎțȭȐȎ ȟȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȡȝȜȠȞȓȏȭȐȎȠ ȠȡȘ Ȑ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ-
ȠȜ ȝȖȠȖȓȠȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȐȖțȜ, ȞȎȘȖȭ; Ȏ ȘȜșȘȜȠȜ ȕȎ ȒȡȣȎț (ȠȬȠȬț),
ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȓ ȟȐȜȏȜȒțȜ.
12-ȠȜ. ǿȨȧȜ țȓ [ȟȓ] ȐȨȕȝȞȖȓȚȎ Ȑ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ ȒȎ ȐșȖȕȎȠ
țȭȘȜȖ ȘȓȢșȖȓ (ȝȖȭțȖȤȖ), Ȏ ȎȘȜ ȏȖ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟșȡȥȖ ȠȎȘȎȐȎ ȝȜȟ-
ȠȨȝȘȎ, ȎȘȜ ȓ ȟȝȜȚȜȧȓȟȠȐȜȐȎȠȓș ȟȓ ȟȨȐȓȠȜȐȎ (ȠȜȥȘȎ 8), ȎȘȜ șȖ
țȓ ȓ, ȟȭ ȖȕȠȖȘȐȎ țȎȐȨț.
13-ȠȜ. ǵȎ ȜȠȐȨțȦțȖ ȣȜȞȎ, ȟȖȞȓȥ [ȠȎȘȖȐȎ], ȘȜȖȠȜ țȓ ȟȎ
ȟȝȜȚȜȑțȎșȖ țȖȧȜ, ȕȎ ȓȒȖț-ȒȐȎ ȝȨȠȖ ȖȚ ȓ ȒȜȕȐȜșȓțȜ, țȜ ȕȎ
ȠȞȓȠȖȗ ȝȨȠ țȓ ȓ ȝȞȜȟȠȓțȜ.
14-ȠȜ. ǿ ȜȏȧȜ ȟȨȑșȎȟȖȓ ȝȜ țȭȘȜȑȎȦ ȧȓ ȟȠȎȐȎ șȜȠȎȞȖȭ
ȕȎ ȝȜșȕȎ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ.
15-ȠȜ. ǸȎȟȖȓȞȎ Ȗ ȝȖȟȎȞȭ ȧȓ ȒȨȞȔȎȠ ȟȚȓȠȘȎ ȕȎ ȐȟȖȥȘȜ Ȗ
ȏȓȕ ȒȜȕȐȜșȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȨȏȞȎțȖȓȠȜ țȖȧȜ țȓ ȧȓ ȐȨȞȦȎȠ, țȜ ȧȓ
ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎȠ ȕȎ țȡȔȒȖȠȓ Țȡ.
16-ȠȜ. ǿȐȜȏȜȒțȜ ȓ ȕȎ [Ȑ]ȟȭȘȜȑȜ ȜȠ ȟȝȜȚȜȧȓȟȠȐȜȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ
ȒȎ ȝȖȠȎ ȕȎ țȓȧȜ, ȧȜ țȓ ȕțȎȓ, Ȏ Ȝțȭ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȕțȎȓ, ȓ ȒșȨȔȓț ȕȎ
Țȡ ȝȞȖȘȎȔȓ Ȗ ȞȎȕȝȞȎȐȖ.
17-ȠȜ. ǻȖȘȜȚȡ țȓ ȓ ȒȜȕȐȜșȓțȜ, ȎȘȜ ȏȖ Țȡ ȟȎ țȎȡȚȖșȜ,
ȒȎ [Ȑ]ȕȓȚȎ țȎȕȎȒ ȝȜȚȜȧȠȎ ȟȖ.
18-ȠȜ. ǻȎȗ-ȟȓȠțȓ, ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ ȧȓ ȞȎȏȜȠȖ ȟ Ȥȓș, ȒȓȠȜ ȒȎ
ȟȨȏȓȞȓ (țȎȝȞȎȐȖ) ȓȒțȜ ȘȜșȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ ȘȎȝȖȠȎș, ȟ ȘȜȑȜȠȜ ȝȜȟșȓ ȒȎ
ȟȝȜȚȎȑȎ țȎ țȭȘȜȖ ȏȓȒțȖ ȡȥȓțȖȤȖ, ȝȜȟșȓ – ȝȓȥȎȠȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ
țȭȘȜȖ ȘțȖȑȖ, ȑȞȖȔȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎȠȎ [Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ] Ȗ ȝȜ ȜȘȜșȖȖȠȓ
ȟȓșȟȘȖȠȓ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ Ȗ ȝȞ[Ȝȥȓȓ], Ȗ ȝȞ[Ȝȥȓȓ].
ǲǮ – ȆȡȚȓț, Ȣ. 33Ǹ, Ȝȝ. 4, Ȏ.ȓ. 1, ș. 3.
91
3. ǺȓȚȜȎȞȓț ȞȎȕȘȎȕ țȎ ǶșȖȭ ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ ȕȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ
țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǮȞȣȎțȑȓș ǺȖȣȎȖș“
ȝȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ǾȡȟȘȜ-ȠȡȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȐȜȗțȎ 1877 – 1878 ȑ.
ǳȒȖț ȒȜȟȠȜȝȜȣȐȎșȓț Ȗ ȒȜȟȠȜȝȎȚȓȠȓț ȝȞȖȚȓȞ

ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȐȖȟȜȘȎ ȏșȎȑȜȠȐȜȞȖȠȓșțȜȟȠ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ
„ǿȐ. ǮȞȣȎțȑȓș ǺȖȣȎȖș“
ǽȞȓȕ ȑȜȒȖțȎȠȎ 1877-ȚȎ20, ȭțȡȎȞȖ, 16-Ȗ Ȓȓț, ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ
țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ ǼȟȚȎț ǽȎȕȎȞ [ǼȚȡȞȠȎȑ] Ȗ ǲȔȡȚȎȭ
[ȀȨȞȑȜȐȖȧȓ] ȑȜ ȝȜȟȠȖȑțȎ ȑȜșȭȚȜ țȓȧȎȟȠȖȓ. ȀȡȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȞȓȒȜȐțȖ
Ȗ țȓȞȓȒȜȐțȖ ȐȜȗȟȘȖ, ȝȞȓȒ ȐȖȒȎ țȎ țȎȏșȖȔȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȞȡȟȘȖ-
Ƞȓ ȐȜȗȟȘȖ, ȜȠ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȏȭȑȎȣȎ, ȕȎȝȎșȖȣȎ ȜȠ ȥȓȠȖȞȖȠȓ ȟȠȞȎțȖ ȠȖȭ
ȒȐȎ ȑȞȎȒȎ. ǰȞȓȚȓȠȜ ȏȓ ȟȞȓȒ țȎȗ-șȬȠȎȠȎ ȕȖȚȎ. ǽȜȒȝȎșȐȎțȖȭ-
ȠȎ ȟȎ ȟȠȎțȎșȖ țȜȧȭ. ǰ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ ȟȎ ȏȖșȖ țȎȠȞȡȝȎțȖ ȝȜ ȝȞȖ-
ȥȖțȎ țȎ ȐȜȗțȎȠȎ Ȗ ȚțȜȔȓȟȠȐȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ ȜȠ ȟȨȟȓȒțȖȠȓ ȟȓșȎ.
ǼȝȎȟțȜȟȠȠȎ ȓ ȏȖșȎ ȜȏȧȎ. ǰȟȖȥȘȖ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȟȝȎȟȭȠ ȝȜțȓ ȔȖȐȜȠȎ
ȟȖ, ȡȒȎȞȖșȖ țȎ ȏȭȑ ȟȞȓȒ ȝȖȧȓțȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȘȡȞȦȡȚȖ Ȗ ȟȞȓȒ Ȝȏ-
ȑȨȞțȎȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȝșȎȚȨȤȖ ȕȒȎțȖȭ. ǯȭȑȎțȖȓȠȜ ȓ ȏȖșȜ ȟȨȞȤȓȞȎȕ-
ȒȖȞȎȠȓșțȜ – ȝșȎȥ, ȜșȓșȖȭ, ȐȖȘ ȒȜ ǯȜȑȎ. ǯȓȕ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȐȖȒȭȠ ȓȒȖț
ȟ ȒȞȡȑ – ȚȨȔ ȟ ȔȓțȎ ȟȖ ȖșȖ ȏȎȧȎ ȟ ȒȓȤȎȠȎ ȟȖ, Ƞȓ ȝȜȠȓȑșȖșȖ
țȎ ȝȞȎȐȎ ȝȜȟȜȘȎ – ȝȞȓȕ ȟțȓȔțȖ ȝȞȓȟȝȖ, ȝȞȓȕ țȓȝȞȜȣȜȒȖȚȖ
ȑȜȞȖȧȎ, ȒȜșȖȧȎ, ȕȎ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒ ȆȡȚȓț. ȁȐȖ! ǸȎȘȐȎ ȝȓȥȎșțȎ ȘȎȞ-
ȠȖțȎ. ǺȨȔȓȠȓ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȒȎ ȓ, țȜ ȔȓțȖ, ȒȓȤȎ, ȚȜȚȖȥȓȠȎ, ȘȜȖ
ȏȜȟȖ, ȘȜȖ ȝȜ ȥȜȞȎȝȖ, ȏȓȕ ȜȏȡȧȎ, ȘȜȖ ȝȜșȡȑȜșȖ ȟ țȜȧțȜȠȜ ȟȖ
ȜȏșȓȘșȜ, ȟ[Ȩȟ] ȟȘȜȥȓțȓțȖ ȘȞȎȘȎ Ȗ ȞȨȤȓ, ȝȞȓȚȞȨȕțȎșȖ, ȝȎȒȎ-
ȧȖ, ȟȠȎȐȎȧȖ, ȏȜȞȖșȖ ȟȓ ȕȎ ȟȝȎȟȓțȖȓ! ǻȎ ȐȟȭȘȎ ȘȞȎȥȘȎ ȜȝȎȟ-
țȜȟȠ, ȟȠȞȎȣ, Ȏ ȠȜȕȖ ȟȠȞȎȣ Ȝȧȓ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȓ ȏȖș ȡȟȖșȓț, ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȟȓ
ȥȡȐȎșȖ ȝȡȦȘȖ țȎ ȏȎȦȖȏȜȕȡȤȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȑșȓȒȎșȖ ȒȎ ȑȖ ȝȞȓȒ-
ȐȎȞȭȠ Ȗ ȒȎ ȒȜȐȨȞȦȎȠ ȟ Ƞȭȣ. ǯșȎȑȜȒȎȞȓțȖȓ țȎ ȟȨȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȓȠȜ țȎ
ȝȨȞȐȓțȤȖȠȓ Ȑ ȑȞ. ȆȡȚȓț ȝȞȓȒ ȠȡȞȟȘȖȭ ȐȜȓțȓț ȘȜȚȓțȒȎțȠ, ȓ
ȏȖșȎ ȖȕȝȞȎȠȓțȎ ȐȜȗȟȘȎ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȟȞȓȧțȓ Ȗ ȕȎȝȎȕȖ ȏȓȔȎțȤȖȠȓ.
ǻȎ ȟȨȧȖȭ Ȓȓț (17 ȭțȡȎȞȖ) ȥȖȠȎșȖȧțȜȠȜ țȎȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠ-
ȐȜ, ȕȎȓȒțȜ ȟȨȟ ȟȐȜȖȠȓ ȥșȓțȜȐȓ, ȟȓ ȞȎȕȝȜȞȓȔȒȎ, ȧȜȠȜ țȎ ȠȖȭ
ȏȓȔȎțȤȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȟȓ ȡȝȨȠȖșȖ ȘȨȚ ȑȞȎȒȎ ȖȚ ȆȡȚȓț ȕȎ ȟȝȎ-
ȟȓțȖȓ, ȒȎ ȖȚ ȟȓ ȜȘȎȔȓ ȝȞȖșȖȥțȜȠȜ ȥȜȐȓȘȜșȬȏȖȐȜ ȑȜȟȠȜȝȞȖ-
ȓȚȟȠȐȜ.
92
Ǯ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȘȨȧȖ Ȑ ȆȡȚȓț ȏȭȣȎ ȝȞȓȝȨșțȓțȖ ȟ ȠȡȞ-
ȟȘȖ ȏȓȔȎțȤȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȐȟȓȘȖ Ȓȓț ȝȞȖȖȔȒȎȣȎ ȒȜȠȜșȘȜȐȎ, ȧȜȠȜ Ȗ
ȡșȖȤȖȠȓ țȓ ȑȖ ȝȜȏȖȞȎȣȎ, țȜ ȝȎȘ ȐȟȓȘȖ ȝȞȖȓ, ȝȜ ȞȎȕȝȜȞȓȔȒȎ-
țȓȠȜ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧțȖȠȓ ȥșȓțȜȐȓ, ȒȎ ȟȚȓȟȠȖ, ȚȎȘȎȞ Ȗ Ȑ ȟȨȧȎȠȎ
ȟȖ ȟȠȎȭ, ȝȜ ȓȒțȜ ȒȜȚȜȥȎȒȖȓ ȜȠ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȖȠȓ țȖ ȏȓȔȎțȤȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ
Ȑȓȥȓ ȝȞȖȟȠȖȑȐȎȣȎ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ.
ǺȭȟȠȜȠȜ, Ȑ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȠȞȭȏȐȎȦȓ ȝȜ-țȎȝȞȓȒ ȒȎ ȟșȭȕȎȠ ȏȓ-
ȔȎțȤȖȠȓ, ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȕȎȠȜȝșȭȠ Ȗ ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȭȠ ȟ ȣȞȎțȎ, Ȗ ȜȠȠȎȚ țȎ-
ȟȓȠțȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ țȎȟȠȎțȭȐȎȠ ȝȜ ȘȨȧȭȠȎ, ȏȓ ȡȥȖșȖȧțȜȠȜ ȕȒȎțȖȓ.
ǾȓȐ Ȗ ȝȖȟȨȘ ȟȓ ȝȜȐȒȖȑțȎ ȠȡȘ ȜȠ ȘșȓȠȖȠȓ ȏȓȔȎțȤȖ! ǳȒțȖ [ȜȠ
Ƞȭȣ] ȝșȎȥȎȠ Ȗ ȟȓ ȘȨȟȎȠ ȕȎ ȡȚȞȓșȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȞȜȒȖȠȓșȖ, ȒȞȡȑȖ – ȕȎ
ȖȕȑȡȏȓțȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȞȜȔȏȖ, ȠȞȓȠȖ – ȕȎ ȜȟȠȎȐȎțȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȝȓșȓțȎȥȓȠȎ Ȗȕ
ȝȨȠȭ ȝȜȒ ȟțȓȑȎ; ȠȜ ȒȎ ȖȚȎȦ ȟȨȞȤȓ ȜȠ ȘȎȚȨȘ, ȝȎȘ țȓ ȏȖ ȟȓ
ȟȠȨȞȝȭș ȒȎ țȓ ȕȎȝșȎȥȓȦ. ǻȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧțȖȠȓ ȥșȓțȜȐȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȜ-
ȓȦȓ ȑȜșȭȚ ȝȜȒȐȖȑ. ǳȒțȖ ȡȠȓȦȎȐȎȣȎ ȝșȎȥȡȧȖȠȓ, ȒȞȡȑȖ ȟȓ
ȞȎȕȠȖȥȎȣȎ ȒȎ ȠȨȞȟȭȠ ȖȕȑȡȏȓțȖȠȓ, ȠȞȓȠȖ – ȒȎ țȎȟȠȎțȭȐȎȠ ȝȜ
ȘȨȧȭȠȎ ȟȝȎȟȓțȖȠȓ; Ȏ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȠȞȨȑțȎȣȎ ȝȜ ȝȞȜȟȖȭ ȝȜ ȘȨȧȖ Ȗ ȝȜ
ȒȬȑȓțȖ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȜȏșȓȘȎȠ ȝȜșȡȑȜșȖȠȓ ȏȓȔȎțȤȖ. ǻȜ ȠȜȐȎ țȓ ȏȓȦȓ
ȒȜȟȠȎȠȨȥțȜ. ȀȞȭȏȐȎȦȓ ȣșȭȏ, Ȏ ȑȞȎȔȒȎțȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȏȭȣȎ ȝȜȥȠȖ
ȘȎȠȜ Ȑ ȜȏȟȎȒȎ, ȓȒȐȎ ȖȚȎȣȎ ȘȜșȘȜȠȜ ȕȎ ȟȓȏȓ ȟȖ. ȅȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ
țȎȘȡȝȖ ȥȡȐȎșȖ ȟ ȏȞȎȦțȜ; ȞȎȕȝȜȞȓȒȖ ȟȓ, ȧȜȠȜ ȐȟȭȘȜ ȒȜȚȜȥȎ-
ȒȖȓ ȜȠ ȏȓȔȎțȤȖȠȓ ȒȎ ȒȜȣȜȔȒȎ Ȑ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧțȖȭ ȒȜȚ, ȜȠȒȓȠȜ Țȡ
ȟȓ ȒȎȐȎȦȓ țȡȔțȎȠȎ ȝȜȞȤȖȭ ȜȠ ȏȞȎȦțȜ Ȗ ȝȎȞȖ. ȀȜȐȎ ȠȞȎȭ Ȥȓ-
șȖ ȥȓȠȖȞȖ ȚȓȟȓȤȎ.
ǼȟȐȓț ȐȜșțȖȠȓ ȝȜȔȓȞȠȐȜȐȎțȖȭ țȎ ȑȞȎȔȒȎțȖȠȓ Ȑ ȝȎȞȖ
Ȗ ȒȞȓȣȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȟȨȏȖȞȎȣȎ ȜȠ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧțȖȠȓ ȥșȓțȜȐȓ (ȘȜȖȠȜ
Ȝȧȓ Ȓȓț Ȗ țȜȧ ȣȜȒȓȣȎ ȝȜ ȘȨȧȭȠȎ ȒȎ țȎȑșȭȒȐȎȠ ȏȓȔȎțȤȖȠȓ),
ȥȖȠȎșȖȧțȎȠȎ ȘȎȟȎ ȖȔȒȖȐȖ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȜȠ 40000 ȑȞȜȦȎ ȜȠ ȘȎȝȖ-
ȠȎșȎ ȟȖ.
ǶșȖȭ Ǿ. ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ. ǺȎȠȓȞȖȎș ȝȜ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ țȎȦȓȠȜ ȐȨȕ-
ȞȎȔȒȎțȓ. ȆȡȚȓț. ǶȕȒȎȐȎ ȆȡȚȓțȟȘȜȠȜ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȜ ȜȏȧȖțȟȘȜ ȡȝ-
ȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ, 1907, 249 – 251.
1. ȆȡȚȓțȟȘȜȠȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ ȓ ȜȟțȜȐȎțȜ ȝȞȓȕ 1856 ȑ. ǽȞȖ ȝȜȒțȜȐȭȐȎ-
țȓȠȜ ȟȖ ȝȞȓȕ 1869 ȑ. ȠȜ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȐȎ țȎȖȚȓțȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ „ǮȞȣȎțȑȓș ǺȖ-
ȣȎȖș“. ǿ ȠȜȐȎ ȖȚȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȭȠȎ ȜȟȠȎȐȎ ȒȜ 1946 ȑ., ȘȜȑȎȠȜ (ȝȜ ȎȠȓ-
ȖȟȠȖȥțȖ ȟȨȜȏȞȎȔȓțȖȭ) ȓ ȝȞȓȖȚȓțȡȐȎțȜ Ȑ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǲȜȏȞȖ ǰȜȗ-
93
țȖȘȜȐ“ (Stanchev 1958, 48). ǰ ȣȜȒȎ țȎ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȜȠȜ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȖȓ ȝȜșȕ-
ȐȎȚ ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ ȟȠȎȞȜȠȜ ȖȚȓ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ, ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȖțȠȓȞȝȞȓȠȖ-
ȞȎȚ ȜȏȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȎ ȜȠ ȓȝȜȣȎȠȎ, ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȠȜ ȓ țȜȟȓșȜ ȠȜȐȎ ȖȚȓ. ǰ ȜȠ-
ȒȓșțȖ ȟșȡȥȎȖ ȟȓ ȝȜȕȜȐȎȐȎȚ Ȗ țȎ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȜȠȜ ȖȚȓ, țȜ ȠȜȐȎ ȓ ȟȎȚȜ,
ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȒȡȚȎ ȕȎ ȜȏȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȎ ȜȠ ȐȠȜȞȎȠȎ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎ țȎ XX ȐȓȘ
ȖșȖ ȕȎ ȎȞȣȖȐȎ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ.
2. ǲȎțțȖ ȕȎ ȠȎȕȖ ȢȎȚȖșȖȭ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ ȕȎ Ȓ-Ȟ ǽȓȠȨȞ
ǸȨȞȒȔȖȓȐ, ȟȎ țȎșȖȥțȖ Ȑ ȘȜșȓȘȤȖȭȠȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȟȨȣȞȎțȓțȎ Ȑ
ǲȨȞȔȎȐȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ – ȆȡȚȓț. ǰȔ.: ǮȞȣȖȐțȖ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ ȜȠ Ȗ ȕȎ Ȓ-Ȟ
ǽȓȠȨȞ ǸȨȞȒȔȖȓȐ, ȆȡȚȓț Ȗ ǹȜȚ, 1868 – 1962. – ǲȨȞȔȎȐȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ –
ȆȡȚȓț, Ȣ. 637Ǹ, ȜȝȖȟ 1, Ȏ.ȓ. 1–6.
3. ǲțȓȐțȖȘ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǮȞȣȎțȑȓș ǺȖȣȎȖș“, ȆȡȚȓț, 1 ȟȓȝȠȓȚȐȞȖ
1869 – 25 ȬșȖ 1872. – ǲȨȞȔȎȐȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ – ȆȡȚȓț, Ȣ. 33Ǹ, Ȝȝ. 4,
Ȏ.ȓ. 1, ș. 1–45. ǲȜȟȠȨȝȓț ȥȞȓȕ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșțȖ ȘȜȝȖȭ țȎ ȟȎȗȠȎ țȎ ǲȨȞ-
ȔȎȐțȎ ȎȑȓțȤȖȭ „ǮȞȣȖȐȖ“ – https://www.archives.government.bg/63-
%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD [11.11.2021]
4. ǸȐȎșȖȢȖȘȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȚțȜȑȜȓȠțȖȥȓț ȓ ȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȧȎ ȕȎ ȑȞȎȒ ȆȡȚȓț
ȝȞȓȒȖ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȑȜșȭȚȜȠȜ ȕȎ ȐȞȓȚȓȠȜ ȟȓșȖȧȓ ȓ ȜȏȖ-
ȠȎȐȎțȜ ȜȠ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ (ȜȘȜșȜ 8000 ȒȡȦȖ), ȠȡȞȤȖ (ȜȘȜșȜ 10000 ȒȡȦȖ),
ȎȞȚȓțȤȖ (ȜȘȜșȜ 500 ȒȡȦȖ), ȓȐȞȓȖ (ȜȘȜșȜ 500 ȒȡȦȖ), ȠȎȠȎȞȖ, ȤȖȑȎțȖ
Ȗ ȓȒȖțȖȥțȖ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ țȎ ȒȞȡȑȖ țȎȤȖȖ – ȥȓȣȖ, ȡțȑȎȞȤȖ, ȟȨȞȏȖ,
ȑȓȞȚȎțȤȖ Ȗ ȒȞ. ǼȏȧȖȭȠ ȏȞȜȗ țȎ ȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ ȐȨȕșȖȕȎ țȎ ȜȘȜșȜ 30000
ȒȡȦȖ, ȜȠ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȚȓȔȒȡ 6000 Ȗ 8000 ȟȎ ȐȜȓțțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȜȏȟșȡȔȐȎȧȖȭ ȝȓȞ-
ȟȜțȎș ȘȨȚ ȚȓȟȠțȖȭ ȑȎȞțȖȕȜț (Georgiev 2019, 93 – 98).
5. ǰ ǲȨȞȔȎȐȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ – ǿșȖȐȓț ȓ ȢȜȞȚȖȞȎț ȎȞȣȖȐȓț ȢȜțȒ ȜȠ ȠȖȝȎ
„ȅȎȟȠȖȥțȜ ȝȜȟȠȨȝșȓțȖȓ“, ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȧ ȒȎțțȖ ȕȎ ǿȎȐȎ ǲȜȏȞȜȝșȜȒțȖ.
ǰ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ ȎȞȣȖȐȜȣȞȎțȖșȖȧȎ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ ȖȚȎ ȟȎȚȜ ȓȒȖțȖȥțȖ ȚȎ-
ȠȓȞȖȎșȖ ȕȎ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȓȤȎ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȓ ȝȞȓȥȘȎ ȕȎ ȟȨȟȠȎȐȭțȓ țȎ ȟȨȐȞȓ-
ȚȓțțȎ țȎȡȥțȎ ȏȖȜȑȞȎȢȖȭ. ǰȔ.: ǯȖȜȑȞȎȢȖȥțȖ ȧȞȖȣȖ, ȞȜȒȜȟșȜȐȜțȜ
ȒȨȞȐȜ Ȗ ȒȞ. ȕȎ ǿȎȐȎ ǲȜȏȞȜȝșȜȒțȖ, ǿșȖȐȓț 1860 – 1989. – ǲȨȞȔȎ-
Ȑȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ – ǿșȖȐȓț, ȅǽ Ɋ 449, Ȏ.ȓ. 1–10.
6. ȀȡȘ țȓ ȐȕȓȚȎȚ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ ȝȜ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȎ ȘȜȓ ȠȜȥțȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ ȓ ȟȨȕ-
ȒȎȒȓțȜ țȎȗ-ȞȎțȜ – șȜȚȟȘȜȠȜ, ȦȡȚȓțȟȘȜȠȜ ȖșȖ ȟȐȖȧȜȐȟȘȜȠȜ. ǸȎȘȠȜ ȓ
ȒȜȏȞȓ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȜ, ȡȥȞȓȒȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȜȒȜȏțȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȭ țȓ ȓ ȓȒțȜȘȞȎ-
Ƞȓț ȎȘȠ, Ȏ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȎȐȎ țȎȗ-ȚȎșȘȜ ȚȓȟȓȤ. ǼȟȐȓț ȠȜȐȎ,
ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȓ ȓ ȏȭȑȎțȓ țȎ ȘȨȟȖ ȞȎȕȟȠȜȭțȖȭ, ȠȎ ȝȨȞȐȜȝȜȭȐȎȠȎ țȎ ȓȒțȜ
ȖșȖ ȒȞȡȑȜ ȭȐșȓțȖȓ ȒȎ ȒȎȐȎ ȟȐȞȨȣȑȜșȓȚȖ ȝȞȓȒȖȚȟȠȐȎ țȎ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȎ-
ȠȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ ȝȞȓȒ ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖȠȓ. ǿȨȧȓȟȠȐȓțȜȠȜ ȝȞȖ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȤȓ-
ȟȖ ȓ ȜȠȘȞȜȖȚȜȠȜ ȝȞȖȟȨȟȠȐȖȓ țȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȭȠȎ ȟȞȓȒ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ, ȝȞȖ-
țȜȟȨȠ ȖЉ ȕȎ ȝȞȜȟȐȓȠțȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖ Ȗ ȡȟȠȜȗȥȖȐȜȟȠȠȎ ȖЉ. ǽȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ
țȎ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȖȭ ȝȎȞȎȚȓȠȨȞ ȦȡȚȓțȟȘȜȠȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ ȟȓ ȜȘȎȕȐȎ țȓ ȜȟȜȏȓ-
94
țȜ ȔȖșȎȐȜ, ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȟșȓȒ țȎȝȡȟȘȎțȓȠȜ țȎ țȎȗ-ȎȘȠȖȐțȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȞȎȒȓȠȓ-
șȖ – ǿȎȐȎ ǲȜȏȞȜȝșȜȒțȖ (1859) Ȗ ǲȜȏȞȖ ǰȜȗțȖȘȜȐ (1864), ȠȜ ȐȞȓ-
ȚȓțțȜ ȕȎȝȎȒȎ. ǰȔ. ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȕȎ ȠȓȕȎȠȎ ȚȖ ȜȠțȜȟțȜ „ȝȨȞȐȜȟȠȠȎ“ țȎ ȓȒȖț
ȖșȖ ȒȞȡȑ ȚȜȒȓȞȓț ȢȓțȜȚȓț ȐȨȐ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȜȠȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ Ȑ ȟȠȎȠȖȭ-
ȠȎ „ǰȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȖ ȝȨȞȐȜȟȘȎȕȎțȖȭ“ (Boneva 2000).
7. ǼȏȓȘȠȖȐțȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȜȟȠȎȐȘȎ ȕȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȨȞȐȖȠȓ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȎ
ȟȎ Ȗ ȤȓțȖȠȓ țȎ ȘțȖȑȖȠȓ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ țȎ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ ȝȓȥȎȠțȖ ȝȞȜȒȡȘȠȖ, ȘȜ-
ȖȠȜ țȓ ȟȎ ȝȜ ȒȔȜȏȎ ȒȜȞȖ Ȗ țȎ ȟȞȓȒțȖȭ ȝȜ ȖȚȡȧȓȟȠȐȜ ȑȞȎȔȒȎțȖț.
ǼȏȓȒȖțȭȐȎȗȘȖ ȢȖțȎțȟȜȐȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȡȟȖșȖȭ ȥȞȓȕ ȥșȓțȟȘȖȭ ȐțȜȟ, ȡȥȞȓ-
ȒȖȠȓșȖȠȓ Ȗ țȜȐȖȠȓ ȥșȓțȜȐȓ ȘȡȝȡȐȎȠ ȘțȖȑȖ, ȝȜȒȒȨȞȔȎȠ ȎȏȜțȎȚȓțȠȖ
țȎ ȟȝȖȟȎțȖȭ Ȗ ȐȓȟȠțȖȤȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȝȜșȕȐȎȠ Ȑ ȡȟȠȞȜȓțȎȠȎ ȕȎ țȡȔȒȖȠȓ
țȎ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȥȖȠȎșțȭ. ǵȎ ȟȞȎȐțȓțȖȓ ȒȎȐȎȚ ȟșȓȒțȖȭ ȝȞȖȚȓȞ.
ǽȞȓȕ 1869/1870 ȑ. ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǮȞȣȎțȑȓș ǺȖȣȎȖș“ ȝșȎȧȎ ȟȎȚȜ ȕȎ
ȎȏȜțȎȚȓțȠȎ țȎ 11 ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥțȖ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ 1080 ȑȞȜȦȎ. ǽȜ ȒȡȚȖȠȓ țȎ
ǷȜȎȘȖȚ ǱȞȡȓȐ, „ȝȞȖ ȠȜȑȎȐȎȦțȖȠȓ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭ ȕȎ ȔȖȐȓȓțȓ, ȝȞȖ ȠȜȑȎ-
ȐȎȦțȖȠȓ ȤȓțȖ țȎ ȣȞȎțȎȠȎ Ȗ țȎ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȝȜȠȞȓȏȖ, ȑȜȒȖȦȓț ȝȞȖȣȜȒ ȜȠ
1000–1500 ȑȞȜȦȎ ȏȓȦȓ ȒȜȟȠȎȠȨȥȓț ȕȎ ȜȣȜșȓț ȔȖȐȜȠ țȎ ȓȒțȜ ȟȓ-
ȚȓȗȟȠȐȜ ȜȠ ȟȞȓȒțȎ ȞȨȘȎ“ (Gruev 1906, 11).
8. ǹȖȟȠ ȓ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȎ ȒȡȚȎ, ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȟȖțȜțȖȚ țȎ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ.
9. ǼȠ ȆȡȚȓț, ǽȞȓȟșȎȐȟȘȎ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȭ, 9 ȚȎȞȠ 1857. – ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ
ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ, ȑ. VII, 6 ȎȝȞ. 1857.
10. ǽȜ ȝȞȎȐȖșȜ, ȚȓȟȠțȖȠȓ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȖ șȓȘȜ ȕȎȐȜȎșȖȞȎȠ ȒȐȎȠȎ
ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ țȎ ȝȞȓȘȨȟȐȎțȓ țȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ – 1859 –
1860 ȑ. Ȗ 1864 – 1869 ȑ., ȝȜȒȒȨȞȔȎȗȘȖ ȠȓȜȞȖȭȠȎ ȕȎ țȓȝȞȓȘȨȟțȎȠȜȠȜ
ȢȡțȘȤȖȜțȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȎȠȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȭ ȜȠ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ ȖЉ ȝȞȓȕ
șȭȠȜȠȜ țȎ 1856 ȑ. ȒȜ țȎȦȖ ȒțȖ. ȂȎȘȠȖȠȓ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȟȎ ȓȒțȜȕțȎȥțȖ.
ǽȞȓȕ ȜȥȓȞȠȎțȖȠȓ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ ȓ Ȑ „ȡȐȓȣțȎșȜ ȟȨȟȠȜȭțȖȓ“
(Stanchev 1958, 14) ȖșȖ țȓ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȟȎȚȜȟȠȜȗțȎ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭ.
ǲȜȞȖ Ȗ ȝȜȐȨȞȣțȜȟȠțȖȭȠ ȝȞȓȑșȓȒ țȎ ȒȜȝȖȟȘȖȠȓ Ȑ ȠȜȑȎȐȎȦțȖȭ ȝȓȥȎȠ
ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎ, ȥȓ Ȗ ȝȞȓȕ 1860, Ȗ ȝȞȓȕ 1869 ȑ. ȟȓ ȑȜȐȜȞȖ ȕȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ
țȜȐȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ, Ȏ țȓ ȕȎ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȎȐȎțȓ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȓȒȣȜȒțȜȠȜ.
ǼȝȖȟȎțȎȠȎ ȟȖȠȡȎȤȖȭ ȓ țȜȞȚȎșțȎ ȕȎ ȠȜȑȎȐȎȦțȖȠȓ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖ Ȝȏȟ-
ȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȎ, ȝȞȖ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȜȞȖ Ȗ Ȑ ȑȜșȓȚȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȟȐȓȠțȖ ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ ȘȎȠȜ
ȆȡȚȓț, ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ, ǿȠȎȞȎ ǵȎȑȜȞȎ, ǽșȓȐȓț, ȖȚȎ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖ țȎ ȝȨșȓț
ȡȝȎȒȨȘ țȎ ȡȥȖșȖȧțȎȠȎ Ȗ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧțȎȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȖ. ȀȜȐȎ țȓ țȎȚȎ-
șȭȐȎ țȖȠȜ ȞȜșȭȠȎ țȎ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȖȠȓ ȜȏȧȖțȖ Ȗ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ, țȖȠȜ ȕțȎ-
ȥȖȚȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȒȓșȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȨȞȐȜȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȎȠȎ
ȝȞȜȟȐȓȠȎ Ȗ ȘȡșȠȡȞȎ.
11. ǼȏȞȨȧȓțȖȓȠȜ ȓ ȘȨȚ ȚȓȟȠțȖȠȓ ȖțȠȓșȓȘȠȡȎșȤȖ Ȗ ȜȏȧȖțȟȘȖ șȖȒȓȞȖ.
12. ǯ. ȆȡȚȓț, 12 ȎȐȑȡȟȠ 1869. – ǰ. „ǽȞȎȐȜ“, ȑ. IV, ȏȞ. 29 ȜȠ 13 ȟȓȝȠ.
1869 Ȗ ȏȞ. 30 ȜȠ 20 ȟȓȝȠ. 1869, ȟ. 115 Ȗ 120.
95
13. ȆȡȚȓț, 1 ȟȓȝȠȓȚȐȞȖ 1869. – ǰ. „ǺȎȘȓȒȜțȖȭ“, ȑ. III, ȏȞ. 41 ȜȠ 30
ȟȓȝȠ. 1869.
14. ǰȟȖȥȘȖ ȜȏȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȎ ȜȘȜșȜ ȐȨȕȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ
ȟȎ țȎȒșȓȔțȜ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎțȖ Ȑ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎ, ȜȏȓȘȠ țȎ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȖȭ ȎțȎ-
șȖȕ – „ǲțȓȐțȖȘ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǮȞȣȎțȑȓș ǺȖȣȎȖș“. – ǲȨȞȔȎȐȓț
ȎȞȣȖȐ – ȆȡȚȓț, Ȣ. 33Ǹ, Ȝȝ. 4, Ȏ.ȓ. 1, ș. 16. ǰȔ. Ȗ ȘȜȝȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȜȘȡ-
ȚȓțȠȎ țȎ ȟȎȗȠȎ țȎ ǲȨȞȔȎȐțȎ ȎȑȓțȤȖȭ „ǮȞȣȖȐȖ“ –
https://www.archives.government.bg [11.11.2021]
15. ȁȏȖȠȜȥȓț (ȝȞȖșȎȑȎȠȓșțȜ) ȓ ȟȠȎȞȖțțȎ ȒȡȚȎ, ȖȕșȭȕșȎ ȜȠ ȓȕȖȘȎ
țȖ. ǼȕțȎȥȎȐȎ ȜȝȎȟȓț, ȐȞȓȒȓț.
16. ǰ ȣȜȒȎ țȎ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ ȝȜșȕȐȎȚ ȘȎȠȜ ȟȖțȜțȖȚ țȎ ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȜȕȖ
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ Ȗ ȠȓȞȚȖțȎ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜșțȎ ȘțȖȑȎ.
17. ȆȡȚȓț, 2 ȭțȡȎȞȖ 1870. – ǰ. „ǺȎȘȓȒȜțȖȭ“, ȑ. IV, ȏȞ. 16 ȜȠ 13 ȭț.
1870.
18. ǰȨȝȞȜȟțȎȠȎ ȘțȖȑȎ țȓ ȓ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȎ Ȗ ȓ ȒȜȟȠȨȝțȎ ȟȎȚȜ Ȑ ȥȖ-
ȠȎșțȭȠȎ țȎ ǲȨȞȔȎȐȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ – ȆȡȚȓț. Ȁȭ ȓ ȝȞȓȒȎȒȓțȎ Ȑ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎȠȎ
țȎ țȎȤȖȜțȎșțȖȠȓ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ ȝȞȓȕ 1991 ȑ., ȕȎȓȒțȜ ȟ Ȝȧȓ 16 ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ
ȓȒȖțȖȤȖ, ȜȠțȎȟȭȧȖ ȟȓ ȒȜ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ 1869 – 1955 ȑ. ȜȠ ȝȞȓȒȟȓȒȎȠȓșȭ
țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ ȌȞȖȗ ǮȐȞȎȚȜȐ. ȀȜȐȎ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȜ ȝȜȟȠȨȝșȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȘȜ-
șȓȘȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ ȓ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎțȜ Ȑ ȜȝȖȟ 4. ǰȔ.: ǽȞȜȠȜȘȜșțȎ
ȘțȖȑȎ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǮȞȣȎțȑȓș ǺȖȣȎȖș“, ȆȡȚȓț, 1869 – 1881. –
ǲȨȞȔȎȐȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ – ȆȡȚȓț, Ȣ. 33Ǹ, Ȝȝ. 4, Ȏ.ȓ. 2, ș. 1–45.
19. ȆȡȚȓț. – ǰ. „ȀȡȞȤȖȭ“, ȑ. VII, ȏȞ. 25, 7 ȎȐȑ. 1871.
20. ȀȡȘ ȓ ȒȜȝȡȟțȎȠȎ ȝȓȥȎȠțȎ ȑȞȓȦȘȎ. ǿȠȎȐȎ ȒȡȚȎ ȕȎ ȟȨȏȖȠȖȭ ȜȠ
ȭțȡȎȞȖ 1878 ȑ.
ǮȐȞȎȚȜȐ, Ȍ. Ȗ ȒȞ., 2006. 150 ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǲȜȏȞȖ ǰȜȗțȖȘȜȐ“
– ȆȡȚȓț 1856 – 2006: ȌȏȖșȓȓț ȟȏȜȞțȖȘ. ǰȓșȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ: ǶȕȒȎ-
ȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ȂȎȏȓȞ.
ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ, Ƕ., 1907. ǺȎȠȓȞȖȎș ȝȜ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ țȎȦȓȠȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȔ-
ȒȎțȓ. ǱȞȎȒ ȆȡȚȓț. ȆȡȚȓț: ǶȕȒȎȐȎ ȆȡȚȓțȟȘȜȠȜ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȜ ȜȏȧȖțȟȘȜ
ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ. ǽȓȥȎȠțȖȤȎ „ǿȝ. ǽȜȝȜȐ“.
ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ, Ƕ., 1895. ȀȞȖȚȎ țȎȞȜȒțȖ ȡȥȖȠȓșȖ. Ƕȕ ȝȜȥȖțȎșȖȠȓ ȒȜȟ-
ȠȜȝȎȚȓȠțȖ ȠȞȡȔȓțȖȤȖ ȝȜ țȎȦȓȠȜ ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓ, Ȏ ȖȚȓțțȜ ǿȎȐȎ
ȂȖșȎȞȓȠȜȐ, ǿȎȐȎ ǲȜȏȞȜȝșȜȒțȖ Ȗ ǲȜȏȞȖ ǰȜȗțȖȘȜȐ, ȑȜȒ[ȖțȖ] 1846 –
1870. ȆȡȚȓț: ȀȖȝȜȑȞȎȢȖȭ „ǿȠ. ǽȜȝȜȐ“.
ǯȜțȓȐȎ, ǰ., 2000. ǰȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȖ ȝȨȞȐȜȟȘȎȕȎțȖȭ. ǹȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞțȎ
ȚȖȟȨș, Șț. 2, 5 – 11.
ǯȜȞȖȟȜȐȎ, ǰ. Ȗ ȒȞ., 2005. ǿȠȎȞȜȝȓȥȎȠțȖ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ: ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȐȨȕ-
ȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȎ ȘțȖȔțȖțȎ 1806 – 1878: ǿȐȜȒȓț ȘȎȠȎșȜȑ țȎ ǾȓȑȖȜțȎș-
96
țȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ „ǿȠȖșȖȭț ȅȖșȖțȑȖȞȜȐ“ – ȆȡȚȓț, ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ
ȝȞȖ ȆȡȚȓțȟȘȖȭ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠ „ǳȝȖȟȘȜȝ ǸȜțȟȠȎțȠȖț ǽȞȓȟșȎȐȟ-
ȘȖ“ Ȗ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ ȝȞȖ ǻȎȞȜȒțȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǲȜȏȞȖ ǰȜȗțȖȘȜȐ“ –
ȆȡȚȓț. ȆȡȚȓț: [ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȜ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ǳȝȖȟȘȜȝ ǸȜțȟȠȎț-
ȠȖț ǽȞȓȟșȎȐȟȘȖ].
ǱȓȜȞȑȖȓȐ, ǯ. Ȗ ȒȞ., 2019. ǶȟȠȜȞȖȭ țȎ ȆȡȚȓț. ȆȡȚȓț: ǶȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ
ǶȐȖȟ.
ǱȞȡȓȐ, Ƿ., 1906. ǺȜȖȠȓ ȟȝȜȚȓțȖ. ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ: ǽȓȥȎȠțȖȤȎ „ȃȞȖȟȠȜ Ǳ.
ǲȎțȜȐ“.
ǲȜȏȞȜȝșȜȒțȖ, ǿ., 1893. ǸȞȎȠȘȎ ȎȐȠȜȏȖȜȑȞȎȢȖȭ țȎ ǿ. Ƕ. ǲȜȏȞȜȝ-
șȜȒțȖ, ȖȕȐșȓȥȓțȎ ȜȠ ȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțțȎȠȎ Țȡ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȜȝȖȟȐȎ ȥȎȟȠțȖȭ,
ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȭ Ȗ ȝȜșȖȠȖȥȓȟȘȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ ȜȠ 1827 ȑ. ȒȜ
Ȓțȓȟ, ȕȎȓȒțȜ ȟȨȟ ȟȐȜȭ ȟȖ, ȕȎ ȝȞȜȥȖȠ țȎ șȬȏȜȕțȎȠȓșțȖȠȓ. ǿȜȢȖȭ:
ǸțȖȑȜȝȓȥȎȠțȖȤȎ „ǰȨșȘȜȐ“.
ǶȑțȎȠȜȐȟȘȖ, ǲ. (ǾȓȒ)., 2011. ȆȡȚȓțȟȘȎ ȜȏșȎȟȠ. ǳțȤȖȘșȜȝȓȒȖȭ.
ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǶȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ǵȎȣȎȞȖȗ ǿȠȜȭțȜȐ.
ǸȜțȒȎȞȓȐ, ǻ., ǿȠ. ǿȖȞȎȘȜȐ Ȗ ǽ. ȅȜșȜȐ, 1972. ǻȎȞȜȒțȖȠȓ ȥȖȠȎșȖ-
ȧȎ ȝȞȓȒȖ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǶȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ țȎ ǼȂ.
ǻȓȒȓȐ, ǻ. (ǾȓȒ.) 2004. ȆȓȝȜȠ Ȑ ȘȜȞȓțȖȠȓ. ǸțȖȑȎ ȕȎ ȟȠȎȞȖȭ Ȇȡ-
Țȓț: Ǹț. 1 – 2. ȆȡȚȓț: ǶȕȒȎȠȓșȟȘȎ ȘȨȧȎ „ǿșȎȐȥȜ ǻȖȘȜșȜȐ Ȗ ȟȖȓ“.
ǿȠȎțȥȓȐ, ǿȠ. (ǾȓȒ.), 1958. ǿȠȜ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎȞȜȒțȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǲȜȏȞȖ
ǰȜȗțȖȘȜȐ“ [Ȑ] ǸȜșȎȞȜȐȑȞȎȒ [ȆȡȚȓț] 1856 – 1956. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǶȕȒȎȠȓș-
ȟȠȐȜ țȎ ǼȂ.
ȄȐȓȠȘȜȐ, Ǳ. Ȗ ȒȞ., 2001. ȅȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ Ȑ ȒȡȣȜȐțȜȠȜ ȏȖȠȖȓ țȎ Ȇȡ-
Țȓț: ǲȜȘșȎȒȖ Ȗ ȟȨȜȏȧȓțȖȭ ȜȠ țȎȡȥțȎȠȎ ȟȓȟȖȭ, ȝȜȟȐȓȠȓțȎ țȎ 140-
ȑȜȒȖȦțȖțȎ țȎ ǻȎȞȜȒțȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǲȜȏȞȖ ǰȜȗțȖȘȜȐ“. ȆȡȚȓț: ǳȀ
„ǿțȓȔȎțȘȎ ǽȓȠȘȜȐȎ – ǮǾ“.
ȅȖșȖțȑȖȞȜȐ, ǿȠ., 1930. ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȎ ȝȞȓȒȖ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖ-
ȓȠȜ. ǽȞȖțȜȟ ȘȨȚ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓ. ǿȜȢȖȭ:
ǺȖțȖȟȠȓȞȟȠȐȜ țȎ țȎȞȜȒțȜȠȜ ȝȞȜȟȐȓȧȓțȖȓ.
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98
A REGISTER OF THE READING ROOM (CHITALISHTE)
“ARKHANGEL MIHAIL” AS A SOURCE
FOR THE CULTURAL MODERNIZATION
OF THE BULGARIAN COMMUNITY IN THE TOWN
OF SHUMEN IN THE 1860s AND 1870s
Abstract: The article studies the functioning of one of the Bul-
garian reading rooms (chitalishte) in the town of Shumen between
the late 1860s and the mid-1870s. The role of the local cultural insti-
tution is highlighted in connection with its early appearance and in
the context of its influence in the region. Based on a recently
digitized archival document important details of the work of this
cultural center have been specified. The statutes and regulations are
analyzed at the backdrop of the modernization processes. The
personal contributions and financial aspects of the institutional activ-
ity are also outlined in detail. The author underlines the need of
more digitized archival documents since the facilitated access to
them would expand the opportunities for new readings and re-
readings of Bulgarian history. The article is supplied with three
appendices. They are extracts from documents related to the history
of the studied cultural institution.
Keywords: chitalishte, Shumen, culture, modernization, ar-
chive, digitization.
Prof. DSc Vera Boneva
University of Library Studies and Information Technologies
Sofia, 119 Tsarigradsko shose Blvd, Sofia – 1784
Historical Heritage and Tourism Department
E-mail address: v.boneva@unibit.bg
Web of Science ID: AAG-6292-2021
99
ǼǿǺǮǻǿǸǶȍȀ ǽǾǳǰǼǲ ǻǮ ǳǲǶǻ ǽǾǶǵǶǰ
ǻǮ ǺǶȀǾǼǽǼǹǶȀ ǱǾǶǱǼǾǶǷ
ǲǼǾǼǿȀǼǹǿǸǶ Ƕ ȅǳǾǰǳǻǿǸǶ
ǽȞȜȢ. Ȓ-Ȟ ǶȞȖțȎ ǿȎȞȨȖȐȎțȜȐȎ
ǿȜȢȖȗȟȘȖ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠ „ǿȐ. ǸșȖȚȓțȠ ǼȣȞȖȒȟȘȖ“
ǾȓȕȬȚȓ: ȂȜȘȡȟȨȠ Ȑ ȠȜȕȖ ȠȓȘȟȠ ȓ ȝȜȟȠȎȐȓț ȐȨȞȣȡ țȭȘȜȖ ȜȟȜȏȓ-

țȜȟȠȖ țȎ ȝȞȓȐȜȒȓț ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ. ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȨȠ ȝȞȓȒ-
ȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎ ȝȞȓȐȜȒ țȎ ȝȞȖȕȖȐ ȜȠ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ ǱȞȖȑȜȞȖȗ ǲȜȞȜȟȠȜșȟȘȖ
Ȗ ȅȓȞȐȓțȟȘȖ ȘȨȚ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖȠȓ ȜȠ ǾȡȟȓțȟȘȎȠȎ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȭ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȒȎ-
țȜȟȠ ȘȨȚ țȜȐȜȐȨȕȘȎȥȖșȖȭ ȟȓ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȭ ȝȞȓȟȠȜș ȟȡșȠȎț ǺȡȞȎȒ
V ȝȞȓȕ 1876 ȑ. ǶȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠȎ ȟȓ ȟȐȨȞȕȐȎ ȟ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ
ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȓȘȕȎȞȣȖȭ, ȟ ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȎȠȎ Țȡ ȕȎ ȡȥȖșȖȧțȜ-ȝȞȜȟȐȓȠȖ-
ȠȓșȟȘȜȠȜ ȒȓșȜ Ȑ ȝȜȐȓȞȓțȎȠȎ Țȡ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȭ, țȜ Ȗ ȟ ȞȓȢȜȞȚȖȟȠȘȖȠȓ Țȡ
țȎȑșȎȟȖ. ǰȨȐ ȐȞȓȚȓ, Ȑ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎȠȎ ǳȘȕȎȞȣȖȭȠȎ
Ȗ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȎȞȣȖȓȞȓȖȠȓ ȒȎ ȜȠȝȞȎȐȭȠ ȏșȎȑȜȒȎȞȟȠȐȓțȖ ȎȒȞȓȟȖ ȘȨȚ ȟȡș-
ȠȎțȎ Ȗ ȝȜȟșȎțȖȭ ȘȨȚ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖȠȓ Ȑ ȟȐȜȖȠȓ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȖ ȕȎ ȐȭȞțȜȟȠ
ȘȨȚ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ, țȎșȖȥȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȜȕȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ Ȑ ȝȞȓȐȜȒ țȎ
ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ ȓ ȒȜȘȎȕȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ȕȎ ȐȎȔțȜȟȠȠȎ Ȗ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȘȜȖȠȜ
ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ ȜȠȒȎȐȎ țȎ ȞȜșȭȠȎ Ȗ ȐșȖȭțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ
ȤȨȞȘȐȎ ȟȞȓȒ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ.
ǸșȬȥȜȐȖ ȒȡȚȖ: ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ, ȝȞȓȐȜȒ, ȝȞȖȕȖȐ, ǲȜȞȜȟȠȜșȟȘȖ
Ȗ ȅȓȞȐȓțȟȘȖ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ ǱȞȖȑȜȞȖȗ.
ǻȎȟȠȜȭȧȖȭȠ ȠȓȘȟȠ ȓ ȝȞȜȐȜȘȖȞȎț ȜȠ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȘȖȠȓ țȎ ȝȞȓ-

ȐȜȒȓț ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȑȜ ȜȠȘȞȜȭȐȎȠ ȟȞȓȒ
ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖȠȓ ȝȜȒȜȏțȖ ȖȕȐȜȞȖ. ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȨȠ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎ ȝȞȓ-
ȐȜȒ țȎ ȝȞȖȕȖȐ țȎ ǱȞȖȑȜȞȖȗ, ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ ǲȜȞȜȟȠȜșȟȘȖ Ȗ ȅȓȞ-
ȐȓțȟȘȖ, ȘȨȚ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ. ǶȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȔȖȐȜȠȎ
țȎ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ ǱȞȖȑȜȞȖȗ (1828 – 1898) ȑȜ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭ ȘȎȠȜ ȓȒ-
țȎ ȝȞȜȠȖȐȜȞȓȥȖȐȎ șȖȥțȜȟȠ. ǮȞȣȖȓȞȓȭȠ ȜȑșȎȐȭȐȎ ǲȜȞȜȟȠȜșȜ-
ȅȓȞȐȓțȟȘȎȠȎ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȭ Ȑ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȓțȖȓ țȎ ȒȐȎȒȓȟȓȠ Ȗ ȦȓȟȠ ȑȜ-
ȒȖțȖ, ȒȨșȑȜȑȜȒȖȦȓț ȥșȓț ȓ Ȗ țȎ ǿȐȓȠȖȭ ȟȖțȜȒ (Nikolov 2010,
9, 98). ǾȎȒȓȠȓș ȕȎ ȝȞȜȟȐȓȧȓțȖȓ, ȠȜȗ ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȭ Ȗ ȎȘȠȖȐțȜ ȝȜȒ-
ȝȜȚȎȑȎ ȜȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȡȥȖșȖȧțȜ-ȝȞȜȟȐȓȠȖȠȓșȟȘȎȠȎ
100
ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȝȜȐȓȞȓțȎȠȎ Țȡ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȭ. ǶȚȓȠȜ Țȡ ȟȓ ȟȐȨȞȕȐȎ Ȗ ȟ
ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȓȘȕȎȞȣȖȭ Ȗ ȟ țȓȑȜȐȎȠȎ ȞȜșȭ ȐȨȐ
ȐȨȕȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ țȓȕȎȐȖȟȖȚȎȠȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ. ǲȜȏ-
ȞȖȠȓ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖ Ȗ ȒȖȝșȜȚȎȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȟȝȜȟȜȏțȜȟȠȖ țȎ
ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ ǱȞȖȑȜȞȖȗ ȒȎȐȎȠ ȝȜȐȜȒ țȎ ȓȘȕȎȞȣȖȗȟȘȜȠȜ ȞȨȘȜ-
ȐȜȒȟȠȐȜ ȒȎ Țȡ ȐȨȕșȎȑȎ „ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞțȖ Ȗ ȠȓȔȘȖ ȚȖȟȖȖ“ (Markova
2008, 351). ǰșȖȭțȖȓȠȜ Țȡ ȝȞȓȒ ȐȖșȎȓȠȟȘȖȠȓ ȐșȎȟȠȖ ȥȓȟȠȜ ȓ
ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȜ ȕȎ ȕȎȟȠȨȝțȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ ȝȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ
țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ, ȐȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ Ȗ „ȝȜ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȖ, ȖȕșȖȕȎȧȖ ȖȕȐȨț
ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ țȎ „ȒȡȣȜȐțȖȠȓ“ ȒȓșȎ“ (Markova 1989, 167, 178).
ǽȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓș țȎ ȞȓȢȜȞȚȖȟȠȘȖ țȎȟȠȞȜȓțȖȠȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ Ȓȡ-
ȣȜȐțȖȤȖ, ȠȜȗ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȓ ȝȞȜȠȖȐțȖȘ țȎ ȐȨȜȞȨȔȓțȎȠȎ ȏȜȞȏȎ Ȗ
ȥȓȟȠȜ ȜȠȝȞȎȐȭ țȎȝȨȠȟȠȐȖȭ ȘȨȚ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȝȎȟȠȐȜ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȒȎțȜȟȠ
ȘȨȚ ȟȡșȠȎțȎ. ǻȓȧȜ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ, ȠȓȕȖ ȝȞȜȭȐȖ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȓȞȓȭ ȒȎȐȎȠ
ȜȟțȜȐȎțȖȓ țȎ țȓȑȜȐȖ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖȤȖ, Ȏ ȝȜ-ȘȨȟțȜ ȟȨȧȜ Ȗ țȎ
țȭȘȜȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȖ ȒȎ ȑȜ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭȠ ȒȜȞȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȠȡȞȘȜȢȖș Ȗ
ȘȜțȢȜȞȚȖȟȠ (Sabev 1977, 39 – 40). ǼȟȜȏȓțȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȜ ȐțȖ-
ȚȎțȖȓ ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȐȎȠ țȓȑȜȐȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȭȐȖ ȟșȓȒ ȖȕȏȖȞȎțȓȠȜ Țȡ ȕȎ
ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ ȝȞȓȕ 1872 ȑ. ǾȓȒȖȤȎ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥțȖ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ ȜȠȞȎ-
ȕȭȐȎȠ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ țȓȑȜȐȎȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ ȘȎȠȜ ȒȡȣȜȐțȖȘ Ȗ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓ-
țȖȘ, ȝȜȭȐȭȐȎȠ ȟȓ ȟȨȧȜ Ȗ ȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȢȜȘȡȟȖȞȎȠ
ȐȨȞȣȡ ȚȜȞȎșțȖȭ ȜȏșȖȘ țȎ ȐșȎȒȖȘȎȠȎ1.
ǽȞȓȐȓȒȓțȖȭȠ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ ȓ ȟȐȨȞȕȎț ȟ
ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ǱȞȖȑȜȞȖȗ ȟșȓȒ ȜȏȭȐȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ țȓȕȎȐȖȟȖȚȎ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ Ȗ ȟșȓȒ ȖȕȏȖȞȎțȓȠȜ Țȡ ȕȎ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ țȎ
ǲȜȞȜȟȠȜșȜ-ȅȓȞȐȓțȟȘȎȠȎ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȭ. ǮȝȓșȨȠ țȎ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠȎ ȓ ȟ
ȒȎȠȎ 19/31 ȚȎȗ, 1876 ȑ., ȓȒȖț Ȓȓț ȟșȓȒ ȐȨȕȘȎȥȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȡș-
ȠȎț ǺȡȞȎȒ V (18/30 ȚȎȗ 1876 ȑ.). ȀȜȒȜȞ ǿȨȏȓȐ ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȜ ȟȓ
ȟȝȖȞȎ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȎȠȓșȟȠȐȎȠȎ, ȝȞȓȒ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȓ ȖȕȝȞȎȐȓțȎ
ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȓȘȕȎȞȣȖȭ Ȑ ȝȜȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ, ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ ȜȘȜ-
șȜ ǮȝȞȖșȟȘȜȠȜ ȐȨȟȠȎțȖȓ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ țȓȑȜ ȝȞȖȕțȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ǳȘ-
ȕȎȞȣȖȭȠȎ ȜȠ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ȕȎȒȨșȔȎȐȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȭ
ȓȘȕȎȞȣ ȘȎȠȜ ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȜ-țȎȞȜȒȓț ȐȜȒȎȥ „ȒȎ țȓ ȖȕșȖȕȎ ȜȠ ȞȎȚ-
ȘȖȠȓ țȎ ȕȎȘȜțțȎȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȕȎȧȖȠȎ ȝȞȎȐȎȠȎ țȎ țȎȞȜȒȎ țȓ
ȟȎȚȜ Ȑ ȒȡȣȜȐțȜ Ȗ ȝȞȜȟȐȓȠțȜ, țȜ Ȗ Ȑ ȝȜșȖȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ“
(Sabev 1977, 35). ǽȜȟȞȓȒțȖȥȓȟȘȖȭȠ ȟȠȎȠȡȠ țȎ ǳȘȕȎȞȣȖȭȠȎ – ȜȠ
ȓȒțȎ ȟȠȞȎțȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓș Ȗ ȕȎȟȠȨȝțȖȘ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓ-
șȓțȖȓ ȝȞȓȒ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȎ, Ȏ ȜȠ ȒȞȡȑȎ – „ȝȞȜȐȜȒțȖȘ țȎ
101
ȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȟȠȐȓțȎȠȎ ȐȜșȭ“ (Markova 2008, 366 – 367), ȭ ȝȜȟȠȎȐȭ
Ȑ ȚțȜȑȜ ȟșȜȔțȎ ȝȜȕȖȤȖȭ. ǻȓȧȜ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ, ȟȝȜȞȓȒ Ȁ. ǿȨȏȓȐ „ǳȘ-
ȕȎȞȣȖȭȠȎ ȏȖșȎ ȝȞȖțȡȒȓțȎ ȜȠ ȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȒȎ ȜȠȝȞȎȐȖ ȝȜȟ-
șȎțȖȭ (…) ȟȨȟ ȟȨȐȓȠȖ ȘȨȚ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖȠȓ ȒȎ ȟȎ ȝȜȘȜȞțȖ Ȗ ȒȎ
ȔȖȐȓȭȠ Ȑ șȬȏȜȐ ȟ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖȠȓ, ȕȎȧȜȠȜ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȟȎ ȏȞȎȠȭ. ǰ
ȠȜȭ Ȓȡȣ, ȕȎȟȠȎȐȓțȖ ȜȠ ȐșȎȟȠȠȎ, ȖȕȒȎȐȎșȖ ȝȜȟșȎțȖȭ Ȗ ȓȝȎȞ-
ȣȖȗȟȘȖȠȓ ȐșȎȒȖȤȖ, Ȏ Ȗ ȘȎȕȎșȖȗȟȘȖȠȓ ȟȚȓȟȓțȖ ȟȨȐȓȠȖ ȖȕȝȞȎ-
ȧȎșȖ ȒȜ ȟȐȓȧȓțȖȤȖȠȓ Ȗ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ ȡȐȓȧȎȠȓșțȖ ȝȖȟȚȎ“.
ȀȜȗ ȑȖ țȎȞȖȥȎ „ȏșȎȑȜȒȎȞȟȠȐȓțȖ ȎȒȞȓȟȖ“, ȓȒțȜȜȏȞȎȕțȖ Ȗ
ȟȣȜȒțȖ „ȝȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ, ȠȜț Ȗ ȢȜȞȚȎ“ ȝȜȟșȎțȖȭ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȝȜ-
ȕȜȐȎȐȎȠ țȎ „ȝȞȖțȤȖȝțȜȠȜ ȏȖȏșȓȗȟȘȜ ȡȥȓțȖȓ ȕȎ ȐșȎȟȠȠȎ“ Ȗ ȜȠ-
ȝȞȎȐȭȠ „ȝȞȖȕȖȐ ȘȨȚ ȟȐȓȧȓțȖȤȖȠȓ, ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȨȞȐȓțȤȖ Ȗ
ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖȠȓ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖ ȕȎ ȏșȎȑȜȞȎȕȡȚȖȓ; ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȒȜȏȞȖ ȝȜ-
ȒȎțȖȤȖ; ȒȎ ȟȓ ȑȞȖȔȎȠ ȕȎ ȕȎȝȎȕȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȚȖȞȎ Ȑ ȠȖȭ ȟȚȡȠțȖ
ȐȞȓȚȓțȎ Ȗ ȒȎ țȓ ȟȓ ȡȐșȖȥȎȠ Ȑ ȞȓȐȜșȬȤȖȜțțȖȭ ȘȖȝȓȔ“ (Sabev
1977, 40 – 42).
ǶȕȝȞȎȧȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȏșȎȑȜȒȎȞȟȠȐȓțȖ ȎȒȞȓȟȖ, ȕȎȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠ-
ȐȎȧȖ ȐȓȞțȜȝȜȒȎțȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ ȘȨȚ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȎ, ȓ „Ȟȓȕȡș-
ȠȎȠ Ȗ ȜȠ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓțȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȞȓȒȣȜȒțȜȠȜ ȒȓȟȓȠȖșȓȠȖȓ ȝȞȎȘȠȖ-
ȘȖ țȎ ȒȓșȜȐȎ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȭ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȟȎȚȜȡȝȞȎȐ-
șȓțȟȘȖ ȜȞȑȎțȖ Ȗ ȟȐȓȠȟȘȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ ȝȜ ȚȓȟȠȎ“ (Boneva 2010, 822)
Ȗ ȟȨȝȨȠȟȠȐȎ ȏȜȞȏȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȎ țȓȕȎȐȖȟȖȚȜȟȠ Ȑ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ țȎ
XIX ȐȓȘ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ǵ. ǺȎȞȘȜȐȎ ǳȘȕȎȞȣȖȭȠȎ Ȗ țȓȗțȖȠȓ ȓȝȎȞ-
ȣȖȗȟȘȖ ȜȞȑȎțȖ ȘȎȠȜ „ȜȢȖȤȖȎșțȖ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟ-
ȘȖȭ țȎȞȜȒ ȝȞȓȒ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ“ ȟȎ „ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞțȖ ȕȎ țȓȑȜȐȜȠȜ
ȐȓȞțȜȝȜȒȎțȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ“ (Markova 2008, 366 – 367). ȀȎȕȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖ-
ȘȎ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȐȎ ȞȓȎȘȤȖȖȠȓ țȎ ȝȎȠȞȖȜȠȖȥțȜ țȎȟȠȞȜȓțȖ-
Ƞȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ. ǽȞȓȕ 1870 ȑ. ȏșȎȑȜȒȎȞȟȠȐȓțȎ ȠȓșȓȑȞȎȚȎ ȒȜ ȐȓșȖ-
ȘȖȭ ȐȓȕȖȞ ǮșȖ ǽȎȦȎ, ȖȕȝȞȎȠȓțȎ ȜȠ ȥșȓțȜȐȓ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ
ȘțȖȔȜȐțȜ ȒȞȡȔȓȟȠȐȜ, ȟȠȎȐȎ ȝȜȐȜȒ ǹ. ǸȎȞȎȐȓșȜȐ ȒȎ țȎȝȖȦȓ:
„ǼȠȒȎȐțȎ Ȑȓȥȓ ȚȞȓȔȖȠȓ țȎ ȚțȖȚȖȠȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȝȎȠȞȖȜȠȖ ȏȭ-
ȣȎ ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȓțȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȝȎȭȔȖțȎ ȚȓȔȒȡ țȎȞȜȒȨȠ; țȜ ȟȓȑȎ ȭȐțȜ
ȠȖȓ ȕȎȣȐȎțȎȣȎ ȒȎ ȡȝȜȠȞȓȏȭȐȎȠ Ȗ țȎȗ-țȖȕȘȖȠȓ ȘȜȐȎȞȟȠȐȎ Ȗ
ȥȞȓȕ ȢȎșȦȖȐȖ ȠȡȞȟȘȜȢȖșȟȘȖ ȐȓȟȠțȖȤȖ Ȓțȓȟ Ƞȓ Ȑȓȥȓ ȝȓȭȠ
ȣȖȚțȖ țȎ ȟȡșȠȎțȨȠ Ȗ ȝȖȦȎȠ Țȡ ȎȒȞȓȟȖ…“ (Goncharova 2018,
113). ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ǿȠ. ǵȎȖȚȜȐ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȏșȎȑȜȒȎȞȟȠȐȓțȖȠȓ ȎȒȞȓȟȖ,
ȘȜȖȠȜ „ȥȓȞȘȜȐțȖȤȖȠȓ“ ȝȜȒțȎȟȭȠ țȎ ȟȡșȠȎțȎ ȟșȓȒ ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ
țȎ ȢȓȞȚȎțȎ ȕȎ ȓȘȕȎȞȣȖȭȠȎ ȜȠ 1870 ȑ., ȒȜ ȠȎȘȎȐȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț ȐȨȕ-
102
ȚȡȧȎȐȎȠ ȏȡțȠȜȐțȖȤȖȠȓ, ȥȓ Ƞȓ ȖȕȒȖȑȎȠ ȕțȎȚȓȠȜ „ǿȐȜȏȜȒȎ ȖșȖ
ȟȚȨȞȠ“ Ȗ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȐȞȨȧȎȠ Ȑ ȜȟțȜȐȓț „ȝȜȒȠȖȘ ȕȎ ȖȕțȎȟȭțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȠȎȗțȖȠȓ ȘȜȚȖȠȓȠȖ ȜȠ ȥȡȔȒȎ țȎ ȞȜȒțȎ ȕȓȚȭ“ (Goncharova
2018, 209 – 210).
ǺȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ ǱȞȖȑȜȞȖȗ ȎȘȠȖȐțȜ ȜȠȝȞȎȐȭ țȎȝȨȠȟȠȐȎȧȖ
ȝȜȟșȎțȖȭ ȘȨȚ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȝȎȟȠȐȜ. ȅȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȠȓȕȖ ȝȜȟșȎțȖȭ ȜȠȞȎȕȭȐȎȠ
țȓȑȜȐȖȭ ȟȠȞȓȚȓȔ ȕȎ ȕȎȝȎȕȐȎțȓ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȓȘȕȎȞȣȖȭ, ȕȎ
„ȟȠȎȏȖșȖȕȖȞȎțȓ Ȗ ȖȕȒȖȑȎțȓ“ țȎ țȓȗțȖȭ ȎȐȠȜȞȖȠȓȠ, Ȏ ȒȞȡȑȖ –
„ȟ Ȥȓș ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȐȒȖȑțȓ ȞȎȐțȖȧȓȠȜ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȜ-ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖȭ
ȔȖȐȜȠ țȎ ȝȞȎȐȜȟșȎȐțȖȠȓ“; țȎȗ-ȥȓȟȠȜ țȓȑȜȐȖȠȓ ȝȜȟșȎțȖȭ ȜȏȎȥȓ
ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȠ ȝȞȖȕȖȐȖ ȕȎ „ȒȡȣȜȐțȜ-țȞȎȐȟȠȐȓțȜ ȡȟȨȐȨȞȦȓțȟȠȐȎțȓ
Ȗ ȝȜȐȒȖȑȎțȓ ȞȎȐțȖȧȓȠȜ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ“ (Markova 2008,
351, 362 – 363). ǰ ȠȜȕȖ Ȓȡȣ ȓ ȖȕȑȜȠȐȓțȜ Ȗ ȝȨȞȐȜȠȜ Ƞ.țȎȞ. ȜȘ-
ȞȨȔțȜ ȝȖȟȚȜ țȎ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ ǱȞȖȑȜȞȖȗ ǲȜȞȜȟȠȜșȟȘȖ Ȗ ȅȓȞ-
ȐȓțȟȘȖ. ǻȎȝȖȟȎțȜ ȓ țȎ 17 ȟȓȝȠȓȚȐȞȖ 1872 ȑ., ȟȘȜȞȜ ȟșȓȒ ȖȕȏȖ-
ȞȎțȓȠȜ Țȡ țȎȥȓșȜ țȎ ǲȜȞȜȟȠȜșȜ-ȅȓȞȐȓțȟȘȎȠȎ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȭ, Ȗ ȓ
ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȜ ȐȨȐ ȐȓȟȠțȖȤȖȠȓ „ǿșȎȐȎ“2 Ȗ „ǽȞȎȐȜ“3. ȀȓȘȟȠȨȠ ȓ
ȜȕȎȑșȎȐȓț „ǽȨȞȐȜ ȜȘȞȨȔțȜ ȝȖȟȚȜ țȎ ǻ. ǰ. ǽȞ-ȟȠȐȜ Ǳ-țȎ ǱȞȖ-
ȑȜȞȖȭ ǲȜȞȜȟȠȜșȜȥȓȞȐȓțȟȘȎȑȜ“. ǿȨȒȨȞȔȎ țȎȝȨȠȟȠȐȖȭ Ȗ ȡȐȓ-
ȧȎțȖȭ ȘȨȚ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ ȕȎ ȏșȎȑȜȥȓȟȠȖȓ, ȝȞȖȕȖȐȖ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ
ȒȜȏȞȖ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖ, ȒȎ ȝȜșȎȑȎȠ ȑȞȖȔȖ ȕȎ ȟȐȜȖȠȓ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ. ǻȜ-
ȐȜȖȕȏȞȎțȖȭȠ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ ȑȖ ȝȞȖȕȜȐȎȐȎ Ȗ ȒȎ ȟȎ „ȐȓȞțȖ Ȗ ȝȞȓ-
ȒȎțȖ ȘȨȚ ȠȞȜțȎ țȎ ǻȓȑȜȐȜ ǶȚȝȓȞȎȠȜȞȟȘȜ ǰȓșȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ ǿȡșȠȎ-
țȨȠ, Ȗ ȘȨȚ țȓȑȜȐȜȠȜ ǰȖȟȜȘȜȟșȎȐțȜ ȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜ, Ȗ ȝȜȟșȡȦ-
șȖȐȖ Ȗ ȝȜȘȜȞțȖ ȘȨȚ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖȠȓ ȚȓȟȠțȖ țȎȥȎșȟȠȐȎ“.
ǵȎȝȎȕȓțȖ ȟȎ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȝȜȒȜȏțȖ ȐȨȕȐȎțȖȭ ȜȠ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ
ǱȞȖȑȜȞȖȗ ȘȨȚ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȝȜȐȓȞȓțȎȠȎ Țȡ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȭ. ǿ ȒȎ-
ȠȎ 26 ȎȐȑȡȟȠ 1875 ȑ. ȟȎ țȎȝȨȠȟȠȐȖȭȠȎ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȒȎțȜȟȠ ȘȨȚ ȟȡș-
ȠȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ, ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȖ Ȑ ǲȨȞȔȎȐȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ – Ǿȡȟȓ4. ǳȒȖț ȜȠ
ȝȞȖȕȖȐȖȠȓ ȟșȓȒȐȎ ȜȘȞȨȔțȜȠȜ ȝȖȟȚȜ ȜȠ „ǿȐȓȠȖȭ ǿȖțȜȒ ȘȨȚ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȭ țȎȞȜȒ Ȑ ȜȘȞȨȑȎ țȎ ǳȘȕȎȞȣȖȭȠȎ“ ȜȠ 1 ȚȎȗ 1877 ȑ.,
ȝȜȒȝȖȟȎțȜ ȜȠ ǽȎțȎȞȓȠ ȂȖșȖȝȜȝȜșȟȘȖ, ǱȞȖȑȜȞȖȗ ǲȜȞȜȟȠȜșȟ-
ȘȖ Ȗ ȅȓȞȐȓțȟȘȖ Ȗ ǲȜȟȖȠȓȗ ǿȎȚȜȘȜȐȟȘȖ, Ȑ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȎȞȣȖȓȞȓȖȠȓ
ȝȞȖȕȜȐȎȐȎȠ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȒȎ ȠȨȞȟȖ „ȡȟșȜȐȖȭ ȕȎ ȒȜ-
ȏȨȞ Ȗ ȚȖȞȓț ȔȖȐȜȠ ȐȨȐ ȐȓȞțȜȟȠȠȎ ȟȖ ȘȨȚ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȭ ȝȞȓȟȠȜș
Ȗ ȝȜȐȖțȡȐȓțȖȓȠȜ ȟȖ țȎ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȓțȖȠȓ ȐșȎȟȠȖ Ȗ ȠȎȘȎ ȒȎ ȚȜȔȓȚ
ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȘȎȔȓȚ ȒȜȟȠȜȗțȖ Ȝȧȓ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȕȎ ȚțȜȑȜȤȓțțȜȠȜ ȏșȎȑȜ-
ȐȜșȓțȖȓ țȎ ȚȖșȜȟȠȖȐȓȗȦȓȠȜ ȄȎȞȟȘȜ ǽȞȎȐȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜ“5. ǰ ȟȨ-
103
ȧȖȭ ȏȞȜȗ țȎ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ „ǻȎȝȞȓȒȨȘ“, țȓȝȜȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȓțȜ ȟșȓȒ ȑȜȞ-
țȎȠȎ ȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȭ, ȓ ȝȜȚȓȟȠȓțȜ Ȗ ȖȕȑȜȠȐȓțȜȠȜ ȏșȖȕȜ ȚȓȟȓȤ Ȗ
ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎ ȝȜ-ȞȎțȜ (15 ȎȝȞȖș 1877 ȑ.) ȜȠ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ ǱȞȖȑȜȞȖȗ
ǲȜȞȜȟȠȜșȟȘȖ Ȗ ȅȓȞȐȓțȟȘȖ ȜȘȞȨȔțȜ ȝȖȟȚȜ ȒȜ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖȠȓ ȜȠ
ȝȜȐȓȞȓțȎȠȎ Țȡ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȭ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȒȎțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȎ țȎ ȠȡȞȟȘȖȠȓ
ȐȜȗȟȘȖ. ǽȖȟȚȜȠȜ ȓ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȜ Ȗ ȐȨȐ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ „ǲȡțȎȐ“6.
ǽȞȓȐȜȒțȖȭȠ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȝȞȜȐȜȘȖȞȎ țȎȝȖȟȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȠȜȕȖ ȠȓȘȟȠ, ȓ ȜȠ 1876 ȑ. ǻȎ 14 ȚȎȗ 1876 ȑ. ǮțȠȖȚ, „ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ
ǰȖȒȖțȟȘȖ Ȗ ȓȘȕȎȞȣ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ“, ȜȠȝȞȎȐȭ Ȏȝȓș ȘȨȚ ȟȐȓȧȓțȖ-
ȤȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȖ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ „ȝȜȘȜȞțȖ, ȐȓȞțȖ Ȗ
ȝȞȓȒȎțȖ“ țȎ ȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ, ȒȎ ȜȏȖȥȎȠ ȏșȖȔțȖȭ, Ȑ Ƞ.ȥ. Ȗ
ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖȠȓ, ȜȟȐȓț ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖȠȓ, Ȗ „ȒȎ ȝȜȡȥȎȐȎȠ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ țȎ
ȠȜȐȎ, ȕȎȧȜȠȜ Ƞȓ ȟȎ ȟșȡȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ Ȗ ȝȞȜȝȜȐȓȒțȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ ǯȜȔȖȓ-
ȠȜ ȟșȜȐȜ“7. ǻȎ 18 ȚȎȗ 1876 ȑ. ȚȭȟȠȜȠȜ țȎ ȟȡșȠȎț ǮȏȒȡș ǮȕȖȕ
ȕȎȓȚȎ ȟȡșȠȎț ǺȡȞȎȒ V. ǻȎ 19 ȚȎȗ 1876 ȑ. ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ ǱȞȖȑȜ-
ȞȖȗ ȖȕȑȜȠȐȭ ȝȞȖȕȖȐ ȘȨȚ ȟȐȓȧȓțȖȤȖȠȓ Ȗ ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖȠȓ ȣȞȖȟȠȖ-
ȭțȖ țȎ ȀȨȞțȜȐȟȘȎ, ǲȜȞȜȟȠȜșȟȘȎ Ȗ ȅȓȞȐȓțȟȘȎ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȭ ȕȎ „Ȗȕ-
ȝȨșțȓțȖȓ țȎ ȐȓȞțȜȝȜȒȎțȖȥȓȟȘȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȒșȨȔțȜȟȠȖ“ ȥȞȓȕ ȝȜ-
ȘȜȞțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȐȭȞțȜȟȠ ȘȨȚ țȜȐȖȭ ȟȡșȠȎț, ȕȎ ȒȎ „ȝȞȖȐșȓȘȎȠ ȐȨȞȣȡ
ȟȖ“ țȓȑȜȐȎȠȎ ȚȖșȜȟȠ8. ǰ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȠȓ ȓ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȜ Ȗ ȝȖȟȚȜ ȜȠ ȎȞ-
ȣȖȚȎțȒȞȖȠ ǸȜțȟȠȎțȠȖț ȒȜ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ ǱȞȖȑȜȞȖȗ ȟ ȒȎȠȎ 25
ȚȎȗ 1876 ȑ., Ȑ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȖȕȞȎȕȭȐȎ ȟȨȔȎșȓțȖȓ, ȥȓ ȟȨȟ ȟȐȜȖȠȓ țȓ-
ȘȜțȠȞȜșȖȞȎțȖ ȜȠ țȖȘȜȑȜ ȑȞȎȏȖȠȓșȟȘȖ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȭ ȥȓȞȘȓȕȖȠȓ Ȗ
ȏȎȦȖȏȜȕȡȤȖȠȓ țȓ ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎșȖ țȎ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ
ȒȎ „ȚȎțȖȢȓȟȠȖȞȎ“ ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȐȭȞțȜȟȠ ȘȨȚ țȜȐȖȭ ȟȡșȠȎț ǺȡȞȎȒ,
ȐȨȕȘȎȥȖș ȟȓ țȎ ȝȞȓȟȠȜșȎ ȝȞȓȕ ȚȓȟȓȤ ȚȎȗ 1876 ȑ. (Nikolov
2010, 202 – 203). ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȖ ȘȎȠȜ Ȁ. ǿȨȏȓȐ Ȗ ǵ.
ǺȎȞȘȜȐȎ ȠȓȕȖ ȝȜȟșȎțȖȭ ȟȎ ȝȜ-ȟȘȜȞȜ ȢȜȞȚȎșțȖ, ȟ ȦȎȏșȜțȓț Ȗ
ȟȠȓȞȓȜȠȖȝȓț ȐȖȒ, Ȗ țȓ ȒȜȟȠȖȑȎȠ ȒȜ ȟȐȜȖȠȓ ȎȒȞȓȟȎȠȖ (Sabev
1977, 44; Markova 2008, 369).
ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȖȭȠ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȓ ȝȞȓȒȚȓȠ țȎ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓ Ȑ
ȠȜȕȖ ȠȓȘȟȠ, ȓ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ Ƞ.țȎȞ. ǼȞȖȓțȠȎșȟȘȎ ȎȞȣȖȐțȎ ȘȜșȓȘȤȖȭ
(ǼǮǸ) Ȑ ǻȎȤȖȜțȎșțȎȠȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ „ǿȐ. ǿȐ. ǸȖȞȖș Ȗ ǺȓȠȜ-
ȒȖȗ“9. ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȨȠ ȕȎȝȜȥȐȎ ȟ ȖȕȞȖȥțȜȠȜ ȡȠȜȥțȓțȖȓ, ȥȓ ȝȞȓȒȟ-
ȠȎȐșȭȐȎ „ȏȡȘȐȎșȓț ȝȞȓȐȜȒ țȎ ȜȏȞȨȧȓțȖȓȠȜ ȜȠ 19 ȚȎȗ [12]9210
ȑȜȒȖțȎ țȎ ȑȜȟȝȜȒȖț ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠȎ ȝȜȒ ȢȜȞȚȎȠȎ țȎ ȤȖȞȘȡșȭȞ-
țȜ ȝȖȟȚȜ ȘȨȚ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ȠȨȞțȜȐȟȘȎȠȎ Ȗ Ȟȡ-
ȟȓțȟȘȎȠȎ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȭ“. ǻȓ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ ȘȜȗ ȓ ȖȕȐȨȞȦȖș ȝȞȓȐȜȒȎ.
104
ȀȓȘȟȠȨȠ ȕȎȐȨȞȦȐȎ ȟ ȡȠȜȥțȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȥȓ ȓ „țȎȝȖȟȎț țȎ 19 ȚȎȗ
[12]92 ȑȜȒȖțȎ ȜȠ Ǿȡȟȓ“, ȟșȓȒȐȎ „ȝȜȒȝȖȟ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ ǱȞȖȑȜ-
ȞȖ[ȗ] ȚȜșȖȠȟȠȐȜȐȎȠȓș“, ȝȜȟșȓȒțȜȠȜ ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ țȓȝȨșȓț ȝȞȓȐȜȒ
țȎ „ǰȎȦ Ȝ ȃȞȖȟȠȓ ȚȜșȖȠȟȠȐȜȐȎȠȓș“. ǼȠ ȑȜȞțȜȠȜ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȭȟțȜ
ȟȨȧȜ, ȥȓ ȜȞȖȑȖțȎșțȖȭȠ ȝȞȖȕȖȐ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȓȞȓȭ ȓ ȖȕȑȜȠȐȓț Ȑ
ȝȖȟȚȓț ȐȖȒ.
ǰȨȐ ȢȜțȒȎ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȭ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȎȞȣȖȐ ȓ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȜ
ȝȓȥȎȠțȜ ȘȜȝȖȓ țȎ ȝȞȖȕȖȐȎ11. ǿȞȎȐțȓțȖȓȠȜ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎ-
țȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȭ ȝȞȓȐȜȒ Ȗ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȠȓȘȟȠ țȎ ȜȏȞȨȧȓ-
țȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ ǱȞȖȑȜȞȖȗ ȝȜȠȐȨȞȔȒȎȐȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȜșȜȔȓțȖ-
ȓȠȜ, ȥȓ ȠȜȐȎ ȓ ȝȞȓȐȜȒ ȖȚȓțțȜ țȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟțȖȭ Ȏȝȓș, țȜ ȟ ȓȒțȎ
ȐȎȔțȎ ȡȑȜȐȜȞȘȎ: ȝȜȒ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȭ ȠȓȘȟȠ ȓ ȝȜȟȠȎȐȓț șȖȥțȖȭȠ
ȝȓȥȎȠ țȎ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠȎ, ȏȓȕ ȝȜȒȝȖȟ, Ȏ Ȑ ȝȞȓȐȜȒȎ ȖȕȞȖȥțȜ ȓ
ȡȝȜȚȓțȎȠ țȓȑȜȐȖȭȠ ȝȜȒȝȖȟ, țȜ țȓ Ȗ ȝȓȥȎȠ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȒȎȐȎ ȜȟțȜȐȎ-
țȖȓ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȜșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȥȓ ȝȞȓȐȜȒȨȠ țȎȗ-ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ țȓ ȓ
țȎȝȞȎȐȓț ȜȠ ȝȓȥȎȠțȖȭ ȝȞȖȕȖȐ, Ȏ ȜȠ ȜȞȖȑȖțȎșȎ.
ǽȞȓȐȜȒțȖȭȠ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ Ȝȧȓ ȜȠ ȝȞȨȐ ȝȜȑșȓȒ ȐȝȓȥȎȠșȭȐȎ ȟ
ȓȒțȎ ȢȜȞȚȎșțȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȘȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȎ
ȘȎȠȜ ȜȠȘșȜțȓțȖȓ ȜȠ țȜȞȚȎȠȎ – ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȓȝȖțȎȠȓș-
țȖ ȕțȎȤȖ Ȗ ȜȏȜȟȜȏȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȜȠȒȓșțȖ ȝȎȞȎȑȞȎȢȖ. ǻȓȕȎȐȖȟȖ-
ȚȜ ȜȠ ȟȘȜȞȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȞȓȢȜȞȚȖȠȓ Ȑ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ, ȐșȖȭ-
țȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȕȎȝȎȒțȎȠȎ ȤȖȐȖșȖȕȎȤȖȭ, ȝȞȜȚȓțȖȠȓ Ȑ țȎȑșȎȟȖȠȓ Ȗ
ȚȖȟșȓțȓȠȜ, ȐȖȒȖȚȖ Ȑ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎȠȎ Ȗ Ȑ ȝȓȥȎȠȎ, Ȑ țȭȘȜȖ ȟȢȓ-
ȞȖ Ȑȟȓ Ȝȧȓ ȟȓ țȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎ ȝȞȓȐȓȟ țȎ ȘȜțȟȓȞȐȎȠȖȐțȜȠȜ Ȗ ȝȜ-
ȏȎȐțȜȠȜ ȜȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȠȓȕȖ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ. ǸȨȚ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȜȠȜ
ȚȜȔȓȚ ȒȎ ȝȞȖȥȖȟșȖȚ ȜȢȖȤȖȎșțȎȠȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎȤȖȭ ȜȠ ȞȎȕ-
șȖȥțȖ țȖȐȎ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȝȞȎȐȖșȎȠȎ ȕȎ
ȖȕȑȜȠȐȭțȓ țȎ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖȠȓ ȠȖȝȜȐȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ. Ƕ ȝȜ-ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȜ
– ȝȡțȘȠȡȎȤȖȭȠȎ, ȐȨȝȞȜȟȨȠ ȕȎ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȝșȎȣȜ ȟȓ ȝȜȐȒȖȑȎ ȝȞȓȕ
ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ. ǲȜ ȠȜȕȖ ȚȜȚȓțȠ ȝȞȓȝȖțȎȠȓș-
țȖȠȓ ȕțȎȤȖ țȓ ȟȓ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎȠ Ȑ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȝȖȟȚȓțȎ ȠȞȎȒȖȤȖȭ.
ǵȎ ȜȟțȜȐȓț ȒȐȖȑȎȠȓș țȎ ȠȎȕȖ ȝȞȜȚȭțȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȖȓȚȎ ǺȡȎșșȖȚ
ǻȎȒȔȖ (1849 – 1893) – ȝȜȓȠ, ȘȞȖȠȖȘ Ȗ șȓȘȟȖȘȜȑȞȎȢ, ȘȜȗȠȜ
ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎ ȐȨȐȓȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȡțȘȠȡȎȤȖȭ ȝȜ ȢȞȓțȟȘȖ ȚȜȒȓș
(Kızılkaya & Çiftli 2020, 362). ǰ ȝȜȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖȭ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ Ȑ ȝȓȞȖ-
ȜȒȖȥțȖȠȓ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ Ȑȓȥȓ ȓ ȐȨȐȓȒȓțȎ ȠȎȘȎȐȎ,
Ȏ ȠȓȘȟȠȨȠ ȓ ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȖȞȎț țȎ ȜȠȒȓșțȖ ȝȎȞȎȑȞȎȢȖ. ǰ șȖȠȓȞȎ-
ȠȡȞȎȠȎ ȝȞȓȝȖțȎȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȕțȎȤȖ ȟȨȧȜ ȟȓ ȝȜȭȐȭȐȎȠ Ȑ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ
105
țȎ ȀȎțȕȖȚȎȠȎ (1839 – 1876), ȝȨȞȐȜ Ȑ ȒȞȎȚȎȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȠȓȘȟȠȜȐȓ,
ȞȎȕȘȎȕȖ, ȞȜȚȎțȖ, Ȏ ȝȜ-ȘȨȟțȜ Ȗ Ȑ ȝȜȓȕȖȭȠȎ (Durukoùlu & Bü-
yükelçi, 2018, 17).
ǰ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȜȠ ȟȨȧȖȭ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ, ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȖ ȒȜ
Ȓțȓȟ Ȗ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȖ Ȑ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȢȜțȒȜȐȓ, ȝȞȓȝȖțȎȠȓșțȖȠȓ
ȕțȎȤȖ ȟȎ ȝȜ-ȟȘȜȞȜ ȖȕȘșȬȥȓțȖȓ. ǵȎ ȜȠȒȓșȭțȓ țȎ ȖȕȞȓȥȓțȖȭȠȎ Ȑ
ȠȓȘȟȠȎ țȓ ȟȓ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎȠ ȝȞȓȝȖțȎȠȓșțȖ ȕțȎȤȖ, Ȏ țȎȗ-ȥȓȟȠȜ ȟȨ-
ȬȕȖ; ȝȜȒȜȏțȎ ȢȡțȘȤȖȭ ȖȕȝȨșțȭȐȎȠ Ȗ ȒȓȓȝȞȖȥȎȟȠțȖȠȓ ȢȜȞȚȖ.
ǿȞȓȒ ȖȕȐȜȞȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎȠ ȝȞȓȐȜȒțȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ țȎ
ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ, ȝȜ-ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜ ȜțȓȕȖ, Ȑ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȖȕȞȖȥțȜ ȓ ȜȠȏȓ-
șȭȕȎțȜ, ȥȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎȠ ȝȞȓȐȜȒ, ȟȓ ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎȠ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ,
ȡȞȓȔȒȎȧȖ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȜ-ȝȞȎȐțȖ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȭ, șȖȥțȎ ȘȜȞȓȟȝȜț-
ȒȓțȤȖȭ, ȒȖȝșȜȚȎȠȖȥȓȟȘȎ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎȤȖȭ. ǸȨȚ țȭȘȜȖ
ȜȠ ȠȓȕȖ ȝȞȓȐȜȒȖ ȟȎ ȝȞȖșȜȔȓțȖ Ȗ ȜȞȖȑȖțȎșțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ țȎ
ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȓȕȖȤȖ. ǻȓȕȎȐȖȟȖȚȜ ȜȠ ȞȎȕșȖȥȖȭȠȎ Ȑ ȟȠȖșȎ, ȟȠȞȡȘ-
ȠȡȞȎȠȎ Ȗ ȜȢȜȞȚșȓțȖȓȠȜ ȖȚ, ȝȞȓȐȜȒȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȖȕȑȜȠȐȓțȖ ȝȜ ȜȟȚȎț-
ȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȞȎȐȖșȎ, Ƞ.ȓ. ȕȎ ȞȎȕșȖȘȎ ȜȠ ȜȞȖȑȖțȎșțȖȭ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ,
ȝȞȓȐȜȒțȖȭȠ ȠȓȘȟȠ țȓ ȓ ȞȎȕȒȓșȓț țȎ ȜȠȒȓșțȖ ȝȎȞȎȑȞȎȢȖ Ȗ țȭ-
ȚȎ ȝȞȓȝȖțȎȠȓșțȖ ȕțȎȤȖ, ȜȠȘșȜțȓțȖȭȠȎ ȟȎ ȝȜ-ȟȘȜȞȜ ȖȕȘșȬȥȓ-
țȖȓ Ȗ ȟȓ ȟȞȓȧȎȠ țȎȗ-Ȑȓȥȓ Ȑ țȓȢȜȞȚȎșțȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎȤȖȭ.
ǼȠ ȜȢȜȞȚșȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȓȐȜȒțȖȭ ȠȓȘȟȠ țȎ ȝȞȖȕȖȐȎ țȎ
ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ ǱȞȖȑȜȞȖȗ ȓ ȐȖȒțȜ, ȥȓ ȓ ȞȎȕȒȓșȓț țȎ ȝȎȞȎȑȞȎȢȖ,
ȘȜȖȠȜ ȕȎȐȨȞȦȐȎȠ ȟ ȠȜȥȘȎ, Ȏ ȐȨȠȞȓ Ȑ ȝȎȞȎȑȞȎȢȎ ȖȕȞȓȥȓțȖȭȠȎ
ȟȨȧȜ ȟȎ ȜȠȒȓșȓțȖ ȟ ȝȞȓȝȖțȎȠȓșȓț ȕțȎȘ (ȠȜȥȘȎ). ǶȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȜ ȓ
Ȗ ȒȐȜȓȠȜȥȖȓ (ȞȓȒȜȐȓ 6, 18). ǻȎ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȚȓȟȠȎ Ȑ ȠȓȘȟȠȎ ȟȓ ȟȞȓ-
ȧȎȠ Ȗ ȟȘȜȏȖ, ȥȖȓȠȜ ȝȞȓȒțȎȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ ȟȓ ȞȎȕșȖȥȎȐȎ ȜȠ ȟȨȐȞȓ-
ȚȓțțȎȠȎ ȖȚ ȡȝȜȠȞȓȏȎ. ǰ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ Ȑ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ
ȘțȖȔțȖțȎ Ƞȓ ȟȓ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎȠ ȜȟțȜȐțȜ ȕȎ ȎȘȤȓțȠȖȞȎțȓ ȐȨȞȣȡ
ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȠȓȘȟȠȎ, Ȑ țȭȘȜȖ ȟșȡȥȎȖ Ƞȓȣȓț ȓȘȐȖȐȎșȓțȠ
ȟȓ ȭȐȭȐȎȠ ȘȎȐȖȥȘȖȠȓ (Atasoy 2010, 848). ǽȞȖ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȐȎțȓȠȜ
țȎ țȜȐȖȭ ȟȡșȠȎț Ȑ ȝȞȖȕȖȐȎ Ȑ ȟȘȜȏȖ ȓ ȝȜȟȠȎȐȓțȜ „ȟȡșȠȎț Ǻȡ-
ȞȎȒ“ (ȞȓȒ 4) Ȗ „ȟȡșȠȎț ǺȡȞȎȒ V“ (ȞȓȒȜȐȓ 9, 14, 25). ǿȨȟ ȟȘȜȏȖ
ȓ ȜȠȒȓșȓț Ȗ „ȏșȎȑȜȟșȜȐȓțȖȭȠ Ȓȓț“ țȎ ȐȨȕȘȎȥȐȎțȓȠȜ Țȡ țȎ
ȝȞȓȟȠȜșȎ (ȞȓȒ 7). ǿȝȞȎȐȘȎ ȟ ȝȓȥȎȠțȖȭ ȝȞȖȕȖȐ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎ, ȥȓ ȝȜ-
ȒȜȏȓț ȝȜȣȐȎȠ ȓ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎț ȐȓȒțȨȔ, ȘȎȠȜ ȠȓȘȟȠȨȠ țȓ ȓ ȜȠȒȓșȓț
ȟȨȟ ȟȘȜȏȖ, Ȏ ȓ ȖȕȝȖȟȎț ȟ ȑșȎȐțȖ ȏȡȘȐȖ: „ǻǳǱǼǰǼ ǶǺǽǳǾǮ-
ȀǼǾǿKǼ ǰǳǹǶȅǳǿȀǰǼ ǿȁǹȀǮǻȈ ǺȁǾǮȀȈ V“. ǹȖȝȟȎȠȎ
țȎ ȝȜȒȜȏțȜ ȞȎȕȑȞȎțȖȥȓțȖȓ – ȚȎșȘȖ–ȑșȎȐțȖ ȏȡȘȐȖ – Ȑ ȜȟȚȎț-
106
ȟȘȎȠȎ ȑȞȎȢȖȘȎ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȝȞȓȒȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜȟȠȠȎ ȜȠ ȒȞȡȑ
ȝȜȒȣȜȒ Ȗ ȜȏȭȟțȭȐȎ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȘȜȏȖ. ǻȓ ȏȓ ȜȠȘȞȖȠ ȝȞȓ-
ȐȜȒ țȎ ȒȞȡȑ ȝȜȒȜȏȓț Ȏȝȓș țȖȠȜ ȐȨȐ ȢȜțȒȎ țȎ ȜȠȒȓș „ǼȞȖȓț-
ȠȎșȟȘȖ ȟȏȖȞȘȖ“ țȎ ǻǯǸǺ, țȖȠȜ Ȑ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșțȎȠȎ ȘȜșȓȘȤȖȭ țȎ
ǲȨȞȔȎȐțȖȭ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȎȞȣȖȐ țȎ ǾȓȝȡȏșȖȘȎ ȀȡȞȤȖȭ12, ȕȎ ȒȎ
ȏȨȒȎȠ ȝȜȠȐȨȞȒȓțȖ ȖșȖ ȜȠȣȐȨȞșȓțȖ țȎȝȞȎȐȓțȖȠȓ ȘȜțȟȠȎȠȎ-
ȤȖȖ ȝȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȖȭ ȢȜȞȚȎȠ.
ǼȟȐȓț ȢȜȞȚȎșțȖ ȜȠȘșȜțȓțȖȭ Ȗ țȓȟȨȜȠȐȓȠȟȠȐȖȭ Ȑ ȠȓȘȟȠȎ
ȟȓ ȜȠȘȞȜȭȐȎȠ Ȗ țȭȘȜȖ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȘȖ țȎ ȓȕȖȘȎ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎ:
ǻȓȝȜȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșțȜȟȠ ȝȞȖ ȖȕȏȜȞȎ țȎ șȓȘȟȖȘȎșțȖ Ȗ ȑȞȎ-
ȚȎȠȖȥțȖ ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎ, țȎȝȞ. ȠȖȠȡșȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȭ ȐșȎȒȓ-
Ƞȓș – ȟȡșȠȎț ǺȡȞȎȒ V. ǻȎ ȠȞȖ ȚȓȟȠȎ (ȞȓȒȜȐȓ 4, 5, 9, 14) ȢȖȑȡ-
ȞȖȞȎ ȟ ȝȓȞȟȖȗȟȘȖ ȖȕȎȢȓȠ Ȗ ȥȖȟșȖȠȓșțȜ ȞȓȒțȜ, ȕȎȓȠȜ ȜȠ ȎȞȎȏ-
ȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ – Sultan Murad-ı Hamis, Ȏ Ȑ ȘȞȎȭ (ȞȓȒ 25) ȓ ȖȕȝȜșȕ-
ȐȎț ȠȡȞȟȘȖȭȠ ȓȘȐȖȐȎșȓțȠ – Beüinci Sultan Murad;
ǼȠȘșȜțȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ȑȞȎȚȎȠȖȥțȖȠȓ țȜȞȚȖ – țȎȝȞ. Ȑ ȝȜȟȓȟȖȐ-
țȎȠȎ ȘȜțȟȠȞȡȘȤȖȭ tahrirat-ı umumi(nin) (ȞȓȒ 2) țȭȚȎ ȟȨȑșȎ-
ȟȡȐȎțȓ ȝȜ ȞȜȒ/ȥȖȟșȜ;
ǽȞȓȒȝȜȥȖȠȎțȖȓ ȘȨȚ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȜȒțȖ Ȗ ȟșȜȔțȖ ȒȡȚȖ (ȝȞȖ-
șȎȑȎȠȓșțȖ ȖȚȓțȎ, țȎȞȓȥȖȭ Ȗ ȒȞ.) ȝȜ ȝȓȞȟȖȗȟȘȖ ȜȏȞȎȕȓȤ, ȟȖ-
țȜțȖȚțȖ ȒȐȜȗȘȖ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȟ țȓȠȖȝȖȥțȎ ȖșȖ ȝȜ-ȜȑȞȎțȖȥȓțȎ
ȡȝȜȠȞȓȏȎ Ȑ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ – müsaadet-makrun, saa-
det-hal Ȗ ȒȞ.
ǿșȓȒȐȎ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȎțȖ țȭȘȜȖ ȝȞȜȝȡȟȘȖ Ȗ ȜȠȘșȜțȓ-
țȖȭ Ȗ ȝȞȖ ȝȞȓȐȜȒȎ. ȂȜȞȚȎșțȜ șȖȝȟȐȎ ȝȞȓȐȜȒ țȎ ȐȨȐȓȔȒȎȧȜ-
ȠȜ ȜȏȞȨȧȓțȖȓ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȓȞȓȭ ȘȨȚ ȝȎȟȠȐȜȠȜ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȚȭȟȠȜȠȜ
(ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȭȠȎ) țȎ ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȖȕȖȐȎ, ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȜ Ȑ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȭ ȝȓȥȎȠȓț ȠȓȘȟȠ. ǻȭȚȎ ȜȟțȜȐȎțȖȭ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȝȜșȎ-
ȑȎ, ȥȓ ȑȜȞțȜȠȜ țȓ ȢȖȑȡȞȖȞȎ Ȑ ȜȞȖȑȖțȎșțȜȠȜ ȐȨȕȐȎțȖȓ. ǺȜȔȓ
ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȖȓȚȓ ȜȏȎȥȓ, ȥȓ ȠȓȕȖ ȒȐȎ ȠȓȘȟȠȎ ȟȎ ȜȏȜȏȧȓțȖ Ȑ ȝȨȞȐȜ-
ȠȜ, ȐȨȐȓȔȒȎȧȜ ȖȕȞȓȥȓțȖȓ țȎ ȝȞȓȐȜȒȎ. ǻȓ ȓ ȝȞȓȐȓȒȓț Ȗ ȠȓȘȟ-
ȠȨȠ „ȥȎȒȎ țȎȦȎ Ȝ ȃȞȖȟȠȓ ȐȜȕșȬȏșȓțțȎȭ“, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ
ȜȏȭȟțȓțȜ ȟȨȟ ȕȎȠȞȡȒțȓțȖȓȠȜ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ țȎȚȓȞȓț ȠȜȥȓț ȝȞȓȐȜȒ
țȎ ȠȜȕȖ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȥȓț ȕȎ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȎȠȎ ȞȓșȖȑȖȭ ȖȕȞȎȕ.
ǻȓ ȓ țȓȜȏȖȥȎȗțȜ Ȑ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȘȎțȤȓșȎȞȟȘȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ Ȑ
ȝȞȓȐȜȒțȖ ȠȓȘȟȠȜȐȓ ȒȎ ȢȖȑȡȞȖȞȎ Ȗ ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȓȐȜȒȎȥȎ. ǰ
ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎțȖȭ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȠȎȘȜȐȎ țȓ ȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȜ. ǲȜȝȨș-
țȖȠȓșțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȎ ȟ ȒȎțțȖ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȐȜȒȎȥȎ, ȏȖ
107
ȝȜȚȜȑțȎșȎ ȘȎȘȠȜ ȕȎ ȖȕȭȟțȭȐȎțȓ țȎ țȭȘȜȖ ȜȠ ȝȜȟȠȎȐȓțȖȠȓ ȝȜ-
ȑȜȞȓ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚȖ Ȗ țȓȟȨȜȠȐȓȠȟȠȐȖȭ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ ȕȎ ȜȟȐȓȠșȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȎȒȞȓȟȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȓȐȜȒȎ.
ǻȎȝȖȟȎțȜȠȜ ȒȜȠȡȘ ȒȎȐȎ ȜȟțȜȐȎțȖȓ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ țȎȝȞȎȐȓțȖ
ȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ ȕȎȘșȬȥȓțȖȭ. ȀȜȕȖ Ȏȝȓș ȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ ȝȜȞȓȒȖȤȎȠȎ
ȝȜȒȜȏțȖ, ȖȕȑȜȠȐȓțȖ ȘȎȘȠȜ ȜȠ ȎȞȣȖȓȞȓȖȠȓ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ ȜȠ ȟȎȚȖȭ ȓȘ-
ȕȎȞȣ ǮțȠȖȚ I Ȑ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ ȟșȓȒ ȡȥȞȓȒȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ
ȓȘȕȎȞȣȖȭ. ǰȨȝȞȓȘȖ țȓȠȖȝȖȥțȖȭ ȟȠȖș Ȗ ȜȢȜȞȚșȓțȖȓ țȎ ȝȞȓȒȟ-
ȠȎȐȓțȖȭ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ, țȭȚȎ ȟȨȚțȓțȖȓ, ȥȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎ ȝȞȓȐȜȒ
ȖȚȓțțȜ țȎ ȝȞȖȕȖȐȎ țȎ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ ǱȞȖȑȜȞȖȗ ȜȠ 19 ȚȎȗ 1876 ȑ.
ǻȎșȖȥȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȜȕȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ Ȑ ȝȞȓȐȜȒ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ
ȓ ȒȜȘȎȕȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ȕȎ ȐȎȔțȜȟȠȠȎ Ȗ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎ-
ȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ ȜȠȒȎȐȎ țȎ ȞȜșȭȠȎ Ȗ ȐșȖȭțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȤȨȞ-
ȘȐȎ – Ȗ Ȑ ȥȎȟȠțȜȟȠ țȎ ǳȘȕȎȞȣȖȭȠȎ – ȟȞȓȒ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȣȞȖȟȠȖ-
ȭțȟȘȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ, țȜ ȟȨȧȜ Ȗ ȕȎ ȐȎȔțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȭȐțȜ Ȗ ȘȎȠȓȑȜ-
ȞȖȥțȜ ȕȎȭȐȓțȜ ȐȓȞțȜȝȜȒȎțȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ, ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȓțȜ ȟȨȟ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠ-
țȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȎȕȎȠȓșȟȠȐȎ. ǻȓ ȓ ȟșȡȥȎȗțȎ Ȗ ȒȎȠȎȠȎ țȎ ȖȕȑȜȠȐȭțȓ țȎ
ȝȞȖȕȖȐȎ – ȟȎȚȜ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȒțȖ ȟșȓȒ ȐȨȕȐȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȓȘȕȎȞȣ Ǯț-
ȠȖȚ I ȘȨȚ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȟȐȓȧȓțȖȤȖ. ǽȞȓȐȜȒȨȠ țȎ ȎȝȓșȎ țȎ
ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ ǱȞȖȑȜȞȖȗ ȝȜȠȐȨȞȔȒȎȐȎ Ȗ ȠȓȕȎȠȎ, ȖȕȘȎȕȎțȎ ȜȠ Ȗȕ-
ȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȖ țȎ ȠȎȕȖ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚȎȠȖȘȎ, ȥȓ ȜȠ ǳȘȕȎȞȣȖȭȠȎ ȟȓ
ȖȕȖȟȘȐȎ șȜȭșțȜȟȠ, ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ Ȑ ȞȓȐȜșȬȤȖȜțțȎȠȎ ȜȏȟȠȎțȜȐȘȎ,
ȕȎȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎțȎ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȥȞȓȕ ȝȜȒȜȏțȖ ȏșȎȑȜȒȎȞȟȠȐȓțȖ ȎȒ-
ȞȓȟȖ Ȗ ȝȞȖȕȖȐȖ ȕȎ ȐȭȞțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȝȜȘȜȞȟȠȐȜ, ȚȎȘȎȞ Ȗ ȟ ȜȠțȜȟȖȠȓș-
țȜ ȢȜȞȚȎșȓț ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞ Ȗ țȓȕȎȐȖȟȖȚȜ ȜȠ ȝȜȒȏȡȒȖȠȓ țȎ ȏȨș-
ȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȟȐȓȧȓțȖȤȖ ȝȞȖ ȖȕȑȜȠȐȭțȓȠȜ ȖȚ.
108
ǽȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ 1
ǻǯǸǺ, ǯǶǮ, II ǰ 9917ȓ
109
ǻǯǸǺ, ǼȞȖȓțȠȎșȟȘȖ ȟȏȖȞȘȖ, ǼǮǸ 30/97
110
Hüve
Rusçuk ve Tırnovi Metrepolidlikleri Daire-i Ruhaniyesinde
bulunan Bulgar ahalisine hitaben Metrepolid efendi tarafından
fi 19 Mayıs sene [12]92 tarihinde [2] neür olunan tahrirat-ı
umuminin harf-be-harf tercümesidir
[3] Memalik-i mahruse el-mesalik-i Osmaniyenin ve anı
terkib eden bilcümle milel ve akvam-ı muhtelifenin saadet-hali
cenab-ı Hak ve takaddüs hazretlerinden ihsan buyurulmakda
[4] olduùu gibi bu kere dahi mukadderat-ı rabbaniyeden olarak
dünkü gün taht-ı alinimet-i Osmaniyeye cennet-mekan
Abdülmecid hazretlerinin mahdum-ı celili Sultan Murad [5]
Hamis hazretlerinin üeref-i cülus buyruk olduklarını haber-i
meserret ve üad-man resmen ilan ve cümleye tebliù ve tebüir
olundu. [6] úübu cülus-ü hümayun müsaadet-makrun mülu-
kanelerinin ziya-paü olduùu gün ki: memalik-i üahanelerinde
yaüayan bütün tebaa ve zir-destaniçün canen [7] ve kalben
halkı sevindiren bir yevm-i mübarek ad olunmaùa seza ve ba-
hadır. Çünkü üu cülus-ı cedid meyamin-i me’nus padiüa-
haneleri rabbimiz Teala hazretlerinin [8] emr ü iradet-i
Allahiyesi semeresi olduùu cihetle milel-i merkumenin nizamı
dairesinde arzusunda bulundukları saadet-hal hakikinin husu-
lünü tekeffül [9] eder cülustur. Yeni padiüahımız Sultan
Murad-ı Hamis efendimiz hazretleri cümlemizin refah-ı hal ve
saadet ve istirahatını te’min ve te’yid edecek [10] kaffe-i evsaf
ve hasail ile muttasıf ve mütehallik bulunduklarından üan ü
üevketle müzeyyen bulunan temmet-i celil cihandaranesi etra-
fına kemal-i sıdk ve sadakatla [11] sarıldıùımız halde inayat ve
müsaadat bi-gayat-ı padiüahanesine bi-hakk-ı üayeste olduùu
dünyaya gösterelim.
[12] Rahat ve asayiüini istiyan Bulgar milletimiz taht-ı Al-i
Osman’a mine’l-kadim ibraz eylediùi sadakatı sayesinde sela-
tin-i azam huzeratının merhamet ve [13] inayetlerinden mah-
rum kalmamıütır. Ve bugünkü günde iftiharında bulunduùu-
muz hukuk ve müsaadat-ı celilenin semeresi ise üu
sadakatımızın semeresi bulunmuü [14] olduùu eükar iken yeni
padiüahımız bulunan sultan Murad-ı Hamis efendimiz hazret-
lerinin merhamet ve emniyet mülukanesine dahi nail ve maz-
111
har [15] olmaklıùı[mı]z içün mezkür sadakatımızı bir kat daha
takviyet idüp sair tebaa-i asdika-yı üahane ile birlikte olarak
milletimizin atiyyesi te’min ve te’kid [16] edileceùi aslen ve ka-
tiyen üüphe yoktur.
[17] Binaenaleyh zikr iübu cülus-ı cedid-i hümayun haber
meserretini biz dahi cümlenize tebüir etmekle beraber umumu-
nuzun dikkatini zirdeki mevat hakkında celb ve üöyle [18]
füshat itasına müsaraat eylemeùe: daima taht-ı alinimet-i
padiüahanelerine merbut bulunarak tarik-i istikametden ve
sıdk-ı sadakatınızdan zerre kadar [19] ayrılmayınız. Tahtın
bedhahane bulunan bedhahanemizden gayet ilgaya
sakınmalısınız. Ve bu makule ceyülerin iùfalan ve ilkaata
garaz-karane ve hasmanelerini [20] red ve takbih ediniz ve
ma’a mafih zikr olunan ilgaata aldanmıü ve üimdiki halde
devlet ve milletimize düümüü bulunmuü olanlara i’ta-yı nasayih
ederek [21] niyyat ve tasavvurat veca’alarından vazgeçtirub
tabiet ve za’if nazifelerini ifaya tesri’ ettirmenizle beraber bu
yolda ibraz edecekleri sadakatın [22] semeresiyle yeni padiüa-
hımızın merhamet ve inayet-i seniyelerine nail olsunlar. Ve
milletimiz dahi eyyam-ı üahanelerinde ihsan buyurulacak her
türlü müsaadat [23] ve inayattan hisse-mend olmak ve emni-
yet-i mülukanesini cezb etmek için gece gündüz dua-i
hayriyenin ifasından girü kalmıyub her bar ü karda tabiyet
[24] ve zayıfının icrasında kusur göstermemenizi yedden ihzar
ederim.
[25] Hemen cenab-ı rabbü’l-alemin padiüah-ı cedid alem-
penah Beüinci Sultan Murad Efendimiz hazretlerinin ömür ve
iclal ve ikbal ve üan ve üevket-i mülükanesini [26] dünya dur-
dukça firavan ve zıll-i zalil adimü‘l-adil padiüahanesini üzeri-
mize sayeban ve kaffe-i tebaa-i asdika-yı üahanelerini
saadethale nail ve mazharı [27] buyursun duasını tekrar yekdil
ve yekzeban olarak yad ve tilavet edelim amin
Fi 19 Mayıs sene [12]92
úmza ed-da’i
Metrepolid
Grigori[y]
Rusçuk’dan
112
1. ǿȐȜȏȜȒȎ, III, 8, 19 ȎȐȑ.1872 ȑ., ȟ. 61, ǻȓȕȎȐȖȟȖȚȜȟȠ, III, 33, 5 ȚȎȗ 1873
ȑ., ȟ. 262 Ȗ ȒȞ. ǽȓȞȖȜȒȖȥțȖȠȓ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ, ȝȜșȕȐȎțȖ Ȑ ȠȓȘȟȠȎ, ȟȎ ȒȜȟȠȨȝțȖ
Ȑ ȖțȠȓȞțȓȠ ȟȠȞȎțȖȤȎȠȎ țȎ ǻǯǸǺ Ȑ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ 1 – 15.08.2021 ȑ.
(http://digital.nationallibrary.bg/DWWebClient/IntegrationSearch.aspx?
DWSubSession=7424&v=1796)
2. ǿșȎȐȎ, I, ȏȞ. 3, 01 ȜȘȠ. 1872 ȑ., ȟ. 34.
3. ǽȞȎȐȜ, VIII, 36, 13 țȜȓȚ. 1872 ȑ.
4. Ȃ. 43Ǹ, Ȝȝ. 1, Ȏ.ȓ. 6, ș. 57 – 58, ȝȜ Markova 1989, 209.
5. ǻȎȝȞȓȒȨȘ, XI, ȏȞ. 133, 27 ȚȎȗ 1877 ȑ., ȟ. 519.
6. ǲȡțȎȐ, XIII, ȏȞ. 1162, 27 ȎȝȞ. 1877 ȑ.
7. ǻǯǸǺ, ǯǶǮ, II ǰ 9917Ȓ.
8. ǻǯǸǺ, ǯǶǮ, II ǰ 9917ȓ. ǰȔ. ǽȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ 1.
9. ǿȖȑț. ǼǮǸ 30/97. ǰȔ. ǽȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ 2. ǰ ǽȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ 3 ȓ ȝȞȓȒȟ-
ȠȎȐȓțȎ ȠȞȎțȟȘȞȖȝȤȖȭ țȎ ȠȓȘȟȠȎ.
10. 31.05.1876 ȑ. ȖșȖ 19.05.1876 ȑ. ȝȜ ȟȠȎȞ ȟȠȖș.
11. ǻǯǸǺ, ǯǶǮ, II ǰ 9917ȓ.
12. https://www.devletarsivleri.gov.tr/, ȒȜȟȠȨȝȓț țȎ 03.09.2021 ȑ.
ǯȜțȓȐȎ, ǰ., 2010. ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȜțȎȤȖȜțȎșțȜ ȒȐȖȔȓțȖȓ
1856 – 1870. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǵȎ ȏȡȘȐȖȠȓ – O ȝȖȟȚȓțȓȣȪ.
ǱȜțȥȎȞȜȐȎ, Ǳ., 2018. ǽȜșȖȠȖȘȖ țȎ „ȝȜȘȜșȓțȖȓȠȜ“: ȑȓțȓȞȎȤȖȜțțȖ
ȒȓșȓțȖȭ Ȑ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ ȝȞȓȕ ȐȠȜȞȎȠȎ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎ țȎ XIX Ȗ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ
țȎ XX ȐȓȘ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȜ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ǿȐ. ǸșȖȚȓțȠ Ǽȣ-
ȞȖȒȟȘȖ.
ǺȎȞȘȜȐȎ, ǵ., 1989. ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȓȘȕȎȞȣȖȭ 1870 – 1879. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǯǮǻ.
ǺȎȞȘȜȐȎ, ǵ., 2008. ǲȖȜȤȓȕ Ȗ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ țȎ ǲȜȞȜȟȠȜșȜ-
ȅȓȞȐȓțȟȘȎȠȎ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȭ ȝȞȓȕ 70-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ. ǶȕȏȞȎțȖ ȟȨ-
ȥȖțȓțȖȭ, Ƞ. 2. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǮȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȜ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ǺȎȞȖț ǲȞȖțȜȐ,
338 – 391.
ǻȖȘȜșȜȐ, ǻ., 2010. ǺȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ ǱȞȖȑȜȞȖȗ ǲȜȞȜȟȠȜșȜ-ȅȓȞȐȓțȟȘȖ:
ȔȖȐȜȠ Ȗ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ ȒȜ 1878 ȑ. ǲȜȏȞȖȥ: ǮȐȓ ȢȎȘȠȎ.
ǿȨȏȓȐ, Ȁ., 1977. ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȝȞȎȐȜȟșȎȐțȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ Ȗ țȎȤȖȜțȎșțȜ-
ȜȟȐȜȏȜȒȖȠȓșțȜȠȜ ȒȐȖȔȓțȖȓ. ǮȝȞȖșȟȘȜȠȜ ȐȨȟȠȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ
ȝȞȎȐȜȟșȎȐțȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǿȖțȜȒȎșțȜ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ, 7 – 74.
Atasoy, F. O., 2010. Noktalama úüaretlerinin Tarihi. Turkish Studies,
5/2, 823 – 861.
Durukoùlu, S., & Büyükelçi, B., 2018. Türk Dilinde Noktalama úü-
aretlerinin Kullanımı ve Tarihi Geliüimi. AKRA Kültür Sanat Ve
Edebiyat Dergisi, S. 14, c. 6, 2018, 11 – 26.
113
Kızılkaya, Y. & Çiftli, M., 2020. Noktalama úüaretlerinin Türkçe ve
Arapçadaki úülev Farklılıklarının Dil Öùretimi Açısından Analizi.
Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24 (1), 2020,
359 – 383.
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5/2, 823 – 861.
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1870. Sofia: Za bukvite – O pismeneh.
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úüaretlerinin Kullanımı ve Tarihi Geliüimi. AKRA Kültür Sanat Ve
Edebiyat Dergisi, S. 14, c. 6, 2018, 11 – 26.
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v Balgaria prez vtorata polovina na XIX I nachaloto na XX vek. Sofia:
Universitetsko izdatelstvo ‘Sv. Kliment Ohridski’.
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Arapçadaki úülev Farklılıklarının Dil Öùretimi Açısından Analizi.
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359 – 383.
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eparhia prez 70-te godini na XIX vek. Izbrani sachinenia, t. 2. Sofia:
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Nikolov, N., 2010. Mitropolit Grigoriy Dorostolsko-Chervenski: zhivot
i deynost do 1878 g. Dobrich: Ave fakta.
Sabev, Ȁ., 1977. Balgarskata pravoslavna tsarkva i natsionalnoos-
voboditelnoto dvizhenie. Aprilskoto vastanie i balgarskata pra-
voslavna tsarkva. Sofia: Sinodalno izdatelstvo, 7 – 74.
A TRANSLATION IN OTTOMAN TURKISH

OF AN APPEAL FROM THE METROPOLITAN
BISHOP GREGORY
OF DOROSTOL AND CHERVEN
Abstract: This text is focused on some specific features of a
translation in Ottoman Turkish of an appeal from the Metropolitan
Bishop Gregory of Dorostol and Cherven to the Christians of the ep-
archy of Ruse for loyalty to the new sultan Murad V, who ascended
the throne in 1876. Metropolitan Bishop Gregory was associated with
the Bulgarian Exarchate, with the support to the educational activi-
114
ties in his eparchy, but he is also known for his reformist views. In a
time when the Exarchate and some of the Metropolitan bishops es-
tablished the practice of sending gratitude letters to the sultans and
appeals to the Christians in their eparchies for loyalty to the state,
this translation is an acknowledgement from the Ottoman authori-
ties of the influence of the Bulgarian church.
Keywords: Ottoman Turkish language, translation, appeal,
Metropolitan Bishop Gregory of Dorostol and Cherven.
Prof. Irina Saraivanova, PhD
Faculty of Classical and Modern Languages
Department of Turkic and Altaic Studies
Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”
Mailing address: 79 Todor Aleksandrov Blvd., 1303 Sofia
E-mail address: i.saraivanova@uni-sofia.bg
Web of Science ID: ABD-6140-2021
115
WERE THERE BULGARIANS
IN THE OTTOMAN GENDARMERIE?
NEW EVIDENCE FROM THE 1860s
Assoc. Prof. Hristiyan Atanasov, PhD
Abstract: This article includes translation of four documents

which provide evidence that Bulgarians were recruited to the Vidin
branch of the Ottoman gendarmerie in the 1860s. The documents
shed light on the complex relations between the Bulgarians and the
local Ottoman administration in the Tanzimat period. There is
implicit and direct evidence supporting the suggestion that there was
Bulgarian presence in the Ottoman internal security services. It is
assumed that, along with meeting practical needs, such a recruit was
due to Sublime Porte’s attempt to gain the loyalty of the local
population and diminish the influence of the Bulgarian revolutionary
committees.
Keywords: Bulgarians, Ottoman gendarmerie (asakir-i zaptiye),
reforms, Vilayet of Tuna, Vidin.
This article presents and analyses four documents that

shed light on a rather controversial issue – the recruit of
Bulgarian Christians in the security services of the Ottoman
Empire. The documents in question include three surety bonds
(kefalet senedi) issued between 13 and 25 May 1867 and a
communication note (tezkere) dated 18 May 1867. All of them
are written in rıka script, which was the most popular type of
script of the lower Ottoman administrative service in the 19th
century1, and were issued in Vidin. They are preserved in the
Oriental Archival Collection (OAC, in Cyrillic ǼǮǸ) of the
Oriental Collections Department at the National Library “Sts.
Cyril and Methodius” (NLCM) in Sofia. They deal with the
recruit of three Bulgarians to the local Vidin gendarmerie
(askeri zaptiyesi). A full translation of the documents is
provided in the Appendix to this article2.
116
These documents raise the following important questions:
why were Bulgarians recruited to Ottoman gendarmerie; were
these recruits isolated cases or a widespread practice; did this
recruitment really take place (since these documents can still
be only considered as statements of intent); what was the local
gendarmerie like?
The Bulgarians and the Ottoman armed forces

The participation of Bulgarian Christians in the Ottoman
army is not a new and unfamiliar topic. On the contrary, it has
already accumulated a significant amount of research by pro-
fessional historians. As a matter of fact, even during the period
of the conquest, the Ottomans used the military potential of the
local Balkan peoples. There are known many Christian cavalry
soldiers (sipahi) who were obliged to join the Ottoman army
during military campaigns (Kil 2002, 50 – 53).
Besides them, there were several other groups of Christian
subjects with paramilitary obligations. Suffice to mention the
so-called voynuks, who served as paramilitary units even before
the Ottoman invasion. In the 1370s these units were incorpo-
rated into the Ottoman military organization. By doing so, the
conquerors managed to make use of the experience of the local
population, especially in the early years of the conquest when
they felt a shortage of Muslim fighters. According to the exist-
ing studies, until the early 16th century the voynuks took part
in the military campaigns along with the sipahi on equal terms
(Yordanov 2012, 33 – 34; see also: Yordanov 2013; Yordanov
2015). In the following centuries, they were used by the Otto-
man army as auxiliary formations. In peacetime they took care
of the horses at the state stables. Over the next centuries this
category underwent many transformations and survived until
the very end of the Ottoman Empire (Yordanov 2012, 34 – 35).
After the proclamation of the 19th-century reforms, the so-
called Tanzimat (1839), the Ottoman elite shared conflicting
opinions about the inclusion of the Christian subjects in the im-
perial army. Several examples of recruit of non-Muslims in the
Ottoman naval and land forces are known. However, the Sublime
Porte remained quite cautious with regard to such practice and
117
its initiatives were inconsistent and contradictory. For example,
in 1848 it was decided to recruit Christians to the army, but with
regard to the European revolutions of the same year, this idea
was abandoned (Gülsoy 2000, 176; Gülsoy 2010). Bulgarian vol-
unteers, in particular, were included in the Cossacks regiment
(kazak alayı), established by the Polish emigrant Czajkowski in
late 1853 and early 1854 in Edirne and Istanbul. According to
Alexander Zlatanov, when this military unit took the oath in
Edirne on 23 January 1854, out of six squadrons in total three
were composed entirely of Bulgarians (Zlatanov 2015, 70).
In addition to the major political, economic and social
changes, the Tanzimat led to the transformation of the imperial
internal security. A Gendarmerie Office (Zaptıye Müüiriyeti)
was established in the 1840s by the enactment of special regu-
lations (1846 Tarihli úlk Zaptiye Nizamnamesi). They reorgan-
ized the security services of the Ottoman state at both central
and provincial level (Sऺnmez 2006, 201 – 205).
New gendarmerie regulations (1861 Tarihli Zaptiye Nizam-
namesi) were enacted on 24 April 1861. According to them the po-
licemen (asakir-i zaptiye) were divided into two divisions: cavalry
(süvari) and infantry (piyade), with salaries of 200 and 100 kuruü,
respectively. There was a strict hierarchy of divisions and ranks.
The conditions that had to be met by the candidates for police
service were also determined, along with other provisions3.
A subdivision of the gendarmerie was also established in
Vidin as a centre of a province (sanjak). The 1868/69 (1285) Ot-
toman yearbook (salname) contains information about the Coun-
cil of the gendarmerie battalion (meclis-i zaptiye taburu) in
Vidin: it was chaired (reҲis) by Mahmud Efendi, who was com-
mander of the battalion (tabur aùası); Suleyman Agha, Osman
Agha, and Ibrahim Agha were members (aҲza) of the council as
commanders of the respective subdivisions (bölük aùası); Abdil
Agha and Mehmed Agha were also members as adjutants (bölük
aùası muavini)4. This battalion must have had been established
much earlier and one may assume that the said Bulgarians from
Vidin were to enrol the same military unit.
In this article I will focus on the preliminary analysis of the
abovementioned four documents dealing with the recruit of
118
Bulgarians to the local Vidin gendarmery battalion. This
analysis could be helpful for the future studies of the history of
Vidin in the 1860s and 1870s5. These studies would be
facilitated by the rich collections of documents preserved in the
local archives and museums. Some of these documents are
already available for scholarly work (Lachev & Novakova 2010).
Who were the Bulgarians who were to be recruited to

the gendarmerie battalion in Vidin?
The three surety bonds mention the following Bulgarian
candidates for police service in Vidin: Vasil, son of Stoycho,
from the neighbourhood (mahalle) “Hadji Spas”, who was 40
years old and had average height, blond moustaches, and hazel
eyes; Mihail, son of Alekso, also from the neighbourhood “Hadji
Spas”, who was tall and 22 years old, with blond moustaches
and grey-blue eyes; Doncho, son of Chefo, from the neighbour-
hood “Bayno”, who was also tall and 22 years old, without
moustaches and beard, with hazel eyes. Apart from their
names, neighbourhoods and physical description, we know
nothing about their personalities. However, it seems that they
were trustworthy persons since their fellow countrymen guar-
anteed that they will perform the police service devotedly. The
fourth document reveal that Mihail, son of Alekso, was in good
health condition. The three Bulgarians were candidates for the
infantry division (piyade), but different subdivisions (kol).
The person who requested the surety bonds

The communication note (tezkere) issued by the deputy
(vekil) of the battalion commander (tabur aùası) is stamped
with the stamp of a certain Süleyman. One may assume that he
was probably identical with Süleyman Agha, whose name ap-
pears in the 1868/69 salname as one of the members of the
Council of the gendarmerie battalion (meclis-i zaptiye taburu).
The persons who issued the documents

The seven persons who signed and stamped the surety bonds
as bondsmen are rather interesting. At first glance, almost all of
them were artisans included in the local guilds. Three of them
119
were grocers: Renule (?), son of Stan; Nikola, son of Ivan; and
Ilia, son of Pavle. The others were as follows: the butcher Petko,
son of Savo; the tailor Mitre, son of Petre; the innkeeper Stayko,
son of Petre; and Spas, son of Georgi, whose occupation is not
mentioned. Their presence in the said surety bonds speaks for it-
self about their status of trustworthy persons. The Ottoman ad-
ministration relied usually on such “known and trusted people”
and made use of them as bondsmen in the management of com-
munal affairs (Atanasov 2008). One may probably find out the
names of the seven bondsmen in question in the various diaries
of the Vidin guilds dating from the 1860s and 1870s.
Besides the three candidates for police service and the
seven bondsmen of Bulgarian origin there was also another
Bulgarian whose stamp appears in the studied documents. His
name Dimitar, who was a military doctor (tabib kaymakam)
and accordingly gave his opinion on the health condition of the
candidates for police service. It seems that the said Dimitar
was already a servant in the local Ottoman military units.
The studied documents reveal also the procedure for
recruitment in the provincial Ottoman gendarmerie units. One
may assume that the candidates first applied to the commander of
the respective unit – in this case the aforementioned Süleyman or
a commander of higher rank, who in turn send them to a military
doctor for medical exam in order to reveal if they were physically
fit for service. In addition to the doctor’s examination there were
requested surety bonds from reliable countrymen who confirmed
their trustworthiness. The short interval between the dates of the
documents related to Mihail, son of Alekso, confirms this conclu-
sion. The communication note sending him to the military doctor
Dimitar for medical exam is dated 18 May 1867. On the next day
the candidate received a confirmation from the doctor that he was
fit for military service, as well as surety bonds stamped and signed
by reliable countrymen. One may assume that both types of
documents were prepared simultaneously. Otherwise, the interval
between the dates of the two documents would be longer. The next
stage of the recruitment procedure is unclear. However, one may
reasonably assume that the candidates took an oath and only then
they were officially accepted in the gendarmerie units.
120
Did Bulgarians really become Ottoman police officers?
The future tense of some of the verbs used in the document
– “will be recruited” to the gendarmerie – makes one wonder if
the recruitment of Bulgarian Christians to the Ottoman secu-
rity services actually took place. The studied documents reveal
only the intention and the trustworthiness of the candidates to
become gendarmerie officers. One should not exclude the option
that these candidatures were eventually rejected. The opinion
of the bondsmen that the candidates “will serve devotedly”
(hizmet edeceùine) did not provide any certainty that the Otto-
man authorities took their surety bonds for granted. Neverthe-
less, the option of their being eventually accepted seems much
more plausible. However, one needs other documentary evi-
dence about their real service at the gendarmerie units such as
lists of police officers, appointment or dismissal orders, etc.
I would like to provide some other logical and factual ar-
guments supporting the assumption that Bulgarians were in-
deed recruited to the Ottoman security gendarmerie units. The
studied documents were issued in the time when Midhat Pasha
(November 1864 – beginning of 1868) was governor of the Da-
nube vilayet, of which the Vidin sanjak was part (Türkiya 2005,
8). He initiated significant reforms, allowing the inclusion of
Bulgarians in the provincial administration. There is plenty of
data and information about Bulgarians’ participation in the lo-
cal councils, in the management of public funds and other insti-
tutions (Tafrova 2010, 107 – 201). The names of the leading
administrative servants in the Vidin sanjak are recorded in the
abovementioned Ottoman yearbook and it is worth mentioning
that the Muslims occupied the highest levels of the administra-
tive hierarchy, while the Bulgarians as well as representatives
of other non-Muslim communities such as Armenians and Jews
occupied the lower levels. For example, Hadji Zahari Agha was
chairman (reҲis) of the “Council of the City (Municipal) Admini-
stration” (meclis-i daire-i belediye), while Hussein Agha, Meh-
med Efendi, Denko Agha, Hadji Ivancho Agha and Yako Efendi
were members (aҲza) of this council. As a cashier (emin-i
sandık) is recorded a certain Mehmed Bey, and as a clerk
(katib) – Halil Efendi6. It is apparent that the Bulgarians were
121
included in the local administration of Vidin7. Therefore, there
is no reason to doubt that this has happened in the gendarme-
rie units as well.
“Council of the town (municipal) government” of Vidin.

Source: Salname-i Vilayet-i Tuna. DefҲa 1,
Rusçuk: MatbaҲa-i Vilayet-i Tuna, 1868 (1285), s. 57
Moreover, given the fact that revolutionary detachments

began to infiltrate Bulgaria from April 1867 (Genchev 1999,
500 – 502), it is likely that the enrolment of Bulgarians into the
police service was intended to achieve a political effect too.
Thus, the Sublime Porte intended to attract Bulgarians and to
guarantee their loyalty.
In addition, local Ottoman police force appear to have
needed Bulgarian policemen – on the one hand because of the
nearby border with Serbia, which is a prerequisite for insecu-
122
rity, and on the other hand – due to the ethnic composition of
the sanjak, in which the Bulgarians were predominant. The
fact is that there were no Muslim candidates for the gendarme-
rie, specifically in the Vidin region, and this is documented in a
draft of a letter dated 27 February 1877 (15 February 1292). In
it the Ottoman Ministry of the Interior (Dahiliye Nezareti) was
enquired if 30 – 40 Christians could be enrolled as police officers
because there were no willing Muslims in the Vidin sanjak8. The
letter was drafted ten years after the documents discussed here,
and the answer to it is unknown. It was delivered in a new
political situation in the Balkans – after the 1876 April
Uprising, the following 1876 Serbian-Ottoman war and on the
eve of the 1877 – 1878 Russian-Ottoman war, when the distrust
of the Bulgarian population must have reached its peak.
Draft of a letter to the Ministry of the Interior dated

27 February 1877. Source: NLCM, Oriental Collections, Ǿǿ 56/22, sh. 1
123
In fact, there is evidence that since the 1850s Bulgarian
Christians served in the Ottoman gendarmerie units located in
other places. A well-known report from the town of Lozengrad
(Kırk Kilise) unequivocally proves this. The full text of the re-
port is as follows: They are writing from Kırk Kilise that the lo-
cal müdür9 gathered, by order of Mehmed Pasha, the governor
of Edirne, all the members of the meclis10, the town and village
mayors, to look for strict measures to eradicate the villains who
had multiplied so much that the inhabitants go out about their
work in fear and danger. Then, after deliberating, they decided
and enrolled many Christians, to whom they also gave weapons,
to follow the command of a bölükbaüı11 Turk to chase the vil-
lains and hunt them down alive or dead. This measure, worthy
of an example, will surely exterminate the villains, and the loyal
subjects of the Sultan in Kırk Kilise after blessing the name of
Mehmed Pasha will look after their work in peace and prosper-
ity. These Christian guards were divided into two parts: cavalry
and infantry. The former are awarded a salary of 120 kuruü per
month, and the latter – 60 kuruü12.
Therefore, I can confidently assert that in Vidin and the

Vidin region in the 1860s Bulgarians were really recruited to
the local gendarmerie. Similar cases from other regions such as
the town of Razlog in 1907 are also known13. It is clear that
Bulgarian Christians were included in the local Ottoman ad-
ministration, as well as in the Ottoman units of internal secu-
rity.
124
Report from Lozengrad. Source: Tsarigradski vestnik, III, 140,
26 September 1853
125
Conclusion
Apparently, the Bulgarians had long term and diverse rela-
tions with the Ottoman army and the internal security ser-
vices. During the invasion, they fought against the Ottomans,
but after that they took part in the conquests of other Balkan
and Central European states.
During the Tanzimat, the situation remained unchanged.
There are known cases of Christians, and especially Bulgari-
ans, who served in the Ottoman army. In the Bulgarian lands
one such example was Czajkowski’s kazak alayı, and in general
for the empire – mainly Greek sailors who were enlisted in the
Ottoman navy. Overall, the policy of enlisting Christians in the
army was inconsistent. The Sublime Porte undertook encourag-
ing initiatives, but often, in view of the international or domes-
tic situation, abandoned them. After all, Christians were never
able to fully gain the empire’s trust and, consequently, to be in-
tegrated further into its armed forces.
This can be also said of the service of Bulgarians in the in-
ternal security units of the Ottoman state, which were created
during the Tanzimat. The law did not prohibit, but also did not
explicitly allow this either. In view of the specific situation in
the Danube vilayet and Vidin, Bulgarians did join the gendar-
merie, but it is not clear whether this was a common practice.
Probably through this act the Sublime Porte attempted to at-
tract the local population on its side and to use it more ade-
quately for the defence of its interests. Especially in the Vidin
region, this probably happened during the time of Midhat Pa-
sha, who provided the local Bulgarians with the opportunity
not only to be recruited to the gendarmerie, but also to take
part in the provincial administration. In Lozengrad’s region
this took place much earlier, and in Razlog’s region it was prac-
ticed much later. Undoubtedly, the inclusion of Bulgarians in
the Ottoman police service was on purpose and served as a
propaganda as well, especially when the Bulgarian revolution-
ary emigration in Romania and Serbia intensified its activity
by sending to Bulgaria the detachments of Filip Totyu, Panayot
Hitov, Stefan Karadzha and Hadji Dimitar. In any case, the
facts presented here enrich our knowledge and nuance the
complex picture of the interaction between the Bulgarians and
the Ottoman authorities during the Tanzimat period.
126
APPENDICES
Appendix 1
[Top right corner] Damaged stamp
Regiment: Gendarmerie of the Danube vilayet

Battalion: 2nd Vidin Battalion
Company: 1st Infantry Company
Police station: 7
Personnel: 8 people
Vasil, son of Stoycho, [from] the neighbourhood

of Hadji Spas in Vidin,
average height, blond moustaches, hazel (light brown) eyes
40 years [of age]
Entry on 1 May [12]83 (13 May 1867)
On account of enlisting the person whose name and distinc-

tive features are described above in the [ranks] of the said Im-
perial Gendarmerie [we assure] you that he belongs to the
group of [people] of good reputation. He will not encroach on
anyone’s property, life and honour, and from the beginning of
the year (i.e. from today) he will serve devotedly [in the gen-
darmerie] for two years. 1 May, [12]83 (13 May 1867).
[Sureties] tailor Mitre, son of Petre, from the neighbour-

hood of Ralcho in Vidin, [illegible signature]; grocer Renule (?),
son of Stan, from the neighbourhood of Meden (?) in Vidin, [il-
legible seal]; butcher Petko, son of Savo, from neighbourhood of
Ralcho in Vidin, seal [with initials]: P.S. [from] 1862.
127
Source: NLCM, Oriental collections, Oriental Archival
Collection (ǼǮǸ) 16/31, Inv. No 13 from 1950
128
Appendix 2

Police station: 6
Personnel: 8 people
Mihail, son of Alekso, [from] the neighbourhood

tall, blond moustaches, grey-blue eyes
22 years [of age]
Entry on 6 May [12]83 (18 May 1867)
This note is written and provided because the one whose

name is written above is about to enrol [at the service] of the
said company of the gendarmerie and must therefore be exam-
ined by a doctor and ascertained whether he is healthy or ill! 6
May [12]83 (18 May 1867).
Deputy chief (agha) of the Vidin battalion. Seal: Süleyman
[Entry]: The said man was examined and found to be in

perfect health and fit [for duty]. 7 May [12]83 (19 May 1867).
Military doctor. Seal: Dimitar
129
Source: NLCM, Oriental collections,
ǼǮǸ 16/30, Inv. No. 12 from 1950
130
Appendix 3
[…]
Police station: 6
Personnel: 8 people
Mihail, son of Alekso, [from] the neighbourhood

tall, blond moustaches, grey-blue eyes
22 years [of age]
Entry on 7 May [12]83 (18 May 1867)
[This] proof of surety is provided on the following occasion:
On account of enlisting the person whose name and distinc-

tive features are described above in the [ranks] of the said Im-
perial Gendarmerie we assure you and guarantee this with our
seals, that he belongs to the group of people of good reputation.
He will not encroach on anyone’s property, life and honour, and
from the beginning of the year (i.e. from today) he will serve
devotedly [in the gendarmerie] for two years. [This document]
is submitted to the gendarmerie. 7 May, [12]83 (19 May 1867).
[Sureties] Spas, son of Georgi, from neighbourhood of

Meden (?) in Vidin, seal: V.L.; innkeeper Stayko, son of Petre,
[from] the said neighbourhood, [signature in Cyrillic alphabet]:
ǿȠȎȗȘȜ ǽȓȠȞȜȐȖȥ (Stayko Petrovich).
131
ǼǮǸ 16/27. Inv. No. 9 from 1950
132
Appendix 4

Police station: 1
Personnel: 8 people
Doncho, son of Chefo, from the neighbourhood of Bayno

in Vidin,
tall, no moustaches or beard, hazel eyes
22 years [of age]
Entry on 13 May [12]83 (25 May 1867)
[This] proof of surety is provided on the following occasion:
On account of enlisting the person whose name is written

above in the [ranks] of the said Imperial Gendarmerie we as-
sure you and guarantee this with our seals, that he belongs to
the group of people of good reputation. He will not encroach on
anyone’s property, life and honour, and from the beginning of
the year (i.e. from today) he will serve devotedly [in the gen-
darmerie] [for a period of] two years. [This document] is sub-
mitted to the gendarmerie. 13 May, [12]83 (25 May 1867).
[Sureties] grocer Ilia, son of Pavle, from the neighbourhood

of Meden (?) in Vidin, [seal in Cyrillic]: ǶșȖȜ ǽȎȐșȜȐȖȥ [Ilio
Pavlovich]; grocer Nikola, son of Ivan, from the neighbourhood
of Hadji Ibish in Vidin [illegible seal in Latin script].
133
ǼǮǸ 16/29. Inv. No. 11 from 1950
134
1. For this type of script, see: Nedkov 1966, 104 – 105.
2. I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Orlin Sabev for editing
the translation of the documents and to Sevdiye Ali and Prof. Stoyanka
Kenderova from the “Oriental Collections” Department at the National
Library for their assistance in transcribing some of the entries.
3. For example, to be between the age of 25 and 50 years, etc.
(Sऺnmez 2006, 210 – 213).
4. Salname-i Vilayet-i Tuna. Defɇa 1, Rusçuk: Matbaɇa-i Vilayet-i
Tuna, 1868 (1285), 56 – 58.
5. The town of Vidin and the region are an appealing study object.
The proof of this are the new two volumes with scientific materials on
the Vidin region, published in 2018. See: Mitev & Racheva 2018.
6. Salname-i Vilayet-i Tuna. Defɇa 1, Rusçuk: Matbaɇa-i Vilayet-i
Tuna, 1868 (1285), 56 – 58.
7. See the members of the Vidin council over the years in: Saracoglu
2007, 215. Also in the publication dedicated to local government:
Saracoglu 2018. For the Vidin neighbourhoods, see: Iüık, 2019.
8. National Library “St. St. Cyril and Methodius” (NLCM), Oriental
Collections, PC 56/22, sheet 1.
9. I.e. governor.
10. Meclis – council.
11. Company commander.
12. Tsarigradski vestnik, III, 140, 26 September 1853. The original
copy of the newspaper is preserved at the NLCM.
13. It appears that even after the Liberation, in the areas that re-
mained under the control of the Sultan, Bulgarians continued to
serve as part of the Ottoman gendarmerie. Recently, similar data
from a register for the city of Razlog from 1907 was published, see:
Kenderova 2020, 39.
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ȐȜ Ȗ țȓȑȜȐȜȠȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ Ȑ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȖȕȘȡȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭț-
ȟȘȖȠȓ ǯȎșȘȎțȖ 1360/70 – 1700 ȑ., ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǹȬȏȜȚȨȒȞȖȓ.
ǹȎȥȓȐ, Ǻ. & ǻȜȐȎȘȜȐȎ, Ǻ., (ȟȨȟȠ). 2010. ȀȓȢȠȓȞ țȎ ȒȓșȎȠȎ: ȝȞȜ-
ȠȜȘȜșțȎ ȘțȖȑȎ țȎ ǰȖȒȖțȟȘȎȠȎ ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȜ-țȎȞȜȒțȎ ȜȏȧȖțȎ 1870 –
1880. ǰȖȒȖț: ǶȕȒȎțȖȓ țȎ ǲȨȞȔȎȐȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ – ǰȖȒȖț.
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ǰȖȒȖț Ȗ ȞȓȑȖȜțȎ, ȀȜȚ 2 – 3. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȜ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ
ǿȐ. ǸșȖȚȓțȠ ǼȣȞȖȒȟȘȖ.
ǻȓȒȘȜȐ, ǯ., 1966. ǼȟȚȎțȜȠȡȞȟȘȎ ȒȖȝșȜȚȎȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȝȎșȓȜȑȞȎȢȖȭ,
TȜȚ 1, ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǻȎȡȘȎ Ȗ ȖȕȘȡȟȠȐȜ.
ȀȎȢȞȜȐȎ, Ǻ., 2010. ȀȎțȕȖȚȎȠȨȠ, ȐȖșȎȓȠȟȘȎȠȎ ȞȓȢȜȞȚȎ Ȗ ȏȨșȑȎ-
ȞȖȠȓ: ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ (1864 – 1876).
ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǶǸ „ǱȡȠȓțȏȓȞȑ“.
Gülsoy, U., 2000. Osmanlı Gayrimüslimlerinin Askerlik Serüveni.
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Gülsoy, U., 2010. Osmanlı'nın Gayrimüslim Askerleri. Istanbul: Timas.
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[viewed 20 November 2021]. Available from: https://islamans
iklopedisi.org.tr/midhat-pasa.
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The Ohio State University: Unpublished PhD Dissertation.
Saracoglu, M. 2018. Nineteenth-Century Local Governance in
Ottoman Bulgaria: Politics in Provincial Councils. Edinburgh:
Edinburgh University Press.
Sऺnmez, Al., 2006. Zaptiye Teükilatı'nın Düzenlenmesi (1840 – 1869).
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ǯȈǹǱǮǾǶ ǰ ǼǿǺǮǻǿǸǮȀǮ ǴǮǻǲǮǾǺǳǾǶȍ?

ǻǼǰǶ ǲǮǻǻǶ ǼȀ 60-Ȁǳ ǱǼǲǶǻǶ ǻǮ XIX ǰǳǸ
ǾȓȕȬȚȓ: ǻȎȟȠȜȭȧȖȭȠ ȠȓȘȟȠ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭ Ȑ ȝȨșȓț ȝȞȓȐȜȒ ȥȓȠȖȞȖ
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎȠ, ȥȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ ȧȓ ȝȜȟȠȨȝȭȠ Ȑ ȞȓȒȜ-
ȐȓȠȓ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȔȎțȒȎȞȚȓȞȖȭ ȝȞȓȕ 60-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ.
ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȣȐȨȞșȭȠ țȜȐȎ ȟȐȓȠșȖțȎ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȟșȜȔțȖȠȓ ȐȕȎȖȚȜȜȠ-
țȜȦȓțȖȭ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ Ȗ ȚȓȟȠțȎȠȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȤȖȭ Ȑ
138
ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ țȎ ȀȎțȕȖȚȎȠȎ. ǽȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖ ȟȎ ȘȜȟȐȓțȖ Ȗ ȝȞȓȘȖ ȒȜȘȎȕȎ-
ȠȓșȟȠȐȎ, ȥȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ Ȑ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȟșȡȔȏȖ ȕȎ ȐȨȠȞȓȦțȎ
ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ țȎȖȟȠȖțȎ ȓ ȖȚȎșȜ. ǰȓȞȜȭȠțȜ, țȎȞȓȒ ȟ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȖȠȓ
țȡȔȒȖ, ȠȜ ȓ ȏȖșȜ Ȗ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȖȒȓȜșȜȑȖȥȓȟȘȎȠȎ ȏȜȞȏȎ ȟȞȓȧȡ ȞȓȐȜșȬ-
ȤȖȜțțȖȠȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȘȜȚȖȠȓȠȖ, ȥȞȓȕ ȘȜȭȠȜ ǰȖȟȜȘȎȠȎ ȝȜȞȠȎ ȟȓ ȓ
ȜȝȖȠȐȎșȎ ȒȎ ȟȝȓȥȓșȖ șȜȭșțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ Ȑ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ
Ȗ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȜ ȐȨȐ ǰȖȒȖț.
ǸșȬȥȜȐȖ ȒȡȚȖ: ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ, ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎ ȔȎțȒȎȞȚȓȞȖȭ (asȎkir-i
zaptiye), ȞȓȢȜȞȚȖ, ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖ ȐȖșȎȓȠ, ǰȖȒȖț.
Department of Library Management and Archives
119, Tsarigradsko Shose Blvd. 1784 Sofia
Tel.: (+ 359) 897 886 371
E-mail address: h.atanasov@unibit.bg
Web of Science ID: AAW-6367-2020
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3701-0387
Scopus ID: 57214897461
139
ȀǳǸǳȀǼ ǺȁǿǮ ǯǮǯǮ ǽǾǶ ǿǳǹǼ Ƕǵǯȁǹ,
ǻǼǰǼǽǮǵǮǾǿǸǼ,
ǰ ǾǮǵǸǮǵǮ „ǲȍǲǼ ǲǼǯǾǶ“ ǻǮ ǶǹǶȍ
ǾǮȆǸǼǰ ǯǹȈǿǸǼǰ
Ǳș. Ȏȟ. Ȓ-Ȟ ǺȓȚȖȦ ǺȓȞȒȎț
ȆȡȚȓțȟȘȖ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠ „ǳȝ. ǸȜțȟȠȎțȠȖț ǽȞȓȟșȎȐȟȘȖ“
ǾȓȕȬȚȓ: ǰ ȟȠȎȠȖȭȠȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎ ȞȎȕȘȎȕȨȠ țȎ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓț-

ȟȘȖȭ ȝȖȟȎȠȓș Ȗ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȘ ǶșȖȭ Ǿ. ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ, ȜȕȎȑșȎȐȓț „ǲȭȒȜ
ǲȜȏȞȖ“. ȀȜȗ ȓ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎț ȝȞȓȕ 1886 ȑ. Ȗ ȓ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȟȠȎȞȖȠȓ Ȗȕ-
ȐȓȟȠțȖ ȠȓȘȟȠȜȐȓ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ, Ȑ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȓ ȒȎȒȓțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ
ȕȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ. ǶȕȝȜșȕȐȎȗȘȖ țȎșȖȥțȎȠȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȎ Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭȠȎ, ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȧȖ ȟȓ Ȑ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖȠȓ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎ-
țȖȭ, Ȑ ȟȨȝȜȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȓț ȝșȎț ȟ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ, ȒȎȒȓțȎ ȜȠ ǶșȖȭ
ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ, ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎȚȓ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚȖ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ
ȘȞȎȗ ȟ. Ƕȕȏȡș. ǻȓȭȟțȜȠȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȜ ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ Ȑ ȠȞȡȒȜȐȓȠȓ țȎ Ƕ.
ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ, Ǹ. ȆȘȜȞȝȖș Ȗ ǰ. ǺȎȞȖțȜȐ ȐȜȒȖ ȒȜ „ȜȏȓȕșȖȥȎȐȎțȓ“ țȎ
„ȝȎȠȞȜțȎ“ Țȡ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ. ǼȝȖȠȎȣȚȓ ȟȓ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȜȒȜșȓȓȚ ȠȎȕȖ țȓȭȟțȜ-
ȠȎ, ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎȗȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȖ Ȑ ȠȡȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ, ȘȎȘ-
ȠȜ Ȗ ȠȞȡȒȜȐȓȠȓ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ Ȗ ȥȡȔȒȓȟȠȞȎțțȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȖ. ǯȓ-
șȓȠȞȖȟȠȖȥțȜȠȜ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȓ „ǲȭȒȜ ǲȜȏȞȖ“ țȎ ǶșȖȭ ǾȎȦȘȜȐ
ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ ȖȚȎ ȝȜ-ȟȘȜȞȜ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ
ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎț ȝȜ-ȜȏȟȠȜȗțȜ.
ǸșȬȥȜȐȖ ȒȡȚȖ: ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȎ ȘțȖȔțȖțȎ, ȖȟșȭȚ,
ǯȓȘȠȎȦȖȗȟȘȖ ȜȞȒȓț, ȠȓȘȓȠȎ.
ǰ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȎȠȎ ȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȭ ȟȚȓ ȟȓ ȟȝȞȓșȖ țȎ ȓȒțȜ ȜȟȠȎțȎșȜ

ȐȟȠȞȎțȖ ȜȠ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȏȓȘȠȎȦȖȕȚȎ ȣȡ-
ȒȜȔȓȟȠȐȓțȜ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȓ țȎ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȖȭ ȝȖȟȎȠȓș Ȗ Ȝȏȧȓȟ-
ȠȐȓțȖȘ ǶșȖȭ ǾȎȦȘȜȐ ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ, ȜȕȎȑșȎȐȓțȜ „ǲȭȒȜ ǲȜȏȞȖ“. Ƕț-
ȠȓȞȓȟȨȠ țȖ ȘȨȚ ȠȜȕȖ ȞȎȕȘȎȕ țȎ ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ ȟȓ ȝȜȞȜȒȖ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ
ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȓȒțȎ ȝȜ-ȜȏȦȖȞțȎ ȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȭ, ȝȜȟȐȓȠȓțȎ țȎ
ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ Ȗ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȘȡșȠȜȐȖȠȓ ȚȓȟȠȎ (ȠȓȘ(Ș)ȓȠȎ,
ȠȬȞȏȓȠȎ) Ȑ ǿȓȐȓȞȜȖȕȠȜȥțȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ Ȗ Ȑ ȥȎȟȠțȜȟȠ – ȠȓȘȓȠȜ (ȕȎ-
ȐȖȓȠȜ) ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ Ȑ ȟ. Ƕȕȏȡș, ǻȜȐȜȝȎȕȎȞȟȘȜ. ǰȨȝȞȜȟțȖȭȠ ȞȎȕȘȎȕ
140
țȎ ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ ȓ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎț ȝȞȓȕ 1886 ȑ. (Blaskov 1886) Ȗ ȓ ȓȒȖț
ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȟȠȎȞȖȠȓ ȠȓȘȟȠȜȐȓ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ, Ȑ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȓ ȒȎȒȓțȎ
ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ. ǼȟȐȓț ȠȜȐȎ ȣȡȒȜȔȓȟȠȐȓțȖȠȓ
ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ, ȞȓȟȝȓȘȠȖȐțȜ ȞȎȕȘȎȕȖȠȓ, țȎ ǶșȖȭ ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ ȟȎ
ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȖȕȠȜȥțȖȤȖ Ȑ țȭȘȜȖ țȎȡȥțȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ, ȕȎ-
ȟȭȑȎȧȖ ȘȜȟȐȓțȜ (Grozdev & Zlatkov 1983) ȖșȖ ȒȖȞȓȘȠțȜ ȞȎȕȑ-
șȓȔȒȎȧȖ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ Ȗ ȘȡșȠȡȞȎȠȎ țȎ ȠȡȞȟȘȜȠȜ (ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȜȠȜ)
țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ Ȑ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ (Karahanova 2000).
ȀȓȚȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ ȘȞȎȗ ȟ. Ƕȕȏȡș ȓ ȕȎȟȓȑțȎȠȎ Ȑ
ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭȠȎ țȎ ǸȎȞȓș ȆȘȜȞȝȖș (Shkorpil 1905), ǰȎȟȖș
ǺȎȞȖțȜȐ (Marinov 1943), ǱȓȜȞȑȖ ǱȞȜȕȒȓȐ Ȗ ǱȓȜȞȑȖ ǵșȎȠȘȜȐ
(Grozdev & Zlatkov 1983), ǸȞȎȟȖȚȖȞȎ ǺȡȠȎȢȜȐȎ (Mutafova
2000, 2003), ǰȓțȓȠȎ ȍțȘȜȐȎ (Yankova 2007, 2015), ǻȓȐȓțȎ
ǱȞȎȚȎȠȖȘȜȐȎ (Gramatikova 2011), ǸȎȠȓȞȖțȎ ǰȓțȓȒȖȘȜȐȎ
(Venedikova 2014), Ȑ ȠȞȡȒȎ ȟ ȘȞȎȓȐȓȒȟȘȖ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞ țȎ ǶȐȎț
ǺȖțȓȐ (Minev 1997). ǸȞȎȠȘȎ, țȜ ȤȓțțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ țȓȑȜ
ȒȎȐȎȠ ǹȬȏȜȚȖȞ ǺȖȘȜȐ Ȗ ǯȜȔȖȒȎȞ ǮșȓȘȟȖȓȐ (Mikov &
Aleksiev 2003), ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ǲȖȎțȎ ǾȎȒȖȜțȜȐȎ (Radionova 1994).
ǰȎȔțȖ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȝȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȟ. Ƕȕȏȡș ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎ ȘțȖȑȎȠȎ
ȟ ȝȞȓȐȓȒȓțȖ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ țȎȡȥțȖ ȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȖ țȎ ȣȜ-
șȎțȒȟȘȖȭ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓș ǺȎȣȖȓș ǸȖȗș, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ
țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ ȝȞȓȕ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȭ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ (Kiyl/Kiel 2017).
ǻȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟțȜȠȜ ȠȓȘȓ ȟȎ ȜȏȞȨȧȎșȖ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓ Ȗ țȭȘȜȖ ȠȡȞȟȘȖ
ȎȐȠȜȞȖ ȘȎȠȜ ǲȎȚșȎ ǮȒȔȎȞ (Acar 1999), ǲȔȜȦȘȡț ǸȪȜȘȓș (Kökel
2007), ȃȎȘȘȨ ǿȎȗȑȨ (Saygı 2013), ǮȣȚȓȠ ȀȎȦȑȨț (Taüùın 2016),
ǮȗȦȓ ǲȓȑȓȞșȖ Ȗ ȌȟȡȢ ǸȬȥȬȘȒȎȑ (Deùerli & Küçükdaù 2017) Ȗ
ȒȞ. ȀȓȘȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ ȘȞȎȗ ȟ. Ƕȕȏȡș ȓ ȕȎȟȓȑțȎȠȜ Ȗ Ȑ ȞȎȕȞȎȏȜȠȘȖ,
ȝȜȟȐȓȠȓțȖ țȎ ȜȠȒȓșțȖ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚȖ ȜȠ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ (Maden
2013). ǹȬȏȜȝȖȠțȜ ȓ, ȥȓ Ȑ ȚȎȧȎȏțȎȠȎ ȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȭ țȎ ǳȘȞȓȚ Ǯȗ-
ȐȓȞȒȖ ȕȎ ȎȞȣȖȠȓȘȠȡȞțȖȠȓ ȝȎȚȓȠțȖȤȖ țȎ ǯȎșȘȎțȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȜ
ȐȞȓȚȓ (Ayverdi 2000) șȖȝȟȐȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȠȓȘȓ.
ǰȎȔȓț ȖȕȠȜȥțȖȘ ȕȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ ȘȞȎȗ
ȟ. Ƕȕȏȡș ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎȠ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ, ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȖ Ȑ ȜȟȚȎțȟ-
ȘȖȠȓ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ. ǮȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȞȖȐșȭȘȜȣȚȓ ȠȡȘ,
ȜȏȣȐȎȧȎȠ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ ȜȠ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ ȒȓȟȓȠȖșȓȠȖȭ țȎ XVIII ȒȜ
ȝȨȞȐȖȠȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ.
ǰȨȐ ȢȜțȒȎ țȎ Ȓ-Ȟ ǰȖȥȜ ǽȎțȜȐ Ȑ ȆȡȚȓțȟȘȖȭ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȓț ȎȞ-
ȣȖȐ ȟȓ ȝȎȕȭȠ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȠȓȘȡȧȖȠȓ ȞȎȕȣȜȒȖ țȎ ȥȖȢ-
141
șȖȘȎ Țȡ Ȑ ȟ. ȀȓȘȓ ǸȜȕșȡȒȔȎ (Ƕȕȏȡș) ȕȎ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ 1879 – 1883 ȑ.1
ǯȓȑșȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ ȟȓ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎ Ȑ „ǸțȖȑȎ
țȎ ǰȖȥȜ ǽȎțȜȐ ȕȎ ȞȎȕȣȜȒȖȠȓ țȎ ȟșȡȑȖȠȓ Ȑ ȥȖȢșȖȘȎ Țȡ Ȑ ȀȓȘȓ-
ǸȜȕșȡȒȔȎ“, ȕȎȝȜȥțȎȠȎ ȝȞȓȕ „țȜȓȚȐȞȖ 1879 Ȗ ȕȎȐȨȞȦȓțȎ țȎ
ȢȓȐȞȡȎȞȖ 1881 ȑ.“ ǰ ȏȓșȓȔȘȎ ȜȠ 19 ȚȎȗ 1880 ȑ. ȚȓȔȒȡ ȒȞȡȑȜȠȜ ȓ
ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȎțȜ, ȥȓ „ȠȓȘȓȠȜ“ ȓ ȏȖșȜ țȎȝȎȒțȎȠȜ ȜȠ ȞȎȕȏȜȗțȖȤȖ2.
ǯȓȕ ȒȎ ȖȚȎȠ ȝȞȭȘȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ ȘȨȚ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ,
ȐȎȔțȖ ȜȠ ȑșȓȒțȎ ȠȜȥȘȎ țȎ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȎȠȎ ȞȎȕȞȎȏȜȠȘȎ ȟȎ ȝȨȠȓȝȖ-
ȟȖȠȓ țȎ ǳȐșȖȭ ȅȓșȓȏȖ Ȗ țȎ ǾȡȒȔȓȞ ǯȜȦȘȜȐȖȥ. ȀȡȘ ȖȕȝȜșȕ-
ȐȎȚȓ ȜțȓȕȖ ȥȎȟȠȖ ȜȠ ȝȨȠȓȝȖȟȎ țȎ ǳȐșȖȭ ȅȓșȓȏȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ
ȝȞȓȐȓȒȓțȖ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ Ȗ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȖ ȜȠ ǿȠȞȎȦȖȚȖȞ ǲȖ-
ȚȖȠȞȜȐ (Evliya Chelebi 1972) Ȗ ȜȠȒȓșțȖ ȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȖ țȎ ȠȡȞȟ-
ȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ țȎ ȠȜȚ 8 ȜȠ ǽȨȠȓȝȖȟȎ (Evliya Çelebi 1928; Evliya
Çelebi 2011; Evliya Çelebi – Transkript).
ǽȞȓȕ 1762 ȑ. ȝȞȓȕ ȠȎȕȖ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȓ
ȜȏȓȘȠ țȎ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȜȠȜ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȖȓ, ȓ ȚȖțȎș ȒȡȏȞȜȐțȖȥȎțȖțȨȠ
ǾȡȒȔȓȞ ǷȜȟȖȝ ǯȜȦȘȜȐȖȥ. ǲțȓȐțȖȘȨȠ ȜȠ ȝȨȠȡȐȎțȓȠȜ Țȡ ȓ
ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎț ȒȓȟȓȠ ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȝȜ-ȘȨȟțȜ. ǺȎȘȎȞ Ȗ ȜȞȖȑȖțȎșȨȠ ȒȎ ȓ
țȎ ȖȠȎșȖȎțȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ, ȝȨȞȐȜȠȜ Țȡ ȖȕȒȎțȖȓ ȓ ȜȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȓțȜ ȝȞȓȕ
1772 ȑ. Ȑ ǹȜȕȎțȎ țȎ ȢȞȓțȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ. ǻȭȘȜșȘȜ ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȝȜ-ȘȨȟțȜ,
ȝȞȓȕ 1779 ȑ., Ȑ ǹȎȗȝȤȖȑ ȖȕșȖȕȎ țȓȚȟȘȖȭȠ Țȡ ȝȞȓȐȜȒ
(Todorova 1975, 9). ǵȎ ȝȨȞȐȖ ȝȨȠ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ ȟȎ ȜȏțȎ-
ȞȜȒȐȎțȖ ȝȞȓȕ 1891 ȑ. ȟȎȚȜ țȭȘȜȖ ȥȎȟȠȖ ȜȠ ȒțȓȐțȖȘȎ țȎ ǯȜȦ-
ȘȜȐȖȥ, ȜȠțȎȟȭȧȖ ȟȓ ȒȜ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ. ǽȞȓȐȜȒȨȠ ȓ țȎȝȞȎȐȓț ȜȠ
ǹȬȏȜȚȖȞ ǺȖșȓȠȖȥ (Miletich1891, 138 – 167) Ȗ ȖȚȎ ȕȎ ȜȟțȜȐȎ
țȓȚȟȘȜȠȜ ȖȕȒȎțȖȓ (Todorova 1975, 10). ǽȞȓȕ 1975 ȑ. ǺȎȞȖȭ
ȀȜȒȜȞȜȐȎ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȭ ȥȖȠȎȠȓș țȜȐ Ȗ ȝȨșȓț ȝȞȓ-
ȐȜȒ țȎ ȒțȓȐțȖȘȎ țȎ ǯȜȦȘȜȐȖȥ (Boshkovich 1975). ǵȎ ȜȟțȜȐȎ
țȎ ȠȜȕȖ ȝȞȓȐȜȒ ȀȜȒȜȞȜȐȎ ȓ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎșȎ ȢȞȓțȟȘȜȠȜ ȖȕȒȎțȖȓ,
țȜ Ȑ ȟȨȝȜȟȠȎȐȘȎ ȟ ȖȠȎșȖȎțȟȘȖȭ ȠȓȘȟȠ (Todorova 1975, 10).
ǽȞȖ ȟȞȎȐțȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȓȐȜȒȖȠȓ țȎ ǹ. ǺȖșȓȠȖȥ Ȗ Ǻ. ȀȜȒȜȞȜȐȎ
ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȖȣȚȓ, ȥȓ ȚȓȔȒȡ Ƞȭȣ țȭȚȎ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖ ȞȎȕșȖȥȖȭ ȝȜ
ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȥȎȟȠȠȎ ȜȠ ȒțȓȐțȖȘȎ țȎ ǯȜȦȘȜȐȖȥ, ȘȜȭȠȜ Ȗȕ-
ȝȜșȕȐȎȚȓ ȠȡȘ (Miletich 1891, 155 – 156; Boshkovich 1975, 53).
ǼȏȜȏȧȓțȜ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȘȎȔȓ, ȥȓ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ, ȟ ȘȜȭȠȜ
ȞȎȕȝȜșȎȑȎȚȓ ȝȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ ȘȞȎȗ ȒțȓȦ-
țȜȠȜ ȟȓșȜ Ƕȕȏȡș ȓ ȜȠȘȨȟșȓȥțȎ, ȥȓȟȠȜ ȝȨȠȖ ȓ ȝȞȜȠȖȐȜȞȓȥȖȐȎ,
ȘȜȓȠȜ ȒȜȝȨșțȖȠȓșțȜ ȡȟșȜȔțȭȐȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȝȜ țȓȗțȜȠȜ ȟȖțȠȓ-
142
ȕȖȞȎțȓ Ȗ ȜȏȜȏȧȎȐȎțȓ. ǶȚȓțțȜ ȝȜȞȎȒȖ ȠȎȕȖ ȝȞȖȥȖțȎ ȟȓ țȎȟȜ-
ȥȖȣȚȓ ȘȨȚ ȓȒȖț țȓȠȞȎȒȖȤȖȜțȓț ȖȕȠȜȥțȖȘ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ,
ȟȖțȠȓȕ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȣȡȒȜȔȓȟȠȐȓț ȠȓȘȟȠ Ȗ ȎȐȠȓțȠȖȥțȖ ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎ
ȕȎ ȓȝȜȣȎȠȎ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓ, ȘȎȘȨȐȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐ-
șȭȐȎ ȠȓȘȟȠȨȠ țȎ ȞȎȕȘȎȕȎ țȎ ǶșȖȭ ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ „ǲȭȒȜ ǲȜȏȞȖ“.
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ǰȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȖȭȠ ȡȥȖȠȓș Ȗ ȘțȖȔȜȐțȖȘ ǶșȖȭ ǾȎȦȘȜȐ

ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ (1839 – 1913) ȓ ȞȜȒȓț Ȑ ǸșȖȟȡȞȎ. ǽȞȓȕ 1860 ȑ. ȖȒȐȎ Ȑ
ȆȡȚȓț, ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȡȥȖ ȝȞȖ ǲȜȏȞȖ ǰȜȗțȖȘȜȐ Ȗ ǮȠȎțȎȟ ǱȞȎțȖȠȟ-
ȘȖ, Ȏ ȝȜ-ȘȨȟțȜ ȓ țȎȕțȎȥȓț Ȗ ȕȎ ȡȥȖȠȓș (Igov 1996, 252). ǶȕȐȓȟ-
ȠțȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ ȓ ȝȨȠȡȐȎȧ ȘțȖȔȎȞ Ȗ ȡȟȝȭȐȎ ȒȎ ȜȏȖȘȜșȖ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ
Ȗ ȟȓșȎȠȎ țȎ ǲȜȏȞȡȒȔȎ. ǽȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȝȨȠȡȐȎțȖȭȠȎ ȟȖ ȟȨȏȖȞȎ
ȢȜșȘșȜȞțȖ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ, ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȜ-ȘȨȟțȜ ȜȏțȎȞȜȒȐȎ Ȑ
ȟȐȜȖȠȓ ȟȨȥȖțȓțȖȭ (Todev 2000, 41). ǯșȎȑȜȒȎȞȓțȖȓ țȎ ȡȟȖșȖȭ-
ȠȎ țȎ ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ, Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȭȐȭȐȎȠ ȝȨȞȐȖ-
Ƞȓ ȜȝȖȟȎțȖȭ țȎ ǲȜȏȞȡȒȔȎ Ȗ ǹȡȒȜȑȜȞȖȓȠȜ (Radev, Rusinov,
Aretov, Petkov, Radev & Nalbantova 1996, 62). ǿșȓȒ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔ-
ȒȓțȖȓȠȜ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȎȐȎ ȒȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȖ Ȑ ȆȡȚȓț ȘȎȠȜ ȡȥȖȠȓș, Ȗțȟ-
ȝȓȘȠȜȞ, ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎȠȓș Ȑ ȁȥȖȠȓșȟȘȖȭ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȠ Ȗ Ȑ ǲȓȐȖȥȓȟȘȎ-
ȠȎ ȑȖȚțȎȕȖȭ (Todev 2000, 41). ȀȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ǶșȖȭ ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ
ȓ ȜȏȓȘȠ țȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ ȜȠ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȖȠȓȠțȖ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȡȥȓ-
țȖ, ȥȖȖȠȜ ȚțȓțȖȭ ȟȓ ȜȠșȖȥȎȐȎȠ ȟ ȐȕȖȟȘȎȠȓșțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȜȏȓȘȠȖȐ-
țȜȟȠ. ǲȜȘȜșȘȜ ȝȞȓȒȎȒȓțȜȠȜ ȜȠ țȓȑȜ Ȑ ȞȎȕȘȎȕȎ Țȡ ȝȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓ-
țȖȓ țȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ Ȑ ȟ. Ƕȕȏȡș ȓ ȒȜȟȠȜȐȓȞțȜ Ȗ ȒȜȘȜșȘȜ ȓ ȝșȜȒ țȎ ȎȐ-
ȠȜȞȜȐȜȠȜ ȐȨȜȏȞȎȔȓțȖȓ, ȏȖ ȠȞȭȏȐȎșȜ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȜȠȟȨȒȓțȜ ȜȠ ȒȞȡ-
ȑȖ. ȂȎȘȠ ȓ ȜȏȎȥȓ, ȥȓ ȣȡȒȜȔȓȟȠȐȓțȜȠȜ Țȡ ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜ ȥȓȟȠȜ ȓ ȟȜ-
ȥȓțȜ ȘȎȠȜ ȎȐȠȓțȠȖȥȓț ȖȕȠȜȥțȖȘ Ȑ țȭȘȜȖ țȎȡȥțȖ ȠȞȡȒȜȐȓ. ǻȎ-
ȦȎȠȎ Ȥȓș Ȑ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȎȠȎ ȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȭ ȓ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȒȎȒȓȚ țȎȝȖȟȎțȜ-
ȠȜ ȕȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ ȜȠ ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ, țȜ Ȑ ȟȨȝȜȟȠȎȐȘȎ ȟ ȒȜȘȡ-
ȚȓțȠȎșțȖȠȓ ȖȕȠȜȥțȖȤȖ Ȗ ȟ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭȠȎ, ȝȜȟȐȓȠȓțȖ țȎ Ƞȓ-
ȘȓȠȎȠȎ Ȑ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ. ǽȜ ȠȜȕȖ țȎȥȖț ȟȚȭȠȎȚȓ, ȥȓ ȧȓ ȣȐȨȞșȖȚ
ȒȜȝȨșțȖȠȓșțȎ ȟȐȓȠșȖțȎ ȝȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚȎȠȖȘȎȠȎ.
ǶȕȝȜșȕȐȎșȖ ȟȚȓ ȖȕȒȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȞȎȕȘȎȕȎ „ǲȭȒȜ ǲȜȏȞȖ“ ȜȠ
ȠȜȚȎ ȟ ȖȕȏȞȎțȎ ȝȞȜȕȎ ȜȠ ǶșȖȭ ǾȎȦȘȜȐ ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ, ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎț
ȜȠ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ǯǵǻǿ ȝȞȓȕ 1985 ȑ. (Blaskov, 1985). ǰ
ȝȞȓȒȑȜȐȜȞȎ ȀȜțȥȜ ǴȓȥȓȐ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎ, ȥȓ „ȝȜȟșȓȒțȜȠȜ ȖȕȒȎțȖȓ
143
țȎ ȝȞȜȕȎȠȎ țȎ ǶșȖȭ Ǿ. ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ ȓ țȭȘȨȒȓ ȜȠ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ
ǰȠȜȞȎȠȎ ȟȐȓȠȜȐțȎ ȐȜȗțȎ (1940)“ Ȗ ȓ ȜȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȓțȜ ȘȜȚȝȓȠȓțȠ-
țȜ, Ȑ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠ țȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȟȘȎȠȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ țȎ ǶȐȎț ǯȜȑȒȎ-
țȜȐ Ȑ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ „ȃȓȚȡȟ“. ǴȓȥȓȐ ȝȜȒȥȓȞȠȎȐȎ, ȥȓ ȟȨȟȠȎȐȖȠȓ-
șȭȠ țȎ ȠȜȐȎ țȜȐȜ ȖȕȒȎțȖȓ, ǶȐȎț ǾȎȒȓȐ, ȟȓ ȓ ȜȝȞȭș ȝȞȓȒȖ
ȐȟȖȥȘȜ țȎ ȝȜȟȠȖȔȓțȖȭȠȎ Ȗ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȠȓȘȟȠȜșȜȑȖȥțȎȠȎ Ȗ
ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȟȘȎȠȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ țȎ ǯȜȑȒȎțȜȐ (Zhechev 1985, 7).
ǿȓșȜ Ƕȕȏȡș ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎ Ȑ ȜȏȧȖțȎ ǻȜȐȖ ȝȎȕȎȞ, ȜȏșȎȟȠ Ȇȡ-
Țȓț. ǰ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȖȕȐȜȞȖ ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȓșȜ ȓ ȕȎȝȖȟȎțȜ ȘȎȠȜ
ǸȜȕșȡȒȔȎ, ȀȓȘȗȓ-Ȗ ǸȜȕșȡȒȔȎ, ȀȓȘȗȓ ǸȜȕșȡȒȔȎȟȨ. ǰ ȜȢȖȤȖ-
ȎșțȖȠȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȒȜ 1934 ȑ. ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȓșȜȠȜ ȓ Ȟȓ-
ȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎțȜ Ȑ ȒȐȎ ȐȎȞȖȎțȠȎ: ǸȜȕșȡȒȔȎ-ȀȓȘȓ Ȗ ȀȓȘȓ-
ǸȜȕșȡȒȔȎ3. ǽȞȓȕ 1934 ȑ. ȟ ȡȘȎȕ ȟȓșȜȠȜ ȓ ȝȞȓȖȚȓțȡȐȎțȜ țȎ Ƕȕ-
ȏȡș (Michev & Koledarov 1989, 129). ǺȓȟȠțȜȠȜ ȠȡȞȟȘȜȓȕȖȥțȜ
țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ țȎȕȜȐȎȐȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȓșȜ Ȗ ȘȎȠȜ „ǸóșȒȔȎ“. ǺȎȣȖȓș ǸȖȗș
ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎ, ȥȓ ȝȞȓȕ 1516 ȑ. Ȑ ǻȜȐȜȝȎȕȎȞȟȘȖȭ ȞȓȑȖȜț ȖȚȎ 17 ȟȓ-
șȎ ȟ ȠȡȞȟȘȖ ȖȚȓțȎ Ȗ ȔȖȠȓșȖ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ. Ȁȓ ȟȎ ȚțȜȑȜ ȚȎșȘȖ –
ȟȞȓȒțȜ ȝȜ ȒȓȐȓȠ ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ, ȘȎȠȜ ȜȘȜșțȖȠȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȟȓșȎ
ȟȎ țȎȒ ȥȓȠȖȞȖ ȝȨȠȖ ȝȜ-ȑȜșȓȚȖ. ǽȜȐȓȥȓȠȜ ȜȠ ȠȓȕȖ ȠȡȞȟȘȖ ȟȓșȎ,
ȐȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ Ȗ ȟ. ȀȓȘȓ ǸȜȕșȡȒȔȎ (ȀȓȘȘȓ ǸȜȕșȡȒȔȎ), ȖȚȎȠ
ȟșȓȒ ȖȚȓȠȜ ȟȖ ȒȜȝȨșțȓțȖȓ, ȡȘȎȕȐȎȧȜ ȕȎ țȎȟȖșȟȠȐȓțȜ ȒȓȝȜȞ-
ȠȖȞȎțȖ ȣȜȞȎ – ȟȬȞȑȬț, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȜȕțȎȥȎȐȎ, ȥȓ ȟȎ țȎȝȨșțȜ ȖșȖ
ȝȜȥȠȖ ȖȕȤȭșȜ ȕȎȟȓșȓțȖ ȟ ȠȎȘȖȐȎ șȖȤȎ ȖșȖ ȠȓȣțȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȘȖ ȝȜ-
ȠȜȚȤȖ (Kiyl 2017, 199 – 202, 212 – 214; ȐȖȔ Ȗ Kiel 2005, 31). ǰ
ȝȞȖșȜȔȓțȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȘȎȕȎȠȎ ǷȓțȖȝȎȕȎȞ ȠȎȏșȖȤȎ Ǻ. ǸȖȗș ȓ ȝȜȟȜ-
ȥȖș ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȖ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȜȐȖ ȒȎțțȖ ȕȎ ȀȓȘȘȓ ǸȜȕșȡȒȔȎ ȟȎȚȜ ȕȎ
1641 ȑ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȒȎțțȖȠȓ, ȒȎȒȓțȖ ȜȠ ǸȖȗș, ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȟȨȟȠȜȖ
ȜȠ 30 ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȖ ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ (Kiyl 2017, 208).
ǻȎȗ-ȟȠȎȞȖȭȠ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ, ȟ ȘȜȗȠȜ Ȑ ȚȜȚȓțȠȎ ȞȎȕȝȜșȎȑȎȚȓ ȕȎ
ȠȓȘȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ ȓ ȜȠ ȒȓȘȓȚȐȞȖ 1784 ȑ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȠȜȕȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ
(ȠȓȐȒȔȖȣ), ȟșȓȒ ȟȚȨȞȠȠȎ țȎ Ȧȓȗȣ ǮȏȒȖ ȏȎȏȎ, ȟ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓȠȜ
țȎ ȐȎȘȨȢȎ țȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ Ȑ ȟ. ǸȜȕșȡȒȔȎ ȟȓ țȎȠȜȐȎȞȐȎ ȓȟ-
ȟȓȗȖȒ ǺȓȣȚȓȒ ȏȎȏȎ. ǿȨȧȖȭȠ ȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓț ȒȎ ȜȠȑȜȐȎȞȭ Ȗ ȕȎ ȓȒ-
țȎ ȐȜȒȓțȖȤȎ, țȎȚȖȞȎȧȎ ȟȓ Ȑ ȟ. ǸȎșȑȪȜȞȓȢȥȓ (ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȟ. ǸȎ-
șȡȑȓȞȖȤȎ, Ȓțȓȟ ȘȐȎȞȠȎș țȎ ȑȞȎȒ ǸȎȟȝȖȥȎț), ȘȎȕȎ ǷȓțȖȝȎȕȎȞ,
ȝȞȖȣȜȒȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȎ ȝȞȓȒțȎȕțȎȥȓțȖ ȕȎ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȣȞȎ-
țȎ ȕȎ ȒȓȞȐȖȦȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ4. ǲȞȡȑ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ ȜȠ ȭțȡȎȞȖ 1785 ȑ.
ȟȨȜȏȧȎȐȎ, ȥȓ ȑȜȞȓȟȝȜȚȓțȎȠȖȭȠ ǺȓȣȚȓȒ ȏȎȏȎ ȕȎȓȚȎ ȚȭȟȠȜȠȜ țȎ
144
ȝȜȘȜȗțȖȭ Ȧȓȗȣ ǮȏȒȖ ȏȎȏȎ Ȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȕȎȐȖȓȒȎȞ țȎ ȏȓȘȠȎȦȖȗȟȘȜȠȜ
ȕȎȐȖȓ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ, ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȠȜȗ ȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȓț ȕȎ țȎȗ-ȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȧ5
(ȂȖȑ. 1). ǰ ȠȞȓȠȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ, ȖȕȑȜȠȐȓț ȝȞȓȕ ȢȓȐȞȡȎȞȖ 1797 ȑ., ȓ
ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȎțȜ, ȥȓ țȎ ȚȭȟȠȜȠȜ țȎ ȝȜȥȖțȎșȖȭ ȓȟ-ȟȓȗȖȒ ǺȓȣȚȓȒ ȏȎ-
ȏȎ ȕȎ ȚȬȠȓȐȓșȖȭ (Ƞ.ȓ. ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓș țȎ ȐȎȘȨȢȎ) Ȗ ȕȎȐȖȓȒȎȞ țȎ ȕȎ-
ȐȖȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ Ȑ ȟ. ǸȜȕșȡȒȔȎ, ȘȎȕȎ ǷȓțȖȝȎȕȎȞ, ȓ ȖȕȏȞȎț ȓȟ-
ȟȓȗȖȒ ǮȣȚȓȒ ȏȎȏȎ6. ǼȠ ȒȐȎ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎ7 ȟȠȎȐȎ ȭȟțȜ, ȥȓ
ȐȨȝȞȜȟțȖȠȓ ȦȓȗȣȜȐȓ țȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ – ǮȏȒȖ ȏȎȏȎ, Ǻȓȣ-
ȚȓȒ ȏȎȏȎ Ȗ ǮȣȚȓȒ ȏȎȏȎ, ȟȎ ȖȕȝȨșțȭȐȎșȖ Ȗ ȒșȨȔțȜȟȠȠȎ ȣȎȠȖȏ
țȎ țȎȚȖȞȎȧȎȠȎ ȟȓ ȏșȖȕȜ ȒȜ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ ȒȔȎȚȖȭ, „ȜȏțȜȐȓțȎȠȎ Ȗ
ȒȜȟȠȞȜȓțȎ“ (“müceddeden binâ ve ihyâsına muvaffak”)8 (ȂȖȑ. 2)
ȜȠ ȏȖȐȦȖȭ ȐȓșȖȘ ȐȓȕȖȞ ǺȡȣȟȖțȕȎȒȓ ǺȓȣȚȓȒ ȝȎȦȎ (1765 –
1768; 1771 – 1774). ǲțȓȟ Ȑ ȞȎȗȜțȎ țȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ țȭȚȎ
ȐȖȒȖȚȖ ȜȟȠȎțȘȖ ȜȠ ȒȔȎȚȖȭ (ǰȔ. Ȗ Yankova 2007, 64).
1. TC Devlet Arüivleri Baükanlıùı Osmanlı Arüivi,

BOA AE.SABH.I/289-19441
145
2. TC Devlet Arüivleri Baükanlıùı Osmanlı Arüivi,
BOA C.EV/656-33061, ș. 2
ǽȞȓȕ 1826 ȑ., ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȝȜ ȖțȖȤȖȎȠȖȐȎ țȎ ȟȡșȠȎț ǺȎȣȚȡȒ II

(1808 – 1839) ȐșȖȭȠȓșțȖȭȠ ǯȓȘȠȎȦȖȗȟȘȖ ȜȞȒȓț ȓ ȕȎȘȞȖȠ, Ȏ
ȝȜȐȓȥȓȠȜ Țȡ ȠȓȘȓȠȎ ȟȎ ȡțȖȧȜȔȓțȖ, ȠȓȘȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ ȟȨȧȜ ȓ
ȞȎȕȞȡȦȓțȜ, ȖȚȜȠȖȠȓ Țȡ ȟȎ ȘȜțȢȖȟȘȡȐȎțȖ ȜȠ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȎȠȎ, țȜ
ȠȬȞȏȓȠȜ (ȑȞȜȏțȖȤȎȠȎ) Ȗ ȒȔȎȚȖȭȠȎ ȟȎ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȖ (Maden 2013,
114 – 118, 122; Deùerli & Küçükdaù 2017, 125). ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȠȡȞȟ-
ȘȖȭ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓș Ȃ. ǺȎȒȓț, ȟșȓȒ 1832 ȑ. ȠȓȘȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ,
ȕȎȓȒțȜ ȟ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȞȎȕȞȡȦȓțȖ ȝȞȓȕ 1826 ȑ. ȠȓȘȓȠȎ, ȓ ȐȨȕȟȠȎțȜȐȓ-
țȜ (Maden 2013, 253). ǰ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ ȜȘȜșȜ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ ȖȚȜ-
ȠȖȠȓ țȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ Ȑȓȥȓ ȟȓ ȟȠȜȝȎțȖȟȐȎȠ ȜȠ Ȓ-Ȟ ǰȖȥȜ ǽȎțȜȐ. ǿșȓȒ
ȟȚȨȞȠȠȎ Țȡ ȝȞȓȕ 1916 ȑ. Ƞȓ ȟȓ ȡȝȞȎȐșȭȐȎȠ ȜȠ ȟȨȝȞȡȑȎȠȎ Țȡ
ǾȡȟȘȎ ǿȓȐȜȐȎ, ȒȐȓȠȓ ȖȚ ȒȨȧȓȞȖ ǳșȓțȎ Ȗ ǳȚȖșȖȭ, Ȗ ȕȓȠ ȖȚ
ǶȐȎț ǯȎȑȞȭțȜȐ. „ȅȖȢșȖȘȨȠ țȎ ǯȎȑȞȭțȜȐ“, ȘȎȘȠȜ ȓ ȖȕȐȓȟȠȓț,
146
ȟȓ ȝȞȓȐȞȨȧȎ ȐȨȐ ȐȎȔȓț ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ, ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎȧ ȝȞȓ-
ȝȖȠȎțȖȓ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȜȠ ȞȎȗȜțȎ.
ȀȬȞȏȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ
ȏȎȏȎ (ȂȖȑ. 3) ȟȓ țȎ-
ȚȖȞȎ Ȑ ȝȞȓȒȓșȖȠȓ țȎ
ȚȓȟȠțȜȟȠȠȎ „ȅȖȢșȖ-
ȘȎ“, ȟȓȐȓȞțȜ ȜȠ ȟȓșȜ-
ȠȜ, Ȑ ȑȞȎțȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ
ȥȎȟȠȓț ȖȚȜȠ. ǻȎ ȜȘȜ-
șȜ 800 – 1000 ȚȓȠȞȎ
ȟȓȐȓȞȜȖȕȠȜȥțȜ ȜȠ
ȠȬȞȏȓȠȜ țȎ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎ-
ȏȎ ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎ ȐȠȜȞȜ
ȠȬȞȏȓ (ȂȖȑ. 4). ȀȜ ȓ
țȎȕȜȐȎțȜ ȜȠ ȎȐȠȜȞȖȠȓ
ȘȎȠȜ „ǮȣȎȠșȨ ȏȎȏȎ“
(Yankova 2007, 67),
„Ǯș ȎȠșȨ/ǮșȎȠșȨ ȏȎ-
ȏȎ“ (Yankova 2007, 69
– 70; Gramatikova
2011, 470), „ǶȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ“
(Kökel 2007, 15), „Ǯȣ-
șȎȠșȨ ȏȎȏȎ“ (Vene-
dikova 2014, 826), 3. ȀȬȞȏȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ
„ǮȣșȭȠșȨ ȏȎȏȎ“ (Ta-
üùın 2016, 109). ǿșȓȒ ȖȕȐȨȞȦȓț ȞȓȚȜțȠ țȎ ȠȬȞȏȓȠȜ (ȝȞȓȕ
2021 ȑ.) țȎȒ ȐȣȜȒȎ Țȡ ȓ ȝȜȟȠȎȐȓțȎ ȠȎȏȓșȎ, țȎ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȓ ȕȎȝȖȟȎ-
țȜ Ȗ ȖȚȓȠȜ „ǱȬȏȬȞșȬ ȏȎȏȎ“. ȀȡȘ țȭȚȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȝȖȞȎȚȓ țȎ ȎȞ-
ȣȖȠȓȘȠȡȞțȖȠȓ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠȖ țȎ ȒȐȓȠȓ ȠȬȞȏȓȠȎ. ȀȜȐȎ ȓ țȎȝȞȎȐȓțȜ
ȜȠ ȠȡȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȘȎ ǲȎȚșȎ ǮȒȔȎȞ (ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖșȎ ȎȞ-
ȣȖȠȓȘȠȡȞȓț ȝșȎț Ȗ ȟȘȖȤȎ țȎ ȠȬȞȏȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ) (Acar 1999,
63 – 68) Ȗ ȜȠ ǰȓțȓȠȎ ȍțȘȜȐȎ (ȜȝȖȟȎșȎ Ȗ ȒȐȓȠȓ ȠȬȞȏȓȠȎ)
(Yankova 2007, 60 – 67). ȇȓ ȜȠȏȓșȓȔȖȚ ȟȎȚȜ, ȥȓ ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ǸȞ.
ǺȡȠȎȢȜȐȎ ȒȐȓȠȓ ȠȬȞȏȓȠȎ țȎȗ-ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȟȎ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȓțȖ Ȑ țȎȥȎ-
șȜȠȜ țȎ ȃȃ ȐȓȘ (Mutafova 2000, 258).
147
4. ȀȬȞȏȓȠȜ ǮȣșȭȠșȨ ȏȎȏȎ
(ȢȜȠȜȑȞȎȢȖȭȠȎ ȓ ȕȎȟțȓȠȎ Ȑ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ ȎȝȞȖș 2021)
ǰ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎȠȎ ȓ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȎțȜ ȟȨȧȜ, ȥȓ ȟȞȓȒ ȚȓȟȠțȜȠȜ

ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȠȬȞȏȓȠȎȠȎ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ Ȗ ǮȣșȭȠșȨ ȏȎȏȎ
ȟȎ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȖ Ȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȝȎȞȎȘșȖȟ „ǿȐ. ǶșȖȭ“ Ȗ ȝȎȞȎȘșȖȟ „ǿȐ.
ǶȐȎț“ (Marinov 1943; Minev 1997; Mutafova 2000; 2003;
Yankova 2007; Gramatikova 2011;Venedikova 2014).
ǽȨȞȐȎȠȎ Ȗ ȟȞȎȐțȖȠȓșțȜ ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȞȎȕȑ-
șȓȔȒȎțȖȠȓ ȜȠ țȎȟ ȠȓȘȓȠȎ țȎ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ Ȗ ǮȣșȭȠșȨ ȏȎȏȎ ȒȎȐȎ
ǰȎȟȖș ǺȎȞȖțȜȐ. ǮȐȠȜȞȨȠ ȓ ȜȝȖȟȎș ȠȓȘȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ („ǮșȖ
ȏȜȏȎ“), ȒȎș ȓ Ȗ ȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ șȓȑȓțȒȖ:
„ǯȓȕȟȝȜȞțȜ, ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ țȓ ȓ ȟȨȐȟȓȚ ȭȟțȎ. ǽȞȓȒȎ-

țȖȓȠȜ ȞȎȕȝȞȎȐȭ, ȥȓ ȠȡȘ ȓ ȖȚȎșȜ ȒȐȎȚȎ ȏȞȎȠȭ ǶșȖȭ Ȗ ǶȐȎț.
ǶșȖȭ ȡȏȖȐȎ ǶȐȎțȎ, ȝȜțȓȔȓ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȖȭȠ ȟȓ ȝȜȚȜȣȎȚȓȒȎțȥȖș.
ǸȜȑȎȠȜ țȎȡȥȖșȖ ȠȜȐȎ ȝȞȖȭȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȡȏȖȠȖȭ, ȖȒȐȎȠ Ȗ ȡȏȖȐȎȠ
ǶșȖȭ, țȜ Ȝȧȓ țȓ ȡȚȞȭș ȜȠ ȞȎțȖȠȓ ȟȖ, ȜȏȞȭȕȎșȖ ȑȜ Ȗ ȑȜ țȎȝȞȎ-
ȐȖșȖ ȠȡȞȥȖț, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȘȎȔȓșȖ, ȥȓ ȓ ȡȚȞȭș ȠȡȞȥȖț, Ȏ țȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖț.
ǲȞȡȑȎ ȐȓȞȟȖȭ ȞȎȕȝȞȎȐȭ, ȥȓ Ƞȓ ȟȎ ȏȖșȖ 12 ȏȞȎȠȭ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȏȜȞȖ-
șȖ „ȕȎ ȐȭȞȎ“ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȦȖȞȖ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȠȐȜȠȜ, ȏȖșȖ ȝȞȜȠȖȐ țȎ-
ȟȖșțȖȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎȒ ȞȓșȖȑȖȭȠȎ Ȗ ȝȞ. ǸȜȑȎȠȜ ȟȓ ȟȞȎȔȎȐȎșȖ, ȠȡȞ-
ȤȖȠȓ ȡȏȖșȖ ǶȐȎț ȏșȖȕȜ ȒȜ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ. ǶșȖȭ ȟȓ ȟȞȎȔȎȐȎș ȒȜ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ
„ǿȐȓȠȖ ǶșȖȭ“ (ǮșȖ ȏȜȏȎ), ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȏȖș ȡȏȖȠ ǶșȖȭ. ǲȞȡȑȖȠȓ ȟȓ
148
ȟȞȎȔȎȐȎșȖ Ȗ ȜȠȟȠȨȝȐȎșȖ ȒȜ ǯȡȘȡȞȓȧ, ȒȜȘȎȠȜ ȟȎ ȏȖșȖ ȖȕȏȖȠȖ
ȐȟȖȥȘȖ. ȍȐțȜ ȓ, ȝȨȘ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȎțȖȓȠȜ ȞȎȕȝȞȎȐȭ, ȥȓ ȠȡȘ ȓ ȖȚȎșȜ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞ ȟ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȘȎșȡȑȓȞȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȏȖșȖ ȝȞȜ-
ȑȜțȓțȖ Ȗ ȖȕȏȖȠȖ ȜȠ ȠȡȞȤȖȠȓ. Ȁȓ ȜȏȟȓȏȐȎȠ ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞȎ Ȗ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȭ-
ȐȎȠ ȒȔȎȚȖȭ, ȘȎȠȜ ȜȏȞȨȧȎȠ ȚȭȟȠȜȠȜ Ȑ ȠȡȞȟȘȜ ȠȓȘȓ. […] ǱȜȞȎȠȎ ȓ
ȜȏȨȞțȎȠȎ Ȑȓȥȓ țȎ țȖȐȖ [...]. ǶȕȠȜȥțȜ ȜȠ ȝȎȞȎȘșȖȟȎ „ȟȐ. ǶșȖȭ“ ȓ
ȝȎȞȎȘșȖȟȨȠ ȖșȖ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ „ǿȐ. ǶȐȎț ǹȭȟȠȜȐȖȥȖȗ“, țȎȞȓȥȓțȜ ȠȎ-
ȘȎ, ȝȜțȓȔȓ ȠȎȚ ȟȓ ȟȨȏȖȞȎșȖ ȚțȜȑȜ șȭȟȠȜȐȖȥȘȖ. ǼȘȜșȜ țȓȑȜ
ȖȚȎ ȟȠȎȞȖ ȑȞȜȏțȖȤȖ, ȚțȜȑȜ ȝȜ-ȒȨșȑȖ ȜȠ ȜțȖȭ ȝȞȖ „ǿȐ. ǶșȖȭ“
(2 ȘȚ). ǰȟȭȘȎ ȑȜȒȖțȎ ȠȡȘ ȖȒȐȎȠ ȚțȜȑȜ ȝȜȘșȜțțȖȤȖ, ȘȎȠȜ țȜȟȭȠ
ȑȜșȓȚȖ ȝȜȒȎȞȨȤȖ – ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖȠȓ țȎ ǶșȖțȒȓț, Ȏ ȘȨȕȨșȏȎȦȖȠȓ
țȎ ǽȓȠȘȜȐȒȓț.“ (Marinov 1943, 172)
ǻȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ țȎ ǰ. ǺȎȞȖțȜȐ ȧȓ ȟȓ ȟȝȞȓȚ ȝȜ-

ȜȏȟȠȜȗțȜ Ȑ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȞȎȕȞȎȏȜȠȘȎ. ǰȟȓ ȝȎȘ ȧȓ ȜȠȏȓșȓȔȖȚ, ȥȓ ǸȞȎ-
ȟȖȚȖȞȎ ǺȡȠȎȢȜȐȎ ȝȞȖȓȚȎ ȟ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȎ ȞȓȕȓȞȐȖȞȎțȜȟȠ ȝȜȒȜȏțȖ
șȓȑȓțȒȖ (Mutafova 2000, 257 – 259; Mutafova 2003, 331 –
332). ǼȠ ȟȐȜȭ ȟȠȞȎțȎ ǰȓțȓȠȎ ȍțȘȜȐȎ ȝȖȦȓ, ȥȓ ȒțȓȦțȎȠȎ ȝȜ-
ȝȡșȭȞțȜȟȠ țȎ ȑȜȞȓȤȖȠȖȞȎțȖȠȓ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȖ ȐȓȞȟȖȖ ȟȓ ȒȨșȔȖ
țȎ ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓțȖȓȠȜ ȖȚ ȥȞȓȕ ȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȖȠȓ țȎ ǰ. ǺȎȞȖțȜȐ,
ǶȐ. ǺȖțȓȐ Ȗ ǱȞȜȕȒȓȐ Ȗ ǵșȎȠȘȜȐ (Yankova 2007, 69).
ǼȟȐȓț ȠȓȕȖ ȒȐȓ ȠȬȞȏȓȠȎ, ȚȓȔȒȡ ȟȓșȎȠȎ Ƕȕȏȡș Ȗ ǰȜȗȐȜȒȎ
ȟȓ ȓ țȎȚȖȞȎșȜ Ȝȧȓ ȓȒțȜ ȠȬȞȏȓ. ȀȜ ȓ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎțȜ țȎ ȘȎȞȠȎ
ȜȠ 1879 ȑ. ȟȎȚȜ ȘȎȠȜ „ǸȡȞȠ ȏȎȏȎ“ (Grozdev & Zlatkov 1983, 13)
Ȗ ȓ șȜȘȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȜ Ȑ ȝȜȒțȜȔȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǰȜȗȐȜȒȟȘȎȠȎ ȚȜȑȖșȎ
(ȂȖȑ. 5). ǰȨȝȞȜȟțȜȠȜ ȠȬȞȏȓ („ȑȞȜȏțȖȤȎ“) ȓ ȜȝȖȟȎțȜ ȜȠ ǸȎȞȓș
ȆȘȜȞȝȖș ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȝȞȜȐȓȔȒȎțȖȠȓ ȜȠ țȓȑȜ ȎȞȣȓȜșȜȑȖȥȓȟ-
ȘȖ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȖȭ Ȑ ǮȏȜȏȟȘȎȠȎ (ǽșȖȟȘȜȐȟȘȎȠȎ) ȞȎȐțȖțȎ. ȆȘȜȞ-
ȝȖș ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȐȎ, ȥȓ „ǰȜȗȐȜȒȎȘȪȜȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȚȜȑȖșȎ“ ȓ ȜȏȜȕțȎȥȓțȎ
țȎ ȞȡȟȘȖȠȓ ȘȎȞȠȖ ȟ ȖȚȓȠȜ „ȀȎȏȖȭ Ƞȓȝȓ“ Ȗ ȟȞȓȒ ȚȓȟȠțȜȠȜ țȎȟȓ-
șȓțȖȓ ȓ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȎ ȘȎȠȜ „ǸȎȏȎ-ȬȘ“ Ȗ ȓ ȐȖȟȜȘȎ 414 Ț. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ
„ȝȞȓȒȎțȖȓȠȜ“, ȝȖȦȓ Ǹ. ȆȘȜȞȝȖș, ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȟ. ǰȜȗȐȜȒȎ ȖȒȐȎșȜ
ȜȠ ȐȞȓȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȜȘȜȞȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȎ, ȘȜȑȎȠȜ
ȠȡȘ ȓȒȖț ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȐȜȗȐȜȒȎ ȟȓ ȓ ȏȜȞȖș ȟȞȓȧȡ ȠȡȞȤȖȠȓ. ǿșȓȒ
ȠȜȐȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȨȠ ȒȎȐȎ Ȗ ȟȎȚȜȠȜ ȜȝȖȟȎțȖȓ țȎ ȠȬȞȏȓȠȜ (ȑȞȜȏțȖȤȎ-
ȠȎ): „ǻȎ ȬȑȜȕȎȝȎȒ, țȓȒȎșȓȥȓ ȜȠ ȝȜȒțȜȔȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȣȨșȚȎ ȟȓ țȎ-
ȚȖȞȎ ȡȓȒȖțȓțȎȠȎ ȑȞȜȏțȖȤȎ țȎ ǸȡȞȠ-ȏȜȏȎ ȖșȖ ǸȬȞȒ-ȏȜȏȎ,
ȟȨȟȠȜȭȧȎ ȟȓ ȜȠ 4 ȘȎȚȨȘȎ, ȞȎȕȝȜșȜȔȓțȖ ȐȨȐ ȢȜȞȚȎ țȎ ȝȞȎȐȜ-
ȨȑȨșțȖȘ, ȟ ȒȨșȔȖțȎ 2,9 Ț. ǼȞȖȓțȠȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȎȐȜȨȑȨșțȖȘȎ
149
ȓ țȎ ȖȕȠȜȘ. ǼȘȜșȜ ȑȞȜȏțȖȤȎȠȎ, ȐȨȐ ȢȜȞȚȎȠȎ țȎ ȘȐȎȒȞȎȠ (6,9 ȣ
6,9), ȟȎ ȞȎȕȝȜșȜȔȓțȖ ȖȕȟȓȥȓțȖ ȘȎȚȨțȖ [ȘȐȎȒȞȖ]; ȘȐȎȒȞȎȠȨȠ ȓ
ȜȑȞȎȒȓț ȟ ȘȐȎȒȞȎȠȓț ȖȕȘȜȝ (16 ȣ 16 Ț); ȜȠ ȐȨțȦțȎȠȎ Țȡ ȟȠȞȎ-
țȎ ȓ ȖȚȎșȜ țȎȟȖȝ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȓȑȎ ȝȜȥȠȖ ȓ ȖȕȥȓȕțȎș. ǸȎȕȐȎȠ, ȥȓ Ȑ
ȠȎȕȖ ȑȞȜȏțȖȤȎ ȓ ȝȜȑȞȓȏȎț țȭȘȜȗ ȟȖ ȐȜȗȐȜȒȎ ǸȡȞȠ-ȏȜȏȎ, ȕȎȑȖ-
țȎș Ȑ țȭȘȎȘȐȜ ȟȞȎȔȓțȖȓ ȏșȖȕȜ ȒȜ ȜȝȖȟȎțȜȠȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ.“ (Shkorpil
1905a, 151).
5. ǰȜȗȐȜȒȟȘȎȠȎ ȚȜȑȖșȎ
ǶțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȕȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟțȎȠȎ „ȑȞȜȏțȖȤȎ“ țȎ ǸȡȞȠ ȏȎȏȎ

ȟȓ ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȭ Ȗ ȜȠ ȚȓȟȠțȎȠȎ ȠȜȝȜțȖȚȖȭ. ȀȎȘȎ ǰ. ȍțȘȜȐȎ, ȝȜȕȜ-
ȐȎȐȎȗȘȖ ȟȓ țȎ ǰ. ǺȎȞȖțȜȐ, ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎ, ȥȓ Ȑ ȕȓȚșȖȧȓȠȜ țȎ ȟ.
ǰȜȗȐȜȒȎ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎ ȚȓȟȠțȜȟȠ „ǸȡȞȠ ȏȎȏȎ“, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȓ țȎȕȜȐȎȐȎ
ȝȜ ȠȜȕȖ țȎȥȖț ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȑȞȜȏ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȓ ȓ țȎȚȖȞȎș ȠȡȘ Ȑ
ȚȖțȎșȜȠȜ (Yankova 2007, 75). ȀȐȨȞȒȓ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜ ȓ ǺȎȞȖțȜȐ
ȒȎ ȓ ȕȎȖȚȟȠȐȎș ȠȎȕȖ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȜȠ ȑȜȞȓȤȖȠȖȞȎțȜȠȜ ȖȕȟșȓȒ-
ȐȎțȓ țȎ ǸȎȞȓș ȆȘȜȞȝȖș. ǻȜ ȕȎ ȠȎȘȜȐȎ ȚȓȟȠțȜ țȎȕȐȎțȖȓ ȟȐȖ-
ȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎ Ȗ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠțȎ ȔȖȠȓșȘȎ țȎ ȟ. ǰȜȗȐȜȒȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȝȜȚȓ-
țȎȐȎ ȕȎ ȕȓȚȓȒȓșȟȘȖ ȖȚȜȠ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȓ ȓ țȎȚȖȞȎș Ȑ ȚȓȟȠțȜȟȠ, Ȗȕ-
ȐȓȟȠțȎ ȘȎȠȜ „Ԅk altı [Höyük Altı], Kƈt buba [Kurt Baba], Żta
bœlık [Orta Baùlık]“ (Miziyska 1997, 170), țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ, ȟȨȜȠ-
ȐȓȠțȜ: „ǽȜȒ (Ȑ ȝȜȒțȜȔȖȓȠȜ țȎ) ȚȜȑȖșȎȠȎ, ǸȡȞȠ ȏȎȏȎ, ǿȞȓȒțȜ
150
șȜȕȓ“. ǽȞȖ țȎȝȞȎȐȓțȎȠȎ ȜȠ Țȓț ȟȝȞȎȐȘȎ Ȑ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ țȎ
ȀǸǵǿ – ȟ. ǰȜȗȐȜȒȎ, ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȖ Ȑ ǲȨȞȔȎȐȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ – Ȇȡ-
Țȓț, ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȕȎ țȎșȖȥȖȓ țȎ ȚȓȟȠțȜȟȠ „ǸȡȞȠ ȏȎȏȎ“ Ȑ
ȕȓȚșȖȧȓȠȜ țȎ ǰȜȗȐȜȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȝȜȠȐȨȞȒȖ. ǰȨȐ ȐȨȝȞȜȟțȎȠȎ Țȓȟ-
ȠțȜȟȠ, ȐȝȖȟȎțȎ Ȑ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȘȎȠȜ „ǸȡȞȠ ȏȡȏȎ“, ȝȞȓȕ 50-Ƞȓ
ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ ȃȃ ȐȓȘ ȟȎ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎșȖ țȖȐȖ, ȜȐȜȧțȖ ȑȞȎȒȖțȖ,
șȜȕȭ, ȕȎ ȝȜȐȓȥȓȠȜ ȜȠ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȓ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȎțȜ, ȥȓ ȑȞȎțȖȥȎȠ ȟ „ȦȜ-
ȟȓ“9, Ƞ.ȓ. ȟ ȝȨȠȭ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȐȨȞȕȐȎ ȟȓșȎȠȎ Ƕȕȏȡș Ȗ ǰȜȗȐȜȒȎ, țȎ-
ȚȖȞȎȧ ȟȓ țȓȒȎșȓȥ (Ȑ ȝȜȟȜȘȎ ȕȎȝȎȒ-ȬȑȜȕȎȝȎȒ) ȜȠ ǰȜȗȐȜȒȟȘȎȠȎ
ȚȜȑȖșȎ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȜȠ ȟȐȜȭ ȟȠȞȎțȎ ȟȨȐȝȎȒȎ ȟ ȜȝȖȟȎțȖȓȠȜ, ȒȎȒȓțȜ ȜȠ
ǸȎȞȓș ȆȘȜȞȝȖș. ǽȜțȎȟȠȜȭȧȓȚ Ȑ ȟȨȧȎȠȎ ȚȓȟȠțȜȟȠ ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎ
ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȜȠȜ ȑȞȜȏȖȧȓ țȎ ȟ. ǰȜȗȐȜȒȎ.
ǶȒȓțȠȖȥțȎ ȟ ȠȎȕȖ ȜȠ ȘȎȞȠȎȠȎ ȜȠ 1879 ȑ. ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȒȎ-
ȐȎ Ȗ ȘȎȞȠȎ ȜȠ 1913 ȑ., ȖȕȒȎțȖȓ țȎ ǶțȟȠȖȠȡȠȎ ȕȎ ȐȜȓțțȎ ȑȓȜȑ-
ȞȎȢȖȭ ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ (K.u.k. Militärgeographisches Institut), ȟ ȎȐ-
ȠȜȞȖ W. Kocour Ȗ O. Mach (ȂȖȑ. 6).
6. ȂȞȎȑȚȓțȠ ȜȠ ȘȎȞȠȎ (1913)
151
ǽȞȖȐȓȔȒȎȚȓ ȒȜȘȎȕȎȠȓșȟȠȐȓțȖȭ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎș ȕȎ ȠȎȕȖ ȑȞȜȏțȖ-
ȤȎ (ȠȬȞȏȓ) țȎ ǸȡȞȠ (ǸȡȞȒ) ȏȎȏȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ țȭȘȜȑȎ ȓ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎșȎ
ȠȡȘ, ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭȠȎ ȕȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟțȖȭ ǸȡȞȠ ȏȎȏȎ Ȑ țȎȦȎȠȎ
șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎ, ȝȨȘ Ȗ Ȑ ȠȡȞȟȘȎȠȎ, ȟȎ ȒȜȟȠȎ ȜȟȘȨȒțȖ (ȐȔ. ȝȜ ȐȨȝ-
ȞȜȟȎ Radionova 1994, 68 – 69; Deùerli, Küçükdaù 2017, 121).
ǻȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȐȨȞțȓȚ ȘȨȚ ȞȎȕȘȎȕȎ țȎ ǶșȖȭ ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ, ȥȖȓȠȜ
ȝȨșțȜ ȕȎȑșȎȐȖȓ ȓ „ǲȭȒȜ ǲȜȏȞȖ. ǳȒȖț ȜȠ ȟȠȎȞȖȠȓ țȎȦȖ ȖȟȠȖț-
ȟȘȖ țȎȞȜȒțȖ ȚȨȔȓ“. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȜȐȓȒȎ ǻȖȘȜșȎȗ ǲȖȚ-
ȘȜȐ, ȝȞȖȟȨȧȎ ȥȓȞȠȎ țȎ ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȏȓșȓȠȞȖȟȠȎ ǶșȖȭ
ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ ȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȜȠȜ. ȀȜȗ țȓ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȑȜ ȝȞȓȜȒȜșȓȓ.
ǶȕȜȏȧȜ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȓȤȨȠ ȘțȖȔȜȐțȖȘ ȠȨȞȟȖ ȐȨȕȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȓȠȜ
ȝȞȓȒȖ ȐȟȖȥȘȜ ȥȞȓȕ ȢȎȘȠȎ Ȗ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȠȓșțȎȠȎ ȟșȡȥȘȎ. ȃȡȒȜȔȓȟ-
ȠȐȓțȖȭȠ ȓșȓȚȓțȠ ȓ „ȝȞȖȘȞȓȝȓț“ ȘȨȚ ȢȎȘȠȎ Ȗ ȟșȡȥȘȎȠȎ, Ȏ țȓ
ȟșȡȥȘȎȠȎ ȘȨȚ ȣȡȒȜȔȓȟȠȐȓțȖȭ ȓșȓȚȓțȠ (Dimkov, 2013, 316).
ǼȠ ȟȐȜȭ ȟȠȞȎțȎ ǲȜȥȜ ǹȓȘȜȐ ȝȖȦȓ, ȥȓ ȕȎ ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȕȎ
ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖȠȓ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȖ ȝȖȟȎȠȓșȖ, ȜȠ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ ȓ
ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȭȠ Ȗ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȓț ȓȢȓȘȠ țȎ ȠȐȜȞȏȎȠȎ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȥȖȠȎ-
Ƞȓșȭ. ȀȜȗ, ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎ ǹȓȘȜȐ, ȒȨȞȔȖ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȚțȜȑȜ țȎ
ȐȭȞȎȠȎ țȎ ȥȖȠȎȠȓșȭ Ȑ ȝȖȟȎȠȓșȭ. ǰ ȕȎȐȖȟȖȚȜȟȠ ȜȠ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȓ ȟȠȎ-
ȞȎȓ ȒȎ ȝȜȒȒȨȞȔȎ ȥȡȐȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȕȎ ȒȜȟȠȜȐȓȞțȜȟȠ țȎ ȟȬȔȓȠ Ȗ ȑȓȞȜȖ
ȟ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȝȜȣȐȎȠȖ ȐȨȐ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȕȐȓțȎ țȎ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭȠȎ ȟȖ
(Lekov 1988, 308). ǿ ȜȑșȓȒ țȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȝȞȎȐȖ ȐȝȓȥȎȠșȓțȖȓ, ȥȓ
ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ Ȑ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȟȐȜȖ ȞȎȕȘȎȕȖ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ Ȑ „ǲȭȒȜ ǲȜȏȞȖ“, Ƕ.
ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ ȓ ȞȎȚȘȖȞȎș ȞȎȕȘȎȕȎ țȓ Ȑ ȖȕȚȖȟșȓțȖ, Ȏ Ȑ ȞȓȎșțȖ
ȑȞȎțȖȤȖ – ȜȝȖȟȎș ȓ ȚȓȟȠȜȝȜșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ,
ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȎș ȓ, ȥȓ ȠȜ ȓ ȏșȖȕȜ ȒȜ ȓȒțȜ ȠȡȞȟȘȜ ȟȓșȜ, țȎȞȓȥȓțȜ ȀȓȘȓ
ǸȜȕșȡȒȔȎ, ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȠȜ ȓ ȏșȖȕȘȜȠȜ ȒȜ țȓȑȜ ȟ. ǰȜȗȐȜȒȜȐȜ (ǰȜȗ-
ȐȜȒȎ) Ȗ ȠȜȐȎ, ȎȘȜ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎȚȓ ȖȕȞȎȕȎ țȎ ǻȖȘȜșȎȗ
ǲȖȚȘȜȐ, „ȝȞȎȐȖ țȓȧȎȠȎ Ȝȧȓ ȝȜ-ȝȞȓȒȚȓȠțȖ“. ǶȕȣȜȔȒȎȗȘȖ ȜȠ
ȘȎȕȎțȜȠȜ ȒȜȠȡȘ, ȕȎ țȎȟ țȓ ȓ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ ȠȞȡȒțȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȒȜȟȓȠȖȚ, ȥȓ
țȎȟȓșȓțȜȠȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ, ȒȜȟȘȜȞȜ ȟȓșȜ, „Ȓțȓȟ ȑȞȎȒȓȤ“, ȒȎȒȓțȜ Ȑ ȞȎȕ-
ȘȎȕȎ „ǲȭȒȜ ǲȜȏȞȖ“ ȟȨȟ ȟȨȘȞȎȧȓțȖȭȠȎ „ǻ.“, „ǻ-Ȟ“ Ȗ Ƞ.ț., ȓ ǻȜ-
ȐȖ ȝȎȕȎȞ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȝȞȓȕ 1883 ȑ. ȟ ȘțȭȔȓȟȘȖ ȡȘȎȕ ȓ ȜȏȭȐȓț ȕȎ
ȑȞȎȒ (Michev & Koledarov 1989, 197). ǲȓȗȟȠȐȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȞȎȕȘȎȕȎ
ȟȓ ȞȎȕȐȖȐȎ ȜȟțȜȐțȜ ȝȞȓȕ 40-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ.
ǰ ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞțȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ ȞȎȕȘȎȕȨȠ „ǲȭȒȜ ǲȜȏȞȖ“ ȟȓ ȟȨȟ-
ȠȜȖ ȜȠ ȝȞȜșȜȑ, ȟȨȧȖțȟȘȎ ȥȎȟȠ, ȞȎȕȒȓșȓțȎ țȎ ȒȓȐȓȠ ȥȎȟȠȖ, Ȗ
ȓȝȖșȜȑ. ȀȡȘ Ȑ ȤȖȠȖȞȎț ȖșȖ ȞȓȕȬȚȖȞȎț ȐȖȒ ȧȓ ȒȎȒȓȚ ȟȎȚȜ
152
ȜțȓȕȖ ȥȎȟȠȖ ȜȠ ȞȎȕȘȎȕȎ (Blaskov 1985, 446 – 453), ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ
ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȜȠȜ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ. ǽȜȭȟțȓțȖȭȠȎ, ȝȜȟȠȎȐȓțȖ
Ȑ ȘȐȎȒȞȎȠțȖ ȟȘȜȏȖ,ȟȎ țȎȦȖ:
„ǿȓșȜȠȜ ǻ. (Ȓțȓȟ ȑȞȎȒȓȤ) ȝȞȓȒȖ 40 ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȏȞȜȓȦȓ ȒȜ 80

ȘȨȧȖ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖ. ǻȓ ȘȎȕȐȎȚ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ, ȕȎȧȜȠȜ ȠȡȘ Ȑ ȠȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ,
ȜȟȐȓț ȠȞȖȚȎ ȒȡȦȖ ȚȨȔȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȑȜȐȜȞȓȣȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ, Ȗ ȠȜ ȕȎȐȎ-
șȓțȜ – ȞȎȕȚȓȟ ȟ ȠȡȞȟȘȖ, ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȒȞȡȑȖ, ȟ ȔȓțȖȠȓ ȟȖ, ȟ ȒȓȤȎȠȎ ȟȖ,
ȑȜȐȜȞȓȣȎ ȠȡȞȟȘȖ [...]
ǸȜȑȎȠȜ ȝȜȝȖȠȎȣ ȓȒȖț 90-ȑȜȒȖȦȓț ȟȠȎȞȓȤ țȎ ȖȚȓ ȒȭȒȜ
ǶȐȎț (ȞȜȒȜȚ Ȗȕ ȟȓșȜȠȜ ǰȜȗȐȜȒȜȐȜ, ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȟȨȧȜ ȝȞȖȘȎȕȐȎȠ Ȗ ȒȜ
Ȓțȓȟ ȚȎșȜ Ȗ ȑȜșȭȚȜ ȝȜ ȠȡȞȟȘȖ) ȘȎȘ ȠȨȗ ȟȓ ȕȎȚȓȟȠȖș ȝȜȚȓȔȒȡ
Ƞȭȣ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȭȠ ȓȕȖȘ ȟ ȠȡȞȟȘȖȭ, ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞȖ:
„ǿȓȑȎ, ȘȎȘȠȜ ȐȖȔȒȎȦ, șȓȘȎ ȝȜșȓȘȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȚȎȣȎșȎ ȟȓ
ȓ ȜȠȒȓșȖșȎ ȜȠ ȠȡȞȟȘȎȠȎ, Ȏ ȘȜȑȎ Ȏȕ ȕȎȕțȎȖȣ ȟȓșȜȠȜ ȟȖ, ȠȜȑȎȐȎ
țȎȦȖȠȓ ȘȨȧȖ ȏȭȣȎ ȘȎȞȚȎȘȎȞȨȦȨȘ ȟ ȠȡȞȟȘȖȠȓ. ǻȎȦȖȠȓ ȠȡȞȤȖ
ȏȭȣȎ ȠȐȨȞȒȓ șȜȦȖ, ȜȟȐȓț ȒȞȡȑȜ, Ƞȓ țȓ ȖȟȘȎȣȎ ȒȎ ȥȡȭȠ țȖ ȒȡȚȖ-
ȤȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȜȑȜȐȜȞȖ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȝȜȚȓȔȒȡ țȖ [...].“ […]
Ƕ ȥȡȒțȜȠȜ ȓ ȠȜȐȎ, ȥȓ ǻ-ȤȖ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȜȠ ȜȘȜșȖȭȠȎ ȖȚ, ȘȎȘȐȜ-
ȠȜ ȓ ǰȜȗȐȜȒȜȐȜ, ȕȎ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȝȜ-ȑȜȞȓ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȣȚȓ, ȒȜȠȜșȘȜȐȎ ȟȎ ȏȖ-
șȖ ȭȘȖ ȐȨȐ ȐȭȞȎȠȎ ȟȖ, ȒȜȠȜșȘȜȐȎ ȟȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȖȒȨȞȔȎșȖ Ȝ ȟȠȎȞȖȠȓ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȜȏȖȥȎȖ, ȧȜȠȜ ȚȎșȘȜ ȜȠȒȎșȓȥȓțȖȠȓ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȥȖȟȠȜ ȏȨș-
ȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȟȓșȎ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȕȎȟȞȎȚȭȠ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȝȜ ȟșȎȏȎȠȎ ȟȖ Ȑȭ-
ȞȎ, ȝȜ ȟȠȎȞȜȠȜ ȕȎȥȖȠȎțȓ țȎ ȟȠȎȞȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȝȞȎȒȭȒȜȐȖ ȜȏȖȥȎȖ. [...]
ǮȚȖ ȘȎȘȐȜ ȧȓ ȘȎȔȓȠȓ ȕȎ ǻ-ȟȘȖȠȓ ȜȏȖȥȎȖ? ǰȎȚ ȧȓ ȐȖ ȒȜȗ-
Ȓȓ Ȝȧȓ ȝȜ-ȥȡȒțȜ, ȒȎȔȓ Ȗ țȓȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȠȜȐȎ, ȧȜ ȧȓ ȐȖ ȞȎȕȘȎȔȎ
ȜȠȘȨȟȜ ȕȎ ȠȓȣțȖȠȓ ȜȏȖȥȎȖ.
ǸȎȠȜ ȣȜȞȎ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖ, ȞȎȕȏȖȞȎ ȟȓ, Ȗ Ƞȓ ȟȎ ȖȚȎșȖ Ȗ ȑȜȒȖ, Ȗ
ȟȐȎȠȏȖ, Ȗ ȐȓțȥȎțȖȓ, ȜȟȐȓț ȠȜȐȎ Ȗ ȣȜȞà, Ȗ ȟȓȒȓțȘȖ. ǰȟȖȥȘȜ ȠȡȘȎ
țȎȒ ȠȖȭ ȜȏȞȓȒȖ ȟȓ ȓ ȖȕȐȨȞȦȐȎșȜ ȝȜ ȟȠȎȞȜȚȡ. […]
ǼȏȖȥȎȖȠȓ ȝȜ ȐȭȞȎȠȎ ȟȓ ȖȕȝȨșțȭȐȎșȖ Ȗ ȠȡȘ ȟȨȧȜ ȘȎȘȠȜ
țȎȐȞȓȒ ȝȜ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ ȟȓșȎ ȝȜ ȠȜȐȎ ȐȞȓȚȓ. ǽȜȝ ȟȎ ȐȖȔȒȎșȖ Ȑ ȑȜ-
ȒȖțȎȠȎ ȓȒțȎȔ ȖșȖ ȒȐȎ ȝȨȠȖ. ȁȚȞȓ șȖ țȭȘȜȗ, ȧȓ ȑȜ ȕȎȞȜȐȭȠ ȏȓȕ
ȝȜȝ, ȏȓȕ ȜȝȓȭșȜ. […] ǾȜȒȓțȜȠȜ ȒȓȠȓ, ȎȘȜ ȖȚȎ ȒȜȏȞȖțȎȠȎ ȒȎ ȠȞȎȓ
Ȗ ȒȎ ȔȖȐȓȓ, ȘȜȑȎȠȜ țȎȚȖțȓ ȝȜȝȨȠ, ȧȓ ȑȜ ȘȞȨȟȠȖ, țȜ ȎȘȜ șȖ ȑȜ
ȐȖȒȭȠ, ȥȓ ȧȓ ȚȞȓ, ȠȜ ȧȓ ȏȎȏȎȠȎ ȒȎ ȑȜ ȘȞȨȟȠȖ. ǻȎȢȜȞȎ Ȗ ȝȞȖ-
ȥȎȟȠȖȓ ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎȦȓ ȝȜȟȠȜȭțțȜ ȡ ȓȘȕȎȞȣȎ. ǳȘȕȎȞȣ ȟȓ ȘȎȕȐȎ ȠȜ-
ȕȖ, ȡ ȘȜȑȜȠȜ ȓ ȘȜțȒȖȟȐȎș[ȜȠȟȭȒȎș] ȝȜȝȨȠ. ǽȞȖȥȎȟȠȖȓȠȜ ȠȜȑȎȐȎ
ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȎȐȎșȜ ȝȜ ȜȟȜȏȓț țȎȥȖț. ǽȜȝȨȠ ȧȓ Ȑșȓȓ ȘȎȝȘȎ ȐȖțȤȓ Ȗ
ȠȞȜȦȖȤȎ – ȥȎȟȠȖȤȎ ȜȠ ȝȞȖȑȜȠȐȓțȜȠȜ ȝȞȖȥȎȟȠȖȓ Ȑ țȭȘȜșȘȜ
ȑȞȜȕȒȓțȖ ȕȨȞțȎ, ȠȓȕȖ ȕȨȞțȎ ȓ ȟȝȎȕȐȎș Ȗ ȝȖȝȎș ȓȘȕȎȞȣȨȠ ȟ ȑȜ-
153
șȭȚȎ țȎȏȜȔțȜȟȠ; ȧȜȚ țȭȘȜȗ ȧȓ ȚȞȓ, ȏȡȠȎȠ Țȡ Ȑ ȡȟȠȎȠȎ ȓȒțȜ
ȕȨȞțȜ, Ȗ țȎ Ƞȓȏȓ ȝȞȖȥȎȟȠȖȓ.
ǼȏȧȜ ȏȜȑȜȟșȡȔȓțȖȓ ȟȓ ȓ ȖȕȐȨȞȦȐȎșȜ țȎ ȑȜȒȖțȎȠȎ ȓȒȖț
ȝȨȠ Ȗ ȠȜ ȒȜ țȎȟȘȜȞȜ, Ȑ ȓȒțȜ ȠȡȞȟȘȜ ȠȓȘȓ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȓ ȏșȖȕȜ ȒȜ ȓȒțȜ
ȠȡȞȟȘȜ ȟȓșȜ, țȎȞȓȥȓțȜ ȀȓȘȓ ȘȜȕșȡȒȔȎ. ȀȜȭ ȠȡȞȟȘȖ ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞ,
ȘȜȗȠȜ ȓ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȓț Ȑ ȒȨțȜȠȜ țȎ ȓȒȖț ȒȨșȏȜȘ ȏȜȎȕ, ȓ ȏȜȑȎȠ ȟ ȚțȜȑȜ
țȖȐȭ, șȖȐȎȒȖ, ȐȜȒȓțȖȤȖ, ȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțțȖ ȝȎȟȏȖȧȎ, ȝȜ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȓ ȝȎ-
ȟȎș ȚțȜȑȜȥȖȟșȓț ȞȜȑȎȠ ȒȜȏȖȠȨȘ: ȜȐȤȓ, ȘȜȕȖ, ȘȞȎȐȖ, ȐȜșȜȐȓ;
ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȠȖȭ ȟȎ ȏȖșȖ ȝȜȒȎȞȓțȖ ȜȠ ȠȡȞȤȖ, Ȏ ȝȜȐȓȥȓȠȜ ȜȠ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭ-
țȖȠȓ. ǰ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ ȑȞȜȏȨȠ țȎ ȟȐȓȠȖȭȠ, țȜ ȘȜȗ ȓ ȠȜȭ ȟȐȓȠȖȭ – țȖȘȜȗ
țȓ ȕțȎȭș. ǻȖȠȜ ȒȎȔȓ Ȗ ȟȎȚȖȭȠ ȕȎȖȚ, ȝȞȖȠȓȔȎȠȓș țȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ, ȓ
ȕțȎȭș ȝȜșȜȔȖȠȓșțȜ țȎ ȘȎȘȨȐ ȟȐȓȠȓȤ ȟȓ ȠȜȗ ȘșȎțȭ Ȗ ȝȞȓȘșȎțȭ.
ȀȡȞȤȖȠȓ ȭȐțȜ ȟȎ ȑȜȐȜȞȖșȖ, ȥȓ ȠȜȗ ȓ Ƞȓȣȓț ȟȐȓȠȖȭ, Ȏ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖ-
Ƞȓ ȠȎȗțȜ ȟȖ ȠȨșȘȡȐȎȣȎ, ȥȓ ȠȜȐȎ ȓ ȑȞȜȏȨȠ țȎ ǿȐ. ǶșȖȭ. ǸȎȘȠȜ Ȗ
ȒȎ ȓ, țȜ ȠȡȘȎ ȜȟȐȓț țȎ ȠȡȞȤȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȞȖțȎȟȭȣȎ țȎ ȑȞȜȏȎ ȝȜ
țȭȘȜșȘȜ șȜȓțȖ ȟȐȓȧȖ, ȏȓ ȝȜȕȐȜșȓțȜ, Ȗ ȠȜ ȟ ȐȟȖȥȘȖȠȓ Țȡ ȒȜȏȞȖ
ȝȞȖȓȚȖ, Ȗ țȎ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖȠȓ ȒȎ ȝȜȟȓȧȎȐȎȠ ȑȞȜȏȎ țȎ ȝȞȜȞȜȘ
ǶșȖȭ. ǽȞȓȕ ȑȜȒȖțȎȠȎ Ȑȟȓ ȘȎȝȐȎȦȓ ȜȠ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖȠȓ ȝȜ țȓȧȖȥȘȜ
ȕȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ, ȕȎ ȠȓșȓȟțȜ ȕȒȞȎȐȓ, țȜ țȎ ǶșȖțȒȓț – ȠȜ ȠȓȥȓȦȓ: ȘȜȗ
ȜȐȓț, ȘȜȗ Ȏȑțȓ, ȘȜȗ ȜȘȎ ȐȜȧȓțȖ ȟȐȓȧȖ, ȘȜȗ ȜȘȎ ȒȨȞȐȓțȜ ȚȎȟșȜ,
ȐȟȓȘȖ ȧȓ ȝȞȖțȜȟ ȒȎ ȒȜțȓȟȓ ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȟȖșȎȠȎ ȟȖ Ȗ ȠȜȭ Ȓȓț ȓ ȏȖș
ȠȨȞȔȓȟȠȐȓț, ȘȎȠȜ ȐȟȓȘȖ ȟȓșȟȘȖ ȠȓȕȜȖȚȓțȖȠ țȎ ȥȓȞȘȜȐțȖȭ ȖȚ
ȟȐȓȠȖȭ – ȟȨȏȜȞ.
ȀȎȘȜȐȎ ȓ ȏȖșȜ ȑȜȞȓ-ȒȜșȡ ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȜȠȜ ȡȠȓȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȠȨȒȭ-
ȐȎȦțȖȠȓ ȟȨȐȟȓȚ țȓȝȜȕțȎȠȖ ȝȞȓȒȖ 1830 ȑ. țȎȦȖ ȡȔ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ.
[…]“.
ǽȞȓȕ „ǸȪȜȞ-ǰȓȕȖȞȜȐȜȠȜ ȚȡȎȞȎȏȓ“ ǲȭȒȜ ǲȜȏȞȖ ȖȕȏȭȑȐȎ Ȑ

ȏșȖȕȘȖȭ ȑȞȎȒ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȝȎȟȖ. ȀȡȘ, ȜȟȐȓț ȥȓ ȟȓ țȎȡȥȖș ȒȎ ȑȜȐȜ-
ȞȖ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ, ȠȜȗ „ȐȖȒȭș Ȗ ȝȜȕțȎș ȘȎȘȐȜ țȓȧȜ ȓ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖ-
ȭȠȎ, ȕȎȣȐȎțȎș ȒȎ ȑșȓȒȎ țȎ ȟșȡȔȏȖȠȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȞȜȘ ǶșȖȭ Ȑ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ
ȘȎȠȜ ȓȞȓȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ. ǸȎȠȜ ȟȓ ȕȎȐȨȞțȎș Ȑ ǻ-Ȟ, țȓȚȡ ȒȜȣȜȔȒȎșȜ
ȚȨȥțȜ, ȘȜȑȎ țȓȒȓșȓț Ȓȓț ȓ țȭȚȎșȜ Ȓȓ ȒȎ ȟȖ ȝȞȖȝȎșȖ ȟȐȓȧȖ-
ȤȎ, ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȘȞȨȟȠȖ, ȒȎ ȥȡȓ ȥȓȞȘȜȐțȜ ȥȓȠȚȜ, ȒȎ ȐȖȒȖ Ȗ ȒȎ Ȥȓ-
șȡȐȎ ȟȐȓȠȖȤȎ ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ. [...]“.
ǶțȠȓȞȓȟȓț ȜȠ țȎȦȎ ȑșȓȒțȎ ȠȜȥȘȎ ȓ ȓȒȖț ȒȞȡȑ ȑȓȞȜȗ Ȑ
ȞȎȕȘȎȕȎ ǲȭȒȜ ǲȜȏȞȖ. ȀȜȐȎ ȓ „ǽȜȝ ǶȐȎț, ȟȠȎȞȓȤ 50-ȑȜȒȖȦȓț,
... ȞȜȒȜȚ ȜȠ ȀȨȞțȜȐȟȘȜ“. ǽȜȝ ǶȐȎț „țȓ ȏȓȦȓ ȜȠ ȜțȖȭ ȟȐȓȧȓ-
țȖȤȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȚȞȎȕȓȣȎ ȐȟȭȘȎ ȘțȖȑȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ țȓ ȏȓȦȓ ȝȓȥȎȠȎțȎ ȟ
ȥȓȞȘȜȐțȖ Ȗ ȥȓȞȐȓțȖ ȏȡȘȐȖ Ȗ ȘȜȭȠȜ țȭȚȎȦȓ Ȑ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ ȜȏȞȨ-
154
ȧȓțȖȓ ȘȨȚ ǯȜȑȎ.“ ȀȜȗ ȟȓ ȕȎȟȓșȐȎ Ȑ „ǻ*“, ȕȎȝȜȕțȎȐȎ ȟȓ ȟ ȣȜȞȎ-
ȠȎ, ȟ ȠȓȣțȖȠȓ țȞȎȐȖ Ȗ ȜȏȖȥȎȖ. „ȀȓȔȘȜ Țȡ ȖȒȓȦȓ țȎ ȒȡȦȎȠȎ ȒȎ
ȑșȓȒȎ ȒȜ ȠȎȘȎȐȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț ȒȓȏȓșȎ ȝȞȜȟȠȜȠȎ Ȑ ȠȎȭ ȕșȜȥȓȟȠȎ ȟȠȞȎ-
țȎ, ȟȚȡȦȘȎțȎ Ȑ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ ȒȓșȖȜȞȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȘȨȠȜȐȓ. ǸȎȠȜ țȎ
ȖȒȜșȜȝȜȘșȜțțȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ ȝȜȑșȓȒțȎ ȠȜȗ ȟșȡȔȏȎȠȎ țȎ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖ-
Ƞȓ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȠȞȡȐȎȣȎ Ȑ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ. ǲȎ ȕȎȣȐȎțȓ ȭȐțȜ ȒȎ ȝȞȜȝȜȐȭȒȐȎ
ȟȞȓȧȡ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȡȓȐȓȞȖȓ, ȧȓ ȒȜȘȎȥȖ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟȎ țȎ ȟȠȜȝȎțȖțȎ Țȡ
ȠȡȞȥȖț, Ȗ ȠȜȑȎȐȎ ȝȨȘ ȠȡȞȤȖȠȓ ȘȜȗ ȕțȎȓ ȧȜ ȏȖ țȎȝȞȎȐȖșȖ ȟ
țȓȑȜ. [...]“.
ȇȓ ȜȏȨȞțȓȚ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓ ȐȨȞȣȡ țȭȘȜȖ ȐȎȔțȖ ȟȝȜȞȓȒ țȎȟ ȚȜ-
ȚȓțȠȖ ȜȠ ȑȜȞȓȤȖȠȖȞȎțȖȠȓ ȥȎȟȠȖ ȜȠ ȞȎȕȘȎȕȎ țȎ ǶșȖȭ ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ:
ǵȎ ȞȎȕșȖȘȎ ȜȠ ȠȡȞȤȖȠȓ, Ȑ ȠȜȐȎ ȥȖȟșȜ Ȗ ȟȎȚȖȭ ȕȎȖȚ, ȘȜȖȠȜ
țȓ ȕțȎȭȠ ȝȜȥȠȖ țȖȧȜ ȕȎ ȝȜȑȞȓȏȎțȖȭ Ȑ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ „ȟȐȓȠȖȭ“, ȠȜ Ȑ
ȝȎȚȓȠȠȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ (ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖȠȓ), ȝȜ țȭȘȎȘȨȐ țȎȥȖț ȟȓ ȓ
ȕȎȝȎȕȖș ȟȝȜȚȓț, ȚȎȘȎȞ Ȗ ȝȜȒ ȢȜȞȚȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȜșȜȔȓțȖȓ, ȥȓ
ȠȡȘ ȓ ȑȞȜȏȨȠ țȎ „ȟȐȓȠȖ ǶșȖȭ“. ȀȡȘ ȖȟȘȎȚȓ ȒȎ ȜȠȐȜȞȖȚ ȟȘȜȏȎ Ȗ
ȒȎ ȞȎȕȑșȓȒȎȚȓ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȎ ȕȎ ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ.
ǼȠ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭȠȎ țȎ ǸȞ. ǺȡȠȎȢȜȐȎ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȭȟțȜ, ȥȓ Ƞȭ
ȝȞȖȓȚȎ ȠȬȞȏȓȠȜ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎ Ȑ ȒȐȜȞȎ țȎ ȥȖȢșȖȘȎ, ȕȎ
ȠȬȞȏȓ țȎ ǮșȖ ȏȎȏȎ, Ȏ ȠȬȞȏȓȠȜ, ȘȜȓȠȜ țȖȓ ȝȞȖȓȚȎȚȓ ȕȎ ȠȬȞȏȓ
țȎ ǮȣșȭȠșȨ ȏȎȏȎ, Ƞȭ țȎȕȜȐȎȐȎ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ (Mutafova 2000, 257
– 258; Mutafova 2003, 335 – 336). ǶȚȎȗȘȖ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒ ȝȞȜȠȖȐȜ-
ȞȓȥȖȐȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȜȠțȜȟțȜ ȖȚȓțȎȠȎ țȎ ȒȐȓȠȓ ȠȬȞȏȓȠȎ,
ǻȓȐȓțȎ ǱȞȎȚȎȠȖȘȜȐȎ ȝȞȖȓȚȎ, ȥȓ ȓȒțȜȠȜ ȟȨȟ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ ȓ ȠȜȐȎ
țȎ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ, ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȠȜ ȐȨȐ ǰȓșȭȓȠțȎȚȓȠȜ (Ƞ.ȓ. ȔȖȠȖȓ) țȎ
ǲȓȚȖȞ (ȀȖȚȡȞ) ȏȎȏȎ (Gramatikova 2011, 469). ǼȠ ȟȐȜȭ ȟȠȞȎțȎ
ǰȓțȓȠȎ ȍțȘȜȐȎ ȝȖȦȓ, ȥȓ ȝȜȒ ȐșȖȭțȖȓ țȎ ȡȟȠțȎȠȎ șȜȘȎșțȎ
ȠȞȎȒȖȤȖȭ Ȗ ȟȨȝȨȠȟȠȐȎȧȎȠȎ ȭ ȒȐȡȜȏȞȓȒțȜȟȠ ȟȓ ȝȜȞȎȔȒȎȠ ȞȎȕ-
șȖȥțȖ ȐȎȞȖȎțȠȖ Ȑ țȎȕȜȐȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ. ǼȠ ȟȞȓ-
ȒȎȠȎ țȎ ȃȃ ȐȓȘ, ȟȝȜȞȓȒ țȓȭ, ȟȓ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎȠ ȐȠȜȞȖȥțȜ ȐȨȕțȖȘ-
țȎșȖ ȖȚȓțȎ ȘȎȠȜ „ǮșȖ ȏȜȏȎ“ („ȃȎȕȞȓȠ ǮșȖ“), ȟ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ țȎȞȖȥȎ
ȠȬȞȏȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ. ǰșȖȭțȖȓ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȖȕȏȜȞȎ țȎ ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȎȠ-
ȞȜțȎ țȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ ȘȞȎȗ ȟȓșȜ Ƕȕȏȡș ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȓ ȜȘȎȕȎșȎ Ȗ ȝȜȝȡ-
șȭȞțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȘȡșȠȎ ȘȨȚ „ȦȖȖȠȟȘȖȭ ȒȓȞȐȖȦ ǮșȖ ȏȜȏȎ/ǮșȖ ȏȜ-
ȏȎ ǱȪȜȕȒȔȡ“ Ȑ ǿȓȐȓȞȜȖȕȠȜȥțȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ, „ȥȖȖȠȜ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȖ
ȒȐȜȗțȖȘ ȟȓ ȟȥȖȠȎ ȟȐ. ǶșȖȭ“. ǰȨȕȚȜȔțȜ ȓ, ȝȖȦȓ ȍțȘȜȐȎ, Ȗ
ȐșȖȭțȖȓ țȎ ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȜȑȞȓȏȎțȖȭ Ȑ ȑȞȜȏȖȧȓȠȜ ȝȞȓȒ ȠȬȞȏȓȠȜ
ȒȓȞȐȖȦ – „ǮșȖ ȓȢȓțȒȖ“ (Yankova 2007, 67 – 69).
155
ǰȟȨȧțȜȟȠ țȎȗ-ȟȠȎȞȜȠȜ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎțȜ țȎȕȜȐȎȐȎțȓ (ȝȜ-
ȠȜȥțȜ, țȎȗ-ȟȠȎȞȜȠȜ, țȎ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ țȎȠȨȘțȎȣȚȓ țȖȓ) țȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ
ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȠȓȘȓ „ǮșȖ ȏȎȏȎ“ ȓ ȜȠ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ ȃȃ ȐȓȘ. ǰ
ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ, ȝȜȟȐȓȠȓțȜ țȎ ȟȠȎȞȖȠȓ ȝȜȟȓșȖȧȎ Ȑ ǮȏȜȏȟ-
ȘȎȠȎ ȞȎȐțȖțȎ, ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȜ ȝȞȓȕ 1905 ȑ. Ȑ ȠȜȚ 10 țȎ ǶȕȐȓȟ-
ȠȖȭȠȎ țȎ ǾȡȟȘȖȭ ȎȞȣȓȜșȜȑȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȠ Ȑ ǸȜțȟȠȎțȠȖțȜ-
ȝȜș, ǸȎȞȓș ȆȘȜȞȝȖș ȓ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȎș, ȥȓ ȎțȠȖȥțȜȠȜ ȝȜȟȓșȖȧȓ „Ȑ
ǸȜȕșȡȒȔȎ ȠȓȘȓ“ ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎ „ȚȓȔȒȡ ȟ. ǸȜȕșȡȒȔȎ ȠȓȘȓ Ȗ ȢȓȞ-
ȚȎȠȎ „ǮșȖ ȏȜȏȎ ȠȓȘȓ“ Ȑ ȔȖȐȜȝȖȟțȎȠȎ ȘȜȠșȜȐȖțȎ ȝȞȖ ȖȕȠȜȥ-
țȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ Ȟ. ȀȓȘȓ Ȑ ȬȔțȜȠȜ ȝȜȒțȜȔȖȓ țȎ ǿȠȎțȎ“ (Shkorpil
1905, 27). ǰȨȕȚȜȔțȜ ȓ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȐȨȕțȖȘȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȐȠȜȞȖȥțȜ
ȖȚȓ țȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ, ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎțȜ ȜȠ ȆȘȜȞȝȖș, ȒȎ ȓ ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȜ ȟ
ǮșȖ ȏȎȏȎ, ȓȒȖț ȜȠ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ ȝȜȟȠțȖȦȖțȖ (ȞȨȘȜȐȜȒȖȠȓșȖ,
ȦȓȗȣȜȐȓ) țȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ, ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȠ Ȑ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ (ȞȖ-
ȟȎșȓ), ȝȜȟȐȓȠȓțȜ țȎ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖȠȓ – ȘȨȕȨșȏȎȦȖ, ȏȎȏȎȖ Ȗ ȏȓȘ-
ȠȎȦȖ Ȑ ǲȜȏȞȡȒȔȎ Ȗ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȜ ȝȞȓȕ 2016 ȑ. Ȑ Ǿȡȟȓ ȜȠ Ǯȣ-
ȚȓȠ ȀȎȦȑȨț (Taüùın 2016, 106 – 108).
ȀȡȘ ȓ ȚȭȟȠȜȠȜ ȒȎ ȜȠȏȓșȓȔȖȚ, ȥȓ ȞȡȟȘȎȠȎ ȒȡȚȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ Ǹ.
ȆȘȜȞȝȖș ȓ ȡȝȜȠȞȓȏȖș ȕȎ „ȢȓȞȚȎ“, ȓ „ȣȡȠȜȞ“. ǰ ȞȡȟȘȜ-
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȭ ȞȓȥțȖȘ, ȟȨȟȠȎȐȓț ȜȠ ǿȎȐȎ ȅȡȘȎșȜȐ, „ȣȡȠȜȞ“ ȓ
ȝȞȓȐȓȒȓțȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȘȎȠȜ „ȚȎșȨȘ ȥȖȢșȖȘ, ȢȓȞȚȎ“
(Chukalov 1981, 870). Ǯ Ȑ ȞȡȟȘȖȭ ȞȓȥțȖȘ țȎ ǿȓȞȑȓȗ ǼȔȓȑȜȐ ȓ
ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȜ, ȥȓ ȜȟȐȓț ȥȖȢșȖȘ/ȢȓȞȚȎ, Ȑ ȁȘȞȎȗțȎ, ǲȜț Ȗ ǸȡȏȎț ȟ
„ȣȡȠȜȞ“ ȟȓ țȎȕȜȐȎȐȎ „ȝȜȟȓșȖȧȓ țȎ ȟȓșȭțȖ, ȜȏȖȘțȜȐȓțȜ țȓȑȜ-
șȭȚȜ“ (Ozhegov 1977, 800). ǼȠ ȟȐȜȭ ȟȠȞȎțȎ ǰ. ǺȎȞȖțȜȐ ȝȖȦȓ,
ȥȓ (ȘȨȚ 1943 ȑ.) ȥȖȢșȖȘȨȠ țȎ ǯȎȑȞȭțȜȐ Ȗ Ȓ-Ȟ ǰȖȑȜȐ (Ƞ.ȓ. Ȓ-Ȟ
ǰȖȥȜ ǽȎțȜȐ) ȝȞȖ ȟ. Ƕȕȏȡș ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎ ȜȟȜȏȓțȎ ȢȜȞȚȎ țȎ
„ȥȖȢșȖȘȥȖȗȟȘȜ ȟȓșȖȧȓ-ȥȖȢșȖȘ“ (Marinov 1943, 119).
ǰ ȞȎȕȘȎȕȎ ȟȖ „ǲȭȒȜ ǲȜȏȞȖ“ ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ țȓ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȐȎ ȕȎ ȟȨ-
ȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȔȎȚȖȭ, ȠȎȘȎ ȟȨȧȜ țȓ ȒȎȐȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ
ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȗȘȖ ȜȠ ȘȜȚȝșȓȘȟȎ țȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ. ǮȐȠȜȞȨȠ țȓ ȟȝȜ-
ȚȓțȎȐȎ ȕȎ țȎșȖȥȖȓ țȎ ȐȠȜȞȜ ȠȬȞȏȓ ǮȣșȭȠșȨ ȏȎȏȎ, ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȜ
ȟȞȓȒ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖȠȓ ȘȎȠȜ „ǿȐ. ǶȐȎț“ – ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜ ȓ ȒȎ țȓ Țȡ ȜȠ-
ȒȎȐȎ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ, ȠȎȘȎ ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ țȎ „ǸȡȞȠ ȏȎȏȎ“; ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜ ȓ ȟȨ-
ȧȜ ȟȎȚȜȠȜ ȠȬȞȏȓ ǮȣșȭȠșȨ ȏȎȏȎ ȒȎ țȓ ȓ ȏȖșȜ Ȑȟȓ Ȝȧȓ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȓ-
țȜ, ȘȎȘȠȜ ȒȜȝȡȟȘȎ ǸȞ. ǺȡȠȎȢȜȐȎ. ǰ ȞȎȕȘȎȕȎ „ǲȭȒȜ ǲȜȏȞȖ“ țȓ
ȟȎ ȡȝȜȚȓțȎȠȖ Ȗ Ƞ.țȎȞ. „ȘȨȕȨșȏȎȦȖ“. ǻȓ ȟȓ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȐȎȠ Ȗ ȐȎ-
ȞȖȎțȠȖȠȓ țȎ șȓȑȓțȒȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȒȐȎȚȎȠȎ ȏȞȎȠȭ ǶșȖȭ Ȗ ǶȐȎț.
156
ǲȜȥȜ ǹȓȘȜȐ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎ, ȥȓ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ, ȒȜȟȠȜȐȓȞ-
țȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȟȬȔȓȠțȖ ȟȖȠȡȎȤȖȖ Ȗ ȑȓȞȜȖ Ȑ ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ǶșȖȭ
ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ ȟȓ ȎȞȑȡȚȓțȠȖȞȎ țȓ ȥȞȓȕ ȖȕțȓȟȓțȖ Ȗ ȜȝȖȟȎțȖ ȟȨȏȖȠȖȭ
Ȗ ȢȎȘȠȖ Ȑ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥțȖȭ ȝȓȥȎȠ ȖșȖ Ȑ ȜȠȒȓșțȖ ȝȓȥȎȠțȖ ȖȕȒȎ-
țȖȭ, Ȏ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȥȞȓȕ ȢȜșȘșȜȞȎ (Lekov 1988, 308). ǰ ȠȎ-
ȘȨȐ ȟșȡȥȎȗ, ȎȘȜ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȠȓșțȜ ȝȜ ȠȜȐȎ ȐȞȓȚȓ ȏȖȠȡȐȎȣȎ ȠȎȘȖȐȎ
șȓȑȓțȒȖ ȟȞȓȒ ȚȓȟȠțȜȠȜ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ, ȠȜ ȏȖ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ-
șȜ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȝȜȚȓȟȠȓțȖ ȟ Ȥȓș ȒȎ ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȭȠ ȒȡȚȖȠȓ țȎ ǯșȨȟ-
ȘȜȐ, ȥȓ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖȠȓ ȝȞȖȓȚȎȠ ȠȬȞȏȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ ȕȎ ȑȞȜȏ țȎ
ǿȐ. ǶșȖȭ. ǻȜ ȠȐȨȞȒȓ ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȓ Ȗ ȐȨȝȞȜȟțȖȠȓ șȓȑȓțȒȖ Ȑȟȓ
Ȝȧȓ ȒȎ țȓ ȟȎ ȏȖșȖ „ȟȨȠȐȜȞȓțȖ“ ȖșȖ „ȖȕȜȏȞȓȠȓțȖ“.
ǾȎȕȘȎȕȨȠ ȜȝȖȟȐȎ ȘȎȘ țȜȐȜȝȎȕȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖ, ȟ Ȥȓș
ȖȕȐȨȞȦȐȎțȓ țȎ „ȜȏȧȜ ȏȜȑȜȟșȡȔȓțȖȓ“ (ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȟȓ ȖȚȎ ȝȞȓȒ-
ȐȖȒ șȖȠȡȞȑȖȭ), ȣȜȒȭȠ ȥȎȘ ȒȜ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ Ȑ ȟ. Ƕȕȏȡș. ǽȜȟȓȧȎȐȎȠ ȑȜ
ȝȞȓȕ ȑȜȒȖțȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȕȒȞȎȐȓ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȝȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȓȔȓȑȜȒțȖȭ ȟȨ-
ȏȜȞ. ǽȞȎȐȖ ȐȝȓȥȎȠșȓțȖȓ, ȥȓ ȚȎȘȎȞ Ȗ ȒȎ ȟȎ ȖȕȐȨȞȦȐȎșȖ „ȜȏȧȜ
ȏȜȑȜȟșȡȔȓțȖȓ“ Ȑ ȠȜȐȎ „ȠȡȞȟȘȜ ȠȓȘȓ“, Ƞȓ ȟȎ ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖ ȐȓȞțȖ țȎ
ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȞȓșȖȑȖȭ. ǿ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȒȡȚȖ, ȝȜȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȜȚ ȘȜțȠȎȘȠȎ ȟȨȟ ȟȨ-
ȟȓȒȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȠȡȞȤȖ Ƞȓ ȟȎ ȕȎȑȡȏȖșȖ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȭ ȟȖ ȓȕȖȘ, țȜ ȟȨ-
ȧȓȐȞȓȚȓțțȜ ȐȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȥȓȟȠȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȝȜȟȓȧȓțȖȭ țȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ, ȣȞȖȟ-
ȠȖȭțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚ ȐȭȞȎ ȓ ȜȟȠȎțȎșȎ ȠȐȨȞȒȎ – ȠȜȐȎ ȓ ȝȜȒȥȖțȓțȜ țȎ
ȖȒȓȭȠȎ, ȕȎșȓȑțȎșȎ Ȑ ȟȬȔȓȠȎ țȎ ȞȎȕȘȎȕȎ.
ǰȨȕțȖȘȐȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȨȠ ȕȎȧȜ țȜȐȜȝȎȕȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖ ȣȜ-
ȒȭȠ ȥȎȘ ȒȜ ȟ. Ƕȕȏȡș (ȀȓȘȓ ȘȜȕșȡȒȔȎ). ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȝȞȓȐȜȒȎ țȎ ȝȨ-
ȠȓȝȖȟȎ țȎ ǳȐșȖȭ ȅȓșȓȏȖ, ȖȕȐȨȞȦȓț ȜȠ ǿȠȞȎȦȖȚȖȞ ǲȖȚȖȠȞȜȐ,
Ȑ ǻȜȐȖ ȝȎȕȎȞ ȝȞȓȕ XVII ȐȓȘ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎ „ȓȒțȜ ȠȓȘȓ“ (Evliya
Chelebi 1972, 78). ǼȠ ȟȐȜȭ ȟȠȞȎțȎ ȠȡȞȟȘȖȭȠ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓș Ȃ.
ǺȎȒȓț ȓ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȎș, ȥȓ ȝȞȓȕ XVII – XIX ȐȓȘ, ȕȎȓȒțȜ ȟ ȠȓȘȓ ǺȡȟȎ
ȏȎȏȎ ȝȞȖ ȟ. ǸȜȕșȡȒȔȎ, Ȑ ǷȓțȖȝȎȕȎȞ, ȜȏșȎȟȠ ǿȖșȖȟȠȞȎ, ȟȨȧȓȟ-
ȠȐȡȐȎ ȠȓȘȓ „ǮȕȎȏȖ ǮȣȚȓȒ ȏȎȏȎ“ (Maden 2013, 365 – 367). ȀȜ Ȑȓ-
ȞȜȭȠțȜ ȟȓ ȓ țȎȚȖȞȎșȜ Ȑ ȟȎȚȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ ȖșȖ Ȑ ȜȘȜș-
țȜȟȠȠȎ Țȡ. ǵȎ ȠȜȐȎ „ȠȓȘȓ“ ȜȏȎȥȓ țȓ ȡȟȝȭȣȚȓ ȒȎ țȎȚȓȞȖȚ țȖ-
ȘȎȘȐȎ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȐȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ Ȗ Ȑ ȘȎȠȎșȜȑȎ țȎ Ǯȗ-
ȐȓȞȒȖ. ǵȎȖțȠȞȖȑȡȐȎțȖ, țȖȓ ȟȓ țȎȟȜȥȖȣȚȓ ȘȨȚ ȠȜȚ 8 ȜȠ ȝȨȠȓ-
ȝȖȟȎ țȎ ǳȐșȖȭ ȅȓșȓȏȖ, ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎț ȝȞȓȕ 1928 ȑ. țȎ ȎȞȎȏȖȤȎ
ȜȠ ȀȡȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȒȞȡȔȓȟȠȐȜ (Türk Tarih Encümeni) Ȗ
ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎț ȜȠ ǿȠȞȎȦȖȚȖȞ ǲȖȚȖȠȞȜȐ ȝȞȖ ȝȞȓȐȜȒȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟ-
ȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ (Dimitrov 1972, 9, 17). ǰȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȝȞȖ ȝȞȓȐȜȒȎ ǲȖȚȖȠ-
157
ȞȜȐ ȧȓ ȒȎ ȓ ȒȜȝȡȟțȎș ȑȞȓȦȘȎ, ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ Ȑ ȜȞȖȑȖțȎșȎ ȜȠ 1928 ȑ.
țȓ ȟȓ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȐȎ ȕȎ „ȠȓȘȓ“, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȒȎ ȓ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎșȜ Ȑ ǻȜȐȖ ȝȎ-
ȕȎȞ (Evliya Çelebi, 1928, 58 – 59). ǵȎ ȠȓȘȓ Ȑ ǻȜȐȖ ȝȎȕȎȞ țȓ ȟȓ
ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȐȎ Ȗ Ȑ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ ȝȓȥȎȠțȖ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ (țȎ șȎȠȖțȖȤȎ) țȎ Ƞ. 8
ȜȠ ǽȨȠȓȝȖȟȎ țȎ ǳȐșȖȭ ȅȓșȓȏȖ, ȟ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȡȟȝȭȣȚȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȒȜȏȖȓȚ
(Evliya Çelebi 2011, 54; Evliya Çelebi – Transkript, 5782).
ǰ ȞȎȕȘȎȕȎ „ǲȭȒȜ ǲȜȏȞȖ“ țȓ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȚțȜȑȜ ȭȟțȜ ȕȎȧȜ țȎ ȣȞȖȟ-
ȠȖȭțȖȠȓ ȓ „ȝȜȕȐȜșȓțȜ, Ȗ ȠȜ ȟ ȐȟȖȥȘȖȠȓ Țȡ ȒȜȏȞȖ ȝȞȖȓȚȖ“ ȒȎ „ȝȜ-
ȟȓȧȎȐȎȠ ȑȞȜȏȎ țȎ ȝȞȜȞȜȘ ǶșȖȭ“ – ȒȎșȖ ȕȎ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȝȞȖȜȏȧȓțȖ
ȘȨȚ ȖȟșȭȚȟȘȎȠȎ ȐȭȞȎ, ȖșȖ ȝȞȜȟȠȜ ȕȎȞȎȒȖ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșțȖȭ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ
țȎ ȕȎȖȚȎ, ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒ „ȠȓȥȎȧȖȠȓ“ ȘȨȚ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ ȠȓȣțȖ ȒȎȞȜȐȓ țȎ
ǶșȖțȒȓț. ȍȟțȜ ȓ ȜȏȎȥȓ, ȥȓ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ ȓ ȏȖșȜ ȏȜȑȎȠȜ Ȗ ȠȜȐȎ Țȡ ȏȜȑȎȠ-
ȟȠȐȜ ȟȓ ȒȨșȔȖ țȎȗ-Ȑȓȥȓ țȎ ȝȜȘșȜțțȖȤȖȠȓ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖ.
ǰ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ǻȜȐȖ ȝȎȕȎȞ
ǱȞȜȕȒȓȐ Ȗ ǵșȎȠȘȜȐ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎȠ, ȥȓ ȜȠ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȖȠȓ ȟȠȎȞȖ ȞȓȑȖȟ-
ȠȞȖ Ȗ ȜȝȖȟȖ, ȟȓ ȐȖȔȒȎ, ȥȓ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȜȠȜ ȐșȎ-
ȒȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ ȠȡȘ țȎ 20 – 30 ȟȓșȖȧȎ ȟȓ ȝȎȒȎȠ ȝȜ ȓȒȖț-ȒȐȎȚȎ ȟȐȓ-
ȧȓțȖȤȖ (Grozdev & Zlatkov 1983, 69). ǼȠ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȟȠȞȎțȎ, Ȑ ȟȐȜȭ
ȝȨȠȓȝȖȟ ǾȡȒȔȓȞ ǯȜȦȘȜȐȖȥ ȟȜȥȖ, ȥȓ ȝȞȓȕ 1762 ȑ. Ȑ ǻȜȐȖ ȝȎ-
ȕȎȞ ȟȐȓȧȓțȖȘ țȭȚȎ, Ȏ ȝȞȖ țȡȔȒȎ ȠȎȘȨȐ ȖȒȐȎ ȜȠ ȟȨȟȓȒțȜȠȜ
ȟȓșȜ. ǽȜ ȒȡȚȖȠȓ țȎ ǯȜȦȘȜȐȖȥ, „ȠȡȘȎȦțȖȠȓ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖ ȏȭȣȎ
ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖ ȟȎȚȜ ȝȜ ȖȚȓ Ȗ ȘȞȨȧȓțȖȓ. Ȁȓ ȚȜȔȓȣȎ ȟȎȚȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ
ȘȞȨȟȠȭȠ, Ȏ țȓ ȕțȎȓȣȎ ȒȎȔȓ „ǼȠȥȓ țȎȦ“. „ȀȜȐȎ ȑȞȡȏȜ țȓȐȓȔȓȟȠ-
ȐȜ – ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȒȡȏȞȜȐțȖȦȘȖȭ ȗȓȕȡȖȠ ǾȡȒȔȓȞ ǯȜȦȘȜȐȖȥ – ȓ Ȑȟȓ-
ȜȏȧȜ ȕȎ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȠȓȕȖ ȟȠȞȎțȖ“ (Boshkovich 1975, 53).
ǽȜȟȜȥȓțȖȠȓ Ȑ ȝȞȓȒȣȜȒțȖȭ ȎȏȕȎȤ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȟȓ ȝȜȘȞȖȐȎȠ ȟ țȎ-
ȝȖȟȎțȜȠȜ ȜȠ ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ. ǽȞȜȠȖȐțȜ țȎ ȘȜțȟȠȎȠȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ǲȜȥȜ ǹȓ-
ȘȜȐ, ȥȓ „ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ǶșȖȭ ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ ȟȓ ȎȞȑȡȚȓțȠȖȞȎ“ țȓ ȥȞȓȕ
„ȜȝȖȟȎțȖ ȟȨȏȖȠȖȭ Ȗ ȢȎȘȠȖ“, ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȖ Ȑ „ȜȠȒȓșțȖ ȝȓȥȎȠțȖ
ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ“, ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ ȟȭȘȎȦ ȓ ȝȞȓȞȎȕȘȎȕȎș țȎȝȖȟȎțȜȠȜ ȜȠ ǾȡȒȔȓȞ
ǯȜȦȘȜȐȖȥ. ǶȚȎ ȜȏȎȥȓ țȓȧȜ ȒȞȡȑȜ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȠȜȗ țȓ ȓ ȕȎȟȓȑțȎș. ǼȠ-
ȏȓșȭȕȐȎȗȘȖ, ȥȓ ȒȜȞȖ Ȗ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ țȜȐȜ-
ȝȎȕȎȞȤȖ țȭȚȎȠ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ, ǱȞȜȕȒȓȐ Ȗ ǵșȎȠȘȜȐ ȝȖȦȎȠ, ȥȓ Ƞȓ ȖȕȐȨȞ-
ȦȐȎȠ ȟȐȜȖȠȓ ȜȏȞȓȒȖ ȝȞȓȒ ȓȒȖț ȘȎȚȨȘ ȟ ȐȒȨșȏȎțȖ Ȑ țȓȑȜ ȘȞȨȟȠ Ȗ
ȚȭȟȠȜ ȕȎ ȝȜȟȠȎȐȭțȓ țȎ ȟȐȓȧȖ. ǸȎȚȏȎțȎ țȭȚȎ, Ȏ ȟȓ ȝȜșȕȐȎ ȒȨȞ-
ȐȓțȜ ȘșȓȝȎșȜ. ǮȐȠȜȞȖȠȓ ȡȠȜȥțȭȐȎȠ, ȥȓ ȐȨȝȞȜȟțȖȭȠ ȘȎȚȨȘ Ȗ Ȓțȓȟ
(Ƞ.ȓ. ȘȨȚ 1983 ȑ.) ȓ ȕȎȝȎȕȓț Ȑ ȒȜȚȎ țȎ ǶșȖȭ ǰȨșȥȓȐ, țȎ ȡș. ǲȜȏ-
ȞȡȒȔȎ, Ɋ 7 (Grozdev & Zlatkov 1983, 69; 114 – 117).
158
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ǶȕȝȜșȕȐȎȗȘȖ țȎșȖȥțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, Ȑ ȟȨȝȜȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȓț

ȝșȎț ȟ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ, ȒȎȒȓțȎ ȜȠ ǶșȖȭ ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ, ȟȓ ȜȝȖȠȎȣȚȓ
ȒȎ ȞȎȕȑșȓȒȎȚȓ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȎ ȕȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ ȘȞȎȗ ȟ. Ƕȕȏȡș.
ǻȓȭȟțȜȠȎȠȎ ȜȘȜșȜ ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȓȘȓȠȜ, ȢȖȘȟȖȞȎțȜ Ȑ ȠȞȡȒȜȐȓȠȓ țȎ
Ƕ. ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ, Ǹ. ȆȘȜȞȝȖș Ȗ ǰ. ǺȎȞȖțȜȐ, ȏȓȕ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ ȒȎșȖ
ȠȜȐȎ ȓ țȎȝȞȎȐȓțȜ ȡȚȖȦșȓțȜ ȖșȖ țȓ, Ȑ ȟȨȧțȜȟȠȠȎ ȟȖ ȓ ȒȜȐȓșȜ
ȒȜ ȓȒțȜ „ȜȏȓȕșȖȥȎȐȎțȓ“ țȎ „ȝȎȠȞȜțȎ“ Țȡ ǺȡȟȎ ȏȎȏȎ. ȀȎȕȖ țȓ-
ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȜȟȠ ȟȓ ȜȝȖȠȎȣȚȓ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȜȒȜșȓȓȚ, ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎȗȘȖ ȒȜ-
ȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȖ Ȑ ȠȡȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ, țȜ Ȗ ȠȞȡȒȜȐȓȠȓ țȎ
țȎȦȖȠȓ Ȗ ȥȡȔȒȖȠȓ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȖ.
ȀȐȨȞȒȓ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜ ȓ țȓȭȟțȜȠȖȠȓ Ȑ țȎȝȖȟȎțȜȠȜ ȜȠ ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ Ȑ
ȠȜȕȖ ȞȎȕȘȎȕ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȒȨșȔȎȠ Ȗ țȎ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞțȎȠȎ ȕȎ țȭȘȜȖ ȜȠ ȝȞȜ-
ȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȎ ȡȭȕȐȖȚȜȟȠ Ȑ „ȖȒȓȗțȜ Ȗ ȣȡȒȜȔȓȟȠȐȓțȜ“
ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ (Zhechev 1985, 9 – 10; Lekov 1988, 308; Radev,
Rusinov, Aretov, Petkov, Radev & Nalbantova 1996, 60). ǻȜ ȎȘȜ
ȟȓ ȐȑșȓȒȎȚȓ ȐțȖȚȎȠȓșțȜ Ȑ țȎȝȖȟȎțȜȠȜ, ȠȜ ȏȖ țȖ țȎȝȞȎȐȖșȜ
ȐȝȓȥȎȠșȓțȖȓ, ȥȓ „ȖȒȓȖȠȓ“, ȕȎșȓȑțȎșȖ Ȑ ȞȎȕȘȎȕȎ ȖȚȎȠ ȝȜ-
ȒȨșȏȜȘȖ ȘȜȞȓțȖ, ȘȜȓȠȜ, ȟȝȜȞȓȒ țȎȟ, ȠȞȡȒțȜ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȏȭȟțȖ
ȟȎȚȜ ȟ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓ Ȗ ȏȎșȘȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȑȓȜȑȞȎȢȖȭ.
ǽȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȓȠȜ „ǲȭȒȜ ǲȜȏȞȖ“ ȖȚȎ ȝȜ-ȟȘȜȞȜ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞ țȎ ȒȜ-
ȘȡȚȓțȠ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎț ȝȜ-ȜȏȟȠȜȗțȜ.
1. ǲȨȞȔȎȐȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ – ȆȡȚȓț, Ȣ. 642Ǹ, Ȝȝ. 1 (ǲ-Ȟ ǰȖȥȜ ǽȎțȜȐ, IV
ǺȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ ȕȎ ȖȚȡȧȓȟȠȐȓțȜ ȟȨȟȠȜȭțȖȓ), Ȏ. ȓ. 52, 53, 55, 56, 57.
2. ǲȨȞȔȎȐȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ – ȆȡȚȓț, Ȣ. 642Ǹ, Ȝȝ. 1, Ȏ. ȓ. 52, ș. 7.
3. ȄȎȞȟȠȐȜ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ – ǱșȎȐțȎ ȒȖȞȓȘȤȖȭ țȎ ȟȠȎȠȖȟȠȖȘȎȠȎ (1921).
ǿȝȖȟȨȘ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȠȓ ȚȓȟȠȎ Ȑ ȄȎȞȟȠȐȜ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ ȜȠ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔ-
ȒȓțȖȓȠȜ (1879) ȒȜ 1910 ȑȜȒȖțȎ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǲȨȞȔȎȐțȎ ȝȓȥȎȠțȖȤȎ, 470;
ȄȎȞȟȠȐȜ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ – ǱșȎȐțȎ ȒȖȞȓȘȤȖȭ țȎ ȟȠȎȠȖȟȠȖȘȎȠȎ (1924).
ǿȝȖȟȨȘ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȠȓ ȚȓȟȠȎ Ȑ ȄȎȞȟȠȐȜ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȝȞȓȏȞȜ-
ȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ 31 ȒȓȘȓȚȐȞȖ 1920 ȑ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǲȨȞȔȎȐțȎ ȝȓȥȎȠțȖȤȎ, 88.
4. TC Devlet Arüivleri Baükanlıùı Osmanlı Arüivi (ȜȠȠȡȘ țȎȠȎȠȨȘ Ȑ
ȏȓșȓȔȘȖȠȓ BOA), C.EV, 328-16657 – ȀȓȐȒȔȖȣ ȟ ȒȎȠȎ 5 ȟȎȢȓȞ
1199/18 ȒȓȘȓȚȐȞȖ 1784 ȑ.
5. BOA, AE.SABH.I, 289-19441 – ȀȓȐȒȔȖȣ ȟ ȒȎȠȎ 8 ȞȓȏȖȬșȓȐȐȓș
1199/19 ȭțȡȎȞȖ 1785 ȑ. ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȨȠ ȓ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎț Ȗ ȜȠ Deùerli,
159
Küçükdaù 2017, 125.
6. BOA, C.EV, 74-3660 – ȀȓȐȒȔȖȣ ȟ ȒȎȠȎ 5 ȦȎȏȎț 1211/ 3 ȢȓȐȞȡȎȞȖ
1797 ȑ.
7. BOA, C.EV, 656-33061, ș. 1-2. – ȀȓȐȒȔȖȣ ȟ ȒȎȠȎ 5 ȟȎȢȓȞ 1199/18 Ȓȓ-
ȘȓȚȐȞȖ 1784 ȑ.; HAT, 1500-86 – ǸȨȚ ȎțȜȠȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎ (ȣȎȠȠ-
Ȩ ȣȬȚȎȬț) ȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȎ ȒȎȠȎȠȎ 29 ȕȖșȣȖȒȔȓ 1222/27 ȢȓȐȞȡȎȞȖ 1808 ȑ.
8. BOA, C.EV, 656-33061, ș. 2.
9. ǲȨȞȔȎȐȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ – ȆȡȚȓț, Ȣ. 383, Ȝȝ. 3, Ȏ.ȓ. 18 (ȀȞȡȒȜȐȜ ȘȜȜȝȓ-
ȞȎȠȖȐțȜ ȕȓȚȓȒȓșȟȘȜ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȠȐȜ ȟ. ǰȜȗȐȜȒȎ – ǻȜȐȜȝȎȕȎȞȟȘȜ, Ȇȡ-
ȚȓțȟȘȖ ȜȘȞȨȑ. ǵȎȭȐșȓțȖȭ-ȒȓȘșȎȞȎȤȖȖ ȕȎ ȥșȓțȟȠȐȜ Ȑ ȀǸǵǿ Ȗ ȜȝȖȟȖ
ȕȎ Ȑțȓȟȓț ȖțȐȓțȠȎȞ, 17 ȚȎȞȠ 1951 – 24 ȎȝȞȖș 1956), ș. 46, 68, 70,
113, 141, 151.
ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ, Ƕ. Ǿ., 1886. ǸȞȖȐȜ-șȎșȓ. ǿ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ ȟȎȚȜ țȎ ȓȒȖț ȞȎȕ-
ȘȎȕ ǲȭȒȜ ǲȜȏȞȖ. ǾȓȒ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖ ȘțȖȔȘȖ ȕȎ ȝȞȜȥȖȠȎțȓ țȎ ȟȓȘȖȑȜ.
ǸțȖȔȘȎ ȒȐȎțȎȒȓȟȓȠȎ. ǸȖȠȘȎ IV. ǿȠȞȨȘ III. ǶȕȒȎȐȎ Ƕș. Ǿ. ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ.
Ǿȡȟȓ: ǿȘȜȞȜȝȓȥȎȠțȖȤȎ țȎ ǿȠ. ǶȐ. ǾȜȑșȓȐ.
ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ, Ƕ. Ǿ., 1940. ǶȕȏȞȎțȖ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ. ȀȜȚ I. ǿ ȡȐȜȒ, ȏȓșȓȔ-
ȘȖ Ȗ ȝȜȒ ȡȞȓȒȏȎȠȎ țȎ ǶȐȎț ǯȜȑȒȎțȜȐ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ȃȓȚȡȟ.
ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ, Ƕ. Ǿ., 1985. ǽȜȐȓȟȠȐȜȐȎțȖȭ ȕȎ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȜȠȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ.
ǶȕȏȞȎțȖ ȠȐȜȞȏȖ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǶȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ țȎ ǯǵǻǿ.
ǯȜȑȒȎțȜȐ, Ƕ., 1940. ǶșȖȭ Ǿ. ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ (1839 – 1913). ǻȎȞȜȒȓț ȝȞȜȟȐȓ-
ȠȖȠȓș Ȗ ȝȖȟȎȠȓș. ǹȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞțȜ-ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓț ȜȥȓȞȠ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ȃȓȚȡȟ.
ǯȜȦȘȜȐȖȥ, Ǿ. Ƿ., 1975. ǲțȓȐțȖȘ țȎ ȓȒțȜ ȝȨȠȡȐȎțȓ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǶȕȒȎ-
ȠȓșȟȠȐȜ țȎ ǼȂ.
ǰȓțȓȒȖȘȜȐȎ, Ǹ. 2014. ǻȭȘȜșȘȜ țȎȒȝȖȟȎ ȜȠ ȟȓșȜ ǿȖțȖ ȐȖȞ. ǯȨșȑȎ-
ȞȖȭ Ȑ ȟȐȓȠȜȐțȜȠȜ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȜ țȎȟșȓȒȟȠȐȜ. ǺȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ ȜȠ ȠȞȓȠȎ-
ȠȎ țȎȤȖȜțȎșțȎ ȘȜțȢȓȞȓțȤȖȭ ȝȜ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ, ȎȞȣȓȜșȜȑȖȭ Ȗ ȘȡșȠȡȞȓț
ȠȡȞȖȕȨȚ ǽȨȠȡȐȎțȓ ȘȨȚ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ – ȆȡȚȓț, 17 – 19. 05. 2012 ȑ.
ȆȡȚȓț, 825 – 846.
ǱȞȎȚȎȠȖȘȜȐȎ, ǻ., 2001. ǶȟșȭȚȟȘȖ țȓȜȞȠȜȒȜȘȟȎșțȖ ȠȓȥȓțȖȭ Ȑ ȏȨș-
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Maden, F., 2013. Bektaüi Tekkelerinin Kapatılması (1826) ve
Bektaüiliùin Yasaklı Yılları. Ankara: TTK Yayınları.
Saygı, H., 2013. Türklerin Balkanlara Geçiüi ve Alevi – Bektaüi
Zümreler. 2. Basım. ústanbul: Cem Vakfı Yayınları.
Taüùın, A., 2016. Dobruca Müslümanları Arasında Kızılbaülar,
Babalılar, Bektaüiler úsimli Risale Üzerine. Ruse: Avangard print.
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166
THE TÜRBE OF MUSA BABA NEAR THE VILLAGE
OF IZBUL, NOVI PAZAR MUNICIPALITY, IN ILIYA
RASHKOV BLASKOV’S SHORT STORY “DIADO DOBRI”
Abstract: The article focuses on the short story “Diado Dobri”
written by the prominent Bulgarian Revival Period writer and social
figure Iliya R. Blaskov. The story was published in 1886 and it is one
of the oldest Bulgarian texts providing information about the türbe of
Musa Baba. Using the available information in documents and
accounts from historical researches, compared to the information,
supplied by Iliya Blaskov, we investigate the problems, related to the
türbe of Musa Baba near the village of Izbul. The vagueness of the
türbe’s name in the works of I. Blaskov, K. Škorpil and V. Marinov
leads to the “depersonalization” of its “patron” – Musa Baba. We tried
to overcome this ambiguity by reviewing documents, kept in Turkish
archives and also in the works of Bulgarian and foreign researchers.
The fiction work “Diado Dobri” written by Iliya Rashkov Blaskov is
more of a document that needs to be studied in detail.
Keywords: Bulgarian Revival literature, Islam, Bektashi order,
türbes.
Assist. Prof. Memish Merdan, PhD
Department of Humanities
University of Shumen “Ep. K. Preslavski”
9700 Shumen, Bulgaria
E-mail address: m.merdan@shu.bg
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1236-2477
167
ǲȭș ǰȠȜȞȖ/Part Two
ǮǾȃǶǰǶ, ǶǵǿǹǳǲǰǮǻǶȍ Ƕ ǽǳǾǿǽǳǸȀǶǰǶ
ARCHIVES, STUDIES AND PERSPECTIVES

ǳǲǶǻ ǼǿǺǮǻǿǸǶ ǾǳǱǶǿȀȈǾ
ǼȀ ǿǾǳǲǮȀǮ ǻǮ XVIII ǰǳǸ ǸǮȀǼ ǶǵǰǼǾ
ǵǮ ǲǳǺǼǱǾǮȂǿǸǮȀǮ Ƕ ǸǼǻȂǳǿǶǼǻǮǹǻǮ
ǶǿȀǼǾǶȍ ǻǮ ǿǳǰǳǾǼǶǵȀǼȅǻǮ ǯȈǹǱǮǾǶȍ
ǲ-Ȟ ǻȓȐȓțȎ ǻȓȒȓșȥȓȐȎ
ǶȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ Țȡȕȓȗ – ȑȞ. ǽȜȝȜȐȜ
ǾȓȕȬȚȓ: ǰ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭ ȓȒȖț țȓȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎț ȒȜ-

ȟȓȑȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ – ȝȜȒȞȜȏȓț ȎȐȎȞȖȕ ȒȓȢȠȓȞ, ȟȨȟȠȎȐȓț ȝȞȓȕ
1751 ȑ. Ȗ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎț Ȑ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȖȭ ȎȞȣȖȐ Ȑ ǶȟȠȎțȏȡș. ǸȜȚȓțȠȖȞȎ-
țȖȭȠ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȨȞ ȓ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ țȓȚțȜȑȜȏȞȜȗțȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȠȜȕȖ ȠȖȝ ȖȕȐȜȞȖ, ȒȎ-
ȠȖȞȎȧȖ ȜȠ XVIII ȐȓȘ, Ȗ ȠȜȐȎ ȑȜ ȝȞȎȐȖ Ȥȓțȓț ȖȕȐȜȞ ȕȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ
ȄȓțȠȞȎșțȎ ȟȓȐȓȞțȎ Ȗ ǿȓȐȓȞȜȖȕȠȜȥțȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ. ȀȡȘ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȝȞȓȒ-
ȟȠȎȐȭȚ ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎ, țȜ ȟȓ ȜȝȖȠȐȎȚ ȒȎ
ȞȎȕȘȞȖȭ Ȗ ȜȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȟȘȖ ȝȜșȓȠȎ, ȕȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ Ȑ ȘȜȖȠȜ
ȠȜȗ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ. ȀȓȕȖ ȝȜșȓȠȎ ȟȎ ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟȨȟ ȟȓșȖȧ-
țȎȠȎ ȚȞȓȔȎ Ȗ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȎȠȎ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭ, ȟȜȤȖȎșțȎȠȎ, Ȓȓ-
ȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȎ Ȗ ȓȠțȜ-ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȎ ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȎ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȎțȠȞȜȝȜțȖȚȖȭȠȎ
țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ. ǵȎ ȜțȎȑșȓȒȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȐȟȖȥȘȜ ȠȜȐȎ ȝȞȖȐȓȔȒȎȚ ȝȞȖ-
ȚȓȞȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȚȎȞȘȖȞȎȠ ȓȒțȖ ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ Ȑ ȠȜȕȖ
ȞȓȑȖȜț. Ȁȓ ȟȓ ȖȕȞȎȕȭȐȎȠ Ȑ ȞȭȕȘȜȠȜ ȟȐȖȐȎțȓ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȘȜȓȠȜ
ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȎ ȘȞȖȕȎ, Ȗ ȝȞȜȚȭțȎ Ȑ ȘȜțȢȓ-
ȟȖȜțȎșțȎȠȎ ȟȖȠȡȎȤȖȭ, Ȏ ȠȓȕȖ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ ȖȚȎȠ ȜȠȞȎȔȓțȖȓ Ȗ ȝȞȓȕ
ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȜȠȜ ȟȠȜșȓȠȖȓ.
ǸșȬȥȜȐȖ ȒȡȚȖ: ȎȐȎȞȖȕ ȒȓȢȠȓȞ, XVIII ȐȓȘ, țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ, ȒȓȚȜȑ-
ȞȎȢȖȭ, ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖ ȑȞȡȝȖ, ǿȓȐȓȞȜȖȕȠȜȥțȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ.
ǯȓȕ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȜȐ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎș, ȝȓȞȖȜ-

ȒȨȠ XV – XVIII ȐȓȘ țȓ ȏȖ ȚȜȑȨș ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎț Ȑ ȤȭșȜȟȠ ȟ
ȜȑșȓȒ ȘȎȘȠȜ țȎ ȦȖȞȜȘȎȠȎ ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȭ țȎ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓ-
ȞȖȭ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ țȎ ȓȒȖț ȝȜ-ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȖȠȓșȓț ȝȓȞȖȜȒ ȜȠ ȐȞȓȚȓ. ǯȜ-
ȑȎȠȎȠȎ Ȗ ȞȎȕțȜȞȜȒțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȓ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎ Ȑ ȜȟȚȎț-
ȟȘȖȠȓ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖ, Ȑ ȟȨȥȓȠȎțȖȓ ȟ ȘȜȞȖȑȖȞȎȧȎȠȎ ȢȡțȘȤȖȭ țȎ
ȒȞȡȑȖ ȠȖȝȜȐȓ ȖȕȐȜȞȖ, ȒȎȐȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȝȞȜȟșȓȒȭȐȎțȓ țȎ
171
ȟȜȤȖȎșțȜ-ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȎȠȎ, ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȎ, ȝȜȟȓșȖȧțȎ Ȗ ȓȠțȜ-
ȘȜțȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎ ȟȖȠȡȎȤȖȭ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȟșȓȒ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȜ-
ȠȜ țȎȦȓȟȠȐȖȓ Ȗ ȐȨȐ ȐȓȘȜȐȓȠȓ țȎ ȖțȜȐȓȞțȎ ȐșȎȟȠ. ǽȞȓȕ ȑȜȒȖ-
țȖȠȓ ȏȭȣȎ ȜȏțȎȞȜȒȐȎțȖ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȖ Ȑ
ǼȞȖȓțȠȎșȟȘȖȭ ȜȠȒȓș țȎ ǻȎȤȖȜțȎșțȎȠȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ „ǿȐ. ȟȐ.
ǸȖȞȖș Ȗ ǺȓȠȜȒȖȗ“ Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȭ Ȗ Ȑ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȖȭ ȎȞȣȖȐ Ȑ ǶȟȠȎț-
ȏȡș1. ȁȟȠȎțȜȐȓțȖȠȓ ȒȜȑȜȐȜȞțȖ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȭ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȎȞȣȖȐȜȣȞȎ-
țȖșȖȧȎȠȎ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ Ȗ ȀȡȞȤȖȭ ȝȞȓȕ 90-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XX ȐȓȘ
ȒȎȒȜȣȎ ȠȎȘȎ țȡȔțȖȭ ȠșȎȟȨȘ Ȑ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȟ țȜȐ ȚȎȟȖȐ ȐȎȔțȖ ȕȎ
țȎȦȎȠȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ (Kovachev 2019, 303 – 324;
Radushev & Kovachev 1996; Kovachev 1996, 215 – 240;
Mutafova 2008). ǲțȓȟ ȒȜȟȠȨȝȨȠ ȒȜ ȠȜȕȖ ȎȞȣȖȐ ȓ ȕțȎȥȖȠȓșțȜ
ȡșȓȟțȓț ȟ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ țȓȑȜȐȖȠȓ ȢȜț-
ȒȜȐȓ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȟ ȝȜ-ȏȨȞȕȖȭ Ȗ ȒȜȟȠȨȝȓț țȎȥȖț ȕȎ ȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȖȠȓ Ȑ țȓȑȜ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ (Mutafova 2008, 141 – 155).
ǽȜȞȎȒȖ ȟȐȜȭ ȜȑȞȎțȖȥȓț ȜȏȣȐȎȠ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȜȠȜ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ
țȭȚȎ ȕȎ Ȥȓș ȒȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȐȖȒȜȐȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȖȕșȓȕșȖ
ȖȕȝȜȒ ȝȓȞȜȠȜ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȖȟȎȞȖ Ȑ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ XV – XVIII ȐȓȘ.
ȇȓ ȟȝȞȎ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓȠȜ ȟȖ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓț ȠȖȝ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȘȜ-
ȖȠȜ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎȠ ȐȎȔțȖ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȜȠȜ Ȗ ȞȓșȖȑȖ-
ȜȕțȜ ȟȨȟȠȜȭțȖȓ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ Ȑ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭȠȎ. ȀȜȐȎ ȟȎ ȐȖȒ Ȟȓ-
ȑȖȟȠȞȖ, ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȎȐȎȞȖȕ ȒȓȢȠȓȞȖ. ǿȨȒȨȞȔȎȧȎȠȎ ȟȓ Ȑ
Ƞȭȣ ȏȜȑȎȠȎ ȟȠȎȠȖȟȠȖȥȓȟȘȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎ-
ȠȖȥțȜȠȜ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ țȎ ȜȠȒȓșțȖ ȟȓșȖȧȎ ȖșȖ ȤȓșȖ ȞȓȑȖȜțȖ.
ȀȜȕȖ ȠȖȝ ȖȕȐȜȞȖ ȟȎ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȤȓțțȖ ȕȎ ȝȞȜȟșȓȒȭȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖȠȓ Ȗ ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖ Ȗ ȭȐșȓțȖȭ ȝȞȓȕ XVII
– XVIII ȐȓȘ. Ȁȓ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȠ ȒȓȠȎȗșțȖ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎ-
ȠȖȐțȜȠȜ ȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜ, ȟȓșȖȧțȎȠȎ ȚȞȓȔȎ, ȠȜȝȜțȖȚȖȭȠȎ, ȑȞȎȒȟ-
ȘȎȠȎ ȘȐȎȞȠȎșțȎ Ȗ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȎ ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȎ. ǯșȎȑȜȒȎȞȓțȖȓ țȎ ȟȨ-
ȒȨȞȔȎȧȎȠȎ ȟȓ Ȑ Ƞȭȣ ȎțȠȞȜȝȜțȖȚȖȥțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜ-
ȐȎȠȓșȭȠ ȏȖ ȚȜȑȨș ȒȎ ȞȓȘȜțȟȠȞȡȖȞȎ ȖȚȓțțȎȠȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎ ȟȞȓȒ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ ȜȠ ȠȜȕȖ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ.
ȄȓșȓțȎȟȜȥȓțȜȠȜ Ȗ ȝȜȟȠȜȭțțȜ ȜȏțȎȞȜȒȐȎțȓ țȎ ȖȕȐȜȞȜȐ
ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎș, ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎț Ȑ ȏȜȑȎȠȖȠȓ ȘȜșȓȘȤȖȖ țȎ ǶȟȠȎțȏȡșȟȘȖȭ
ȎȞȣȖȐ, ȧȓ ȐȨȐȓȒȓ Ȑ țȎȡȥțȜ ȜȏȞȎȧȓțȖȓ țȜȐȖ ȒȎțțȖ Ȗ ȞȓȟȝȓȘ-
ȠȖȐțȜ ȧȓ ȒȜȝȞȖțȓȟȓ ȕȎ ȝȜ-ȒȜȏȞȜȠȜ Ȗ ȘȜȞȓȘȠțȜ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭțȓ
țȎ ȟșȡȥȐȎȧȜȠȜ ȟȓ Ȑ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭȠȎ Ȗ ȟȞȓȒ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȔȖȐȓȓȧȜ
Ȑ țȓȭ. ǰ ȘȜțȠȓȘȟȠȎ țȎ ȠȜȐȎ țȎȏșȬȒȓțȖȭȠȎ ȚȖ ȧȓ ȟȓ ȜȑȞȎțȖ-
172
ȥȎȠ ȒȜ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭțȓȠȜ țȎ ȓȒȖț ȚȎșȘȜ ȝȜȕțȎȠ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȞȓȑȖȟ-
ȠȨȞ, ȟȨȟȠȎȐȓț Ȑ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ țȎ XVIII ȐȓȘ.2 ȀȜȐȎ ȓ țȓȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎț
ȝȜȖȚȓțȓț ȜȝȖȟ țȎ ȝȨșțȜșȓȠțȜȠȜ ȚȨȔȘȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ, ȖȕȑȜȠȐȓț
ȝȜ ȝȜȐȜȒ ȟȨȏȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȎțȨȘȎ ȎȐȎȞȖȕ. ǲȓȢȠȓȞȨȠ ȓ ȟȨȟȠȎȐȓț
ȝȞȓȕ 1164 ȑ. ȜȠ ȃȖȒȔȞȎ (1751 ȑ.). ǵȎȐȓȒȓț ȓ ȐȨȐ ȢȜțȒ Kamil
Kapeci (Mevkufat Kalemi3) ȝȜȒ țȜȚȓȞ 2913 Ȗ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎ 591 ȝȎ-
ȑȖțȖȞȎțȖ ȟȠȞȎțȖȤȖ. ǰȨȕ ȜȟțȜȐȎ țȎ ȠȜȕȖ ȒȓȢȠȓȞ ȓ ȟȨȟȠȎȐȓț Ȗ
ȟȨȘȞȎȠȓț (ȖȒȔȚȎș) ȐȎȞȖȎțȠ ȟȨȟ ȟȖȑțȎȠȡȞȎ ǸǸ.d. 2915. ȀȜȗ
ȐȘșȬȥȐȎ 116 ȝȎȑȖțȖȞȎțȖ ȟȠȞȎțȖȤȖ. ǾȓȑȖȟȠȨȞȨȠ ȜȏȣȐȎȧȎ ȘȎ-
ȕȖȠȓ ȟ ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ ǻȖȘȜȝȜș, ǿȐȖȧȜȐ, ǿȓȐșȖȓȐȜ, ǾȎȕȑȞȎȒ, Ǿȡȟȓ,
ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ, ȆȡȚȓț Ȗ ǽșȓȐȓț Ȗ țȎȣȖȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȑȖ ȟȨȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎȠ.
ǿȞȎȐțȖȠȓșțȜ ȑȜșȓȚȖȭȠ Țȡ ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȎșȓț ȜȏȣȐȎȠ ȑȜ ȝȞȎȐȖ
ȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȧ ȕȎ ȝȞȜȟșȓȒȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȜȟȓșȖȧțȖȠȓ, ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖ,
ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖ Ȗ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȖ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖ Ȑ ȄȓțȠȞȎșțȖȠȓ Ȗ ǿȓȐȓȞȜȖȕ-
ȠȜȥțȖȠȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȕȓȚȖ.
ǼȏțȎȞȜȒȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȜȒȜȏȓț ȠȖȝ ȖȕȐȜȞȖ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȐȘșȬȥ-
ȐȎțȓȠȜ ȖȚ Ȑ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ țȓ ȓ țȓȧȜ țȜȐȜ. ȀȜȐȎ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȖ
Ȥȓțȓț ȠȜȕȖ ȒȓȢȠȓȞ Ȗ ȑȜ ȜȠȘȞȜȭȐȎ ȟȞȓȒ ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖȠȓ, ȓ ȐȞȓȚȓȠȜ
țȎ țȓȑȜȐȜȠȜ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓ. ǮȘȜ ȒȜ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ XVII ȐȓȘ ȓ țȎșȖȤȓ
ȟȞȎȐțȖȠȓșțȜ ȝșȨȠȓț țȎȏȜȞ ȜȠ ȝȜȒȜȏțȖ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖ
(ȚȡȢȎȟȟȎș, ȎȐȎȞȖȕ Ȗ ȒȔȖȕȖȓ ȒȓȢȠȓȞȖ), ȘȜȖȠȜ ȜȠȞȎȕȭȐȎȠ
ȟȞȎȐțȖȠȓșțȜ ȒȜȏȞȓ ȝȜȟȓșȖȧțȎȠȎ Ȗ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȎ ȘȎȞȠȖțȎ Ȑ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȞȓȕ ȠȜȕȖ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ, ȠȜ țȎșȖȥȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȎȘȖȐȎ
ȜȝȖȟȖ ȜȠ XVIII ȐȓȘ ȓ ȝȜ-ȞȭȒȘȜ, ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ ȕȎ țȭȘȜȖ ȞȓȑȖȜțȖ.
ǽȞȓȒȖ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎȐȎ ȒȜȘȡ-
ȚȓțȠȨȠ, ȓ țȡȔțȜ ȒȎ ȝȜȭȟțȭ țȓȑȜȐȖȭ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞ. ȀȜȗ ȓ ȟȨȟȠȎȐȓț
ȟ ȜȑșȓȒ ȜȏșȎȑȎțȓȠȜ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ ȟ ȒȎțȨȘȎ ȎȐȎȞȖȕ (ȎȐȎȞȖȕ-
Ȗ ȒȖȐȎțȖȓ)4. ȀȜȗ ȓ ȜȠ ȑȞȡȝȎȠȎ țȎ ȖȕȐȨțȞȓȒțȖȠȓ ȒȎțȨȤȖ Ȗ ȓ
ȐȨȐȓȒȓț Ȑ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ țȎ XV ȐȓȘ. ǽȨȞȐȜțȎȥȎșțȜ ȓ ȏȖș ȟȨȏȖȞȎț
ȐȓȒțȨȔ țȎ 4 – 5 ȑȜȒȖțȖ, Ȏ ȐȝȜȟșȓȒȟȠȐȖȓ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȐȞȨȧȎ Ȑ ȓȔȓ-
ȑȜȒȓț ȒȎțȨȘ. ǽȜȞȎȒȖ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȘȎȠȎ Ȑ țȎȥȖțȎ țȎ ȟȨȏȖȞȎțȓȠȜ
Țȡ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖȠȓ ȟ țȓȑȜ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖ ȕȎȠȞȡȒțȭȐȎȠ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȭ
ȝȞȖ ȖȕȭȟțȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȨȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓȠȜ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȒȎțȨȥțȎȠȎ ȓȒȖțȖ-
ȤȎ, ȝȜȕțȎȠȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȎȐȎȞȖȕ ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȜ (ȎȐȎȞȖȕ ȣȎțȓ), Ȗ ȒȎ-
țȨȥțȜ ȕȎȒȨșȔȓțȖȠȓ șȖȤȎ (țȓȢȓȞ). ǼȟȐȓț ȠȜȐȎ Ƞȓ ȝȜȞȎȔȒȎȠ
ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȜ țȓȒȜȐȓȞȖȓ ȜȠțȜȟțȜ ȘȜȞȓȘȠțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȧȖȠȓ
ȟȓ Ȑ Ƞȭȣ ȒȎțțȖ ȕȎ ȏȞȜȭ țȎ ȐȝȖȟȎțȖȠȓ ȒȎțȨȥțȖ ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ
ȝȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖ ȚȓȟȠȎ. ǸȎȘȠȜ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎ Ǻ. ǸȖȗș, țȓȒȜȞȎȕȡȚȓ-
173
țȖȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎ ȠȜȑȎȐȎ, ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȭȠ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎ ȟȎ-
ȚȜ ȟȨȘȞȎȠȓțȖȠȓ ȐȎȞȖȎțȠȖ țȎ ȎȐȎȞȖȕ ȒȓȢȠȓȞȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȜȠȞȎ-
ȕȭȐȎȠ ȓȒȖțȟȠȐȓțȜ ȥȖȟșȜȠȜ țȎ ȒȎțȨȥțȖȠȓ ȓȒȖțȖȤȖ, țȜ țȓ Ȗ
ȞȓȎșțȖȭ ȏȞȜȗ țȎ ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎȠȎ (Kiyl 2017, 111). ǼȠ ȖțȢȜȞ-
ȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ, ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȧȎ ȟȓ Ȑ ȟȨȘȞȎȠȓțȖȭ ȐȎȞȖȎțȠ țȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎ-
țȖȭ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȨȞ, ȟȠȎȐȎ ȭȟțȜ, ȥȓ Ȑ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȖȭ ȟșȡȥȎȗ ȓȒțȜ ȎȐȎ-
ȞȖȕ ȣȎțȓ ȟȓ ȞȎȐțȭȐȎ țȎ 5 ȒȎțȨȥțȜ ȕȎȒȨșȔȓțȖ șȖȤȎ. ǿȎȚȜ ȜȠ
ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȖȭ ȐȎȞȖȎțȠ țȎ ȎȐȎȞȖȕ ȒȓȢȠȓȞȎ ȓ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȒȜ-
ȏȖȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȎ ȕȎ ȞȓȎșțȖȭ ȏȞȜȗ țȎ ȚȨȔȓȠȓ ȑșȎȐȖ țȎ ȒȜȚȎ-
ȘȖțȟȠȐȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝșȎȧȎȠ ȖșȖ ȝȨȘ ȟȎ ȜȟȐȜȏȜȒȓțȖ ȒȎ ȝșȎȧȎȠ ȠȜ-
ȕȖ ȒȎțȨȘ. ǵȎȠȜȐȎ ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȖȠȓ ȎȐȎȞȖȕ ȒȓȢȠȓȞȖ ȟȎ ȚțȜȑȜ ȝȜ-
țȎȒȓȔȒțȖ ȖȕȠȜȥțȖȤȖ ȕȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ țȎ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖ Ȗ ȞȓșȖ-
ȑȖȜȕțȖ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖ Ȗ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ ȟȞȓȒ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȕȎ țȎȏ-
șȬȒȓțȖȭ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȟșȜȗȘȖ ȟȞȓȒ ȚȓȟȠțȜȠȜ Ȝȏȧȓȟ-
ȠȐȜ Ȗ ȝȞȖțȤȖȝȖȠȓ țȎ ȜȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȎȐȎțȓ ȜȠ ȠȜȕȖ țȎșȜȑ. ǿ ȜȑșȓȒ
țȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȜȏȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȒȜȝȡȟțȓ, ȥȓ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ,
ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȧȎ ȟȓ Ȑ ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȖȭ ȎȐȎȞȖȕ ȒȓȢȠȓȞ ȜȠ 1751 ȑ., ȓ ȟ ȚțȜ-
ȑȜ ȝȜ-ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț țȎ ȒȜȟȠȜȐȓȞțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȟȞȎȐțȓțȖȓ ȟȨȟ ȟȨȘȞȎ-
ȠȓțȖȭ Țȡ ȐȎȞȖȎțȠ. ǻȓȕȎȐȖȟȖȚȜ ȕȎ ȘȜȗ ȜȠ ȒȐȎȠȎ ȐȎȞȖȎțȠȎ ȟȠȎ-
ȐȎ ȒȡȚȎ ȜȏȎȥȓ, țȓ ȏȖȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȓțȓȏȞȓȑȐȎ Ȗ ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜȟȠȠȎ ȜȠ
țȎșȖȥȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȑȞȓȦȘȖ Ȗ țȓȠȜȥțȜȟȠȖ ȝȞȖ ȐȝȖȟȐȎțȖȭȠȎ țȎ
ȒȎțțȖȠȓ.
ǽȜȒȞȜȏțȖȭȠ ȎȐȎȞȖȕ ȒȓȢȠȓȞ ȜȠ 1751 ȑ. ȓ ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȖȞȎț ȝȜ
ȟȓșȖȧȎ, ȐȟȭȘȜ ȜȠ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȜ ȟ ȝȜȖȚȓțțȜ ȖȕȏȞȜȓțȖȠȓ
ȟȖ ȔȖȠȓșȖ. ǸȨȚ ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȖȚȓțȎ, ȘȎȘȠȜ
Ȗ Ȑ ȞȓȘȎȝȖȠȡșȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȟșȓȒ ȐȟȭȘȜ ȟȓșȖȧȓ, ȖȚȎ ȒȜȝȨșțȖȠȓșțȖ
ȏȓșȓȔȘȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎȠ ȒȎșȖ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȜȠȜ șȖȤȓ ȕȎȓȚȎ ȞȓșȖ-
ȑȖȜȕȓț, ȐȜȓțȓț ȖșȖ ȐȜȓțțȜȝȜȚȜȧȓț ȝȜȟȠ. ȀȓȕȖ ȐȝȖȟȐȎțȖȭ țȖ
ȝȜȚȎȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȜȥȓȞȠȎȓȚ ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȎȠȎ țȎ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȜȠȜ Ȝȏȧȓȟ-
ȠȐȜ Ȗ țȓȑȜȐȖȠȓ ȝȞȖȐȖșȓȑȖȞȜȐȎțȖ ȝȞȜȟșȜȗȘȖ Ȑ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ țȎ
XVIII ȐȓȘ. ǰ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȨȞȎ ȤȭșȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȓ ȟȡȚȖ-
ȞȎțȎ Ȑ ȠȎȏșȖȥȓț ȐȖȒ.
ǸȎȘȠȜ ȝȜȟȜȥȖȣ Ȑȓȥȓ, ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ Ȑ ȠȜȕȖ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȨȞ ȒȎȐȎ
ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ Ȑ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ țȎȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȭ Ȗ Ȏȟ-
ȝȓȘȠȖ. ǯȓȕ ȒȎ țȎȐșȖȕȎȚ Ȑ ȒȓȠȎȗșȖ, Ȑ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȞȓȒȜȐȓ ȧȓ
ȟȓ ȜȝȖȠȎȚ ȒȎ ȜȥȓȞȠȎȭ, ȚȎȘȎȞ Ȗ ȟȣȓȚȎȠȖȥțȜ, ȜȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖ ȭȒȞȎ Ȑ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȨȞȎ. ǵȎ ȒȎ ȜțȎȑșȓȒȭ Ȗ ȝȜȒȝșȎȠȭ
ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖȠȓ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȟȘȖ țȎȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȭ, ȧȓ ȝȞȖȐȓȒȎ
174
ȝȞȖȚȓȞȖ ȜȠ țȭȘȜȖ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ, Ȗ țȎȗ-Ȑȓȥȓ ȜȠ țȎȣȖȭ
ǸȎȞȎ ǹȜȚ Ȑ ȘȎȕȎ ǾȎȕȑȞȎȒ Ȑ ȟȓȐȓȞȜȖȕȠȜȥțȖȠȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȕȓȚȖ.
ǽȜȒȞȜȏțȖȭȠ ȎȐȎȞȖȕ ȒȓȢȠȓȞ ȜȠ 1751 ȑ. ȒȎȐȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ
ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȐȨȕȟȠȎțȜȐȓț ȜȏșȖȘȨȠ țȎ ȟȓșȖȧțȎȠȎ ȚȞȓȔȎ Ȑ ȜȠ-
ȒȓșțȖȠȓ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖ ȓȒȖțȖȤȖ. ȀȓȕȖ ȒȎțțȖ ȏȖȣȎ
ȚȜȑșȖ ȒȎ țȖ ȝȜȘȎȔȎȠ țȖȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȡȟȐȜȓțȜȟȠ țȎ ȠȓȕȖ ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȖ.
ǰ ȟȨȧȜȠȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ ȏȞȜȭȠ țȎ ȟȓșȖȧȎ Ȗ ȟȞȎȐțȓțȖȓȠȜ ȟ ȠȓȣțȎȠȎ
ȥȖȟșȓțȜȟȠ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȞȓȒȣȜȒțȖȠȓ ȒȐȓ ȟȠȜșȓȠȖȭ ȏȖȣȎ ȚȜȑșȖ ȒȎ ȏȨ-
ȒȎȠ ȝȜȘȎȕȎȠȓșțȖ ȕȎ ȒȖțȎȚȖȘȎȠȎ Ȑ ȝȜȟȓșȖȧțȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ Ȑ Ȥȓț-
ȠȞȎșțȖȠȓ ȟȓȐȓȞțȖ Ȗ ȟȓȐȓȞȜȖȕȠȜȥțȖȠȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȕȓȚȖ. ǺțȜȑȜ
ȥȓȟȠȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ ȓ ȝȞȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ țȎ ȜȠȒȓșțȖ ȞȓȑȖȜțȖ ȖșȖ
ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȖ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖ ȓȒȖțȖȤȖ ȝȜȟȓșȖȧțȎ-
ȠȎ ȚȞȓȔȎ Ȑ Ƞȭȣ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȖȕȐȓȔȒȎ țȎ ȞȓȠȞȜȟȝȓȘȠȖȐȓț ȝȞȖțȤȖȝ,
ȥȖȭȠȜ ȏȎȕȎ ȜȏȖȘțȜȐȓțȜ ȟȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȠȓ ȚȓȟȠȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȐșȖȕȎȠ Ȑ
ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȎȠȎ ȓȒȖțȖȤȎ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ. ǯșȎȑȜȒȎȞȓțȖȓ țȎ ȠȜȕȖ
ȞȓȑȖȟȠȨȞ ȠȜȐȎ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ țȎȝȞȎȐȖ țȎ ȚțȜȑȜ ȝȜ-ȞȎțȓț ȓȠȎȝ,
ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ Ȑ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȨȞȎ ȚțȜȑȜ ȭȟțȜ ȓ ȚȎȞȘȖȞȎțȎ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎ-
ȠȖȐțȎȠȎ ȓȒȖțȖȤȎ, ȘȨȚ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȝȎȒȎȠ ȜȠȒȓșțȖȠȓ ȟȓșȖȧȎ. ǽȞȖ-
ȚȓȞ ȕȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȘȎȕȎ ǾȎȕȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȝȞȖșȓȔȎȧȖȠȓ ȘȨȚ
țȓȭ țȎȣȖȖ – ǸȎȞȎ ǹȜȚ, ǲȖȐȎțȓ ȜȞȚȎț Ȗ ǶȐȞȎțȎ. ǰ ȠȜȕȖ ȒȓȢ-
ȠȓȞ ȕȎ ȝȞȨȐ ȝȨȠ ȑȞȎțȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ ȠȓȕȖ țȎȣȖȖ ȟ ȝȞȖșȓȔȎȧȖȠȓ
ȘȨȚ Ƞȭȣ ȟȓșȎ ȟȎ ȭȟțȜ ȜȏȜȕțȎȥȓțȖ Ȗ ȚȜȔȓ ȟ ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȠȜȥțȜȟȠ ȒȎ
ȟȓ ȜȥȓȞȠȎȓ ȠȓȣțȖȭȠ ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȎșȓț ȜȏȣȐȎȠ.
ǰ ȘȜțȠȓȘȟȠȎ țȎ ȟȓșȖȧțȎȠȎ ȚȞȓȔȎ Ȗ țȓȗțȎȠȎ ȒȖțȎȚȖȘȎ
ȞȓȑȖȟȠȨȞȨȠ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȚțȜȑȜ Ȥȓțȓț ȖȕȠȜȥțȖȘ țȎ ȒȓȚȜȑ-
ȞȎȢȟȘȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ. ǶȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭȠ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ țȓ ȏȖ ȚȜȑȨș ȒȎ
țȖ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ Ȗ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖ, Ȏ ȝȜ-ȟȘȜȞȜ
ȒȎȐȎ ȚȜȚȓțȠțȎ ȟțȖȚȘȎ țȎ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȎȠȎ ȟȖȠȡȎȤȖȭ ȐȨȐ
ȐȘșȬȥȓțȖȠȓ Ȑ țȓȑȜ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖ ȞȓȑȖȜțȖ. ǼȠ ȠȎȕȖ ȑșȓȒ-
țȎ ȠȜȥȘȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȨȠ ȟȓ ȭȐȭȐȎ ȜțȜȐȎ ȠȜșȘȜȐȎ țȡȔțȜ țȎ Ȗȕȟ-
șȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȭ ȕȐȓțȜ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȝȞȓȒȣȜȒțȖȭ XVII ȐȓȘ Ȗ ȒȜȏȞȓ ȝȜȒȝ-
șȎȠȓțȖȭ ȟ ȖȕȐȜȞȜȐ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎș XIX ȐȓȘ. ǰ țȎȗ-Ȝȏȧ ȝșȎț ȚȜȔȓ
ȒȎ ȟȓ ȖȕȠȨȘțȓ, ȥȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖȭȠ ȖȕȐȜȞ ȒȎȐȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȕȎ
ȝȞȜȟșȓȒȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȒȖțȎȚȖȘȎȠȎ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȑȜșȓȚȖțȎȠȎ
țȎ ȟȓșȖȧȎȠȎ Ȑ ȜȠȒȓșțȖȠȓ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖ ȓȒȖțȖȤȖ Ȗ ȑȞȡ-
ȝȖȞȎțȓȠȜ ȖȚ ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȠȭȣțȎȠȎ ȑȜșȓȚȖțȎ: ȚțȜȑȜ ȚȎșȘȖ, ȟȞȓȒțȜ
ȚȎșȘȖ, ȟȞȓȒțȖ ȟȓșȎ, ȟȞȓȒțȜ ȑȜșȓȚȖ Ȗ ȑȜșȓȚȖ5.
ǻȎȑșȓȒȓț ȝȞȖȚȓȞ ȕȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȓ țȎȣȖȭ ǸȎȞȎ ǹȜȚ Ȑ ȑȜșȭȚȎȠȎ
175
ȝȜ ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȭ ȘȎȕȎ ǾȎȕȑȞȎȒ. ǲȎțțȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȓȒțȜ ȝȜȒȜȏțȜ ȖȕȟșȓȒ-
ȐȎțȓ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ ȟȨȟȠȜȭțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ ȝșȨȠțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȟȓșȖȧțȎȠȎ ȚȞȓȔȎ
Ȑ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠȓț ȝȓȞȖȜȒ ȖșȖ Ȑ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ, ȝȞȖ ȟȞȎȐțȭȐȎțȓȠȜ ȖЉ ȟ
ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȜȠ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖ. ǲȎțțȖȠȓ ȕȎ țȎȣȖȭ ǸȎȞȎ
ǹȜȚ ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎȠ ȕȎ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȎ ȟȓșȖȧțȎ ȚȞȓȔȎ, ȥȖȖȠȜ ȔȖȠȓșȖ
ȜȏȎȥȓ țȎȚȎșȭȐȎȠ ȕȎ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ ȜȠ ȟȠȜ ȑȜȒȖțȖ. ȀȜȐȎ ȟȓ ȐȖȔȒȎ ȜȠ
ȟȖșțȜ ȖȕȞȎȕȓțȜȠȜ ȡȐȓșȖȥȓțȖȓ țȎ ȟȞȓȒțȜ ȚȎșȘȖȠȓ ȟȓșȎ Ȗ Ȟȓȟ-
ȝȓȘȠȖȐțȜ țȎȚȎșȓțȖȓ țȎ ȑȞȡȝȎȠȎ țȎ ȟȞȓȒțȜ ȑȜșȓȚȖȠȓ ȟȓșȖȧȎ.
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 1. ǱȜșȓȚȖțȎ Ȗ ȏȞȜȗ țȎ ȟȓșȖȧȎȠȎ Ȑ țȎȣȖȭ ǸȎȞȎ ǹȜȚ
ȝȞȓȕ XVII – XVIII ȐȓȘ
I ȑȞȡȝȎ II ȑȞȡȝȎ III ȑȞȡȝȎ IV ȑȞȡȝȎ V ȑȞȡȝȎ
ǱȜȒȖțȎ
ǲȜ 5 ȒȜȚ. ǼȠ 6 ȒȜ 20 ǼȠ 21 ȒȜ 40 ǼȠ 41 ȒȜ 80 ǻȎȒ 80
1640 – 1660 ȑ.6 - 9 26 15 2
1751 ȑ. 1 16 29 10 2
ǥ ȑȞȡȝȎ – ȚțȜȑȜ ȚȎșȘȖ ȟȓșȎ; ǥǥ ȑȞȡȝȎ – ȟȞȓȒțȜ ȚȎșȘȖ ȟȓșȎ;

ǥǥǥ ȑȞȡȝȎ – ȟȞȓȒțȖ ȟȓșȎ; ǥV ȑȞȡȝȎ – ȟȞȓȒțȜ ȑȜșȓȚȖ ȟȓșȎ;
V ȑȞȡȝȎ – ȚțȜȑȜ ȑȜșȓȚȖ ȟȓșȎ
ǺȎȘȎȞ Ȗ ȜȑȞȎțȖȥȓțȜ, ȒȓȢȠȓȞȨȠ ȒȎȐȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȎ ȕȎ ȚȖȑ-

ȞȎȤȖȜțțȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖ Ȑ ȠȓȕȖ ȥȎȟȠȖ țȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭȠȎ ȥȞȓȕ ȜȏȜȕțȎ-
ȥȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȖȦȨșȤȖȠȓ ȘȨȚ ȐȟȭȘȜ ȟȓșȖȧȓ ȖșȖ ȝȜȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȜȚ
ȝȜȭȟțȖȠȓșȓț ȓȠțȜțȖȚ ȘȎȠȜ ȐșȎȣ, ȞȡȚ, ȠȎȠȎȞ Ȗ ȝȞ. ȀȓȕȖ ȎțȎ-
șȖȕȖ ȏȖȣȎ ȏȖșȖ ȚțȜȑȜ ȝȜ-ȝȨșțȖ Ȗ ȜȏȜȟțȜȐȎțȖ, ȎȘȜ ȟȓ ȟȨȝȜȟ-
ȠȎȐȭȠ ȟ ȝȞȓȒȣȜȒțȖ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ ȖșȖ ȠȎȘȖȐȎ ȜȠ
ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖȭ XIX ȐȓȘ.
ǼȠ ȐȠȜȞȎȠȎ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎ țȎ XVII ȐȓȘ ȓ țȎșȖȤȓ ȝȜȐȟȓȚȓȟȠȓț
ȝȞȜȤȓȟ țȎ ȕțȎȥȖȠȓșțȜ țȎȚȎșȭȐȎțȓ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȘȜȓȠȜ Ȗȕȟ-
șȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎȠ Ȑ ȚțȜȑȜ ȞȓȑȖȜțȖ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ
ȕȓȚȖ (Kiyl 2017). ǰ ȘȜțȠȓȘȟȠȎ țȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȒȓȢȠȓȞȨȠ ȜȠ 1751 ȑ. ȒȎȐȎ
ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȒȎ ȒȜȏȖȓȚ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȎ ȕȎ ȞȓȎșțȖȠȓ ȝȜȟșȓȒȖȤȖ ȜȠ
ȠȜȕȖ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖ ȟȞȖȐ. ǵȎ ȒȎ ȜțȎȑșȓȒȭ ȠȜȕȖ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ, ȧȓ ȒȎȚ
ȝȞȖȚȓȞ ȟ ȘȎȕȎ ǾȎȕȑȞȎȒ. ǽȜȒȜȏțȜ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ Ȑ ȘȎȕȖ ȘȎȠȜ
ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ Ȗ ȆȡȚȓț, Ƞȭ ȟȨȧȜ ȖȕȔȖȐȭȐȎ ȕțȎȥȖȚȖ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖ Ȗ
ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖ ȟȨȠȞȓȟȓțȖȭ ȝȞȓȕ XVII ȐȓȘ (Grozdanova 1989; Kiyl
2017, 356 Ȗ ȟș. ). ǻȎșȖȤȓ ȟȎ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȓȟȠȎȏȖșȖȕȖȞȎȠ
țȜȞȚȎșțȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ ȐȜȒȭȠ ȒȜ ȜȏȓȕșȬȒȭȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȤȓșȖ ȟȓșȖȧȎ Ȗ ȞȓȑȖȜțȖ. ǶȚȝȓȞȖȭȠȎ ȖȕȝȎȒȎ Ȑ ȝȜșȖȠȖȥȓȟȘȎ Ȗ
ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȎ ȘȞȖȕȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȞȓȢșȓȘȠȖȞȎ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȒȎțȨȥțȖȭ țȎ-
176
ȠȖȟȘ Ȗ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȎ țȎ ȖȟșȭȚȖȕȎȤȖȭ. ǵȎȓȒțȜ ȟ ȠȜȐȎ ȐȠȜȞȎȠȎ ȝȜșȜ-
ȐȖțȎ țȎ XVII ȐȓȘ ȓ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȘșȖȚȎȠȖȥțȖ ȘȎȠȎȘșȖȕȚȖ Ȗ ȟȓȞȖȭ
ȜȠ ȥȡȚțȖ ȓȝȖȒȓȚȖȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȎȐȎȠ ȒȜ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ XVIII
ȐȓȘ (Manolova-Nikolova & Petkova-Encheva 2015, 166 – 171). ǰ
ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠ ȟȓ țȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎ ȞȭȕȘȜ țȎȚȎșȭȐȎțȓ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ,
ȚȎȟȜȐȎ ȚȖȑȞȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȓțȎ ȝȞȜȚȭțȎ Ȑ ȟȨȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓȠȜ
ȚȓȔȒȡ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖȠȓ ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠȖ. ǽȜȑȜșȜȐțȜȠȜ ȞȎȕȝ-
ȞȨȟȐȎțȓ țȎ ȞȎȭȠȎ Ȗ ȜȏȓȕșȬȒȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȤȓșȖ ȟȓșȖȧȎ ȓ ȝȜȐȟȓ-
ȚȓȟȠțȜ ȭȐșȓțȖȓ. ǿșȓȒȐȎȧȖȠȓ țȎșȖȥțȖ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȟ-
ȠȎȐȭȠ ȟȨȟȠȜȭțȖȓȠȜ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ ȟșȓȒ ȠȓȕȖ ȕțȎȥȖȚȖ ȒȓȚȜȑ-
ȞȎȢȟȘȖ ȘȎȠȎȘșȖȕȚȖ, ȒȎȠȖȞȎȠ ȓȒȐȎ ȜȠ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ.
ǿșȓȒ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȜȠ ȟȠȜ ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȟȖȠȡȎȤȖȭȠȎ Ȑ ȚțȜȑȜ ȘȎȕȖ Ȗ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ
Ȑ ǾȎȕȑȞȎȒ ȓ ȘȜȞȓțțȜ ȝȞȜȚȓțȓțȎ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȑ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȜ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ
Ȑ ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ. ǻȎșȖȤȓ ȓ ȝȜȐȟȓȚȓȟȠțȎ ȝȞȜȚȭțȎ Ȑ
ȘȜțȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎȠȎ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞȖȟȠȖȘȎ țȎ ȟȓșȖȧȎȠȎ. ǲȜȟȓȑȎ ȏȓȦȓ
ȝȜȥȠȖ țȓȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȜȟșȓȒȖ ȘȎȘ țȎȟȠȨȝȐȎ Ȗ ȝȞȜȠȖȥȎ ȠȎ-
ȕȖ ȝȞȜȚȭțȎ, țȜ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭȠ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȨȞ ȕȎȝȨșȐȎ ȠȎȕȖ ȝȞȎȕțȖ-
țȎ. ǼȠ ȓȒțȎ ȟȠȞȎțȎ ȠȜȗ ȭȟțȜ ȜȠȘȞȜȭȐȎ ȝȜȟșȓȒȖȤȖȠȓ ȟșȓȒ ȠȎȕȖ
ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȎ ȘȞȖȕȎ Ȗ ȒȎȐȎ ȎȘȠȡȎșțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȟȨȟȠȜȭ-
țȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȓșȖȧțȎȠȎ ȚȞȓȔȎ Ȗ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖȠȓ Ȗ ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖȠȓ
ȖЉ ȖȕȚȓȞȓțȖȭ. ǼȠ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȟȠȞȎțȎ ȠȜȗ ȓ ȕȐȓțȜȠȜ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎ
ȒȎ ȟȓ ȡȝșȨȠțȖ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȎȠȎ Ȗ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȏȭȟțȖ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȎȠȎ Ȗ
ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȎ ȟȖȠȡȎȤȖȭ, ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ Ȑ ȖȕȠȜȥțȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȒȓșȖ țȎ ȘȎȕȎ
ǾȎȕȑȞȎȒ, ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȘȜțȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȖȠȓ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠȖ Ȑ ȟȓșȖȧȎȠȎ ȟȎ
ȞȎȕȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖ ȝȜ ȘȜȞȓțțȜ ȞȎȕșȖȥȓț țȎȥȖț.
ǼȠ ȘȎȕȎțȜȠȜ ȒȜȠȡȘ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȭȟțȜ, ȥȓ ȎȐȎȞȖȕ ȒȓȢȠȓȞȨȠ ȜȠ
1751 ȑ. ȓ ȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȧ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȕȎ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȖȭ. ȀȜȗ
ȒȎȐȎȠ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȝȞȜȟșȓȒȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȓȠțȜȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖȠȓ
ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȟșȡȥȐȎȠ ȟȞȓȒ ȠȜȐȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ. ǰȞȨȧȎȗȘȖ
ȟȓ ȘȨȚ ȑȜȞȓȖȕȘȎȕȎțȖȠȓ ȟȨȔȒȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ȘȎȕȎ ǾȎȕȑȞȎȒ Ȗ țȎȣȖȭ
ǸȎȞȎ ǹȜȚ, ȧȓ ȜȠȏȓșȓȔȎ, ȥȓ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȠȎȚ ȒȖțȎȚȖȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȠȓȕȖ
ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖ ȓ ȜȟȜȏȓțțȜ ȐȖȒȖȚȎ. ǮȘȜ ȝȞȓȕ 1555 – 1556 ȑ. Ȑ țȎȣȖȭ
ǸȎȞȎ ǹȜȚ ȖȚȎ 73 % ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȜ Ȗ 27 % ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȜ țȎȟȓ-
șȓțȖȓ, ȠȜ Ȑ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ țȎ ȜȟȓȚțȎȒȓȟȓȠȜȠȜ ȟȠȜșȓȠȖȓ ȠȎȚ Ȑȓȥȓ ȔȖ-
Ȑȓȓ 89 % ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȜ Ȗ ȓȒȐȎ 11 % ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ.
ȀȓȕȖ ȥȖȟșȎ ȭȟțȜ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ ȝȞȓȜȏȨȞțȎȠȖȭ ȘȜțȢȓȟȖȜțȎșȓț ȚȜ-
Ȓȓș Ȑ ȠȜȕȖ ȞȓȑȖȜț. ǻȓȧȜ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ, Ȝȧȓ ȜȠ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ țȎ XVII ȐȓȘ
ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȖȭȠ ȓșȓȚȓțȠ țȎȐșȖȕȎ ȠȞȎȗțȜ Ȑ ȖȕȘȜțțȜ ȣȞȖȟȠȖ-
177
ȭțȟȘȖ ȟȓșȖȧȎ Ȗ ȠȎȘȎ ȝȜȟȠȓȝȓțțȜ ȠȓȣțȖȭȠ ȓȠțȜȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕȓț
ȝȞȜȢȖș ȟȓ ȝȞȜȚȓțȭ. ǲȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖ Ȑ țȎȣȖȭȠȎ ȟȎ
ȠȜșȘȜȐȎ ȒȖțȎȚȖȥțȖ, ȥȓ ȒȜȐȓȔȒȎȠ ȒȜ țȓȜȏȞȎȠȖȚȜ ȟȐȖȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȠȡȘ. ǼȠ 1503 ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȖ ȒȜȚȎ-
ȘȖțȟȠȐȎ Ȑ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ țȎ XVI ȐȓȘ Ƞȓ țȎȚȎșȭȐȎȠ ȒȜ 201 ȎȐȎȞȖȕ
ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ ȝȞȓȕ 1751 ȑ. ǮȘȜ Ȑ ȝȞȓȒȣȜȒțȖȠȓ ȟȠȜșȓȠȖȭ Ƞȓț-
ȒȓțȤȖȭȠȎ ȓ ȝȜ-ȟȘȜȞȜ ȕȎ țȎȚȎșȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȏȞȜȭ țȎ ȥȖȟȠȜ ȣȞȖȟȠȖ-
ȭțȟȘȖȠȓ ȟȓșȖȧȎ Ȗ ȕȎ ȡȐȓșȖȥȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȚȓȟȓțȖȠȓ ȟȓșȖȧȎ Ȑ ȠȎ-
ȕȖ țȎȣȖȭ, ȠȜ ȝȞȓȕ XVIII ȐȓȘ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȠȡȘ ȓ
ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȚȎșȜȏȞȜȗțȜ. ǽȞȓȕ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȠȜșȓȠȖȓ țȓ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ
ȑȜȐȜȞȖ ȕȎ „ȥȖȟȠȖ“ ȜȠ ȘȜțȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎ ȑșȓȒțȎ ȠȜȥȘȎ ȟȓșȎ. ǽȞȓȕ
1751 ȑ. ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȓ țȎșȖȤȓ ȓȒȐȎ Ȑ 12 ȟȓșȎ, Ȑ
ȝȞȓȜȏșȎȒȎȐȎȧȎȠȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȠȜ ȓ ȚȎșȤȖțȟȠȐȜ.
Ƕ ȠȡȘ ȖȒȐȎ ȚȭȟȠȜȠȜ Ȗ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȓȢȠȓȞȎ ȜȠ 1751 ȑ.
ȀȜȗ ȒȎȐȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȒȎ ȝȞȜȟșȓȒȖȚ Ȑ ȝȜ-ȑȜșȓȚȖ ȒȓȠȎȗșȖ ȐȞȓ-
ȚȓȠȜ, Ȑ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓșȜ ȘȎȠȜ ǸȞȓȝȥȎ (Ȑ țȎȣȖȭ ǸȎȞȎ ǹȜȚ), ȘȜȓȠȜ ȝȞȓȕ
XVII ȐȓȘ ȓ ȖȕȤȭșȜ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȜ, Ȏ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ Ȑȓȥȓ ȓ ȖȕȤȭșȜ
ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȜ, ȝȞȓȜȏȞȨȧȎ ȘȜțȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȖȭ ȟȖ ȚȜȒȓș ȠȜșȘȜȐȎ
ȞȎȒȖȘȎșțȜ. ǺȓȔȒȡ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȖȭ ȖȕȐȓȟȠȓț ȒȜȟȓȑȎ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȨȞ (țȎ-
ȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ XVIII ȐȓȘ)7, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȒȎȐȎ ȥȎȟȠȖȥțȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȎ ȕȎ ȣȎ-
ȞȎȘȠȓȞȎ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ Țȡ ȝȞȓȕ XVII ȐȓȘ, Ȗ ȝȨȞȐȖȭȠ, ȘȜȗȠȜ
ȢȖȘȟȖȞȎ ȝȞȜȚȭțȎ Ȑ ȘȜțȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȖȭ Țȡ ȝȞȜȢȖș ȝȞȓȕ 30-Ƞȓ
ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ, ȟȎ ȚȖțȎșȖ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȜȠ 100 ȑȜȒȖțȖ. ǯșȎȑȜȒȎ-
ȞȓțȖȓ țȎ ȎȐȎȞȖȕ ȒȓȢȠȓȞȎ 1751 ȑ. ȜȏȎȥȓ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȐȖȒȖ țȎ-
ȥȎșțȖȭȠ ȓȠȎȝ țȎ ȓȠțȜȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖȠȓ ȖȕȚȓțȓțȖȭ Ȑ ȟȓșȜȠȜ. ǿȝȜ-
ȞȓȒ ȒȓȢȠȓȞȎ ȟȓșȜ ǸȞȓȝȥȎ ȓ țȎȟȓșȓțȜ ȖȕȤȭșȜ ȟ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ –
16 ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȖ ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ, ȟȞȓȒ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȐȓ ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ
țȎ ȟȝȎȣȖȖ Ȗ ȠȞȖ țȎ țȜȐȜȝȞȖȓșȖ ȖȟșȭȚȎ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ8.
ǸȜȑȎȠȜ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȒȡȚȎ ȕȎ ȓȠțȜȘȜțȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȖ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ, Ȑ ȝȜȐȓ-
ȥȓȠȜ ȟșȡȥȎȖ Ƞȓ ȏȖȐȎȠ ȟȐȨȞȕȐȎțȖ ȟ ȖȟșȭȚȖȕȎȤȖȜțțȖȭ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ.
ǼȟțȜȐȓț ȚȎȞȘȓȞ ȕȎ ȞȎȕȝȜȕțȎȐȎțȓȠȜ Țȡ ȓ ȐȝȖȟȐȎțȓȠȜ Ȑ ȒȜȘȡ-
ȚȓțȠȖȠȓ țȎ șȖȤȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ țȜȟȭȠ ȏȎȧȖțȜȠȜ ȖȚȓ „ȟȖț țȎ ǮȏȒȡșșȎȣ“
ȖșȖ „ȟȖț țȎ ǮȏȖȒȒȖț“. ǼȠ 60 ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎțȖ ȟȓșȖȧȎ Ȑ țȎȣȖȭ
ǸȎȞȎ ǹȜȚ Ȑ 43 ȟȓ ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎȠ ȖȚȓțȎȠȎ țȎ 134-ȚȎ ȚȨȔȓ, ȐȝȖȟȎțȖ ȟ
ȏȎȧȖțȜȠȜ ȖȚȓ „ǮȏȒȡșșȎȣ“. ȀȜȐȎ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȓ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ Ȗȕ-
ȐȓȒȓțȜ ȜȠ ȏȎȕȜȐȖȭ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎș, ȘȜȗȠȜ țȖ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȨȠ, ȟȎ
ȝȞȜȤȓțȠțȖȭȠ Ȓȭș țȎ ȘȜțȐȓȞȠȖȠȖȠȓ ȟȝȞȭȚȜ ȜȏȧȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ Ȗ
ȠȓțȒȓțȤȖȖȠȓ Ȑ ȒȖțȎȚȖȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȖȟșȭȚȖȕȎȤȖȜțțȖȭ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ: ȒȎșȖ
178
ȟȓ ȞȎȕȐȖȐȎ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȎ ȖșȖ ȟȓșȟȘȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ, Ȑ ȟȓșȖȧȎ ȟ ȘȜȚȝȎȘȠțȜ
ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȖșȖ Ȑ ȟȚȓȟȓțȖ ȟȓșȖȧȎ Ȗ ȝȞ.
ǶȕȐȓȟȠțȜ ȓ, ȥȓ ȝȜȖȚȓțțȜȠȜ ȖȕȏȞȜȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȚȨȔȓȠȓ, ȑșȎȐȖ
țȎ ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ, ȒȎȐȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȝȞȜȟșȓȒȭȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȖȚȓțțȎȠȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎ ȟȞȓȒ ȜȠȒȓșțȖȠȓ ȘȜțȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȖ ȜȏȧțȜȟ-
ȠȖ Ȑ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭȠȎ. ǽȜȒȞȜȏțȖȭȠ ȎȐȎȞȖȕ ȒȓȢȠȓȞ ȜȠ 1751 ȑ. ȓ Ȑ
ȟȨȟȠȜȭțȖȓ ȒȎ ȞȎȕȦȖȞȖ Ȗ ȜȏȜȑȎȠȖ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȖȭ ȒȜ ȠȜȕȖ ȚȜȚȓțȠ
ȎțȠȞȜȝȜțȖȚȖȥȓț ȢȜțȒ ȟȞȓȒ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȜȠȜ Ȗ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȜȠȜ
ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ. ǶȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȟȘȖ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ ȏȖȣȎ ȝȞȜȐȜȘȖȞȎșȖ ȚȬ-
ȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȖ ȖȚȓțȎ ȜȠ ȞȎȕșȖȥȓț ȝȞȜȖȕȣȜȒ – ȎȞȎȏȟȘȖ (ȘȜȞȎ-
țȖȥțȖ), ȝȓȞȟȖȗȟȘȖ Ȗ ȠȬȞȘȟȘȖ. ǽȜ ȟȨȧȖȭ țȎȥȖț ȜȏȓȘȠ țȎ
ȎțȎșȖȕ ȏȖȣȎ ȚȜȑșȖ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ Ȗ țȓȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȖȚȓțȎ, Ȑ
ȕȎȐȖȟȖȚȜȟȠ ȜȠ ȠȓȣțȖȭ ȝȞȜȖȕȣȜȒ (ȜȏȧȜȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȖ, ȟșȎȐȭțȟ-
ȘȖ, ȠȬȞȘȟȘȖ), ȥȓȟȠȜȠȎȠȎ țȎ ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓțȖȓȠȜ ȖȚ Ȗ ȠȓțȒȓț-
ȤȖȖȠȓ Ȑ țȎȥȖțȎ țȎ ȖȚȓțȡȐȎțȓ Ȑ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖ ȞȓȑȖȜțȖ. Ƕȕ-
ȣȜȔȒȎȗȘȖ ȜȠ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ, ȕȎșȓȑțȎșȎ Ȑ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ Ȟȓ-
ȑȖȟȠȨȞ, ȧȓ ȟȖ ȝȜȕȐȜșȭ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭ ȖȚȓțțȎȠȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎ Ȑ ȒȐȓ
ȜȠ ȚȎȣȎșȖȠȓ țȎ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ – ǽȎȝȎ ǱȓȞȑȖ (ǽȜȝ ǱȓȜȞȑȖ) Ȗ ǺȎȞțȓ
ǽȜșȖ (ǺȎȞțȜ ȝȜșȓ). ǽȞȎȐȖ ȐȝȓȥȎȠșȓțȖȓ, ȥȓ Ȗ Ȑ ȒȐȓȠȓ ȝȞȓȜȏ-
șȎȒȎȐȎȠ ȖȚȓțȎ ȟ ȜȏȧȜȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȖ ȝȞȜȖȕȣȜȒ ȘȎȠȜ ȀȜȒȜȞ, ǻȖ-
ȘȜșȎ, ǰȎȟȖș, ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ, ǱȓȞȑȖ/ǱȓȜȞȑȖ, ǶȐȎț Ȗ ȝȞ. ǿ ȝȜ-ȚȎșȘȎ
ȥȓȟȠȜȠțȜȟȠ ȟȎ ȠȖȝȖȥțȜ ȟșȎȐȭțȟȘȖȠȓ ȖȚȓțȎ, ȘȎȠȜ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȟȓ
ȟȞȓȧȎȠ ȓȒȖțȟȠȐȓțȜ ȝȞȜȖȕȣȜȔȒȎȧȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȑșȎȑȜșȎ „ȟȠȜȭ“, ȐȨȕ
ȜȟțȜȐȎ țȎ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȓ ȟȨȟȠȎȐȭȠ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȝȜȔȓșȎȠȓșțȖ ȖȚȓțȎ, țȜ-
ȟȓȧȖ ȟȚȖȟȨșȎ țȎ „ȟȠȜȭ, ȜȟȠȎȐȎȚ, ȔȖȐȓȭ“: ǿȠȜȭț, ǿȠȎȗȘȜ,
ǿȠȎțȘȜ, ǿȠȜȗȘȜ. ǿȣȜȒțȎ ȓ ȟȖȠȡȎȤȖȭȠȎ Ȗ Ȑ ȚȎȣȎșȎ ǸȖșȖȟȎ țȎ
ȘȎȕȎ ȆȡȚȓț, țȜ ȠȡȘ ȏȞȜȭȠ țȎ ȜȏȧȜȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȖȠȓ ȖȚȓțȎ Ȗ
ȠȓȕȖ ȟȨȟ ȟșȎȐȭțȟȘȖ ȝȞȜȖȕȣȜȒ ȓ ȝȜ-ȟȘȜȞȜ ȖȕȞȎȐțȓț, Ȏ ȝȜȟșȓȒ-
țȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȟ ȚțȜȑȜ ȝȜ-ȦȖȞȜȘ ȟȝȓȘȠȨȞ țȎ ȐȎȞȖȎȤȖȖ.
ǾȎȕȑșȓȒȎțȖȭȠ ȠȡȘ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȨȞ ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎ țȜȐȖ ȒȓȠȎȗșȖ Ȗ ȒȎȐȎ
ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȎȠȎ ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȎ țȎ
ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȜȠȜ Ȗ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȜȠȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ ȝȞȓȕ XVIII
ȐȓȘ. ǰ ȟȨȝȜȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȓț ȝșȎț ȟ ȝȞȓȒȣȜȒțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȏȖ ȚȜȑ-
șȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȜȟșȓȒȖ ȡȝșȨȠțȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȨȟȠȎȐȎ țȎ ȡȝȞȎȐșȭȐȎ-
ȧȎȠȎ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȎ ȝȞȜȟșȜȗȘȎ Ȑ ȤȓțȠȞȎșțȖȠȓ ȟȓȐȓȞțȖ Ȗ ȟȓȐȓ-
ȞȜȖȕȠȜȥțȖȠȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȝȞȓȒȓșȖ țȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭȠȎ. ǮȐȎȞȖȕ ȒȓȢ-
ȠȓȞȨȠ ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎ ȒȎ țȎȒțȖȘțȓȚ Ȑ ȟȨȟȠȎȐȎ țȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ Ȗ
ȒȎ ȝȞȜȟșȓȒȖȚ țȓȑȜȐȖȠȓ ȐȎȞȖȎȤȖȖ Ȑ ȜȠȒȓșțȖȠȓ ȞȓȑȖȜțȖ. ǻȎȝ-
179
ȞȖȚȓȞ Ȑ 12-Ƞȓ ȚȎȣȎșȖ țȎ ȑȞȎȒ ȆȡȚȓț ȔȖȐȓȭȠ 714 ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠ-
ȐȎ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȜ Ȗ 172 ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ.
ǼȠ Ƞȭȣ 198 ȟȎ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȟ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓț ȟȠȎȠȡȠ. ǻȎȗ-ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȓ
ȑȞȡȝȎȠȎ țȎ ȓțȖȥȎȞȖȠȓ – 249 ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ, ȟșȓȒȐȎțȎ ȜȠ ȟȓȗȖ-
ȒȖȠȓ – 104 ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ, ȟȝȎȣȖȖ – 79, ȦȎȣȖțȒȔȖȖ – 78, ȝȞȓȒȟ-
ȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ țȎ ȖȟșȭȚȟȘȖȭ ȘȡșȠ – 29 Ȗ ȝȞ. ǰ ȒȞȡȑ ȤȓțȠȨȞ țȎ ȘȎȕȎ,
ȘȎȘȨȐȠȜ ȓ Ǿȡȟȓ, ȔȖȐȓȭȠ 933 ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȜ Ȗ 112
ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ. ǼȠ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȜ țȎȟȓ-
șȓțȖȓ țȎ Ǿȡȟȓ 485 ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ ȟȎ ȟ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓț ȟȠȎȠȡȠ Ȗ ȝȜșȜ-
ȔȓțȖȓ – 269 ȓțȖȥȎȞȖ, 82 ȟȓȗȖȒȖ, 20 ȟȝȎȣȖȖ Ȗ ȝȞ.
ǿȞȓȒ ȖȟșȭȚȟȘȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ țȎ ȝȨȞȐȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ ȟȓ ȜȠȘȞȜȭȐȎ ȑȞȡ-
ȝȎȠȎ țȎ ȐȜȓțțȖȠȓ ȖșȖ Ƞ. țȎȞ. ȎȟȘȓȞȖ. ǽȞȎȐȖ ȐȝȓȥȎȠșȓțȖȓ ȑȜ-
șȓȚȖȭȠ ȏȞȜȗ ȓțȖȥȎȞȖ, ȔȖȐȓȓȧȖ Ȑ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȟȓșȖȧȎ, ȐȘșȬȥȓțȖ
Ȑ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȨȞȎ. ǻȎȗ-ȐȖȟȜȘȎ ȓ ȘȜțȤȓțȠȞȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȖȚ Ȑ ǾȎȕȑȞȎȒ –
374 ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ, Ǿȡȟȓ – 269 ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ, ǽșȓȐȓț – 264 ȒȜ-
ȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ, ǿȓȐșȖȓȐȜ – 186 ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ. ǶȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭȠȎ țȎ
ǳȐȑ. ǾȎȒȡȦȓȐ ȐȨȞȣȡ Ƞ.țȎȞ. „ȟȓșȟȘȖ“ ȓțȖȥȎȞȖ ȐȜȒȭȠ ȎȐȠȜȞȎ ȒȜ
ȕȎȘșȬȥȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȥȓ ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ țȓ ȟȎ țȎȏȖȞȎțȖ ȝȜȟȞȓȒ-
ȟȠȐȜȚ ȒȎțȨȘȎ ȒȓȐȦȖȞȚȓ, Ȏ ȟȎ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠ ȜȠ Ƞ.țȎȞ „ȏȜȟțȓțȟȘȜ
ȖȕȘșȬȥȓțȖȓ“9. ǽȞȖțȡȒȓțȎ ȜȠ ȐȜȓțțȖȠȓ ȟȖ țȡȔȒȖ, ȐșȎȟȠȠȎ ȓ
ȝȞȖȏȭȑȐȎșȎ ȒȜ ȞȓȘȞȡȠȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȜȗȤȖ ȕȎ ȓțȖȥȎȞȟȘȎ ȟșȡȔȏȎ
ȜȠ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖ ȕȓȚȓȒȓșȟȘȖ ȞȎȗȜțȖ, ȟȞȓȒ ȘȜȖȠȜ, ȘȎȘȠȜ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ
Ȗ ǳȐȑ. ǾȎȒȡȦȓȐ, ȓ ȟȨȧȜ ȞȎȗȜțȨȠ țȎ ȒțȓȦțȎ ǿȓȐȓȞȜȖȕȠȜȥțȎ
ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ. ǻȓȧȜ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ, ȎȐȠȜȞȨȠ ȖȕȠȨȘȐȎ, ȥȓ ȝȞȜȖȕȠȖȥȎȧȎȠȎ
ȜȠ ȟșȡȔȏȎȠȎ Ȑ ȘȜȞȝȡȟȎ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȎ ȝȞȓȘȎȠȓȑȜȞȖȕȎȤȖȭ ȓ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ
ȐȜȒȓȧȖȠȓ ȚȜȠȖȐȖ țȎ ȚțȜȑȜ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖ ȒȎ ȐșȭȕȎȠ Ȑ țȓȑȜȐȖȠȓ
ȞȓȒȜȐȓ Ȗ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȖȟșȭȚȖȕȖȞȎȠ (Radushev 2008, 316 – 317). ǺȎ-
ȟȜȐȜȠȜ ȖȚ ȕȎȟȓșȐȎțȓ ȟȓ ȝȜȒȥȓȞȠȎȐȎ ȜȠ ȕțȎȥȖȠȓșțȖȭ ȖȚ ȝȞȜ-
ȤȓțȠ ȟȝȞȭȚȜ ȜȟȠȎțȎșȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȟȓșȖȧȎ. ǯȓȕ
ȟȨȚțȓțȖȓ ȐȖȟȜȘȎȠȎ ȖȚ ȥȓȟȠȜȠțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ țȎ XVIII ȐȓȘ Ȑ
ȞȓȑȖȜțȖȠȓ, ȜȏȣȐȎțȎȠȖ Ȑ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȨȞȎ, ȕȎȟșȡȔȎȐȎ ȟȎȚȜȟȠȜȭȠȓșțȜ
ȜȏȟȠȜȗțȜ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ Ȗ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȓț ȘȜȚȓțȠȎȞ.
ǮȐȎȞȖȕ ȒȓȢȠȓȞȨȠ ȒȎȐȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȎ ȕȎ țȎșȖȥȖȓȠȜ ȝȜ ȚȓȟȠȎ
țȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ țȎ ȕțȎȠțȖ ȞȜȒȜȐȓ, ȟȥȖȠȎțȖ ȕȎ ȝȜȠȜȚȤȖ ȜȠ
ȢȎȚȖșȖȭȠȎ țȎ ǽȞȜȞȜȘȎ, ȘȎȘȐȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȟȓȗȖȒȖȠȓ10. ǻȎȗ-ȑȜșȭȚ ȓ
ȠȓȣțȖȭȠ ȏȞȜȗ ȜȠțȜȐȜ Ȑ ǾȎȕȑȞȎȒ – 374 ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ, ȟșȓȒȐȎț
ȜȠ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ ȘȎȠȜ ȆȡȚȓț – 104 ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ, Ǿȡȟȓ –
82 ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ, ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ – 19 ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ Ȗ ȝȞ. ȂȎȘȠȨȠ, ȥȓ
180
ȠȜȕȖ ȝȜȥȓȠȓț ȟȠȎȠȡȠ ȟȓ ȓ ȝȞȓȒȎȐȎș ȝȜ ȏȎȧȖțȎ Ȗ ȚȎȗȥȖțȎ șȖ-
țȖȭ, ȝȞȓȒȝȜșȎȑȎ țȎșȖȥȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȜȑȞȜȚȓț ȏȞȜȗ șȖȤȎ, ȝȞȓȠȓț-
ȒȖȞȎȧȖ ȕȎ ȒȎșȓȥțȎ ȞȜȒțȖțȟȘȎ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ǽȞȜȞȜȘȎ. ǸȎȠȜ țȓȑȜ-
ȐȖ ȝȜȥȓȠțȖ ȝȜȠȜȚȤȖ, Ƞȓ ȟȎ ȟȓ ȝȜșȕȐȎșȖ ȟ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȝȞȖȐȖșȓȑȖȖ
Ȗ ȟȎ ȏȖșȖ ȜȏȓȒȖțȓțȖ Ȑ ȘȜȞȝȜȞȎȤȖȭ ȟȨȟ ȟȐȜȭ ȗȓȞȎȞȣȖȭ, ȜȑșȎ-
ȐȭȐȎțȎ ȜȠ Ƞ.țȎȞ. țȎȘȖȏ Ȭș-ȓȦȞȎȢ (Parveva 1998, 164). Ƕȕȟ-
șȓȒȐȎȗȘȖ ȝȜȠȜȚȤȖȠȓ țȎ ǽȞȜȞȜȘȎ Ȑ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ, ȃ.
ǲȔȎțȏȎȘȎș ȜȏȜȟȜȏȭȐȎ ȥȓȠȖȞȖ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ Ȑ ȒȨȞȔȎȐțȎȠȎ ȝȜșȖ-
ȠȖȘȎ ȘȨȚ ȟȓȗȖȒȖȠȓ (Canbakal 2009, 546). ǰȟȓȘȖ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ ȓ ȏȓ-
șȭȕȎț ȜȠ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț țȎ ȘȜțȠȞȜș Ȗ ȟȓȞȠȖȢȖȤȖȞȎțȓ, ȘȜȓ-
ȠȜ ȟȓ ȜȠȞȎȕȭȐȎ țȎ ȏȞȜȭ șȖȤȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȜȢȖȤȖȎșțȜ ȝȞȖȕțȎȠȖ
ȕȎ ȝȜȠȜȚȤȖ țȎ ǽȞȜȞȜȘȎ ȖșȖ ȝȨȘ ȟȎ ȜȏȭȐȓțȖ ȕȎ ȖȕȚȎȚțȖȤȖ.
ǯȓȕ ȟȨȚțȓțȖȓ ȜȏȎȥȓ, ȐȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȜȘȎȕȐȎțȖȭ ȘȜțȠȞȜș, XVII Ȗ ȜȟȜ-
ȏȓțȜ XVIII ȐȓȘ ȟȎ ȟȠȜșȓȠȖȭȠȎ, ȝȞȓȕ ȘȜȖȠȜ Ƞȓ ȒȜȏȖȐȎȠ țȎȗ-
ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȚȎȟȜȐȜȟȠ. ȀȜȐȎ ȒȜ ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț ȓ ȜȏȡȟșȜȐȓțȜ ȜȠ
ȬȞȖȒȖȥȓȟȘȖȠȓ ȖȕȖȟȘȐȎțȖȭ ȕȎ ȒȜȘȎȕȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȜȒȜȏțȜ ȏșȎȑȜ-
ȞȜȒțȜ ȝȜȠȓȘșȜ, ȒȎȐȎȧȖ ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȟȐȜȏȜȒȎ Ȗ ȝȞȎȐȜȚȜȧȖȭ țȎ
ȚȓȟȠțȖȭ ȓșȖȠ. ȂȎȘȠȨȠ, ȥȓ ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȖȠȓ Ȗ ȝȞȖȕțȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ Ȝȏ-
ȧțȜȟȠȠȎ, ȐȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ Ȗ ȡȟȠțȎȠȎ ȠȞȎȒȖȤȖȭ, ȐȖțȎȑȖ ȕȎȓȚȎȠ
ȚțȜȑȜ ȐȎȔțȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ Ȑ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȎ țȎ ȒȜȘȎȕȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȖȕȣȜȒȎ,
ȜȏȭȟțȭȐȎ ȒȜțȭȘȨȒȓ ȠȭȣțȎȠȎ ȚȎȟȜȐȜȟȠ (Canbakal 2009, 551).
ǸȨȚ ȜȠȒȓșțȖȠȓ ȟȓșȖȧȎ ȭȟțȜ ȓ ȜȏȜȕțȎȥȓțȜ Ȗ țȎșȖȥȖȓȠȜ
țȎ șȖȤȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȎțȑȎȔȖȞȎțȖ ȟ ȜȏȟșȡȔȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȚȬȟȬș-
ȚȎțȟȘȖȭ ȘȡșȠ – ȖȚȎȚȖ11, ȣȎȠȖȏȖ12 Ȗ ȚȬȓȕȖțȖ13. ȀȓȣțȖȭȠ
ȏȞȜȗ Ȗ ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓțȖȓ ȟȎ ȟȖȑȡȞțȖ ȝȜȘȎȕȎȠȓșȖ ȕȎ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎ-
ȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȖȟșȭȚȟȘȖȭ ȘȡșȠ ȝȜ ȚȓȟȠȎ. ǶȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭȠ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȨȞ
ȭȟțȜ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎ ȝȜ-ȒȜȏȞȎȠȎ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȓțȜȟȠ ȟ ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖ ȟșȡȔȖȠȓ-
șȖ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖȠȓ ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ, ȜȠȘȜșȘȜȠȜ Ȑ ȟȓșȎȠȎ. ǼȠ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ Ƞȭȣ
ȖȕȝȨȘȐȎȠ ǾȎȕȑȞȎȒ, ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȟșȡȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȖȟșȭȚȟȘȖȭ ȘȡșȠ
ȐȨȕșȖȕȎȠ țȎ 86 ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ, Ȗ Ǿȡȟȓ ȟȨȟ 77 ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ.
ǾȎȕȑșȓȒȎțȖȠȓ ȠȡȘ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȖ țȓ ȖȕȥȓȞȝȐȎȠ ȚțȜȑȜȜȏȞȎȕȖȓȠȜ
ȜȠ ȠȓȚȖ Ȗ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖ. ǿȨ-
ȝȜȟȠȎȐȭțȓȠȜ ȖȚ ȟ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȝȜ ȐȖȒ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȜȠ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ ȖșȖ
ȜȠ ȝȞȓȒȣȜȒțȖ Ȗ ȝȜȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖ ȟȠȜșȓȠȖȭ ȓ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜ,
ȕȎ ȒȎ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȟȓ țȎȝȞȎȐȭȠ ȚțȜȑȜȎȟȝȓȘȠțȖ ȎțȎșȖȕȖ Ȗ ȒȎ ȟȓ
ȝȞȜȟșȓȒȭȠ Ȑ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖȠȓ, ȘȜțȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȖȠȓ Ȗ
ȟȜȤȖȎșțȖ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖ ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȑ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ ȘȎȠȜ ȤȭșȜ,
ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ Ȑ ȜȠȒȓșțȖ țȓȗțȖ ȞȓȑȖȜțȖ.
181
1. ǽȞȓȕ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȏȭȣȎ ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȖ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȠȓȚȎȠȖȥțȖ
ȟȏȜȞțȖȘȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎȠȖȕȖȞȎȠ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȕȎ ȜȠȒȓșțȖ ȞȓȑȖȜ-
țȖ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ: (Andreev, Kalitsin & Mutafova 2009); (Ka-
litsin & Mutafova 2012); (Andreev & Temelski 2018); (Andreev, Ka-
litsin & Mutafova 2019); (Kovachev 2016), (Kovachev 1997) Ȗ ȝȞ.
2. ȂȞȎȑȚȓțȠȎȞțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȠȜȕȖ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȨȞ ȓ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȎ
ȜȠ ȂȖȘȞȓȠ ȃȎȠȖȝȜȑșȡ (Hatipoùlu 2016, 41 – 55), ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ Ȑ ȖȕȟșȓȒ-
ȐȎțȖȭȠȎ țȎ Ǻ. ǸȖȗș (Kiyl 2017).
3. ǺȓȐȘȡȢȎȠ ȘȎșȓȚȖ ȓ ȟșȡȔȏȎ Ȑ ǲȓȢȠȓȞȣȎțȓȠȜ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȡȝȞȎȐșȭȐȎșȎ
ȝȞȖȣȜȒȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȜȟȐȜȏȜȒȓțȖȠȓ ȠȖȚȎȞȖ, ȜȠ ȐȎȘȨȢȖȠȓ Ȗ ȜȠ ȖȕȐȨțȞȓȒțȖ-
Ƞȓ ȒȎțȨȤȖ.
4. ǽȜ-ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȜ ȕȎ ȒȎțȨȘȎ ȎȐȎȞȖȕ ȐȔ. Bowen 1986, 760 – 761.
5. ǰȨȕȝȞȖȓȠȎȠȎ ȜȠ țȎȟ ȝȓȠȥșȓțțȎ ȟȣȓȚȎ ȓ ȕȎȖȚȟȠȐȎțȎ ȜȠ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎ-
țȎȠȎ ȟȣȓȚȎ ȜȠ ȄȐ. ǱȓȜȞȑȖȓȐȎ Ȑ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȓșȖȧțȎȠȎ ȚȞȓȔȎ
țȎ ǻȖȘȜȝȜșȟȘȖ ȟȎțȒȔȎȘ (Georgieva 1999, 71), ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȜȠ ǸȞ. Ǻȡ-
ȠȎȢȜȐȎ Ȑ ȟȏȜȞțȖȘȎ ȟ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȕȎ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ Ȗ ȀȨȞțȜȐȟȘȎ ȘȎȕȎ (Ka-
litsin & Mutafova 2012, 35). Ȁȭ ȓ ȝȞȖșȜȔȓțȎ Ȗ Ȑ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȟȓșȖȧțȎȠȎ ȚȞȓȔȎ țȎ „șȜȐȥȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȜȚȎȤȖ“ (Mutafova 2013).
6. Baübakanlık Osmanlı Arüivi – ústanbul, ȀȀ.d 771.
7. ǻȎȤȖȜțȎșțȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ „ǿȐ. ȟȐ. ǸȖȞȖș Ȗ ǺȓȠȜȒȖȗ“, ǼȞȖȓțȠȎș-
ȟȘȖ ȜȠȒȓș, ǼǮǸ 13/60.
8. BOA – ústanbul, ȀȀ.d 2913, ȟ. 129.
9. ǯȜȟțȓțȟȘȜȠȜ ȖȕȘșȬȥȓțȖȓ ȟȓ ȟȨȟȠȜȖ Ȑ ȠȜȐȎ, ȥȓ ȟȡșȠȎț ǺȓȣȚȓȒ II
(1451 – 1481) ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎ țȎ ȟȖțȜȐȓȠȓ țȎ ȜȏȞȨȧȓțȤȖȠȓ Ȑ ǯȜȟțȎ ȒȎ
ȏȨȒȎȠ ȐȘșȬȥȓțȖ Ȑ ȘȜȞȝȡȟȎ țȎ ȓțȖȥȎȞȖȠȓ.
10. ǿȓȗȖȒ ȓ ȠȖȠșȎ, ȡȝȜȠȞȓȏȭȐȎțȎ ȕȎ ȝȜȠȜȚȤȖ ȜȠ ȢȎȚȖșȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȜ-
ȞȜȘȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȞȖțȎȒșȓȔȎșȖ ȘȨȚ ȘșȎțȎ Hashimid. ǻȎȟșȓȒțȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ
ǺȜȣȎȚȓȒȜȐȖȭ ȐțȡȘ ȃȎȟȎț ȟȓ țȎȞȖȥȎșȖ ȦȓȞȖȢȖ, Ȏ ȝȜȠȜȚȤȖȠȓ țȎ Ȑțȡ-
ȘȎ Țȡ ȃȬȟȓȖț – ȟȓȗȖȒȖ (ȓȟȟȓȗȖȒȖ). Ȁȓ ȏȖșȖ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȖȞȎțȖ Ȑ ȘȜȞȝȜȞȎ-
ȤȖȭ, Ȑ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȐșȖȕȎșȖ ȟȎȚȜ ȝȞȖ ȡȟșȜȐȖȓ, ȥȓ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȒȜȘȎȔȎȠ ȝȜ ȕȎ-
ȘȜțȜȐ ȝȨȠ ȝȞȜȖȕȣȜȒȎ ȟȖ. ǿȝȓȤȖȎșțȜ șȖȤȓ (țȎȘȖȏ-Ȭș ȓȦȞȎȢ) ȟșȓȒȭșȜ
ȕȎ ȟȝȎȕȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȓȣțȖȠȓ ȝȞȎȐȎ Ȗ ȖȕȒȎȐȎșȜ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȖȠȓ ȟȓȞȠȖȢȖ-
ȘȎȠȖ (Radushev, Ivanova & Kovachev 2003, 334). ǰȨȝȞȜȟȖȠȓ ȜȠțȜȟțȜ
ȝȞȜȖȕȣȜȒȎ Ȗ ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȓȗȖȒȖȠȓ Ȑ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ
ȟȎ ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȜ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖ Ȑ ȘțȖȑȎȠȎ țȎ Ǿ. ǸȨșȨȥ (Kılıç 2005).
11. ǶȚȎȚȨȠ ȓ ȐȨȞȣȜȐȓț țȜȟȖȠȓș țȎ ȒȡȣȜȐțȎȠȎ Ȗ ȟȐȓȠȟȘȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ Ȑ
ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ; ȒȡȣȜȐȓț ȟșȡȔȖȠȓș Ȑ ȒȔȎȚȖȭ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȞȨ-
ȘȜȐȜȒȖ ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖȠȓ ȞȖȠȡȎșȖ.
12. ȃȎȠȖȏ – șȖȤȓ, ȞȨȘȜȐȜȒȓȧȜ ȝȓȠȨȥțȎȠȎ ȚȜșȖȠȐȎ, ȝȞȜȖȕțȎȟȭȧȜ
ȒȐȓ ȝȡȏșȖȥțȖ ȞȓȥȖ, țȎȞȓȥȓțȖ „ȣȡȠȏȎ“, ȟ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȐȨȕȣȐȎșȭȐȎ Ǯș-
182
șȎȣ, ȏșȎȑȜȟșȎȐȭ ȟȓ ȝȞȜȞȜȘȨȠ ǺȜȣȎȚȓȒ, ȟȓȚȓȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ Ȗ ȟȝȜȒȐȖȔțȖ-
ȤȖȠȓ Țȡ Ȗ țȎȘȞȎȭ Ȗ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ, țȎȥȓșȜ ȟ ȠȓȣțȖȭ ȟȡȐȓȞȓț
(ȣȭșȖȢ, ȟȡșȠȎț). ǽȜ ȠȜȕȖ țȎȥȖț ȣȎȠȖȏȨȠ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȐȞȨȧȎ Ȑ ȜȢȖȤȖȎșȓț
ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓș țȎ ȐșȎȟȠȐȎȧȖȭ ȟȡșȠȎț Ȗ ȓȒȖțȟȠȐȓțȜ ȠȜȗ ȓ țȎȕțȎȥȎ-
ȐȎț ȟ ȒȓȘȞȓȠ – “ȣȎȠ-Ȗ ȣȡȚȎȬț“, ȝȜȒȝȖȟȎț șȖȥțȜ ȜȠ țȓȑȜ.
13. ǺȬȓȕȕȖț – ȒȡȣȜȐțȜ șȖȤȓ, ȝȞȖȕȜȐȎȐȎȧȜ ȜȠ ȚȖțȎȞȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȔȎȚȖ-
ȭȠȎ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȚȜșȖȠȐȎ Ȑ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖ ȥȎȟȜȐȓ ȜȠ Ȓȓțȭ. ȀȜȗ
ȟȨȧȜ ȠȎȘȎ ȝȞȜȖȕțȎȟȭ ȚȜșȖȠȐȖ Ȗ ȖȕȝȨșțȭȐȎ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȝȜȚȜȧțȖ
ȢȡțȘȤȖȖ ȝȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȝȓȠȨȥțȜȠȜ ȏȜȑȜȟșȡȔȓțȖȓ.
ǮțȒȞȓȓȐ, ǿȠ., ǸȎșȖȤȖț, Ǻ. & ǺȡȠȎȢȜȐȎ, ǸȞ., 2009. ǶȕȐȜȞȖ ȕȎ Ȗȟ-
ȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȑȞȎȒ ǼȚȡȞȠȎȑ. 1. ǰȓșȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ: ȂȎȏȓȞ.
ǮțȒȞȓȓȐ, ǿȠ., ǸȎșȖȤȖț, Ǻ. & ǺȡȠȎȢȜȐȎ, ǸȞ., 2019. ǽȞȎȐȜȟșȎȐțȖ
ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȖ țȎ ǯȎșȘȎțȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȕ XVII – XVIII ȐȓȘ. ǰȓșȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ:
ǮȏȎȑȎȞ.
ǮțȒȞȓȓȐ, ǿȠ. & ȀȓȚȓșȟȘȖ, ȃȞ., 2018. ǽȜȒȏȞȎțȖ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡ-
ȚȓțȠȖ ȕȎ ǿȓȐșȖȓȐȜ Ȗ ǿȓȐșȖȓȐȟȘȎ ȘȎȕȎ. ǿȓȐșȖȓȐȜ: Ǻ-ǽȞȓȟ.
ǱȓȜȞȑȖȓȐȎ, ȄȐ., 1999. ǽȞȜȟȠȞȎțȟȠȐȜ Ȗ ȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȟȠȐȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎ-
ȞȖȠȓ ȃV – ȃVII ȐȓȘ. ǿȜȢȖȭ – ǹȖȘ.
ǱȞȜȕȒȎțȜȐȎ, ǳș., 1989. ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ țȎȞȜȒțȜȟȠ ȝȞȓȕ ȃVII ȐȓȘ.
ǲȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȜ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǻȎȡȘȎ Ȗ ȖȕȘȡȟȠȐȜ.
ǸȎșȖȤȖț, Ǻ. & ǺȡȠȎȢȜȐȎ, ǸȞ., 2012. ǽȜȒȏȞȎțȖ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡ-
ȚȓțȠȖ ȕȎ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ Ȗ ȀȨȞțȜȐȟȘȎ ȘȎȕȎ (ȐȠȜȞȜ ȝȞȓȞȎȏȜȠȓțȜ Ȗ ȒȜȝȨș-
țȓțȜ ȖȕȒȎțȖȓ). ǰȓșȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ: ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȜ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ „ǿȐ.
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țȖ țȎ ȃV Ȑ. ǽȞȓȐȜȒ Ȗ ȘȜȚȓțȠȎȞ țȎ țȜȐȜȜȠȘȞȖȠ ȠȖȚȎȞȟȘȖ ȜȝȖȟ
ȜȠ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȎȠȎ ȥȓȠȐȨȞȠ țȎ ȃV Ȑ., ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎț Ȑ ǻȎȞȜȒțȎȠȎ ȏȖȏ-
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ȕȎ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȜ-ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ, ȖȟȠȜȞȖȘȜ-ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȜȠȜ, ȐȜȓțțȜȎȒ-
183
ȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȜȠȜ Ȗ ȝȜȟȓșȖȧțȜ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ țȎ ǻȖȘȜȝȜșȟȘȖ ȟȎțȒȔȎȘ
ȝȞȓȕ ȃVǥ Ȑ. ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȭȠ ȦȓȟȠțȎȒȓȟȓȠȖ ȐȓȘ. ǿȏȜȞțȖȘ ȟ ȒȜȘșȎȒȖ
ȕȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧȎ Ȗ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ ȝȞȓȕ ȃVǥ Ȑ. ǿȜȢȖȭ, 17
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șȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖ – ȞȓȦȖȠȓșȓț ȠșȎȟȨȘ Ȑ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȨș-
ȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȟȚȎțȖȟȠȖȘȎ. ǱȜȒȖȦțȖȘ țȎ ǶȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖȭ ȢȎȘȡșȠȓȠ, 2018.
2 (1). ǰȓșȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ: ȁǶ „ǿȐ. ǿȐ. ǸȖȞȖș Ȗ ǺȓȠȜȒȖȗ“, 303 – 324.
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ǸȡșȠȡȞțȎ Ȗ ȚȓȒȖȤȖțȟȘȎ ȎțȠȞȜȝȜșȜȑȖȭ. ǿȏ. ǰ ȥȓȟȠ țȎ ȝȞȜȢ.
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ȎȞȣȖȐȖ țȎ ǾȓȝȡȏșȖȘȎ ȀȡȞȤȖȭ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǻȎȤȖȜțȎșțȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ
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Registers. Sofia.
AN OTTOMAN REGISTER
FROM THE MID-18TH CENTURY AS A SOURCE
FOR THE DEMOGRAPHIC AND CONFESSIONAL
HISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN BULGARIA
Abstract: The paper aims to present an unpublished Ottoman
document: detailed avariz defter, compiled in 1751 and preserved in
the Ottoman archive in Istanbul. It is one of the few such registers,
dating from the 18th century and this makes it a valuable source for
186
the history of Central North and Northeast Bulgaria. In addition the
paper deals with the main topics that the said register allows to be
studied. These are the settlement network and administrative
organization, the social structure of the population, etc. The author
provides examples which reveal some of the most significant changes
in this region: the change in the confessional structure and the popu-
lation decline.
Keywords: avariz defter, 18th century, demography, religion,
Northeastern Bulgaria.
Nevena Nedelcheva, PhD, chief curator
History Museum of Popovo, 97 Bulgaria str.
E-mail address: nedelceva.nst@gmail.com
187
ǲǮ ǽǼȀȈǾǿǶȆ ǽǾǳǽǶȀǮǻǶǳ
ǰ ǲǼǯǾȁǲǴǮ ǽǾǳǵ XIX ǰǳǸ
ǽȞȜȢ. Ȓ-Ȟ ǿȠȜȭțȘȎ ǸȓțȒȓȞȜȐȎ
ǻȎȤȖȜțȎșțȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ „ǿȐ. ȟȐ. ǸȖȞȖș Ȗ ǺȓȠȜȒȖȗ“
ǾȓȕȬȚȓ: ǰ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȎțȎșȖȕȖȞȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȕȎ ȑȞȎȒ

ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ/ǯȎȏȎȒȎȨ (ǿȓȐȓȞțȎ ǲȜȏȞȡȒȔȎ, ǾȡȚȨțȖȭ), ȘȜȭȠȜ țȖ ȝȞȓȒȜȟ-
ȠȎȐȭȠ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȜȠȡȞȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ, ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȖ Ȑ
ȜȠȒȓș „ǼȞȖȓțȠȎșȟȘȖ ȟȏȖȞȘȖ“ țȎ ǻȎȤȖȜțȎșțȎȠȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ „ǿȐ.
ǿȐ. ǸȖȞȖș Ȗ ǺȓȠȜȒȖȗ“. ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȜȠ 60-Ƞȓ Ȗ 70-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ
XIX ȐȓȘ Ȗ ȟȓ ȜȠțȎȟȭȠ ȕȎ 148 ȒȡȦȖ (ȑȞȎȒȖțȎȞȖ, ȜȐȥȎȞȖ, ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȖ,
șȖȤȎ, ȕȎȓȠȖ Ȑ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȖȭȠȎ, Ȗ ȜȏȧȖ ȞȎȏȜȠțȖȤȖ) ȜȠ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȘȞȎȖȧȎ
țȎ ǯȎșȘȎțȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȠȨȞȟȭȠ ȝȞȓȝȖȠȎțȖȓ Ȑ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ. ǼȏȨȞțȎȠȜ ȓ
ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓ Ȗ țȎ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȚȓȟȠȜȝȞȜȖȕȣȜȔȒȓțȖȓ, țȎȞȜȒțȜȟȠ, ȑȜȒȖȦȓț
ȒȜȣȜȒ Ȗ ȞȎȕȚȓȞ țȎ ȝșȎȠȓțȖȭ ȒȎțȨȘ ȠȓȚȓȠȡȎȠ.
ǸșȬȥȜȐȖ ȒȡȚȖ: ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ, ǲȜȏȞȡȒȔȎ, Yabancı esnaf ruhsatiye
tezkiresi, ȒȎțȨȘ ȠȓȚȓȠȡȎȠ.
ǰȜȗțȖȠȓ ȚȓȔȒȡ ǾȡȟȖȭ Ȗ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȨȞ-

ȐȎȠȎ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ, ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ ȠȎȕȖ ȜȠ 1828 – 1829 ȑ.,
ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȐȎȠ ȚȎȟȜȐȎ ȓȚȖȑȞȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ
ȘȨȚ ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȖȠȓ țȎ ȟȓȐȓȞ Ȗ ȟȓȐȓȞȜȖȕȠȜȘ ȜȠ Ȟ. ǲȡțȎȐ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ
țȎȚȖȞȎȠ Ȑ ȝȞȓȒȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȠȓ ȘțȭȔȓȟȠȐȎ (ǰșȎ-
ȣȖȭ/ǰșȎȦȘȜ Ȗ ǺȜșȒȜȐȎ; țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȜȠȡȞȟȘȖ: ǳȢșȭȘ Ȗ ǯȜȑȒȎț) Ȗ
ȌȔțȎ ǾȡȟȖȭ (ȑșȎȐțȜ ǯȓȟȎȞȎȏȖȭ). ǽȜ ȝȞȖȥȖțȖ ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ ȜȠ
ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȜ-ȝȜșȖȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȟȎ țȎ-
ȝȡȟțȎȠȖ ȜȠ 130 000 – 140 000 ȒȡȦȖ, Ȏ ȟȝȜȞȓȒ țȭȘȜȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒ-
ȐȎțȖȭ ȤȖȢȞȎȠȎ ȒȜȟȠȖȑȎ ȒȜ 150 000 ȒȡȦȖ (Muchinov 2013,
99)1. ǰ ȠȎȕȖ ȟȖȠȡȎȤȖȭ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȎ ȝȜșȖȠȖ-
ȘȎ, ȜȞȖȓțȠȖȞȎțȎ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȘȨȚ ȐȞȨȧȎțȓ ȝȜ ȞȜȒțȖȠȓ ȖȚ ȚȓȟȠȎ
țȎ ȓȚȖȑȞȖȞȎșȖȠȓ, țȜ Ȗ țȎ ȕȎȟȓșȐȎțȓ țȎ ȜȏȓȕșȬȒȓțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȟșȎ-
ȏȜ ȜȏȖȠȎȐȎțȖ ȥȎȟȠȖ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȎȠȎ ȞȎȐțȖțȎ, ǲȜȏȞȡȒȔȎ Ȗ
ȀȞȎȘȖȭ ȟ ȝȞȓȟȓșțȖȤȖ ȜȠ ȝȜ-ȑȨȟȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȠȓ ȞȓȑȖȜțȖ, ȘȎȠȜ
ǿȠȎȞȜȝșȎțȖțȟȘȖȭ. ǰ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠ țȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȝȜȟȠȓȝȓțțȜ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȠȖȑȎ
ȐȨȕȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖȭ ȏȎșȎțȟ, ȕȎȟȖșȐȎ ȟȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞ-
188
ȟȘȜȠȜ ȓȠțȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȝȞȖȟȨȟȠȐȖȓ țȎ ȠȓȕȖ ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȖ Ȗ ȟȓ ȒȜȝȞȖțȎ-
ȟȭ ȕȎ ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ ȖȚ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ (Muchinov 2013, 62).
ǻȎȐșȖȕȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞțȜ ȜȞȖȓțȠȖȞȎțȜȠȜ ȓȒȞȜ ȕȓȚȓȐșȎ-
ȒȓțȖȓ, ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȐȜȒțȖȭ ȠȞȎțȟȝȜȞȠ, ȟȠȞȜȓȔȨȠ țȎ ȝȞȖȟ-
ȠȎțȖȧȎ, ȝȨȠȖȧȎ, Ȕȝ șȖțȖȖ, ȐȜȓțțȖ ȘȞȓȝȜȟȠȖ, ȥȎȟȠțȖ Ȗ ȒȞȡ-
ȑȖ ȟȑȞȎȒȖ ȝȜȞȎȔȒȎȠ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜȟȠȠȎ ȜȠ ȒȜȝȨșțȖȠȓșțȎ ȞȎȏȜȠ-
țȎ ȞȨȘȎ Ȑ ǲȜȏȞȡȒȔȎ Ȗ ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎȠ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ ȕȎ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎș-
țȜ ȏșȎȑȜȝȜșȡȥȖȓ. ǽȞȓȕ 60-Ƞȓ – 80-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ ȜȠ
ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȥȎȟȠȖ ța ǯȎșȘȎțȖȠȓ ȘȨȚ ȠȜȕȖ ȞȓȑȖȜț ȟȓ ȜȠȝȞȎȐȭȠ
ȣȖșȭȒȖ ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȖ, ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ, ȟȓșȟȘȜȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖ ȞȎȏȜȠțȖȤȖ,
ȟșȡȑȖ, ȜȏȧȖ Ȗ țȎȓȚțȖ ȞȎȏȜȠțȖȤȖ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȘȎȠȓȑȜȞȖȖ ȣȜȞȎ, ȕȎ
ȒȎ ȠȨȞȟȭȠ ȠȎȚ ȝȞȓȝȖȠȎțȖȓ. ǵȓȚȓȒȓșȤȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȝȞȖȐșȓȥȓțȖ ȜȠ
țȎșȖȥȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȐȜȏȜȒțȎ ȜȏȞȎȏȜȠȐȎȓȚȎ ȝșȜȧ Ȗ ȜȠ ȘȎȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ
țȎ ȕȓȚȭȠȎ. ǵȎ ȔȖȐȜȠțȜȐȨȒȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ ȟȎ ȜȏȦȖȞțȖȠȓ ȝȎ-
ȟȖȧȎ ȝȜ ȟȓȐȓȞțȜȠȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜ ȘȞȎȗȏȞȓȔȖȓ Ȗ ȏșȖȕȜȟȠȠȎ ȒȜ ȑȜ-
șȓȚȖȠȓ ȝȞȖȟȠȎțȖȧțȖ ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ ȘȎȠȜ ȀȡșȥȎ, ǰȎȞțȎ Ȗ ǯȎșȥȖȘ,
ȘȜȖȠȜ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎȠ ȝȜ-ȒȜȏȨȞ ȝșȎȟȚȓțȠ țȎ ȔȖȐȜȠțȖ Ȗ ȔȖȐȜȠȖț-
ȟȘȎ ȝȞȜȒȡȘȤȖȭ (Tonev 1973, 23; Dimitrov, Jechev & Tonev
1988, 116 – 117; Angelova 2013, 119 – 120).
ǻȓ ȟȨȐȟȓȚ ȝȨșțȖȠȓ ȒȎțțȖ ȕȎ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ 1868 – 1870 ȑ. ȝȜ-
ȘȎȕȐȎȠ, ȥȓ ȝȞȜȤȓțȠȨȠ țȎ țȜȐȜȒȜȦșȖȠȓ ȟȝȞȭȚȜ ȕȎȐȎȞȓțȖȠȓ
ȚȓȟȠțȖ ȔȖȠȓșȖ ȓ ȞȎȕșȖȥȓț: ȝȜ-ȕțȎȥȖȠȓșȓț ȓ Ȑ ǸȬȟȠȓțȒȔȎ
(ǸȜțȟȠȎțȤȎ), ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȠȜȗ ȓ 33 %, Ȑ ȃȎȒȔȖȜȑșȡ ǽȎȕȎȞȒȔȨȘ
(ǲȜȏȞȖȥ) ȓ 14,5 %, Ȑ ǿȖșȖȟȠȞȎ – 5,6 %, Ȑ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ – 3 % Ȗ Ƞ.ț.
(Todorov 1972, 349). ǼȟțȜȐțȎȠȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȖȒȐȎ ȜȠ ǿȠȎȞȜȝ-
șȎțȖțȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏșȎȟȠ – ǰȓșȖȘȜȠȨȞțȜȐȟȘȜ, ǸȜȠșȓțȟȘȜ, ǿșȖȐȓțȟ-
ȘȜ, ǱȎȏȞȜȐȟȘȜ Ȗ ǼȚȡȞȠȎȑȟȘȜ (ǼȟȚȎț ȝȎȕȎȞ). ǵțȎȥȖȠȓșȓț ȓ
ȏȞȜȭȠ Ȗ țȎ ȝȞȖȟȠȖȑțȎșȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȀȞȎȘȖȭ – ǽșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȜ, ǼȒȞȖțȟ-
ȘȜ, ǹȜȕȓțȑȞȎȒȟȘȜ (ǸȨȞȘ ǸȖșȖȟȎ, ǸȨȞȘșȎȞȓșȖ). ǻȎ ȠȞȓȠȜ Țȭȟ-
ȠȜ ȟȓ țȎȞȓȔȒȎȠ ȒȜȦșȖȠȓ ȜȠ ǺȎȘȓȒȜțȖȭ Ȗ ȜȠ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȟȓșȖ-
ȧȎ țȎ ǿȓȐȓȞȜȖȕȠȜȥțȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ Ȗ ǲȜȏȞȡȒȔȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȠȨȞȟȭȠ
ȝȞȓȝȖȠȎțȖȓ țȎ țȜȐȖ ȚȓȟȠȎ Ȗ ȟȎ ȕȎȝȖȟȐȎțȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȐȨțȦțȖ șȖȤȎ
(ȭȏȎțȒȔȖȖ) (Dimitrov, Jechev & Tonev 1988, 189).
ǼȟțȜȐțȖ ȖȕȐȜȞȖ ȕȎ ȠȓȕȖ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖ ȟȎ ȟȨȣȞȎțȓțȖȠȓ ȒȜ
Ȓțȓȟ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȜȠȡȞȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎȚȓ
ȐȨȐ ȢȜțȒȎ țȎ ȜȠȒȓș „ǼȞȖȓțȠȎșȟȘȖ ȟȏȖȞȘȖ“ ȝȞȖ ǻȎȤȖȜțȎșțȎ-
ȠȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ „ǿȐ. ǿȐ. ǸȖȞȖș Ȗ ǺȓȠȜȒȖȗ“ (ǻǯǸǺ). ȀȜȐȎ ȟȎ
ȡȒȜȟȠȜȐȓȞȓțȖȭ (tezkire) ȕȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȡȐȎțȖ ȕȎțȎȭȠȖ Ȗ ȖȕȝșȎȠȓț
189
ȒȎțȨȘ ȠȓȚȓȠȡȎȠ, ȡȒȜȟȠȜȐȓȞȓțȖȭ/ȞȎȕȝȖȟȘȖ (ilmühaber),
ȝȖȟȚȎ (mektub), ȚȜșȏȖ (Ȏrzuhal), ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖ (defter) Ȗ ȑȜȒȖȦ-
țȖȤȖ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ (Salname-i Vilayet-i Tuna). ǿȓȞȖ-
ȜȕțȜ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓ țȎ Ƞȭȣ ȜȏȞȨȧȎ ǻȖȘȜșȎȗ ȀȜȒȜȞȜȐ Ȑ ȠȞȡȒȎ ȟȖ
„ǯȎșȘȎțȟȘȖȭȠ ȑȞȎȒ“, ȘȜȓȠȜ Țȡ ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎ ȒȎ țȎȝȞȎȐȖ ȜȏȜȏȧȎ-
ȐȎȧȖ ȖȕȐȜȒȖ ȕȎ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȖȭȠȎ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖ ȐȖșȎȓȠ (Todorov
1972). ǼȏȟȠȜȓț ȎțȎșȖȕ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȀȡșȥȎ, Ȝȟ-
țȜȐȎț ȟȨȧȜ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȜȠȡȞȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȜȠ ȢȜțȒȎ țȎ ǻǯǸǺ,
ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎ țȓȑȜȐȖȭȠ ȟȨȖȚȓțțȖȘ ȘȜșȓȑȎȠȎ ǻȖȘȜșȎȗ ȀȜȒȜȞȜȐ
(Todorov 2021). ǸȜțȘȞȓȠțȜ țȎ ȞȎȕȞȓȦȖȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȡȝȞȎȔțȭ-
ȐȎțȓ țȎ ȕȎțȎȭȠ, ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȓțȖ țȎ șȖȤȎ Ȑ ȜȘȜșȖȭȠȎ (ȘȎȕȎ) ǽȎ-
ȕȎȞȒȔȨȘ (ǲȜȏȞȖȥ) ȝȞȓȕ ȐȠȜȞȎȠȎ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ, ȟȓ ȟȝȖ-
ȞȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȕȎțȠȨȠ ȜȠ ǿȘȜȝȖȓ Ȑ ȘȎȠȓȒȞȎ „ȀȬȞȘȜșȜȑȖȭ Ȗ Ȏș-
ȠȎȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ ȘȨȚ ǿȁ „ǿȐ. ǸșȖȚȓțȠ ǼȣȞȖȒȟȘȖ“ ǻȓȒȔȎȠ ǺȓȣȚȓ-
ȒȜȐȖȥ (Mehmedovich 2017).
ǿșȓȒ ȜȟțȜȐȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖ ȐȖșȎȓȠ ȝȞȓȕ 1864 ȑ.
ȀȡșȥȎ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȤȓțȠȨȞ țȎ ȜȘȞȨȑ (ȟȎțȒȔȎȘ), Ȑ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȐșȖȕȎȠ ȜȘȜ-
șȖȖȠȓ ȀȡșȥȎ, ǸȬȟȠȓțȒȔȎ, ǿȡșȖțȎ, ǺȎȥȖț, ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ, ȃȨȞȟȜȐȜ,
ǺȓȒȔȖȒȖȓ Ȗ ȜȏȧȖțȖȠȓ (țȎȣȖȭ) ǺȎȣȚȡȒȖȓ, ǶȟȎȘȥȎ Ȗ ǸȖșȖȭ
(Todorov 1972, 325; Todorov 2021, 57). ǼȟȐȓț ȕȎ ȑȞȎȒ ȀȡșȥȎ,
ȝȜ-ȑȜșȭȚ ȏȞȜȗ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȐȨȐ ȢȜțȒȎ țȎ ȜȠȒȓș
„ǼȞȖȓțȠȎșȟȘȖ ȟȏȖȞȘȖ“ ȝȜ ȠȓȚȎȠȎ ȟȓ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȖȣȎ Ȗ ȕȎ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ
(ǯȎȏȎȒȎȨ; Babadaùı), ȝȜȞȎȒȖ ȘȜȓȠȜ Ȑ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȜȠȜ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ
ȟȓ ȢȜȘȡȟȖȞȎȚȓ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȟȖȠȡȎȤȖȭȠȎ Ȑ ȠȜȕȖ ȑȞȎȒ, ȘȎȠȜ Ȑ țȭȘȜșȘȜ
ȟșȡȥȎȭ ȟȨȝȜȟȠȎȐȭȚȓ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȕȎ țȓȑȜ ȟ ȠȎȕȖ ȕȎ ȀȡșȥȎ.
ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ ȝȞȓȕ ȐȓȘȜȐȓȠȓ

ǳȐșȖȭ ȅȓșȓȏȖ ȟȨȜȏȧȎȐȎ, ȥȓ ȑȞȎȒȨȠ ȓ ȕȎȐșȎȒȭț ȜȠ ȟȡșȠȎț
ǯȎȭȕȖȒ I (1389 – 1402). ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȝȜ-ȠȜȥțȖȠȓ ȒȎțțȖ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȞȓȑȖ-
ȜțȨȠ țȎ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ ȓ ȜȘȡȝȖȞȎț ȜȠ țȓȑȜ, Ȏ ȘȞȎȗțȜȠȜ ȝȞȖȟȨȓȒȖ-
țȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ ȘȨȚ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȎ ȟȓ ȖȕȐȨȞȦȐȎ
țȎȗ-ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȟșȓȒ 1416 – 1417 ȑ. (Lewis 1986, 842; Aktepȓ
1991, 371 – 372). ǵȎ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȎȕȖ ȑȞȎȒȎ ȜȠ ȑȞȎȏȓȔȖȠȓ Ȗ țȎȝȎ-
ȒȓțȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȘȎȕȎȤȖȠȓ, Ȑ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠ țȎ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ
ȠȡȞȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȑȜ țȎȝȡȟȘȎ Ȗ ȚȖȑȞȖȞȎ țȎ Ȭȑ, ȟȡșȠȎț Ǻȡ-
ȞȎȒ IV (1623 – 1640) ȕȎȝȜȐȭȒȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȖ ȘȞȓȝȜȟȠ țȎ
ȡȒȜȏțȜ ȐȖȟȜȘȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ. ǸȜȑȎȠȜ ȜȏȎȥȓ ǳȐșȖȭ ȅȓșȓȏȖ ȭ ȝȜȟȓȧȎȐȎ
(ȜȘ. 1652 ȑ.), ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎ, ȥȓ ȟȎ ȖȕȒȖȑțȎȠȖ ȟȎȚȜ ȜȟțȜȐȖȠȓ Ȗ
190
ȘȡșȖȠȓ ȖЉ. ǽȞȓȕ XVII ȐȓȘ Ȑ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ ȟȓ ȘȜțȤȓțȠȞȖȞȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟ-
ȘȎȠȎ ȎȞȚȖȭ, țȎȟȜȥȖșȎ ȟȓ țȎ ȟȓȐȓȞ ȘȨȚ ǽȜșȦȎ Ȗ ǾȡȟȖȭ, ȘȎȠȜ
ȝȞȓȕ ȐȜȗțȖȠȓ ȑȞȎȒȨȠ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȐȞȨȧȎ Ȑ ȕȖȚȓț șȎȑȓȞ țȎ ȐȓșȖȘȖȭ
ȐȓȕȖȞ. ǽȞȓȕ 1809 ȑ., ȝȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ǾȡȟȘȜ-ȠȡȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȐȜȗțȎ ȜȠ
1806 – 1812 ȑ., ȠȜȗ ȓ ȜȘȡȝȖȞȎț ȜȠ ȞȡȟȘȖȭ ȑȓțȓȞȎș ǽȜȕȜȞȜȐȟȘȖ.
ǰȨȞțȎȠ ȓ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȎ ȝȞȓȕ 1812 ȑ. (Lewis 1986,
843; Aktepȓ 1991, 372).
ǳȐșȖȭ ȅȓșȓȏȖ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ ȘȎȠȜ ȝȞȜȤȨȢȠȭȐȎȧ
ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ȟ 3000 ȓȒțȜȓȠȎȔțȖ ȕȒȎțȖȭ, 390 ȒȬȘȭțȎ (țȜ
ȏȓȕ ȕȎȘȞȖȠ ȝȎȕȎȞ – ȏȓȕȖȟȠȓț) Ȗ ȚțȜȑȜ ȑȞȎȒȖțȖ. ȀȜȗ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎ-
ȐȎ Ȗ ȕȎ ȠȞȖ ȒȔȎȚȖȖ: ȁșȡ ȒȔȎȚȖȭ, ȝȜȟȠȞȜȓțȎ ȜȠ ǯȎȭȕȖȒ II
(1481 – 1512) Ȑ ȏșȖȕȜȟȠ ȒȜ ȠȓȘȘȓȠȜ țȎ ǿȎȞȨ ǿȎșȠȡȘ, ǮșȖ ȝȎ-
ȦȎ ȒȔȎȚȖȭ, ȞȎȕȝȜșȜȔȓțȎ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ, Ȗ ǲȓȢȠȓȞȒȎȞ ǲȓȞȐȖȦ
ȝȎȦȎ ȒȔȎȚȖȭ. ǼȝȖȟȎțȖȓȠȜ Țȡ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎ ȠȞȖ ȏȎțȖ (hammam)
Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ 70 ȥȎȟȠțȖ ȠȎȘȖȐȎ, țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȚȓȟȒȔȖȒȎ, ȠȞȖ ȚȓȒȞȓȟȓȠȎ
(ȒȡȣȜȐțȖ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ), 20 ȝȨȞȐȜțȎȥȎșțȖ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ ȕȎ ȚȜȚȥȓȠȎ,
ȜȟȓȚ ȣȎțȎ, ȜȟȓȚ ȘȎȢȓțȓȠȎ Ȗ 11 ȒȓȞȐȖȦȘȖ ȜȏȖȠȓșȖ (tekke),
ȚȓȔȒȡ ȘȜȖȠȜ țȎȗ-ȑȜșȭȚȜȠȜ ȓ ȠȜȐȎ țȎ ǿȎȞȨ ǿȎșȠȡȘ. ȀȜȗ ȟȝȓ-
ȤȖȎșțȜ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎ, ȥȓ ȝȜȐȓȥȓȠȜ ȒȬȘȭțȖ ȟȎ șȎȠȖțȟȘȖ Ȗ Ȑ Ƞȭȣ
ȟȓ ȝȞȜȒȎȐȎȠ ȝșȎȠȜȐȓ (ȟȡȘțȜ); ȜȠȒȓșțȜ ȖȚȎ ȚȎȑȎȕȖțȖ ȕȎ șȨȘȜ-
Ȑȓ Ȗ ȟȠȞȓșȖ. ǻȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȔȒȎșȜ ȜȟțȜȐțȜ ȑȞȜȕȒȓ, ȏȭș
ȣșȭȏ, ȘȖȟȓșȜ ȚșȭȘȜ Ȗ ȦȖȞȎ, ȝȞȓȒȝȜȥȖȠȎțȎ țȎȝȖȠȘȎ ȜȠ ȠȎȠȎ-
ȞȖȠȓ Ȗ ȚțȜȑȜ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȎ (Lewis 1986, 842; ǳvliya Chelebi 1909,
678 – 679).
ǰ ȚțȜȑȜȠȜȚțȎȠȎ ȟȖ ȑȓȜȑȞȎȢȖȭ țȎ ȟȐȓȠȎ ȒȐȎȚȎȠȎ ȎȞȚȓțȟȘȖ
ȎȐȠȜȞȖ ȃȡȑȎȟ ǶțȒȔȓȒȔȖȭț (1758 – 1833) Ȗ ǿȠȓȝȎțȜȟ ǮȑȜțȤ
(1740 – 1824) ȟȨȧȜ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȐȎȠ ȕȎ ȟȠȞȓșȖ, ȖȕȞȎȏȜȠȓțȖ ȜȠ ȝȓ-
ȞȎȠȎ țȎ ȜȑȞȜȚțȖȠȓ ȜȞșȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȔȖȐȓȭȠ Ȑ ȞȎȗȜțȎ țȎ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ,
Ȗ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȠȎȠȎȞȖȠȓ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎȠ ȕȎ șȨȘȜȐȓȠȓ ȟȖ. ȄȓțȎȠȎ ȖȚ țȎ
ȝȎȕȎȞȎ ȓ ȒȜȟȠȎ ȐȖȟȜȘȎ Ȗ ȚțȜȑȜ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ ȝȓȥȓșȭȠ ȒȜȏȞȓ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ
(Patepisi 1984, 137). ȀȜȐȎ ȐȝȓȥȎȠșȓțȖȓ ȟȓ ȟȝȜȒȓșȭ Ȗ ȜȠ ǺȖțȎȟ
ǽȨȔȨȦȘȭț (1777 – 1851), ȘȜȗȠȜ ȜȏȎȥȓ țȓ ȝȞȜȝȡȟȘȎ ȒȎ ȜȠȏȓ-
șȓȔȖ Ȗ 20 ȎȞȚȓțȟȘȖ ȘȨȧȖ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ „ǰȎȞȎȘȎ ȃȎȥ“
(ȝȜ-ȝȞȎȐȖșțȜ „ǿȡȞȝ ȃȎȥ“; „ǿȐ. ǸȞȨȟȠ“) (Patepisi 1984, 185).
ǵȎ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȖȭȠȎ Ȝȧȓ ȝȞȓȕ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ țȎ XVI
ȐȓȘ ȒȜȝȞȖțȎȟȭȠ Ȗ ȒȡȏȞȜȐțȖȦȘȖȠȓ ȘȜșȜțȖȖ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ
ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓ ȝȜ ǲȡțȎȐ, ȥȖȗȠȜ ȑșȎȐȓț ȤȓțȠȨȞ ȓ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ. ȀȡȘ Ƞȓ
ȖȚȎȠ Ȗ ȟȐȜȭ ȓțȜȞȖȭ, Ȏ ȟȐȓȧȓțȖȘȨȠ ȖЉ ȝȜȟȓȧȎȐȎ ǶȟȎȘȥȎ, Ƕȕ-
191
ȚȎȖș (ȁȘȞȎȗțȎ), ȀȡșȥȎ, ǯȓțȒȓȞ Ȗ ǸȖșȖȭ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȟșȡȔȖ șȖȠȡȞ-
ȑȖȭ țȎ ȠȎȚȜȦțȖȠȓ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ (Irechek 1978, 492).
ǿȐȓȒȓțȖȭȠȎ ȕȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȜȠȜ Țȡ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ ȟȓ ȒȜȝȨșȐȎȠ Ȗ ȜȠ
țȓȚȟȘȖȭ ȝȨȠȓȦȓȟȠȐȓțȖȘ ǺȎȞȠȖț ǱȞȬțȓȐȓȑ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȝȞȓȕ 1582
ȑ. ȜȝȖȟȐȎ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ ȘȎȠȜ ȒȜȟȠȎ ȣȡȏȎȐ ȑȞȎȒ ȟ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȕȖȒȎțȖ
ȒȔȎȚȖȖ, ȘȎȚȓțțȖ ȚȜȟȠȜȐȓ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȟȑȞȎȒȖ. ȀȡȘ ȟȓ ȘȡȝȡȐȎȠ
ȐȞȨȧȎțȖ ȟȠȜȘȖ, ȘȎȠȜ ȟȎȝȡț, ȝȎȚȡȘ, ȞȜȕȜȐȜ ȚȎȟșȜ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ, ȝȜ-
ȞȎȒȖ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȐȟȖȥȘȜ ȓ ȓȐȠȖțȜ Ȗ ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎ Ȑ ȒȜȟȠȎȠȨȥțȜ ȘȜșȖ-
ȥȓȟȠȐȜ. ǱȞȎȒȨȠ ȓ ȞȎȕȝȜșȜȔȓț ȝȜȒ ȐȖȟȜȘȜ ȐȨȕȐȖȦȓțȖȓ, țȎȐȟȭ-
ȘȨȒȓ ȝȜȘȞȖȠȜ ȟ șȜȕȭ, Ȏ ȜȘȜșțȜȟȠȖȠȓ – ȟ ȚțȜȑȜ ȑȞȎȒȖțȖ.
(Patepisi 1979, 393). ȆȜȠșȎțȒȟȘȖȭȠ șȬȏȖȠȓș țȎ ȝȨȠȓȦȓȟȠȐȖȭ
ǲȔȜț ǯȓș (1763 – 1780) ȟȨȧȜ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ ȘȎȠȜ ȑȜșȭȚ
ȑȞȎȒ, ȞȎȕȝȜșȜȔȓț Ȑ ȝȞȓȘȞȎȟțȎ ȒȜșȖțȎ, ȕȎȜȏȖȘȜșȓțȎ ȟ ȣȨșȚȜ-
Ȑȓ. ǼȠ Ƞȭȣ Ȑ ȖȕȠȜȥțȎ ȝȜȟȜȘȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎ ȝȞȓȘȞȎȟțȎ ȑșȓȒȘȎ ȟ
ȥȡȒȓȟȓț ȖȕȑșȓȒ ȘȨȚ ȅȓȞțȜ ȚȜȞȓ (Patepisi 1987, 304).
ǽȜȟȜȥȓțȖȠȓ ȜȝȖȟȎțȖȭ, ȝȜȥȖȐȎȧȖ țȎ șȖȥțȖȠȓ ȐȝȓȥȎȠșȓ-
țȖȭ țȎ ȝȨȠȓȦȓȟȠȐȓțȖȤȖȠȓ, ȜȥȓȞȠȎȐȎȠ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȘȎȠȜ
ȐȎȔțȜ ȐȜȓțțȜȟȠȞȎȠȓȑȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ, țȜ Ȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȑȞȎȒ ȟ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȎ
ȠȨȞȑȜȐȖȭ, ȜȏȘȞȨȔȓț ȜȠ ȣȨșȚȜȐȓ ȟ șȜȕȜȐȖ țȎȟȎȔȒȓțȖȭ. Ǽȧȓ
ȝȜ-ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȖ ȒȎțțȖ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȠ ǱȜȒȖȦțȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ
ȐȖșȎȓȠ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȖ Ȗ ȕȎ ȟȠȎȠȖȟȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȠȎȏșȖȤȖ
(Todorov-Hindalov 1930, 270 – 273).
ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ǱȜȒȖȦțȖȘȎ ȕȎ 1291 ȑ. ȝȜ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȖȭ ȘȎșȓț-
ȒȎȞ (ȣȖȒȔȞȖ), ȘȜȭȠȜ ȜȠȑȜȐȎȞȭ țȎ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ 18 ȢȓȐȞȡȎȞȖ 1874 –
6 ȢȓȐȞȡȎȞȖ 1875 ȑ. ȝȜ ǱȞȖȑȜȞȖȎțȟȘȖȭ ȘȎșȓțȒȎȞ, ȜȘȜșȖȭȠȎ
ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ ȜȏȣȐȎȧȎ 57 ȟȓșȎ ȟ Ȝȏȧ ȏȞȜȗ țȎ ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎȠȎ (ȣȎțȓ)
57212, Ȏ ȏȞȜȭȠ țȎ ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎȠȎ Ȑ ȟȎȚȖȭ ȑȞȎȒ ȕȎ ȑȜȒȖ-
țȖȠȓ 1285 (1868 – 1869), 1288 (1871 – 1872) Ȗ 1289 (1872 –
1873) ȓ 809. ǰ ȘȎȕȎȠȎ ȝȞȓȜȏșȎȒȎȐȎ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ
– 15 016 ȒȡȦȖ, ȒȜȘȎȠȜ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȜȠȜ ȓ ȜȏȧȜ 4756 ȒȡȦȖ. ǵȎ
ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȕȎțȎȭȠȖȠȓ Ȗ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȖȭȠȎ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ ȟȝȜȚȎȑȎȠ 14
ȚȎȑȎȕȖțȎ (ȕȎ 1285 ȑ. ȟȎ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȎțȖ 168 ȒȬȘȭțȎ), ȜȟȓȚ ȢȡȞ-
țȖ/ȣșȓȏȜȝȓȘȎȞțȖ, ȝȓȠ ȞȎȏȜȠȖșțȖȤȖ ȕȎ ȧȎȐȓțȓ țȎ ȘȜȔȎ (tab-
bakhane, debbaghane), 15 ȘȞȨȥȚȖ Ȗ ȓȒțȜ ȘȎȕȖțȜ, 20 ȚȓșțȖ-
ȤȖ/ȐȜȒȓțȖȤȖ, ȓȒțȎ ȢȎȏȞȖȘȎ Ȗ ȓȒȖț ȣȎț, Ȏ ȣȖȑȖȓțȎȠȎ țȎ țȎ-
ȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ ȓ ȜȏȓȕȝȓȥȓțȎ ȜȠ ȠȞȖ ȏȎțȖ. ǰȜȓțțȎȠȎ ȜȠȏȞȎțȎ ȟȓ
ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎ ȜȠ ȓȒțȜ ȎȞȠȖșȓȞȖȗȟȘȜ ȡȘȞȓȝșȓțȖȓ. ǰ ȑȞȎȒȎ ȢȡțȘ-
ȤȖȜțȖȞȎ Ȗ ȝȜȧȓțȟȘȜ-ȠȓșȓȑȞȎȢțȎ ȟȠȎțȤȖȭ. ȃȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȖȠȓ
192
ȝȞȎȕțȖȤȖ Ȗ ȞȖȠȡȎșȖ ȟȓ ȝȞȜȐȓȔȒȎȠ Ȑ ȠȞȖ ȤȨȞȘȐȖ, Ȏ ȚȬȟȬș-
ȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ – Ȑ ȒȐȓ ȒȔȎȚȖȖ (ȕȎ 1285 ȑ. ȟȎ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȎțȖ ȠȞȖ), ȓȒțȜ
ȠȓȘȘȓ Ȗ ȓȒțȜ ȠȬȞȏȓ. ǼȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ ȓ ȝȜȒȟȖȑȡȞȓțȜ ȥȞȓȕ ȓȒțȜ
ȚȓȒȞȓȟȓ, Ȏ ȞȬȦȒȖȗȓȠȜ (ȠȡȞȟȘȎ ȝȞȜȑȖȚțȎȕȖȭ) ȓ ȝȜȟȓȧȎȐȎțȜ ȜȠ
67 ȡȥȓțȖȤȖ, ȘȎȠȜ ȕȎ 1293 ȑ. (1876 – 1877) Ƞȓ Ȑȓȥȓ ȟȎ 80. Ǽȏȡ-
ȥȓțȖȓȠȜ ȖȚ ȓ ȐȨȕșȜȔȓțȜ țȎ ȒȐȎȚȎ ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎȠȓșȖ (muallim)
Ȗ țȎ ȓȒȖț ȡȥȖȠȓș ȝȜ ȎȞȎȏȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȖȟȚȜ „ȞȖȘȎ“. ǿȨȧȓȐȞȓȚȓțțȜ
ȏȞȜȭȠ țȎ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȚȜȚȥȓȠȎ Ȑ ȟȓșȎȠȎ ȟȓ ȒȐȖȔȖ ȚȓȔȒȡ 75
Ȗ 77.
ǽȞȓȕ 70-Ƞȓ – 80-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ ȃIȃ ȐȓȘ ȑȞȎȒȨȠ, ȝȜȒȜȏțȜ țȎ
ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖȠȓ ȒȜȏȞȡȒȔȎțȟȘȖ ȟȓșȖȧȎ, ȝȞȖȐșȖȥȎ ȝȞȓȟȓșțȖȤȖ ȜȠ
ȒȞȡȑȖ ȥȎȟȠȖ țȎ ǯȎșȘȎțȖȠȓ, țȜ Ȑ ȘȎȘȐȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț Ƞȓ ȟȝȜȟȜȏȟȠȐȎȠ
ȕȎ ȜȢȜȞȚȭțȓ ȜȏșȖȘȎ Țȡ țȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȖ Ȗ ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ
Ȗ ȝȜȐșȖȭȐȎȠ țȎ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȎȠȎ Țȡ ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȎ, ȧȓ ȟȓ ȜȝȖȠȎȚȓ
ȒȎ ȞȎȕȘȞȖȓȚ ȥȞȓȕ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȓțȖȠȓ ȜȠ țȎȟ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ.
ȀȜȐȎ ȟȎ 147 ȞȎȕȞȓȦȖȠȓșțȖ ȕȎ ȡȝȞȎȔțȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȕȎțȎȭȠ ȕȎ
șȖȤȎ, ȝȞȖțȎȒșȓȔȎȧȖ ȘȨȚ ȥȡȔȒ ȓȟțȎȢ (yabancı esnaf
ruhsatiye tezkiresi)3, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȡȒȜȟȠȜȐȓȞȭȐȎȠ ȖȕȝșȎȧȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȒȎțȨȘȎ ȠȓȚȓȠȡȎȠ ȕȎ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȎ ȑȜȒȖțȎ, ȘȨȚ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȜȏȎȐȭ-
Țȓ Ȗ ȓȒțȜ ȝȖȟȚȜ (mektub)4. ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȒȎȠȖȞȎȠ ȜȠ ȑȜȒȖ-
țȖȠȓ 1869 – 1871, 1875 – 1876 Ȗ 1877. ǼȠȞȎȕȓțȖ ȟȎ Ȑ ȎțȜȠȖ-
ȞȎț ȐȖȒ Ȑ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȖȭ „ǼȝȖȟ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȜȠȡȞȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ
ȕȎ ȕȎțȎȭȠȖ Ȗ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȖȭ“ (Andreev 1993).
ǿȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȎ Ȗ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ țȎ ǾȎȕȞȓȦȖȠȓșțȖȠȓ

ȕȎ ȡȝȞȎȔțȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȕȎțȎȭȠ ȕȎ șȖȤȎ,
ȝȞȖțȎȒșȓȔȎȧȖ ȘȨȚ ȥȡȔȒ ȓȟțȎȢ
ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎȠ ȝȓȥȎȠțȖ ȏșȎțȘȖ, ȐȨȞȣȡ ȘȜȖȠȜ
țȎ ȞȨȘȎ ȟȎ țȎțȓȟȓțȖ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȖȠȓ ȒȎțțȖ (ǽȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ 1). ǰ
țȎȗ-ȑȜȞțȎȠȎ ȥȎȟȠ, Ȑ ȘȞȨȑ ȜȠ ȢșȜȞȎșțȖ ȚȜȠȖȐȖ ȓ ȜȠȞȎȕȓțȜ țȎ-
ȖȚȓțȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ ȖȚ – Yabancı esnaf ruhsatiye tezkiresi. ǿșȓȒȐȎȠ
ȠȞȖ ȠȎȏșȖȤȖ, Ȑ țȎȗ-ȑȜȞțȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖ țȜȚȓȞȨȠ țȎ
ȠȜȚȎ (1) țȎ ȒȓȢȠȓȞȎ Ȗ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȖȭȠ șȖȟȠ (59), Ȑ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȓ ȞȓȑȖȟ-
ȠȞȖȞȎț ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȨȠ. ǰ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ ȓ ȜȠȞȎȕȓțȜ ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ,
Ȑ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȓ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȖșȜ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȜȠȜ șȖȤȓ – ȀȡșȥȎ5.
ǰ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȎȠȎ ȠȎȏșȖȤȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȓ ȟȨȟȠȜȖ ȟȨȧȜ ȜȠ ȒȐȓ ȣȜȞȖ-
ȕȜțȠȎșțȖ ȒȓșȓțȖȭ, ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭȠ ȒȎțțȖ ȕȎ șȖȤȓȠȜ. ǰ ȟșȡȥȎȭ
ȠȜȐȎ ȓ ǰȨșȘȜ, ȟȖț țȎ ǶșȖȭ, ȜȠ ȘȎȕȎ ȌȟȘȬȏ (ǿȘȜȝȖȓ), ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȓ
193
ȓ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȖș Ȑ ȀȡșȥȎ. ǽȜȟșȓȒțȎȠȎ țȓȕȎȝȨșțȓțȎ Ȑ ȟșȡȥȎȭ ȘȜ-
șȜțȘȎ ȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȎ ȕȎ ȜȕțȎȥȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȚȎȣȎșȎȠȎ
ȖșȖ ȘȐȎȞȠȎșȎ, ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȠȜ ȔȖȐȓȓ.
ǺȓȔȒȡ ȠȎȕȖ Ȗ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȎȠȎ ȠȎȏșȖȤȎ, Ȑ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ țȎ ȞȓȒȎ, ȓ
ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȎțȎ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȎȠȎ ȞȡȚȖ (ȢȖțȎțȟȜȐȎ) ȑȜȒȖțȎ – 1288,
ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠȟȠȐȎȧȎ țȎ 1872 – 1873 ȝȜ ǱȞȖȑȜȞȖȎțȟȘȖȭ ȘȎșȓțȒȎȞ.
ǰ ȠȎȏșȖȤȎȠȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȓ ȞȎȕȝȜșȜȔȓțȎ țȎȗ-ȜȠȒȜșȡ, ȟȎ ȝȜȟȜ-
ȥȓțȖ ȞȎȕȚȓȞȨȠ țȎ ȝșȎȠȓțȖȭ ȑȜȒȖȦȓț ȒȎțȨȘ (15 ȑȞȜȦȎ), ȞȎȕ-
ȚȓȞȨȠ țȎ ȑȜȒȖȦțȖȭ ȝȞȖȣȜȒ (500 ȑȞȜȦȎ) Ȗ țȎȖȚȓțȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ
țȎ ȡȝȞȎȔțȭȐȎțȖȠȓ ȕȎțȎȭȠ ȖșȖ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȭ. ǰ țȎȦȖȭ ȟșȡȥȎȗ
ǰȨșȘȜ ȓ ȣșȓȏȎȞ (etmekçi). ǿșȓȒȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȒȐȓ țȓȕȎȝȨșțȓțȖ ȘȜ-
șȜțȘȖ ȟȎ ȝȞȓȒțȎȕțȎȥȓțȖ ȕȎ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎțȓ țȎ țȎȖȚȓțȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ
țȎ ȡșȖȤȎȠȎ Ȗ țȜȚȓȞȎ țȎ ȘȨȧȎȠȎ (ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȜȠȜ). ǰ ȠȓȘȟȠȎ ȜȠ
ȒȐȎ ȞȓȒȎ ȝȜȒ ȠȎȏșȖȤȎȠȎ ȟȓ ȡȒȜȟȠȜȐȓȞȭȐȎ, ȥȓ ȝȞȓȟȚȓȠțȎȠȜ ȕȎ
1288 ȑȜȒȖțȎ, Ȑ ȘȎȟȎȠȎ ȟȎ ȐțȓȟȓțȖ 15 ȑȞȜȦȎ – ȒȎțȨȘ ȠȓȚȓȠȡ-
ȎȠ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȐȟȨȧțȜȟȠ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎ 3 % ȜȠ ȜȏȧȖȭ ȝȞȖȣȜȒ țȎ
șȖȤȓȠȜ. ǲȎȠȎȠȎ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎ 5 ȚȎȗȨȟ 1288 ȑȜȒȖțȎ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠȟ-
ȠȐȎ țȎ 5/19 ȚȎȗ 1872 ȑ.
ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖȭ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ (ǽȞȖșȜ-
ȔȓțȖȓ 2) ǷȜȐȎț, ȟȖț țȎ ǲȜȏȞȖ, ȜȠ ȀȨȞțȜȐȖ (ǰȓșȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ)
ȟȓ ȓ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȖș Ȑ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ Ȗ ȝȜ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȭ ȓ ȑȞȎȒȖțȎȞ (ba-
hçevancı). ǵȎ 1285 (1869 – 1870) ȑ. ȠȜȗ ȓ ȝșȎȠȖș ȒȎțȨȘ ȠȓȚȓ-
ȠȡȎȠ Ȑ ȞȎȕȚȓȞ țȎ 9 ȑȞȜȦȎ ȝȞȖ ȑȜȒȖȦȓț ȒȜȣȜȒ ȜȠ 300 ȑȞȜȦȎ6.
ȀȎȘȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ țȖ ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎȠ ȒȎ ȎțȎșȖ-
ȕȖȞȎȚȓ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭȠȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȠ, ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȜ ȕȎ ȖȕȏȞȎțȖȭ
ȜȠ țȎȟ ȑȞȎȒ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ, ȜȠ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȎȟȝȓȘȠȎ: ȞȜȒțȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ țȎ
ȐȟȭȘȜ șȖȤȓ; ȡȝȞȎȔțȭȐȎțȖ ȕȎțȎȭȠ ȖșȖ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȭ; ȎȒȞȓȟ țȎ
ȚȓȟȠȜȔȖȐȓȓțȓ (ȎȘȜ ȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȎ ȚȎȣȎșȎ ȖșȖ ȒȞȡȑȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ); țȎ-
ȞȜȒțȜȟȠ; ȞȎȕȚȓȞ țȎ ȑȜȒȖȦțȖȭ ȒȜȣȜȒ Ȗ țȎ ȝșȎȠȓțȖȭ ȒȎțȨȘ.
ǻȎ ȝȨȞȐȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭȚȓ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ 148 ȒȡȦȖ, ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎțȖ
Ȑ țȎșȖȥțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȟ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȐȟȭȘȜ ȓȒțȜ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ
ȒȎțțȖ.
194
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 1. ǿȝȖȟȨȘ țȎ șȖȤȎȠȎ, ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȖșȖ ȟȓ Ȑ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ
ȕȎ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ 1869 – 1877 ȑ.
ǵȎțȎȭȠ/ ǺȓȟȠȜȝȞȜȖȕ- ǽșȎȠȓț

Ɋ ǶȚȓ ǽȞȖȣȜȒ
ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȭ ȣȜȔȒȓțȖȓ ȒȎțȨȘ
Ȃ. 170Ǯ, Ȏ.ȓ. 98,
ș. 2–83
(1285–286/
1869–1870 ȑ.)
ǻȓȒȭșȘȜ, ȟȖț țȎ ǱȞȎȒȖțȎȞ
1 ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ 250 7,5
ǷȜȐȎț (bahçevancı)
ǿȠȜȗȘȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
2 „ „ „ „
ǺȖșȎț
ǸȜȟȠȎțȠȖț, ȟȖț țȎ
3 „ „ „ „
ǽȓțȘȜ
ǷȜȞȒȎț, ȟȖț țȎ
4 „ „ „ „
ǻȓȒȭșȘȜ
5 „ „ „ „
ǱȓȞȑȖ
ǰȎȟȖș, ȟȖț țȎ
6 „ „ „ „
ǿȖȚȓȜț
ǿȠȜȭț, ȟȖț țȎ
7 „ ǳșȓțȎ „ „
ǷȜȞȒȎț
ǿȠȜȭț, ȟȖț țȎ ǰȓșȖȘȜ
8 „ „ „
ǿșȎȐ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ
ǿȖȚȓȜț, ȟȖț țȎ
9 „ „ „ „
ǿȠȜȗȘȜ
ǿȠȜȗȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
10 „ „ „ „
ǿȠȜȗȘȜ
11 „ „ „ „
ǾȎȒȎțȜ
ȃȞȖȟȠȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
12 „ ǸȎȞșȜȐȜ „ „
ȀȜȒȜȞ
ǵșȎȒȖ, ȟȖț țȎ ǰȓșȖȘȜ
13 „ „ „
ǷȜȐȎț ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ
ǷȜȐȎț, ȟȖț țȎ
14 „ „ 300 9
ǲȜȏȞȖ
ǿșȎȐȖ, ȟȖț țȎ ǸȎȢȓȒȔȖȭ-ȥȖȞȎȘ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑȟȘȜ
15 250 7,5
ǯȜțȓ (kahveci çıraùı) (ȟ. ǯȓȗ ǲȎȐȡȒ)
16 ǺȡȗȠȎȏ (muytab)7 „ „
ǽȞȜȒȎț ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ
195
ǺȖȣȎș, ȟȖț țȎ
17 ǯȎȘȎșȖț (bakkal) ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ „ „
ǺȖțȥȜ
ǻȖȘȜșȎ ȄȜțȖ ǸȞȨȥȚȎȞ-ȥȖȞȎȘ ǰȓșȖȘȜ
18 750 22,5
(meyhaneci) ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ
19 ǸȎȢȓȒȔȖȭ ǿșȖȐȓț 250 7,5
ǱȪȜȞȑȖ
ȀȜȒȜȞ, ȟȖț țȎ
20 ǮȏȎȒȔȖȭ (abacı) ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ 500 15
ǻȖȘȜșȎ
21 ǯȎȘȎșȖț ǸȎȞșȜȐȜ 250 7,5
ǾȎȥȜ
ǰȨșȘȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
22 ǼȐȥȎȞ (çoban) ǸȜȠȓș „ „
ȄȜțȘȜ
ǸȜȗȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
23 „ ǿșȖȐȓțȟȘȜ „ „
ǻȖȘȜșȎ
24 „ „ „ „
ǶșȖȭ
25 ǼȏȡȧȎȞ (haffaf)8 ȆȡȚȓț „ „
ǱȓȞȑȖ
ǯȖșȭș, ȟȖț țȎ ǯȜȕȎȒȔȖȭ
26 ǹȜȚȟȘȜ „ „
ȃȎȗȞȡșșȎȣ (bozacı)
ǮșȖ, ȟȖț țȎ ȃȎȟȎț ȀȬȠȬțȒȔȖȭ-
27 ǼȞȭȣȜȐȟȘȜ „ „
ȥȖȞȎȘ (duhancı)9
ǮșȓȘȟȎțȒȨȞ, ȟȖț ǲȞȓȏȓț ȠȨȞȑȜȐȓȤ
28 ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ „ „
țȎ ǿȓȢȖȞȒȖȥ? (kırcı)
ǵȎȣȎȞȖȭ, ȟȖț țȎ
29 ǯȎȘȎșȖț ǿșȖȐȓț „ „
ǱȜȟȝȜȒȖț
ȃȎȒȔȖ ǻȓțȜ, ȟȖț Ǽȏȧ ȞȎȏȜȠțȖȘ
30 „ „ „
țȎ ȀȎțȎȟ (hizmetkâr)
ǽȓȠȘȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
31 ǸȞȨȥȚȎȞ-ȥȖȞȎȘ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ „ „
ȆȎȣȎț ?
ȍțȎȘȖ, ȟȖț țȎ
32 ǯȎȘȎșȖț „ „ „
ǻȖȘȜșȎ
ǱȓȞȑȖ, ȟȖț țȎ
33 ǼȏȡȧȎȞ (haffaf) ȆȡȚȓț 500 15
ȀȜȒȜȞ
34 „ „ 250 7,5
ǱȓȞȑȖ
ǽȎȞȎȟȘȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
35 ǮȏȎȒȔȖȭ „ „ „
ǽȓțȘȜ
ǻȎȕȎȞȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑȟȘȜ
36 ǯȜȑȜȕ (ǽȜȑȜȕ, ǯȜ- ǯȞȨȟțȎȞ (berber) „ „
(ȟ. ǵȖȏȖș ?)
ȣȜȟ)
196
ȀȎțȎȟ, ȟȖț țȎ
37 ǺȡȗȠȎȏ ǸȎȕȎțșȨȘ „ „
ǺȖȣȎș
38 ǼȏȡȧȎȞ (haffaf) ȆȡȚȓț 750 22,5
Ǯțȑȓș
ǻȖȘȜșȎ, ȟȖț țȎ ǰȓșȖȘȜ
39 ǯȎȘȎșȖț „ „
ȄȜțȖ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ
40 ǲȞȓȏȓț ȠȨȞȑȜȐȓȤ ȆȡȚȓț 250 7,5
ǸȜșȓ
ǿȠȓȢȎț, ȟȖț țȎ ǰȓșȖȘȜ
41 ǼȐȥȎȞ 500 15
ǲȖȚȖȠȞȖ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ
42 ǯȎȘȎșȖț-ȥȖȞȎȘ „ 250 7,5
ǻȖȘȜșȎ
ǯȓȣȞȖȘ ? (ǯȎȒ-
43 ȞȖȘ?), ȟȖț țȎ ǸȞȨȥȚȎȞ-ȥȖȞȎȘ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ „ „
ǯȜșȡȟ ?
ȌȟȡȢ, ȟȖț țȎ
44 ǯȜȕȎȒȔȖȭ ǽȞȖȕȞȓț „ „
ǺȓȣȚȓȒ
ǱȪȜȞȑȖ, ȟȖț țȎ ǺȎțȖȢȎȘȠȡȞȖȟȠ
45 ǺȓȒȔȖȒȖȓ „ „
ǲȖȚȖȠȞȖ (manifaturacı)
ȃȞȖȟȠȜ, ȟȖț țȎ ǱȞȨțȥȎȞ
46 ǯȓȏȞȜȐȟȘȜ 500 15
ǷȜȐȎț (çömlekçi)
ȃȞȖȟȠȜ, ȟȖț țȎ ǴȓșȓȕȎȞ, ȘȜȐȎȥ
47 ǺȓȒȔȖȒȖȓ 250 7,5
ǻȖȘȜșȎ (demirci, timurcu)
ǺȖȣȎș, ȟȖț țȎ
48 ǸȞȨȥȚȎȞ-ȥȖȞȎȘ ǹȜȐȓȥ „ „
ǻȓțȥȜ
ǲȖȚȖȠȞȖ, ȟȖț țȎ ǰȓșȖȘȜ
49 ǯȎȘȎșȖț-ȥȖȞȎȘ „ „
ǽȓȠȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ
50 ǱȞȎȒȖțȎȞ „ „ „
ǷȜȢȥȜ
ǶșȖȭ, ȟȖț țȎ
51 „ „ „ „
ǿȠȜȭț
52 „ „ „ „
ȃȞȖȟȠȜ
ȄȓțȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
53 ǼȐȥȎȞ ǿșȖȐȓț „ „
ǲȓțȘȜ
ȀȜȒȜȞ, ȟȖț țȎ țȓȭȟțȜ
54 „ „ „
ȀȜȒȜȞ ȖȕȝȖȟȎțȜ
ǺȎȞȖț, ȟȖț țȎ ǰȓșȖȘȜ
55 ǱȞȎȒȖțȎȞ „ „
ǷȜȞȒȎț ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ
56 „ „ „ „
ǰȎȟȖș
197
ǺȖțȥȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
57 „ „ „ „
ǸȜȟȠȎț[ȠȖț]
58 „ „ „ „
ǷȜȞȒȎț
ǿȠȓȢȎț, ȟȖț țȎ
59 OȐȥȎȞ ǸȜȠȓș „ „
ǾȎțȘȜ
ǺȎȞȖț, ȟȖț țȎ
60 „ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȜ „ „
ǽȓțȘȜ
Ǯțȑȓș, ȟȖț țȎ
61 „ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ „ „
Ǯțȑȓș
ǻȖȘȜșȎ, ȟȖț țȎ
62 „ ǿșȖȐȓț „ „
ǽȓȠȞȓ
ǰșȎȒȖ, ȟȖț țȎ
63 „ ǽȎȕȎȞȒȔȖȘ „ „
ǻȖȘȜșȎ
ǲȜȏȞȖ, ȟȖț țȎ ǰȓșȖȘȜ
ǲȖȚȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ
65 ǼȐȥȎȞ „ „ „
ǷȜȐȎț
66 țȓȜȕțȎȥȓțȜ „ „ „
ȃȞȖȟȠȜ
67 ǼȐȥȎȞ „ „ „
ȃȞȖȟȠȜ
68 ǱȞȎȒȖțȎȞ „ „ „
ǿȠȜȭț
ǱȖțȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
69 „ „ 500 15
ǷȜȐȎț
70 „ „ 250 7,5
ȃȞȖȟȠȜ
ǯȎțȥȜ, ȟȖț țȎ ǱȞȨțȥȎȞ, ȚȎȣȎșȎ
71 ȀȨȞȑȜȐȖȧȓ 500 15
ǷȜȞȑȖ ? „ȅȪȜȚșȓȘȥȖ“
ȍțȘȜ, ȟȖț țȎ ǰȓșȖȘȜȠȨȞ-
72 ǯȎȘȎșȖț 250 7,5
ǽȓțȥȜ țȜȐȟȘȜ
ǹȎȕȎȞ, ȟȖț țȎ ȆȖȐȎȥ
73 ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ „ „
ǰȎȟȖș (derzi, terzi)
ǿȠȜȗȘȜ, ȟȖț țȎ ǰȓșȖȘȜ
ǲȖȚȖȠȞȖ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ
75 „ „ „ „
ǷȜȐȎț
ǲȖȚȖȠȞȖ, ȟȖț țȎ
76 „ „ „ „
ǻȖȘȜșȎ
198
77 „ ‚ „ „
ǷȜȢȥȜ
78 „ „ „ „
ǷȜȢȥȜ
79 „ „ 350 10,5
ǷȜȢȥȜ
ǽȎȞȎȟȘȓȐȎ, ȟȖț țȎ
80 „ „ 250 7,5
ȀȜȒȜȞ
ǷȜȞȒȎț, ȟȖț țȎ
81 „ ǳșȓțȎ „ „
ǷȜȐȎț
82 „ „ „ „
ǱȓȞȑȖ
Ȃ. 170Ǯ, Ȏ.ȓ. 99
(1286/1870)
83 „ „ 250 7,5
ǿȠȜȗȘȜ
Ȃ. 170Ǯ, Ȏ.ȓ. 104
(1286/1870)
84 „ „ 400 12
ǽȓțȜ
Ȃ. 179Ǯ, Ȏ.ȓ. 183
(1286/1870)
ǷȜȞȒȎț, ȟȖț țȎ ǰȓșȖȘȜ
85 „ 250 7,5
ǻȓȒȭșȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ
86 „ “ “ “
ǿȠȜȭț
87 „ “ “ “
ǾȎȥȜ
88 „ “ “ “
ǺȖȠȪȜ
Ȃ. 170Ǯ, Ȏ.ȓ. 100
(1287/1871)
89 „ „ 500 15
ǸȞȨȟȠȪȜ
Ȃ. 170, Ȏ.ȓ. 1097
(1287/1871)
ǸȡȕȚȎț, ȟȖț țȎ
90 ǵȖȒȎȞ ((dülger) ǿȠȎȞȜȐȜ 250 7,5
ǸȜȟȠȜ
91 ǱȞȎȒȖțȎȞ ǳșȓțȎ 500 15
ȃȞȖȟȠȜ
Ȃ. 170Ǯ, Ȏ.ȓ. 102
199
(1292/1876)
ǲȖȚȖȠȞȓ, ȟȖț țȎ
92 ǴȓșȓȕȎȞ, ȘȜȐȎȥ ȀȡșȥȎ 200 6
ǷȜȐȎț
Ȁȥ 51/48, ș. 35Ȏ
(1291/1876)
93 ǶȏȞȎȣȖȚ ȓȢȓțȒȖ ǺȎțȖȢȎȘȠȡȞȖȟȠ „ ǿ ȒȨșȑ
Ȃ. 170Ǯ, Ȏ.ȓ. 101,
ș. 1–55
(1292/1877)
ǺȓȣȚȓȒ ǳȚȖț,
94 ǯȎȘȎșȖț-ȥȖȞȎȘ ǺȓȒȔȖȒȖȓ 500 15
ȟȖț țȎ ǺȡȞȠȎȕȎ
ȃȎȟȎț, ȟȖț țȎ
95 „ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ 250 7,5
ǺȡȟȎ
ǺȎȞȠȖț, ȟȖț țȎ ǰȓșȖȘȜ
96 ǺȡȗȠȎȏ-ȥȖȞȎȘ 400 12
ǺȎȠȎț ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ
ȃȎȢȨȕ ǮȏȒȡșșȎȣ țȓȡȠȜȥțȓțȎ
97 țȓȡȠȜȥțȓț 250 7,5
ȓȢȓțȒȖ ȘȎȕȎ
ǺȡȟȎ ȓȢȓțȒȖ, ȟȖț
98 țȓȡȠȜȥțȓț ȥȖȞȎȘ „ „ „
țȎ ǮȏȒȡșșȎȣ
ȀȜȒȜȞ, ȟȖț țȎ ǴȓȞȎȐțȎ
99 ǯȎȘȎșȖț-ȥȖȞȎȘ 500 15
ǿȎȐȎ (ǯȎȦȘȪȜȗ)
ǺȡȟȠȎȢȎ, ȟȖț țȎ ǽȜȒȘȜȐȎȥ ǰȞȎțȓ ?
100 250 7,5
ǸȡȞȠȜ (nalbant) (ǶȐȞȎțȭșȨ)
ǻȓȒȓșȥȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
101 ǯȎȘȎșȖț-ȥȖȞȎȘ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȜ 500 15
ǿȠȜȭț
ǾȎȒȖ, ȟȖț țȎ
102 ǺȡȗȠȎȏ-ȥȖȞȎȘ „ 250 7,5
ǻȖȘȜșȎ
ǱȓȞȑȖ, ȟȖț țȎ
103 ǯȎȘȎșȖț-ȥȖȞȎȘ ǰșȎȦȘȜ 500 15
ǯȜț[ȓ]
ȃȞȖȟȠȜ, ȟȖț țȎ ǱȜȠȐȎȥ-ȥȖȞȎȘ
104 ȆȡȚȓț „ „
ǰȨșȥȜ (yemekçi)10
ǽȓȠȘȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
105 ǺȡȗȠȎȏ-ȥȖȞȎȘ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ 250 7,5
ǱȓȞȑȖ
ǲȖȚȖȠȞȓ, ȟȖț țȎ ǰȓșȖȘȜ
106 ȃȎțȒȔȖȭ (hancı) 750 22,5
ǻȖȘȜșȎ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ
ǺȎȞȒȖȞȜȟ, ȟȖț țȎ ǸȎșȎȗȒȔȖȭ
107 ȀȡșȥȎ 250 7,5
ȀȜȒȜȞ (kalaycı)
108 ǱȜȠȐȎȥ ȆȡȚȓț 750 22,5
ǱȓȞȑȖ
ǮțȒȞȖ, ȟȖț țȎ ȆȖȐȎȥ-ȘȎșȢȎ
109 ǮȐȟȠȞȖȭ 250 7,5
ǸȎșȑȜțȠȜ (terzi kalfası)
200
110 ǯȞȨȟțȎȞ (berber) ȀȡșȥȎ 500 15
ǿȠȓȢȎț
ȀȎțȎȟ, ȟȖț țȎ ȃșȓȏȜȝȓȘȎȞ
111 ǽȎșȎțȘȎ „ „
ǶșȖȭ (fırıncı, furuncu)
ǹȎȚȏȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
112 „ ǵȎȑȞȎ „ „
ǽȓȠȞȓ
ǾȡȟȖ, ȟȖț țȎ
113 ǴȓșȓȕȎȞ, ȘȜȐȎȥ ȀȡșȥȎ „ „
ǿșȎȐȖ
ǿȖȚȜț, ȟȖț țȎ
114 ǸȞȨȥȚȎȞ ǺȓȒȔȖȒȖȓ 250 7,5
ǺȎȞȘȜ
ȄȎțȘȜ, ȟȖț țȎ ǰȓșȖȘȜ
115 „ 750 22,5
ǿȠȓȝȎț ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ
116 ǸȞȨȥȚȎȞ-ȥȖȞȎȘ „ 500 15
ǲȖȚȖȠȞȓ
ǽȓȠȘȜ, ȟȖț țȎ ǸȜȔȎȞ-ȘȎșȢȎ
117 ǾȎȕȑȞȎȒ „ „
ǽȓȠȘȜ (tabbak kalfası)
ǲȖȚȖȠȞȓ, ȟȖț țȎ ȀȬȠȬțȒȔȖȭ (du-
118 ǿȠȎȞȎ ǵȎȑȜȞȎ „ „
ǷȜȐȎț hancı)
ǮȣȚȓȒ, ȟȖț țȎ
119 ǯȞȨȟțȎȞ ǺȎțȑȎșȖȭ „ „
ǺȓȟȠȎț
ǮțȒȞȖ, ȟȖț țȎ ȜȠ ȘȎȕȎȠȎ
120 ǺȎȠȜ ǺȎțȖȢȎȘȠȡȞȖȟȠ [ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ] 750 22,5
(ǸȎȕȎșȨ ?)
ǺȖȠȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
121 ǱȜȠȐȎȥ-ȥȖȞȎȘ ȆȡȚȓț 250 7,5
ȀȜȒȜȞ
ǿȬșȓȗȚȎț, ȟȖț țȎ
122 ǯȎȘȎșȖț-ȥȖȞȎȘ ǸȞȖȚ 500 15
ǶȟȚȎȖș
ǰȓșȖ, ȟȖț țȎ ȀȬȢȓțȘȥȖȭ11
123 ȀȓȠȜȐȜ „ „
ȃȎȗȒȎȞ (tüfenkçi)
ǷȜȐȎțȥȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
124 ȆȖȐȎȥ ȆȡȚȓț 250 7,5
ǱȪȜȞȖ
ǷȜȐȖ ?, ȟȖț țȎ
125 „ „ „ „
ǿȓȐȖ
ǺȎȞȖț, ȟȖț țȎ
126 „ „ 500 15
ȅȎțȖ
127 ǸȞȨȥȚȎȞ-ȥȖȞȎȘ „ 250 7,5
ǾȎȥȜ
ȀȜȒȜȞ, ȟȖț țȎ ǰȓșȖȘȜ
128 ǸȞȨȥȚȎȞ „ „
129 ǸȞȨȥȚȎȞ-ȥȖȞȎȘ ȆȡȚȓț „ „
ǷȜȞȑȓ
201
Ǯțȑȓș, ȟȖț țȎ
130 „ ǿȜȢȖȭ „ „
ǿȠȜȭț
ǮȐȞȎȚ, ȟȖț țȎ
131 „ ǰșȎȦȘȜ 500 15
ȍȘȡȏ
ǮțȎȟȠȎȟȖ, ȟȖț țȎ
132 „ ǽșȓȐȓț 250 7,5
ǺȎțȜș
ǽȓȠȞȓ, ȟȖț țȎ
133 „ ǯȓȏȞȜȐȜ 500 15
ǲȖȥȜ
ȂȞȎțȟ, ȟȖț țȎ ǳȟțȎȢ țȎ ȜȏȡȧȎ- ǽȜȒȎțȖȘ țȎ
134 250 7,5
ǳȦȏȓțȟȖ ? ȞȖ (kunduracı) ǮȐȟȠȞȖȭ
135 ȍțȖ, ȟȖț țȎ ǾȡȟȖ ǱȞȨțȥȎȞ ȀȨȞȑȜȐȖȧȓ „ „
Ǯțȑȓș, ȟȖț țȎ ǼȏȡȧȎȞ-ȥȖȞȎȘ
136 ȆȡȚȓț „ „
ǱȓȞȥȜ (kunduracı)
ǯȎțȥȜ, ȟȖț țȎ ǸȜșȎȞ, ȘȎȞȡȤȎȞ
137 ȀȨȞȑȜȐȖȧȓ 500 15
ǱȓȞȑȓ (arabacı)
ǯȞȎțȘȜ, ȟȖț țȎ ǸȜȔȡȣȎȞ-ȘȎșȢȎ
138 ǾȎȕȑȞȎȒ 750 22,5
ǽȓȠȘȜ (kürkçi)
ǯȜțȥȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
139 ǯȎȘȎșȖț-ȥȖȞȎȘ ǿșȖȐȓț „ „
ǺȖțȥȜ
ǽȓȠȞȓ, ȟȖț țȎ ǸȖȞȎȒȔȖȭ
140 ǸȎȞșȜȐȜ 250 7,5
ȀȜȒȜȞ (kiracı)
ȂȖșȖȝ, ȟȖț țȎ
141 ǮȏȎȒȔȖȭ-ȥȖȞȎȘ ǸȜȠȓș „ „
ǲȖȚȖȠȞȓ
142 ǸȜșȎȞ, ȘȎȞȡȤȎȞ ǮȐȟȠȞȖȭ 500 15
ǷȜȐȎț
ǾȎȘȖȞȎ ?, ȟȖț țȎ
143 ǸȜȔȎȞ-ȥȖȞȎȘ ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ 250 7,5
ǰȓșȘȜ
144 „ „ 500 15
ȀȜȒȜȞ
ǮȠȎțȎȟ, ȟȖț țȎ
145 „ ȀȡșȥȎ „ „
ȃȎȒȔȖ ǶșȖȭ
ǮȠȎțȎȟ, ȟȖț țȎ
146 ǮȏȎȒȔȖȭ-ȥȖȞȎȘ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ 250 7,5
ǷȜȐȎț
ȀȜȒȜȞ, ȟȖț țȎ ǰȓșȖȘȜ
147 ǮȏȎȒȔȖȭ-ȘȎșȢȎ 500 15
148 ǯȎȘȎșȖț-ȥȖȞȎȘ „ 250 7,5
ǲȖȚȖȠȞȓ
ǼȠ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ ȕȎ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖȭ ȜȏșȖȘ țȎ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȡȟ-

ȠȎțȜȐȖ ȒȜȘȜșȘȜ țȎșȖȥțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎȠ ȒȎ ȜȥȓȞȠȎ-
202
ȓȚ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȖȭ ȝȞȜȢȖș țȎ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȖșȖȠȓ ȟȓ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ șȖ-
ȤȎ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȜȠ ȘȜȭ ȥȎȟȠ țȎ ǯȎșȘȎțȖȠȓ ȖȒȐȎȠ.
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 2. ǵȎțȎȭȠ/ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȭ Ȗ ȚȓȟȠȜȝȞȜȖȕȣȜȔȒȓțȖȓ țȎ șȖȤȎȠȎ, ȡȟȠȎ-
țȜȐȖșȖ ȟȓ Ȑ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ
Ɋ ǵȎțȎȭȠ/ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȭǯȞȜȗ ǺȓȟȠȜȝȞȜȖȕȣȜȔȒȓțȖȓ
1 ǮȏȎȒȔȖȖ 2 ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ – 1; ȆȡȚȓț – 1
ǸȎșȢȖ 1 ǰȓșȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ – 1
ȅȖȞȎȤȖ 2 ǸȜȠȓș – 1; ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ – 1
2 ǯȎȘȎșȖ 6 ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ – 1; ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ – 1; ǸȎȞșȜȐȜ – 1;
ǿșȖȐȓț – 1; ǰȓșȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ/ȀȨȞțȜȐȟȘȜ – 2
ȅȖȞȎȤȖ 10 ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ – 1; ǰșȎȦȘȜ – 1; ǴȓȞȎȐțȎ – 1;
ǸȞȖȚ – 1; ǺȓȒȔȖȒȖȓ – 1; ǽșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȜ – 1;
ǿșȖȐȓț – 1; ǰȓșȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ – 3
3 ǯȜȕȎȒȔȖȖ 2 ǹȜȚȟȘȜ – 1; ǽȞȖȕȞȓț – 1
4 ǯȞȨȟțȎȞȖ 3 ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑȟȘȜ ? – 1; ǺȎțȑȎșȖȭ – 1; ȀȡșȥȎ – 1
5 ǱȜȠȐȎȥȖ 1 ȆȡȚȓț – 1
ȅȖȞȎȤȖ 2 ȆȡȚȓț – 2
6 ǱȞȎȒȖțȎȞȖ 42 ǳșȓțȎ – 6; ǸȎȞșȜȐȜ – 1; ǰȓșȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ – 35
7 ǱȞȨțȥȎȞȖ 3 ǯȓȏȞȜȐȟȘȜ – 1; ȀȨȞȑȜȐȖȧȓ – 2
8 ǲȞȓȏțȖ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ 2 ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ – 1; ȆȡȚȓț – 1
9 ǴȓșȓȕȎȞȖ, ȘȜȐȎȥȖ 3 ǺȓȒȔȖȒȖȓ – 1; ȀȡșȥȎ – 2
10 ǵȖȒȎȞȖ 1 ǿȠȎȞȜȐȜ (ǮșȏȎțȖȭ) – 1
11 ǸȎșȎȗȒȔȖȖ 1 ȀȡșȥȎ – 1
12 ǸȎȢȓȒȔȖȖ 1 ǿșȖȐȓț – 1
ȅȖȞȎȤȖ 1 ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑȟȘȜ – 1
13 ǸȖȞȎȒȔȖȖ 1 ǸȎȞșȜȐȜ – 1
14 ǸȜȔȎȞȖ – ȥȖȞȎȤȖ 3 ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ – 2; ȀȡșȥȎ – 1
15 ǸȜȔȡȣȎȞȖ – ȘȎșȢȖ 2 ǾȎȕȑȞȎȒ – 2
16 ǸȜșȎȞȖ 2 ǮȐȟȠȞȖȭ – 1; ȀȨȞȑȜȐȖȧȓ – 1
17 ǸȞȨȥȚȎȞȖ 3 ǺȓȒȔȖȒȖȓ – 1; ǰȓșȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ – 2;
ȅȖȞȎȤȖ 11 ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ – 2; ǰșȎȦȘȜ – 1; ǹȜȐȓȥ/ǹȜȐȓȦȘȜ – 2;
ǽșȓȐȓț – 1; ǿȜȢȖȭ – 1; ǰȓșȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ – 2;
ȆȡȚȓț – 2
18 ǺȎțȖȢȎȘȠȡȞȖȟȠȖ 3 ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑȟȘȜ – 1; ǺȓȒȔȖȒȖȓ – 1; ȀȡșȥȎ – 1
19 ǺȡȗȠȎȏȖ 2 ǰȓșȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ – 1; ǸȎȕȎțșȨȘ – 1
ȅȖȞȎȤȖ 3 ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ – 1; ǽșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȜ – 1;
ǰȓșȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ – 1
20 ǼȏȡȧȎȞȖ 6
ǸȡțȒȡȞȎȒȔȖȖ ǮȐȟȠȞȖȭ – 1
ȅȖȞȎȤȖ ȆȡȚȓț – 1
ȃȎȢȢȎȢȖ ȆȡȚȓț – 4
21 ǼȏȧȖ ȞȎȏȜȠțȖȤȖ 1 ǿșȖȐȓț – 1
203
22 ǼȐȥȎȞȖ 13 ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ – 1; ǸȜȠȓș – 2; ǽȎȕȎȞȒȔȖȘ – 1;
ǽșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȜ – 1; ǿșȖȐȓț/ǿșȖȐȓțȟȘȜ – 4; ǰȓ-
șȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ – 3; țȓȡȠȜȥțȓțȜ – 1
23 ǽȜȒȘȜȐȎȥȖ (țȎș- 1 ǰȞȎțȓ ? (ǿȨȞȏȖȭ)
ȏȎțȠȖ)
24 ȀȬȠȬțȒȔȖȖ 1 ǿȠȎȞȎ ǵȎȑȜȞȎ – 1
ȅȖȞȎȤȖ 1 ǼȞȭȣȜȐȟȘȜ – 1
25 ȀȬȢȓȘȥȖȖ 1 ȀȓȠȜȐȜ (ǸȎșȘȎțȒȓșȓț) – 1
26 ȂȡȞțȎȒȔȖȖ 2 ǵȎȑȞȎ (ǿȠȎȞȎ ȖșȖ ǻȜȐȎ ǵȎȑȜȞȎ) – 1; ǽȎșȎțȘȎ
–1
27 ȃȎțȒȔȖȖ 1 ǰȓșȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ – 1
28 ȆȖȐȎȥȖ 4 ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ – 1; ȆȡȚȓț – 3
ǸȎșȢȖ 1 ǮȐȟȠȞȖȭ – 1
ǻȓȜȕțȎȥȓț ȕȎțȎȭȠ 1 ǰȓșȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ – 1
ǻȓȡȠȜȥțȓț ȕȎțȎȭȠ 2 ǻȓȡȠȜȥțȓțȜ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ
ǼȏȧȜ 148
ǻȎȗ-ȑȜșȭȚ ȟȓ ȜȘȎȕȐȎ ȏȞȜȭȠ țȎ ȟȓșȟȘȜȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȞȎ-

ȏȜȠțȖȤȖ: ȑȞȎȒȖțȎȞȖ Ȗ ȜȐȥȎȞȖ – ȜȏȧȜ 55 ȒȡȦȖ. ǽȜ-
ȑȜșȭȚȎȠȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȑȞȎȒȖțȎȞȖȠȓ, 35 ȒȡȦȖ, ȖȒȐȎȠ ȜȠ ǰȓșȖȘȜ
ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ, ȝȜȟșȓȒȐȎțȖ ȜȠ ȦȓȟȠȖȚȎ ȜȠ ǳșȓțȎ. ǻȓ ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȐȎȠ
ȖȕțȓțȎȒȎ Ȗ 13-Ƞȓ ȜȐȥȎȞȖ, ȒȓȐȓȠȖȚȎ ȜȠ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȜȠ ǿșȖȐȓțȟȘȜ-
ǸȜȠșȓțȟȘȖȭ ȘȞȎȗ Ȗ ȜȠ ǰȓșȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ, ȒȜȘȎȠȜ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȒȐȎȚȎ –
ȜȠ ȀȞȎȘȖȗȟȘȎȠȎ țȖȕȖțȎ. ǽȜȒȜȏțȜ ȓ ȝȜșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ Ȑ ȀȡșȥȎ,
ȕȎ ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȟȎ ȘȜțȟȠȎȠȖȞȎțȖ 27 ȒȡȦȖ ȑȞȎȒȖțȎȞȖ, ȝȞȓȟȓșțȖȤȖ
ȑșȎȐțȜ ȜȠ ȀȨȞțȜȐȟȘȜ, Ȗ ȥȓȠȖȞȖȚȎ ȜȐȥȎȞȖ, ȞȎȕȑșȓȒȎțȖ ȘȎȠȜ
țȎȓȚțȖȤȖ, ȟȓ ȑȞȖȔȎȠ ȕȎ ȝȎȦȎȠȎ țȎ ȟȠȎȒȎȠȎ Ȗ ȥȓȟȠȜ ȟșȡȔȎȠ
ȝȞȖ ȘȜȠșȓțȟȘȖȠȓ ȜȐȥȎȞȖ (Todorov 2021, 81 – 82). ǸȜȠșȓțȟȘȖȠȓ
ȜȐȥȎȞȖ ȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ ȐșȖȭțȖȓ Ȗ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȐȞȨȧȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȀȡșȥȎ Ȑ ȜȟțȜ-
Ȑȓț ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ Ȑ ǿȓȐȓȞțȎ ǲȜȏȞȡȒȔȎ. ǺȎȘȎȞ Ȗ ȒȎ ȞȎȕ-
ȝȜșȎȑȎȠ ȟȠȎȒȎȠȎ ȟȖ ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ Ȑ ȬȔțȖȠȓ ȥȎȟȠȖ țȎ ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ, Ƞȓ
ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎȠ țȡȔțȖȠȓ ȟȡȞȜȐȖțȖ ȕȎ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȥȎȟȠ
ȜȠ ȕȎțȎȭȠȖȠȓ, ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȡȐȎțȖ Ȑ ȟȓȐȓȞțȖȠȓ ȒȡțȎȐȟȘȖ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓ,
ȥȖȭȠȜ ȝȞȜȒȡȘȤȖȭ ȓ ȝȞȓȒțȎȕțȎȥȓțȎ ȕȎ ȐȨțȦțȖȭ ȝȎȕȎȞ (To-
dorov 2021, 53 – 54).
ȀȨȞȑȜȐȖȭȠȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎ ȐȎȔȓț ȜȠȞȎȟȨș Ȑ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖȭ
ȔȖȐȜȠ țȎ ǲȜȏȞȡȒȔȎ. ǽȜ ȝȞȖȏșȖȕȖȠȓșțȖ ȖȕȥȖȟșȓțȖȭ Ȑ ȠȎȕȖ
ȟȢȓȞȎ țȎȚȖȞȎ ȝȞȓȝȖȠȎțȖȓ ȜȘȜșȜ 1/5 ȜȠ ȚȓȟȠțȜȠȜ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȜ Ȝȏ-
șȎȑȎȓȚȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ. ǽȞȓȜȏșȎȒȎȐȎȧȎȠȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ șȖȤȎȠȎ, ȜȠțȓ-
ȟȓțȖ ȘȨȚ ȘȎȠȓȑȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖȠȓ (ȜȘȜșȜ 85 %), ȟȎ ȟȎȚȜȟ-
204
ȠȜȭȠȓșțȖ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ; ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖȠȓ – ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȎ ȝȞȖȟșȡȑȎ (Dimi-
trov, Jechev, & Tonev 1988, 181 – 182). ǯȓȕ ȟȨȚțȓțȖȓ, ȕȎȓȠȖ-
Ƞȓ ȟ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ ȝȞȓȟȓșțȖȤȖ – ȜȏȧȜ 46 ȒȡȦȖ,
ȟȨȧȜ ȒȜȝȞȖțȎȟȭȠ ȕȎ ȡȠȐȨȞȔȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ ȘȎȠȜ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟ-
ȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ (țȭȘȜȖ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȝȞȖȥȖȟșȓțȖ Ȗ ȘȨȚ
ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȖȠȓ). ȀȡȘ ȟȓ țȎȞȓȔȒȎȠ ȏȎȘȎșȖȠȓ, ȏȜȕȎȒȔȖȖȠȓ, ȑȜȠȐȎ-
ȥȖȠȓ, ȘȎȢȓȒȔȖȖȠȓ, ȘȞȨȥȚȎȞȖȠȓ, ȚȎțȖȢȎȘȠȡȞȖȟȠȖȠȓ, ȢȡȞțȎ-
ȒȔȖȖȠȓ (ȣșȓȏȜȝȓȘȎȞȖȠȓ), ȒȞȓȏțȖȠȓ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ Ȗ ȠȬȠȬțȒȔȖȖȠȓ.
ǽȞȎȐȖ ȐȝȓȥȎȠșȓțȖȓ, ȥȓ ȥȖȞȎȤȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȜȝȖȟȎțȖ ȞȓȒȜȚ ȒȜ ȝȞȓȒȟ-
ȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓț ȕȎțȎȭȠ Ȗ țȎȗ-ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȎ ȒȓȤȎ
ȜȠ ȟȓȚȓȗȟȠȐȎȠȎ ȖȚ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟ ȐȞȓȚȓȠȜ, ȥȖȞȎȘȡȐȎȗȘȖ ȝȜȘȞȎȗ
ȞȜȒțȖțȖȠȓ, ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȐȎȠ ȜȝȖȠ Ȗ țȎȡȥȎȐȎȠ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȖȭ ȕȎțȎȭȠ.
ǲȜȟȠȎ ȐȖȟȜȘ ȓ ȠȓȣțȖȭȠ ȏȞȜȗ ȝȞȖ ȏȎȘȎșȖȠȓ Ȗ ȘȞȨȥȚȎȞȖȠȓ.
ǸȨȚ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȠȨȞȟȭȠ ȠȎȚ ȝȞȓȝȖȠȎțȖȓ, ȟȓ țȎȟȜȥȐȎȠ
Ȗ țȓȚȎșȘȜ ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȖ (ȎȏȎȒȔȖȖ, ȏȞȨȟțȎȞȖ, ȑȞȨțȥȎȞȖ, ȕȖȒȎ-
ȞȖ, ȔȓșȓȕȎȞȖ, ȘȎșȎȗȒȔȖȖ, ȘȜȔȎȞȖ, ȘȜȔȡȣȎȞȖ, ȚȡȗȠȎȏȖ, țȎș-
ȏȎțȠȖ, ȜȏȡȧȎȞȖ, ȠȬȢȓȘȥȖȖ Ȗ ȦȖȐȎȥȖ) – ȜȏȧȜ 39 ȒȡȦȖ (ȕȎ
ȓȒțȜ șȖȤȓ țȓ ȓ ȜȕțȎȥȓț ȕȎțȎȭȠȨȠ, Ȏ ȕȎ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȒȐȎȚȎ ȒȡȚȎȠȎ ȓ
țȓȭȟțȎ). ȀȡȘ ȝȜ-ȑȜșȭȚȜ ȞȎȕțȜȜȏȞȎȕȖȓ ȝȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ ȝȞȜȒȡȘȠȎ
țȎ ȟȐȜȭ ȠȞȡȒ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ ȜȏȡȧȎȞȖȠȓ: ȥȓȠȖȞȖȚȎ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ (haffaf)
ȖȕȞȎȏȜȠȐȎȠ ȏȜȠȖ, Ȏ ȒȐȎȚȎ (kunduracı) – ȜȟȐȓț ȜȏȡȐȘȖ, ȖȕȞȎ-
ȏȜȠȐȎȠ Ȗ ȑȞȡȏȖ ȝȎțȠȜȢȖ Ȗ ȥȓȣșȖ (Rechnik 1962, 327)12. Ǹȡț-
ȒȡȞȎȒȔȖȭȠȎ ȟȓ ȕȎțȖȚȎȐȎ Ȗ ȟ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȖȭ țȎ ȜȏȡȐȘȖ, ȠȎȘȎ ȥȓ
ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȜȠțȓȟȓț Ȗ ȘȨȚ ȝȜ-ȑȜȞțȎȠȎ ȑȞȡȝȎ. ǽȜ ȝȜȒȜȏȖȓ țȎ
ȀȡșȥȎ Ȗ ȠȡȘ ȝȜȐȓȥȓȠȜ ȜȠ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȜȏȡȧȎȞȟȘȖȭ ȕȎ-
țȎȭȠ ȟȎ ȜȠ ȆȡȚȓț, ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȠȜȕȖ ȕȎțȎȭȠ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȐȖȐȎ ȡȟȝȓȦțȜ
Ȝȧȓ ȜȠ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ (Todorov 2021, 77, 93 – 94).
ǵțȎȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȝȜ-ȚȎșȨȘ ȓ ȏȞȜȭȠ țȎ șȖȤȎȠȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȠȞȡȒȭȠ
Ȑ ȟȢȓȞȎȠȎ țȎ ȜȏȧȖȠȓ ȡȟșȡȑȖ – 5 ȒȡȦȖ. ǺȓȔȒȡ Ƞȭȣ țȎȗ-
ȒȜȏȞȓ ȟȓ ȓ ȡȟȠȞȜȖș ǲȖȚȖȠȞȓ, ȟȖț țȎ ǻȖȘȜșȎ ȜȠ ǰȓșȖȘȜ ȀȨȞ-
țȜȐȜ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȓ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȠȓș țȎ ȣȎț. ǽȜ-ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȥțȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ, Ȏ
ȖȚȓțțȜ ȠȞȎțȟȝȜȞȠțȎ, ȖȕȐȨȞȦȐȎȠ ȘȖȞȎȒȔȖȭȠȎ ȜȠ ǸȎȞșȜȐȜ,
ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȓ țȎȓȚȎ ȒȎ ȝȞȓțȎȟȭ ȐȓȧȖ ȟ ȘȜț ȖșȖ ȘȜșȎ, Ȗ ȒȐȎȚȎȠȎ
ȎȞȎȏȎȒȔȖȖ (ȘȜșȎȞȖ ȖșȖ ȘȎȞȡȤȎȞȖ) – ȓȒȖțȖȭȠ ȜȠ ȀȨȞȑȜȐȖȧȓ,
Ȏ ȒȞȡȑȖȭȠ, ȝȞȖȟȠȖȑțȎș ȜȠ ǮȐȟȠȞȖȭ. ǻȎ ȐȟȭȘȎȘȨȐ ȐȖȒ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ ȓ
ȟȨȑșȎȟȓț Ȗ ȜȏȧȖȭȠ ȞȎȏȜȠțȖȘ (hizmetkâr) ȜȠ ǿșȖȐȓț.
ǽȜȑșȓȒțȎȠȜ ȜȠ ȒȞȡȑ ȨȑȨș, Ȏ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȜȠȘȨȚ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ Țȓȟ-
ȠȜȝȞȜȖȕȣȜȔȒȓțȖȓ, ȭȟțȜ ȟȓ ȜȥȓȞȠȎȐȎ ǽȞȓȒȏȎșȘȎțȟȘȖȭȠ
205
ȞȓȑȖȜț, ȜȠȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȘȨȚ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ ȟȓ ȜȞȖȓțȠȖȞȎȠ ȜȏȧȜ 61 Ȓȡ-
ȦȖ. ǰ ȝȜ-ȦȖȞȜȘ ȝșȎț ȠȜȕȖ ȢȎȘȠ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȏȭȟțȖ ȟ ȑȜșȓȚȖ-
Ƞȓ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖ ȐȞȨȕȘȖ ȚȓȔȒȡ ǲȜȏȞȡȒȔȎ Ȗ ǶȕȠȜȥțȖȭ ȏȎșȘȎț,
ȟȨȟ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓțȖȠȓ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭ ȕȎ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ țȎ ȓȒȞȜȠȜ ȟȘȜȠȜȐȨȒȟȠȐȜ
Ȑ ȒȜȏȞȡȒȔȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȞȎȐțȖțȎ Ȗ ȟ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖȠȓ ȟ
țȓȑȜ ȕȎțȎȭȠȖ Ȑ ȏȎșȘȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȟȓșȖȧȎ (Todorov 1972, 370). ǻȎ
ȐȠȜȞȎ ȝȜȕȖȤȖȭ ȟȓ țȎȞȓȔȒȎȠ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ ȜȠ ǿȓȐȓȞȜȖȕȠȜȥțȎ ǯȨș-
ȑȎȞȖȭ, ȝȜȟșȓȒȐȎțȖ ȜȠ ȟȓșȖȧȎȠȎ ȜȠ ǿȓȐȓȞțȎ ǲȜȏȞȡȒȔȎ. ǲȜ-
ȝȡȟȘȎȚȓ, ȥȓ șȖȤȎȠȎ, ȕȎ ȥȖȓȠȜ ȚȓȟȠȜȝȞȜȖȕȣȜȔȒȓțȖȓ ȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȜ
ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ ȖșȖ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑȟȘȜ, ȟȎ ȟȓ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȖșȖ ȠȡȘ ȜȠ ȝȞȓȒȣȜȒțȖ
ȑȜȒȖțȖ. ǲȎșȓȥ ȝȜ-ȚȎșȘȜ ȝȞȖȐșȓȘȎȠȓșȓț ȟȓ ȜȘȎȕȐȎ ȑȞȎȒȨȠ ȕȎ
ȚȖȑȞȖȞȎșȖȠȓ ȜȠ ǵȎȝȎȒțȖȠȓ ǯȎșȘȎțȖ – ȜȏȧȜ ȥȓȠȖȞȖȚȎ ȒȡȦȖ.
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 3. ǺȓȟȠȜȝȞȜȖȕȣȜȔȒȓțȖȓ țȎ șȖȤȎȠȎ, ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȖșȖ ȟȓ Ȑ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ
Ɋ ǺȓȟȠȜȝȞȜȖȕȣȜȔȒȓțȖȓ ǯȞȜȗ
1 ǮȐȟȠȞȖȭ 3
2 ǮșȏȎțȖȭ (ǿȠȎȞȜȐȜ) 1
3 ǰșȎȦȘȜ 2
4 ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȎ ȞȎȐțȖț: ǹȜȚȟȘȜ, ǼȞȭȣȜȐȟȘȜ, ǽșȓȐȓț 3
5 ǵȎȒȏȎșȘȎțȟȘȎ ȘȜȠșȜȐȖțȎ: ǸȎȕȎțșȨȘ, ǸȎȞșȜȐȜ 4
6 ǵȎȝȎȒțȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ: ǿȜȢȖȭ 1
7 ǸȜȟȜȐȜ: ǽȞȖȕȞȓț 1
8 ǸȞȖȚ 1
ǽȞȓȒȏȎșȘȎț: ǳșȓțȎ, ǯȓȏȞȜȐȟȘȜ-ǹȜȐȓȦȘȜ, ǰȓșȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜ-
9 61
ȐȜ/ǰȓșȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȟȘȜ
ǿȓȐȓȞțȎ ǲȜȏȞȡȒȔȎ: ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ/ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑȟȘȜ, ǺȎțȑȎșȖȭ, Ǻȓ-
10 21
ȒȔȖȒȖȓ, ȀȡșȥȎ
ǿȓȐȓȞțȎ ǺȎȘȓȒȜțȖȭ: ǽȎșȎțȘȎ (ȐȓȞ. ǸȞȖȐȎ ǽȎșȎțȘȎ),
11 2
ȀȓȠȜȐȜ
12 ǿȓȐȓȞȜȖȕȠȜȥțȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ: ǾȎȕȑȞȎȒ, ȀȨȞȑȜȐȖȧȓ, ȆȡȚȓț 20
13 ǿȠȎȞȜȝșȎțȖțȟȘȎ ȜȏșȎȟȠ: ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ, ǴȓȞȎȐțȎ, ǸȜȠȓș 8
14 ǿȨȞȏȖȭ: ǰȞȎțȓ ? 1
ȀȞȎȘȖȭ:
ǱȜȞțȜȠȞȎȘȖȗȟȘȎ țȖȕȖțȎ: ǽȎȕȎȞȒȔȖȘ, ǽșȜȐ- 8
15
ȒȖȐ/ǽșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȜ, ǵȎȑȞȎ, ǿȠȎȞȎ ǵȎȑȜȞȎ
ǿȓȐȓȞȜȖȕȠȜȥțȎ ȀȞȎȘȖȭ: ǿșȖȐȓț/ǿșȖȐȓțȟȘȜ 8
16 ǻȓȖȒȓțȠȖȢȖȤȖȞȎțȖ ȟȓșȖȧȎ – 2, ȜȕțȎȥȓțȖ ȠȞȖ ȝȨȠȖ 3
ǼȏȧȜ 148
ǰ ȝȜ-ȑȜșȭȚȎȠȎ ȟȖ ȥȎȟȠ șȖȤȎȠȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȜȞȖȓțȠȖȞȎȠ ȘȨȚ

ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ, ȟȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ – 127 ȒȡȦȖ (ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 1), ȎȘȜ ȟȓ ȞȨȘȜ-
ȐȜȒȖȚ ȝȜ ȖȚȓțȎȠȎ ȖȚ. ǽȜ ȠȜȕȖ ȝȞȖȕțȎȘ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎȚȓ Ȗ 12
206
ȒȡȦȖ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ, ȟȞȓȒ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȐȎȚȎ ȟȎ țȎȗ-ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ Ȏș-
ȏȎțȤȖ ȜȠ ǵȎȝȎȒțȖȠȓ ǯȎșȘȎțȖ (Ɋ 44 ȜȠ ǽȞȖȕȞȓț Ȗ Ɋ 123 ȜȠ
ȀȓȠȜȐȜ), ȓȒȖț ȓ ȟȨȟ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ ȠȎȠȎȞȖț ȜȠ ǸȞȖȚ (ǸȨȞȨȚșȨ, Ɋ
122), Ȏ ȕȎ țȎȞȜȒțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖȠȓ ȒȓȐȓȠ ȒȡȦȖ țȓ ȚȜȔȓȚ
ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȜȖȕțȓȟȓȚ.
ǿȝȖȟȨȘȨȠ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎ Ȗ ȖȚȓțȎȠȎ țȎ ȒȐȎȚȎ ȎȞȚȓțȤȖ (Ɋ 36
Ȗ 43)13, ȓȒȖț ȓȐȞȓȖț (Ɋ 131), ȓȒȖț ȑȞȨȘ (Ɋ 107) Ȗ ȠȞȖȚȎ
ȎȐȟȠȞȖȗȤȖ (Ɋ 109, 134 Ȗ 142), ȓȒȖț ȜȠ ȘȜȖȠȜ (Ɋ 134) ȓ ȜȠȏȓ-
șȭȕȎț ȘȎȠȜ ȎȐȟȠȞȖȗȟȘȖ ȝȜȒȎțȖȘ Ȗ ȝȞȖțȎȒșȓȔȖ ȘȨȚ ȓȟțȎȢȎ
țȎ ȘȡțȒȡȞȎȒȔȖȖȠȓ14. ǻȎȞȜȒțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȒȐȎȚȎ ȒȡȦȖ (Ɋ 28,
120) ȓ ȠȞȡȒțȜ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȎ.
ǶțȠȓȞȓȟțȜ ȓ ȒȎ ȡȕțȎȓȚ ȘȨȒȓ ȝȜ-ȠȜȥțȜ Ȑ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȖȭ ȑȞȎȒ
ȟȓ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎȠ ȝȞȖȦȨșȤȖȠȓ, ȘȎȘ ȡȟȠȞȜȗȐȎȠ ȔȖȐȜȠȎ ȟȖ, ȒȎșȖ
ȘȜțȠȎȘȠȡȐȎȠ ȟȨȟ ȟȐȜȖ ȘȜșȓȑȖ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȖ, ȝȜ ȘȜȖ-
ȠȜ ȝȜșȕȐȎțȖȠȓ ȖȕȐȜȞȖ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȟȎȚȜ ȥȎȟȠȖȥțȜ ȒȎ ȕȎȒȜȐȜșȭȠ țȎ-
ȦȓȠȜ șȬȏȜȝȖȠȟȠȐȜ. ǽȜȞȎȒȖ ȢȎȘȠȎ, ȥȓ ȕȎ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ ȓ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȎț
ȟȎȚȜ ȓȒȖț ȟșȡȥȎȗ, ȝȞȖ ȘȜȗȠȜ șȖȤȓȠȜ ȡȝȞȎȔțȭȐȎ ȟȐȜȭ ȕȎțȎȭȠ
ȖșȖ/Ȗ ȔȖȐȓȓ Ȑ ǱȞȨțȥȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȚȎȣȎșȎ (Ɋ 71), ȝȜșȓȕțȎ Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ Ȑ ȠȜȐȎ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎȚȓ ȕȎ ȀȡșȥȎ15. ǲȜȝȡȟȘȎ-
Țȓ, ȥȓ ȖȕȐȜȒȖȠȓ, ȒȜ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȜȟȠȖȑȎȚȓ, Ȑ ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț ȟȎ ȐȎ-
șȖȒțȖ Ȗ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȟȓșțȖȤȖȠȓ Ȑ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ, ȘȜȖȠȜ țȎȗ-ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȟȨ-
ȧȜ ȝȜșȕȐȎȠ ȘȐȎȞȠȖȞȖ țȎ ȠȓȣțȖ ȘȜșȓȑȖ ȜȠ ȑȞȎȒȎ Ȗ ȟȓ ȞȎȒȐȎȠ
țȎ ȑȜȟȠȜȝȞȖȓȚȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȖȚ.
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 4. ǿȝȖȟȨȘ țȎ șȖȤȎȠȎ, ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȖșȖ ȟȓ Ȑ ȀȡșȥȎ (1868 – 1869 ȑ.)
ǺȓȟȠȜȝȞȜȖȕ- ǺȓȟȠȜțȎȣȜȔȒȓțȖȓ
Ɋ ǶȚȓ ǵȎțȎȭȠ
ȣȜȔȒȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȀȡșȥȎ
ǷȜȐȎț, ȟȖț țȎ Ǽȏȧ ȞȎȏȜȠțȖȘ
1 ǸȬȟȠȓțȒȖș „ȅȎȗȨȞ“ ȚȎȣȎșȎ
ǿȠȜȭț (hizmetkâr)
ǸȖȞaȒȔȨ ?, ȟȖț ǸȎȢȓțȓȠȜ
2 „ ǰȎșȜȕ ?
țȎ ǲȖȚȜ țȎ ǮțȒȜțȎȘȖ
ǽȎȟȘȜ ?, ȟȖț țȎ
3 ȅȖȞȎȘ ȘȎȕȎ ȀȡșȥȎ „ȃȬȟțȖ ȏȓȗ“ ȚȎȣȎșȎ
ǷȜȐȎț
ǸȜȟȠȎțȠȖț, ȟȖț ǱȞȎȒȖțȎȞ ǱȞȎȒȖțȎȠȎ țȎ ǷȜ-
4 ǳșȓțȎ ? 16
țȎ ǿȠȎțȖ ȐȎț, ȟȖț țȎ ǿȠȎțȖ
5 ǿȠȜȭț ǻȖȘȜșȎ „ „ „
ȀȜȒȜȞ, ȟȖț țȎ ǱȞȎȒȖțȎȞ-
6 „ „
ǷȜȐȎț ? ȥȖȞȎȘ
ȀȜȒȜȞ
8 „ „ „
ǸȜȟȓ
207
9 ǱȎțȥȜ „ „ „
10 „ „ „
ȃȞȖȟȠȜ
11 „ „ ǿȜȏȟȠȐȓțȎ ȑȞȎȒȖțȎ
ǿȠȎțȖ
ǸȖȞȭȘȜ, ȟȖț țȎ ǸȓȞȓȚȖȒȎȞ ǸȨȞȘ ǸȖșȖȟȎ ǽȞȖ ȘȓȞȓȚȖȒȎȞȭ
12
ǱȪȜȞȑȖ (kiremetçi) (ǹȜȕȓțȑȞȎȒ) ǸȜȟȠȎȒȖț
ǸȎșȥȜ, ȟȖț țȎ ǽȞȖ ȑȞȎȒȖțȎȞȭ ǸȜȟ-
13 ǱȞȎȒȖțȎȞ ǿȠȎȞȎ ǵȎȑȜȞȎ
ǲȞȎȑȜȭ ȠȖ
ǽȎțȜ, ȟȖț țȎ ǸȨȧȎȠȎ țȎ ǺȎțȜ,
14 ǵȓȚȓȒȓșȓȤ (çiftçi) „
ǶȠȜș ? ȟȖț țȎ ǱȪȜȞȑȖ
ǿȠȓȢȎț, ȟȖț țȎ ǽȞȖ ǰȓșȪȜ ȜȠ
15 ǼȏȡȧȎȞ (haffaf) ǸȎȞșȜȐȜ
ǷȜȐȎț ȆȡȚȓț
ȀȎțȎȟ, ȟȖț țȎ ǽȞȖ ȒȬșȑȓȞȎ
16 ǵȖȒȎȞ (dülger) ǼȣȞȖȒ
Ǯțȑȓș ǮțȎȟȠȎȟ
ǷȎșȎȒȔȨ ?, ȟȖț
17 ǵȖȒȎȞ-ȥȖȞȎȘ ǼȣȞȖȒ „
țȎ Ǯțȑȓș
18 ǱȪȜȞȓ ǰȎțȑȓș „ „ „
ǲȖȚȖȠȞȖ, ȟȖț
19 ǵȖȒȎȞ ǿȠȞȡȑȎ „
țȎ ǽȓȠȞȓ
20 „ „ „
ǽȓȠȞȖ
21 ǹȎȕȎȞ ǹȓȑȡȚ ? „ ǼȣȞȖȒ „
22 ȃȞȖȟȠȜ ȄȐȓȠȘȜ „ ǿȠȞȡȑȎ „
ǹȓȑȡȚ ? ǸȜȟȠȎț-
23 ǵȖȒȎȞ-ȥȖȞȎȘ ǿȠȎȞȜȐȜ „
ȠȖț
ǱȓțȥȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
24 Ǽȏȧ ȞȎȏȜȠțȖȘ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ -
ǾȡȟȖ
ǺȖșȜȦ, ȟȖț țȎ ǽȞȖ ȢȡȞțȎȒȔȖȭȠȎ
25 „ ȀȓȠȜȐȜ
ǸȜȟȠȎțȠȖ ǿȝȎȟȓ
26 ǺȎțȖȢȎȘȠȡȞȖȟȠ ȀȡșȥȎ „ǷȎȣȡȒȖ“ ȚȎȣȎșȎ
ǲȡșȎȢ ?
27 ǯȎȘȎșȖț-ȥȖȞȎȘ ǸȎȕȎțșȨȘ „ȅȎȗȨȞ“ ȚȎȣȎșȎ
ǺȖȠȜ
ǽȎȟȘȎș, ȟȖț țȎ ǺȎțȖȢȎȘȠȡȞȖȟȠ- ȁșȖȤȎ
28 ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ
ǸȜșȓ ȘȎșȢȎ „ǸȎȝȎțȒȔȨșȎȞ“
ǻȓȒȜ, ȟȖț țȎ „ȃȬȟțȖ ȏȓȗ“ ȚȎȣȎșȎ,
29 ǱȞȎȒȖțȎȞ-ȥȖȞȎȘ ȀȨȞțȜȐȟȘȜ
ǷȜȞȒȎț ȝȞȖ ǲȖȚȖȠȞȎȘȖ ȏȓȗ
ǰȜȒȓțȖȥȎȞ, Țȓș- „ǱȜșȎȘ“ ȚȎȣȎșȎ, ȐȨȐ
ǹȖȑȜȞ, ȟȖț țȎ
30 țȖȥȎȞ ȀȡșȥȎ ȐȜȒȓțȖȤȎȠȎ țȎ
ǰȎȟȖș
(deùirmenci) ȂȖșȖȝ ǻȖȘȜșȎ
31 Ǽȏȧ ȞȎȏȜȠțȖȘ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ ǽȞȖ ȘȎȟȎȝ ǺȖțȥȜ
ǸȜșȪȜ
ǾȎȒȎț, ȟȖț țȎ ǽȞȖ ǺȖțȥȜ,
32 „ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ
ǿȠȜȭț ȟȖț țȎ ǲȖȚȜ
208
33 „ „ „
ǷȜȐȎț
ǲȞȜȟȓ, ȟȖț țȎ „ǰȎȞȜȦ ǺȜșȒȜȐȎț“
34 ǵȖȒȎȞ-ȘȎșȢȎ ǸȜșȜȕ ?
ǲȖȚȖȠȞȖ ȚȎȣȎșȎ, ȝȞȖ ȀȞȎȭț ?
ǿȠȜȭț, ȟȖț țȎ ǱȞȎȒȖțȎȠȎ țȎ
35 ǱȞȎȒȖțȎȞ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ
ȃȞȖȟȠȜ ǲȖȚȖȠȞȖ ȜȠ ȀȡșȥȎ
ȃȞȖȟȠȜ, ȟȖț țȎ ǱȞȎȒȖțȎȠȎ țȎ
36 „ „
ǽȓȠȞȓ ǻȖȘȜșȎ ȜȠ ȀȡșȥȎ
37 „ „ „
ǶșȖȭ
ǲȎțȥȜ, ȟȖț țȎ ǽȞȖ ǻȎțȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
38 Ǽȏȧ ȞȎȏȜȠțȖȘ ǸȎșȜȢȓȞ
ǻȖȘȜșȎ ǱȪȜȞȑȖ ȜȠ ȀȡșȥȎ
ȃȎȒȔȖ ȀȎțȎȟ,
39 ȟȖț țȎ ȃȎȒȔȖ ǱȞȎȒȖțȎȞ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ ǽȞȖ ȀȜțȖ
ǷȜȞȑȖ
ǻȖȘȜșȎ,ȟȖț țȎ
40 „ „ -
ǿȠȜȭț
ǸȨțȥȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
41 „ „ -
ǻȓȒȓșȘȜ
42 ǱȞȎȒȖțȎȞ-ȥȖȞȎȘ „ -
ȃȞȖȟȠȜ
ǸȜȗȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
43 ǱȞȎȒȖțȎȞ „ -
ǷȜȞȒȎț
ǷȜȞȑȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
44 „ „ -
ǯȜȥȜ
45 „ „ -
țȎ ǺȎȞȖț
ǽȓȠȞȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
46 „ ȀȨȞțȜȐȟȘȜ -
ǲȖȚȖȠȞȖ
ǿȖșȖȢȜț, ȟȖț
47 Ǽȏȧ ȞȎȏȜȠțȖȘ ȀȡșȥȎ „ǱȜșȎȘ“ ȚȎȣȎșȎ
țȎ ǷȜȐȎț
ǸȨțȥȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
48 ǱȞȎȒȖțȎȞ ǳșȓțȎ -
ǯȜȘȜ
ǿȠȎȗȘȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
49 „ „ -
ǿȠȜȗȘȜ
50 „ „ „
ǽȎȗȜ
ǷȜȐȎț, ȟȖț țȎ ǱȞȎȒȖțȎȠȎ țȎ
51 „ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ
ǿȠȜȗȘȜ ǲȖȚȖȠȞȎȘȖ
ǷȜȐȎț, ȟȖț țȎ ǽȞȖ ȑȞȎȒȖțȎȞȭ
52 „ „
ǽȓȠȘȜ ǽȎțȜ, ȟȖț țȎ ȀȜȒȜȞ
ǽȞȖ ȑȞȎȒȖțȎȞȭ
53 ǿȠȜȭț ǻȖȘȜșȎ „ „
ǷȜȐȎț ȀȜȒȜȞȖț
ǷȜȞȑȖ, ȟȖț țȎ
54 ǺȜȞȭȘ (gemici) ǽȜȚȜȞȖȓ -
ȍțȘȜ
209
ȍȟȓȢ, ȟȖț țȎ ǽȞȖ ȒȬșȑȓȞȎ
55 ǵȖȒȎȞ ǿȠȎȞȜȐȜ
ǲȓșȥȜ ǸȜȟȠȖ
ǮțȎȟȠȎț, ȟȖț țȎ
56 ǵȖȒȎȞ-ȘȎșȢȎ „ „
ǿȜȠȖȞȖ
57 ǵȖȒȎȞ-ȥȖȞȎȘ -
ǽȓȗȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ
ǲȖȚȜ, ȟȖț țȎ ǵȓȚȓȒȓșȓȤ
58 ǽȞȜȐȎȒȖȗȟȘȜ -
ǱȪȜȞȜ (rençber, rençper)
ǿȎȐȎ, ȟȖț țȎ ǿșȖȐȓțȟȘȜ
59 ǮȏȎȒȔȖȭ-ȘȎșȢȎ -
ǽȜȝ ǰȨșȥȜ (ȟ. ǯȎȦ ȘȪȜȗ)
60 ǸȜȝȎȥ (çapacı) 17 ȀȡșȥȎ „ǽȞȓȟșȎȐȎ“ ȚȎȣȎșȎ
ǹȖȑȡȞ
„ǷȎȣȡȒȖ“ ȚȎȣȎșȎ,
ȃȎȞȦȎȑȜ?, ȟȖț ǰȜȒȜțȜȟȓȤ
61 ȀȡșȥȎ Ȑ ȒȜȚȎ țȎ
țȎ ǯȎȞȘȜ ? (sakacı)
ȒȨȞȐȜȒȓșȓȤȎ ǮȏȞȎȚ
ǮțȠȜț, ȟȖț țȎ ȆȖȐȎȥ-ȘȎșȢȎ ǶȟȠȎțȏȡș
62 ǽȞȖ ȦȖȐȎȥȎ ǿȖȚȜț
ǯȞȎȟȥȜ ? (ǲȓȞ-Ȗ ȎșȖȗȓ)
63 ǯȎȘȎșȖț ǸȜșȜȕ ? -
ǿȠȎțȖ
ǽȓțȜ, ȟȖț țȎ ǮȏȎȒȔȖȗȟȘȎȠȎ
64 ǮȏȎȒȔȖȭ ǿșȖȐȓțȟȘȜ
ȄȜțȖ ȥȎȞȦȖȭ
ǿȠȓȢȎț, ȟȖț țȎ ǿșȖȐȓțȟȘȜ
65 ǯȎȘȎșȖț-ȥȖȞȎȘ -
ȄȓțȜ (ȟ. ǯȎȦ ȘȪȜȗ)
66 ǸȜȝȎȥ ȀȡșȥȎ „ǯȓȦȠȓȝȓ“ ȚȎȣȎșȎ
ȃȞȖȟȠȜ
ǱȞȡȝȎ țȎ ȚȜȞȭȤȖ-
ǮșȓȘȟȎțȒȨȞ ǽȎ- ȆȎȞȘȪȜȗ
67 Ƞȓ -
ȞȎȦȘȓȐȎ (ȀȡȞȤȖȭ)
(Gemici taifesi)
ǲȖȚȖȠȞȖ, ȟȖț Ǽȏȧ ȞȎȏȜȠțȖȘ ǯȎțȭ (ǷȎțȗȎ ǽȞȖ ȏȎȘȎșȖțȎ
68
țȎ ǷȜȞȑȖ ?) ǮțȑȓșȖ
69 ǿșȎȒȘȎȞ (üȓkerci) ǰșȎȦȘȜ ǽȞȖ ȒȞȡȑȖȭ ǮȐȞȎȚ
ǰȎȟȖș
ȍțȖ, ȟȖț țȎ
70 Ǽȏȧ ȞȎȏȜȠțȖȘ ȀȡșȥȎ „ǶȟșȭȚ“ ȚȎȣȎșȎ
ǷȜȞȑȖ
„ȃȬȟțȖ ȏȓȗ“ ȚȎȣȎșȎ,
ȍțȖ, ȟȖț țȎ ǰȎ- ǱȞȡȝȎ țȎ ȚȜȞȭȤȖ-
71 ȀȞȎȏȕȜț ȝȞȖ ǽȓȠȞȜ ǷȜȞȑȎț-
ȟȖș Ƞȓ
ȒȔȨ
ǹȜȒȘȎȞ (sandalȟı)
72 țȎ ǿȠȓȝȎț ȃȜ- ǶȕȚȎȖș -
țȡȞ ?
ǶȟșȭȚ, ȟȖț țȎ
73 Ǽȏȧ ȞȎȏȜȠțȖȘ ǿȖșȖȟȠȞȓțȟȘȜ -
ǵȓȗțȓș
ǲȖȚȜȟȠȓț, ȟȖț ǶȟȠȎțȏȡș
74 „ „ȃȬȟțȖ ȏȓȗ“ ȚȎȣȎșȎ
țȎ ǽȎțȎȗȜȠ (ǲȓȞ-Ȗ ȎșȖȗȓ)
ǲȎȐȖȒ, ȟȖț țȎ
75 ǯȞȨȟțȎȞ ǰȎț (ȀȡȞȤȖȭ) „ǳȞȚȓțȖ“ ȚȎȣȎșȎ
ǷȜȟȖȢ
210
ǷȜȐȎțȥȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
76 ǸȎȢȓȒȔȖȭ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȜ -
ǿȠȜȗȜ
ǷȜȐȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
77 ȆȖȐȎȥ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ „ȅȎȗȨȞ“ ȚȎȣȎșȎ
ǻȖȘȜșȎ
ǹȎȞȗȜȘ ?
78 ǰȜȒȓțȖȥȎȞ ȀȡșȥȎ „ǶȟșȭȚ“ ȚȎȣȎșȎ
ǷȜȐȎț
ǮțȒȞȓȭ, ȟȖț țȎ ǸȜȝȎȥ
79 ǰșȎȦȘȜ „ǯȓȦȠȓȝȓ“ ȚȎȣȎșȎ
ǮșȓȘȟȎțȒȞȖ
ǱȎȐȞȖș, ȟȖț țȎ ȃșȓȏȎȞ-ȥȖȞȎȘ
80 ȀȓȠȜȐȜ ǽȞȖ ȣșȓȏȎȞȭ ǷȜȐȎț
ǲȓȟȝȜȠ (etmekçi)
ǹȓȏȖȏ ?, ȟȖț țȎ Ǽȏȧ ȞȎȏȜȠțȖȘ „ǮȦȥȨ ȆȎȖȚ“ ȚȎ-
81 ǰȎȞțȎ
ǺȡȟȎȐȖȥ ? ȣȎșȎ
ǻȖȘȜșȎ, ȟȖț țȎ ǵȖȒȎȞ „ǺȓȐșȖȒ ǷȜȐȎț“
82 ǸȜșȜȕ ?
ǺȎțȜș ȚȎȣȎșȎ
83 Ǽȏȧ ȞȎȏȜȠțȖȘ ǰȎȞțȎ ǽȞȖ ǮȐȞȎȚ ǺȡȟȎ
ǷȜȟȖș ?
ǮȦșȖȥȜ, ȟȖț țȎ
84 ǿȐȓȧȎȞ (mumcu) ǿȡșȖțȎ „ǷȎȣȡȒȖ“ ȚȎȣȎșȎ
ǹȓȏȖȏ
ȍțȘȜ, ȟȖț țȎ ǸȞȨȥȚȎȞ-ȥȖȞȎȘ ǽȞȖ ȘȞȨȥȚȎȞȭ
85 „
ǸȡȕȚȎ ǿȜșȜȚȜț
ȀȜȒȜȞ, ȟȖț țȎ Ǽȏȧ ȞȎȏȜȠțȖȘ „ǷȎȣȡȒȖ“ ȚȎȣȎșȎ,
86 „
ȀȜȚȎȢȖȗȓ ? ȝȞȖ ǽȞȜȘȜȝ
ǼȏȡȧȎȞ
87 ǮșȓȘȟȖ ǮșȓȘȟȖ ȀȡșȥȎ „ǷȎȣȡȒȖ“ ȚȎȣȎșȎ
(kunduracı)
ǷȜȞȒȎț, ȟȖț țȎ ǺȎțȖȢȎȘȠȡȞȖȟȠ-
88 „ -
ǿșȎȐȖ ȥȖȞȎȘ
ǱȪȜȞȑȖ, ȟȖț țȎ ǼȐȥȎȞ
89 „ „ǽȞȓȟșȎȐȎ“ ȚȎȣȎșȎ
ǰȎȟȖș ȀȎȠȎȞ
ȃȎȞȎȟȖȚ ?, ȟȖț ǾȖȏȎȞ (balıkçı)
90 „ „ǸȎȕȎȘ“ ȚȎȣȎșȎ
țȎ ȃȎȞȠȎȚ
ǷȜȐȎț, ȟȖț țȎ ǼȏȡȧȎȞ-ȘȨȞȝȎȥ
91 ǶȕȚȎȖș „ǯȎșȨȘ ȝȎȕȎȞȨ“
ǽȎȐșȓ (dikici)
ǲȖȚȖȠȞȎȘȖ, ȟȖț ǸȎȢȓțȓȠȜ țȎ ǮȞȟșȎ-
92 ǸȎȢȓȒȔȖȭ ǮȣȖȜșȡ
țȎ ȃȎȒȔȖ ǮțȒȜț țȜȑșȡ ǲȖȚȖȠȞȎȘȖ
ȃȬȟȓȖț, ȟȖț țȎ
93 ǯȜȕȎȒȔȖȭ-ȥȖȞȎȘ ǽȞȖȕȞȓț -
ȃȬȟȓȖț
ǳȚȞȡșșȎȣ, ȟȖț
94 ǯȜȕȎȒȔȖȭ „ -
țȎ ǯȎȗȞȎȚ
95 ǮțȒȞȓȭ? ǸȖȞȭșȨ? ǸȜȝȎȥ ȀȡșȥȎ -
96 „ „ -
țȎ ȀȜȒȜȞ
ǰȖȒȜ ?, ȟȖț țȎ ǼȏȡȧȎȞ
97 ǸȎȞșȜȐȜ „ȅȎȗȨȞ“ ȚȎȣȎșȎ
ǸȜșȪȜ (kunduracı)
ȃȎȖȚ, ȟȖț țȎ
98 ǸȜșȎȞ (arabacı) ǶȟȎȘȥȎ „ǷȎȣȡȒȖ“ ȚȎȣȎșȎ
ȆȎȖȚ
99 ǺȓțȒȖș ? Ȍȟȡȝ ǸȞȨȥȚȎȞ-ȥȖȞȎȘ „ „
ǽȞȜȖȕȐȜȒȖȠȓș țȎ
100 ȘȎȦȘȎȐȎș ǼȒȞȖț -
ǯȜȒȔȜ
(kaüarcı)
211
ǻȓȕȎȐȖȟȖȚȜ ȥȓ ȕȎ 25 ȒȡȦȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ țȓ țȖ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎ-
ȐȭȠ ȒȎțțȖ, ȝȞȖ ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖȠȓ 75 ȒȡȦȖ ȟȓ țȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓ-
țȎ ȠȓțȒȓțȤȖȭ: Ƞȓ ȜȠȟȭȒȎȠ ȑșȎȐțȜ ȝȞȖ șȖȤȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȡ-
ȐȎȠ ȟȨȧȖȭ ȕȎțȎȭȠ. ȀȎȘȎ țȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ, ȟȓȒȓȚ ȑȞȎȒȖțȎȞȖ (ȚȓȔ-
Ȓȡ ȘȜȖȠȜ Ȗ ȓȒȖț ȥȖȞȎȘ) ȜȠ ǳșȓțȎ (Ɋ 4 – 10) ȟȎ ȟȓ țȎȟȠȎțȖșȖ Ȑ
ȑȞȎȒȖțȎȠȎ, ȟȜȏȟȠȐȓțȜȟȠ țȎ ǷȜȐȎț, ȟȖț țȎ ǿȠȎțȖ (Ɋ 11); Ȧȓȟ-
ȠȖȚȎ ȑȞȎȒȖțȎȞȖ ȜȠ ǰȓșȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ ȟȎ ȜȠȟȓȒțȎșȖ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȖțȖ-
Ƞȓ țȎ șȖȤȎ ȜȠ ȀȡșȥȎ (Ɋ 35 – 37, 51 – 53), Ȏ ȒȞȡȑ, ȟȨȧȜ ȜȠ ǰȓ-
șȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ, ȟȓ ȓ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȖș ȝȞȖ ȀȜțȖ (Ɋ 39).
ȀȎȕȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ ȓ ȒȜȟȠȎ ȭȟțȜ ȖȕȞȎȕȓțȎ Ȗ ȝȞȖ ȕȖȒȎȞȖȠȓ. ǿȓ-
ȒȓȚ ȒȬșȑȓȞȖ ȜȠ ǿȓȐȓȞțȎ ǺȎȘȓȒȜțȖȭ Ȗ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ ǮșȏȎțȖȭ țȎȚȖ-
ȞȎȠ ȚȭȟȠȜ ȝȞȖ ȘȜșȓȑȎȠȎ ȝȜ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȭ ǮȠȎțȎȟ Ȗ ȚȜȔȓ ȏȖ ȟȎ ȝȞȖȐ-
șȓȥȓțȖ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȭȠ ȕȎȓȒțȜ țȎ țȭȘȎȘȨȐ ȟȠȞȜȓȔ (Ɋ 16 – 23), Ȏ
ȒȐȎȚȎ, ȜȠțȜȐȜ ȜȠ ǮșȏȎțȖȭ (Ɋ 55, 56), ȟȎ ȝȞȖ ȕȖȒȎȞȭ ǸȜȟȠȖ.
ǲȞȡȑȖ ȓȒȖțȖȥțȖ ȟșȡȥȎȖ ȟȨȧȜ ȝȜȒȠȐȨȞȔȒȎȐȎȠ țȎȝȞȎȐȓ-
țȖȠȓ ȖȕȐȜȒȖ. ǸȓȞȓȚȖȒȎȞȭȠ ǸȖȞȭȘȜ ȜȠȖȐȎ ȝȞȖ ȘȓȞȓȚȖȒȎȞȭ
ǸȜȟȠȎȒȖț (Ɋ 12), ȐȜȒȓțȖȥȎȞȭȠ ǹȖȑȜȞ ȟȓ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎ ȐȨȐ ȐȜ-
ȒȓțȖȤȎȠȎ (ȚȓșțȖȤȎȠȎ) țȎ ȂȖșȖȝ ǻȖȘȜșȎ (Ɋ 30), ȦȖȐȎȥȨȠ
ȘȎșȢȎ ǮțȠȜț ȓ ȝȞȖ ȘȜșȓȑȎȠȎ ȟȖ ǿȖȚȜț (Ɋ 62), ȎȏȎȒȔȖȭȠȎ
ǽȓțȜ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȡȐȎ Ȑ „ǮȏȎȒȔȖȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȥȎȞȦȖȭ“ Ȗ țȎȗ-ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ
ȞȎȕȝȜșȎȑȎ ȠȎȚ ȟ ȒȬȘȭț (Ɋ 64). ǸȞȨȥȚȎȞȭȠ ǿȜșȜȚȜț ȓ ȝȞȖȓș
ȕȎ ȟȐȜȗ ȝȜȚȜȧțȖȘ ȥȖȞȎȘȎ ȘȞȨȥȚȎȞ ȍțȘȜ (Ɋ 85), ȣșȓȏȎȞȭȠ
ǷȜȐȎț ȧȓ ȝȞȓȒȎȒȓ ȟȐȜȖȠȓ ȡȚȓțȖȭ țȎ ǱȎȐȞȖș ȜȠ ȀȓȠȜȐȜ (Ɋ
80), Ȏ ȘȎȢȓȒȔȖȭȠȎ ǲȖȚȖȠȞȎȘȖ ȧȓ ȝȞȖȑȜȠȐȭ ȐȘȡȟțȜ ȑȞȨȤȘȜ
ȘȎȢȓ ȝȞȖ ǮȞȟșȎțȜȑșȡ ǲȖȚȖȠȞȎȘȖ (Ɋ 92).
ǰ ȞȎȕȑșȓȒȎțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȢȖȑȡȞȖȞȎȠ ȖȚȓțȎȠȎ Ȗ țȎ ȓȒȖ-
țȎȒȓȟȓȠȠȓ ȚȎȣȎșȖ țȎ ȀȡșȥȎ, ȜȠȞȎȕȓțȖ Ȗ Ȑ ȒȎțȨȥȓț ȞȓȑȖȟȠȨȞ ȜȠ
1867 ȑ.18, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎ Ȗ ȕȎ ȝȨȟȠȞȜȠȜ ȜȠȘȨȚ țȎȞȜȒțȜȟȠȓț
Ȗ ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕȓț ȟȨȟȠȎȐ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ: „ǶȟșȭȚ ȚȎȣȎșșȓȟȖ“, „ǯȓȦȠȓȝȓ
ǺȜșȒȖȐȎț (ǺȜșȒȜȐȎț) ȚȎȣȎșșȓȟȖ“, „ȃȬȟțȖ ȏȓȗ ȚȎȣȎșșȓȟȖ“,
„ǸȎȕȎȘ ȚȎȣȎșșȓȟȖ“, „ǰȎȞȜȦ ǺȜșȒȖȐȎț (ǺȜșȒȜȐȎț) ȚȎȣȎșșȓȟȖ“,
„ǽȞȓȟșȎȐȎ ȚȎȣȎșșȓȟȖ“, „ǱȜșȎȘ ȚȎȣȎșșȓȟȖ“, „ǳȞȚȓțȖ ȚȎȣȎșșȓ-
ȟȖ“, „ȅȎȗȨȞ ȚȎȣȎșșȓȟȖ“, „ǰȎȞȜȦ ǹȖȝȜȐȎț ȚȎȣȎșșȓȟȖ“ Ȗ „ȍȣȡȒȖ
ȚȎȣȎșșȓȟȖ“. ȀȜȝȜȑȞȎȢȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȀȡșȥȎ ȟȓ ȒȜȝȨșȐȎ Ȗ ȜȠ ȒȎțțȖȠȓ
ȕȎ ȒȐȓ ȘȎȢȓțȓȠȎ: țȎ ǮțȒȜțȎȘȖ (Ɋ 2) Ȗ țȎ ǮȞȟșȎțȜȑșȡ ǲȖȚȖȠ-
ȞȎȘȖ (Ɋ 92); ȡșȖȤȎ ȟ țȎȖȚȓțȜȐȎțȖȓ „ǸȎȝȎțȒȔȨșȎȞ“ (Ɋ 28,
ȐȓȞ. „ǸȎȝȎțȒȔȎșȎȞ“); ǮȏȎȒȔȖȗȟȘȎ ȥȎȞȦȖȭ (Ɋ 64) Ȗ ȟȨȐȟȓȚ ȓȟ-
ȠȓȟȠȐȓțȜ ȕȎ ȓȒȖț ȑȞȎȒ, ȞȎȕȝȜșȜȔȓț țȎ Ȟ. ǲȡțȎȐ – ǽȎȕȎȞ ȕȎ ȞȖ-
212
ȏȎ (Ɋ 91). ǽȜȝȡșȭȞțȎ șȖȥțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ ȓ ȑȜȠȐȎȥȨȠ ȆȎȖȚ, ȟșȓȒ
ȘȎȠȜ Ȥȭș ȘȐȎȞȠȎș țȜȟȖ țȓȑȜȐȜȠȜ ȖȚȓ („ǮȦȥȨ ȆȎȖȚ“, Ɋ 81).
ǲȜȝȡȟȘȎȚȓ, ȥȓ Ȗ ȝȜȠȨȞȟȖșȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȝȖȠȎțȖȓ Ȑ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ șȖ-
ȤȎ ȟȨȧȜ țȎȚȖȞȎȠ ȚȭȟȠȜ ȝȞȖ ȟȐȜȖ ȘȜșȓȑȖ, ȟ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȚȜȔȓ ȏȖ ȟȎ
ȘȜțȠȎȘȠȡȐȎșȖ ȝȞȓȒȐȎȞȖȠȓșțȜ, Ȏ ȕȎȧȜ țȓ – Ȗ ȝȜȐȖȘȎțȖ ȟȝȓ-
ȤȖȎșțȜ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ. ǻȭȚȎȚȓ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȖ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ Ȑ ȘȜȖ ȜȠ
ȜȟȓȚȠȓ ȚȎȣȎșȖ țȎ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ Ƞȓ ȟȓ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎȠ: „ǿȡȢȖșȓȞ ȚȎ-
ȣȎșșȓȟȖ“, „ȅȖȕȚȓȒȔȖ ȚȎȣȎșșȓȟȖ“, „ȀȓȘȖȗȓ ȚȎȣȎșșȓȟȖ“,
„ǯȞȓȘȟȓȘ (?) ȚȎȣȎșșȓȟȖ“, „ǸȨȝȠȖȭț-Ȩ ȚȬȟșȖȚ ȚȎȣȎșșȓȟȖ“,
„ǰȎȞȜȦ ȚȎȣȎșșȓȟȖ“, „ǳȞȚȓțȖ ȚȎȣȎșșȓȟȖ“ Ȗ „ȍȣȡȒȖ ȚȎȣȎșșȓ-
ȟȖ“19. ǶȚȓțȎȠȎ țȎ ȠȞȖ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ – ǮȞȚȓțȟȘȎȠȎ, ǳȐȞȓȗȟȘȎȠȎ Ȗ
ȚȎȣȎșȎȠȎ țȎ ȤȖȑȎțȖȠȓ-ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ ȝȜȒȟȘȎȕȐȎȠ, ȥȓ ȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ
țȎ ȑȞȎȒȎ ȟȎ ȞȎȕȒȓșȓțȖ ȝȜ țȎȞȜȒțȜȟȠȓț Ȗ ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕȓț ȝȞȖȕ-
țȎȘ. ǵȎ ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȐȠȜȞȎȠȎ ȚȎȣȎșȎ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭȧ ȝȜȘȎȕȎȠȓș
ȟȓ ȜȘȎȕȐȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȡȐȎțȖȭȠ ȕȎțȎȭȠ – ȠȡȘ ȟȎ ȟȨȟȞȓȒȜȠȜȥȓțȖ
șȖȤȎȠȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȖȕȞȎȏȜȠȐȎȠ Ȗ ȝȞȜȒȎȐȎȠ ȏȜȠȡȦȖ (ȥȖȕȚȖ). Ǽȥȓ-
ȐȖȒțȜ, țȓ ȟȎ ȚȎșȘȜ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ Ȗ ȑȞȨțȥȎȞȖȠȓ, ȟșȓȒ ȘȎȠȜ ǯȎțȥȜ,
ȟȖț țȎ ǷȜȞȑȖ, ȒȜȦȨș ȜȠ ȀȨȞȑȜȐȖȧȓ (Ɋ 72 Ȑ ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 1), ȟȓ
ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎ Ȑ „ǱȞȨțȥȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ“ ȚȎȣȎșȎ („ȅȪȜȚșȓȘȥȖ“)20.
ǶȚȓțȎȠȎ țȎ ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖȠȓ ȒȐȓ ȚȎȣȎșȖ – „ǿȡȢȖșȓȞ ȚȎȣȎșșȓ-
ȟȖ“ („ǺȎȣȎșȎ țȎ ȟȡȢȖȠȓ“) Ȗ „ȀȓȘȖȗȓ ȚȎȣȎșșȓȟȖ“ (ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ „ȀȓȘ-
Șȓ ȚȎȣȎșșȓȟȖ“), ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȜ ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎȠ ȕȎ ȝȞȖȟȨȟȠȐȖȓȠȜ țȎ
ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȖ ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖ ȜȞȒȓțȖ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ. ǿȎȚȜȠȜ țȎȖȚȓțȜȐȎ-
țȖȓ „ǯȎȏȎȒȎȨ“ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȐȓȔȒȎ ȘȎȠȜ „ǽșȎțȖțȎ țȎ ǯȎȏȎȠȎ“ Ȗ ȟȓ
ȟȐȨȞȕȐȎ ȟ ȝȜșȡșȓȑȓțȒȎȞțȖȭ ȜȏȞȎȕ țȎ ȟȐȓȠȓȤȎ ǿȎȞȨ ǿȎșȠȡȘ (ȝȜȥ.
1297 – 1298) (Akalın 1999, 26 – 51). ǿȚȭȠȎ ȟȓ, ȥȓ ȠȜȗ ȞȨȘȜȐȜȒȖ
ȎțȎȒȜșȟȘȖ ȠȬȞȘȚȓțȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ țȎȟȜȥȐȎ ȘȨȚ ǲȜȏȞȡȒȔȎ Ȑ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ
țȎ ȃIII ȐȓȘ Ȗ ȟȓ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎ ȟ Ƞȭȣ Ȑ ȏșȖȕȜȟȠ ȒȜ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ. ǽȞȖȓȚȎ
ȟȓ ȟȨȧȜ ȠȎȘȎ, ȥȓ țȎȞȓȒ ȟ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ țȓȑȜȐȖ ȑȞȜȏțȖȤȖ (türbe) ȟȓ
țȎȚȖȞȎȠ Ȗ Ȑ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓ: ǸȎșȖȎȘȞȎ, ǯșȎȑȎȗ (ǯȜȟțȎ), ǼȣȞȖȒ,
ǸȞȡȭ (ǮșȏȎțȖȭ), ǶȟȠȎțȏȡș, ǯȎȏȎȓȟȘȖ (ǼȒȞȖțȟȘȜ), ǯȜȞ (ǻȖȑȒȓ),
ǲȖȭȞȏȎȘȨȞ Ȗ ǶȕțȖȘ (Akalın 1999, 26 – 51; Kiel 2009, 147 – 150).
ǻȎȗ-ȞȎțțȜȠȜ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȓ ȕȎ ǿȎȞȨ ǿȎșȠȡȘ țȖ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎ
ȎȞȎȏȟȘȖȭȠ ȝȨȠȓȦȓȟȠȐȓțȖȘ Ƕȏț ǯȎȠȠȡȠȎ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȜȘȜșȜ 1332 –
1333 ȑ. ȚȖțȎȐȎ ȝȞȓȕ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ Ȗ ȟȝȜȒȓșȭ:
ǻȖȓ ȝȞȖȟȠȖțȎȣȚȓ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ, țȎȖȚȓțȜȐȎț ǯȎȏȎ ǿȎșȠȡȘ. „ǯȎȏȎ“,

ȝȞȖ ȠȡȞȤȖȠȓ ȖȚȎ ȟȨȧȜȠȜ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ, ȘȎȘȠȜ ȝȞȖ ȏȓȞȏȓȞȖȠȓ (Ƞ.ȓ. ȠȜ-
213
ȐȎ țȎ ȏȎȧȎ)... ǸȎȕȐȎȠ, ȥȓ ȠȜȕȖ ǿȎșȠȡȘ ȓ ȟȨȕȓȞȤȎȠȓș ȖșȖ ȑȎȒȎȠȓș,
țȜ ȕȎ țȓȑȜ ȞȎȕȘȎȕȐȎȠ țȓȧȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȦȓȞȖȎȠȨȠ ȜȟȨȔȒȎ21. ǱȞȎȒ ǯȎȏȎ
ǿȎșȠȡȘ ȓ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȖȭȠ [ȑȞȎȒ], ȝȞȖțȎȒșȓȔȎȧ țȎ ȠȡȞȤȖȠȓ; ȚȓȔȒȡ
țȓȑȜ Ȗ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȑȨȞȤȖȠȓ ȖȚȎ 18 ȒțȖ ȝȨȠ Ȑ ȝȡȟ-
ȠȖțȭ, țȎȝȨșțȜ șȖȦȓțȎ ȜȠ ȜȏȖȠȎȠȓșȖ. ǼȠ ȠȓȕȖ 18 ȒțȖ ȜȟȓȚ ȟȓ
ȝȞȓȚȖțȎȐȎȠ, ȏȓȕ ȒȎ ȟȓ țȎȚȓȞȖ ȐȜȒȎ... ǻȖȓ ȖȕȐȨȞȦȖȣȚȓ țȎȦȖȠȓ
ȝȞȖȑȜȠȜȐșȓțȖȭ Ȑ ǯȎȏȎ ǿȎșȠȡȘ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȟȓȥȓȚ ȝȡȟȠȖțȭȠȎ...
(Ibn Battuta 1997, 238 – 239).
ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ǳȐșȖȭ ȅȓșȓȏȖ ȑȞȎȒȨȠ ȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓț ȕȎ ȐȎȘȨȢ țȎ ǿȎ-

ȞȨ ǿȎșȠȡȘ Ȗ țȓȑȜȐȖȠȓ ȝȜȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȖ ȜȠ ȟȡșȠȎț ǯȎȭȕȖȒ II, Ȏ
ȠȬȞȏȓȠȜ Țȡ ȝȞȖȐșȖȥȎ ȚțȜȑȜ ȝȜȘșȜțțȖȤȖ. ǽȜȟȠȞȜȓțȜ ȓ ȜȠ ȟȨȧȖȭ
ȟȡșȠȎț, țȜ ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȐȓȞȟȖȭ, ȠȜ ȓ ȖȕȒȖȑțȎȠȜ ȜȠ ȘȞȖȚȟȘȖȭ ȣȎț
ǺȓțȑșȖ ǱȖȞȎȗ I (1466 – 1514 ȟ ȝȞȓȘȨȟȐȎțȖȭ). ǽȞȓȕ 1538 ȑ. ȟȡș-
ȠȎț ǿȬșȓȗȚȎț I (1520 – 1566) ȜȠȟȭȒȎ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ ȕȎ ȥȓȠȖȞȖ ȒțȖ ȝȜ
ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȝȜȣȜȒ Ȑ ǾȡȚȨțȖȭ Ȗ ȝȜȟȓȧȎȐȎ ȑȞȜȏȎ țȎ ȟȐȓȠȓȤȎ.
ǼȟȐȓț ȞȎȕȑșȓȒȎțȖȠȓ ȒȜȠȡȘ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȖ, ȡȒȜȟȠȜȐȓȞȓțȖȭȠȎ ȕȎ
ȡȝȞȎȔțȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȕȎțȎȭȠ țȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ țȎ ȥȡȔȒ (țȓ Țȓȟ-
Ƞȓț) ȓȟțȎȢ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭȠ ȤȓțțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȕȎ ȒȜȣȜȒȖȠȓ
țȎ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȖșȖȠȓ ȟȓ Ȑ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ șȖȤȎ Ȗ ȞȎȕȚȓȞȎ țȎ ȒȎ-
țȨȘȎ, ȘȜȗȠȜ Ƞȓ ȝșȎȧȎȠ, țȓȕȎȐȖȟȖȚȜ, ȥȓ ȏȖȣȚȓ ȚȜȑșȖ ȒȎ ȝȞȖ-
ȓȚȓȚ ȟ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȎ ȡȟșȜȐțȜȟȠ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȓțȖȠȓ ȤȖȢȞȖ.
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 5. ǾȎȕȚȓȞ țȎ ȒȜȣȜȒȖȠȓ Ȗ țȎ ȒȎțȨȘȎ, ȝșȎȠȓț ȜȠ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȖșȖȠȓ
ȟȓ Ȑ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ șȖȤȎ
Ɋ ǵȎțȎȭȠ/ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȭ ǯȞȜȗ șȖȤȎ ǲȜȣȜȒ ǲȎțȨȘ
1 ǮȏȎȒȔȖȭ 1 250 7,5
1 500 15
ǮȏȎȒȔȖȭ-ȘȎșȢȎ 1 500 15
ǮȏȎȒȔȖȭ-ȥȖȞȎȘ 2 250 7,5
2 ǯȎȘȎșȖț 5 250 7,5
1 750 22,5
ǯȎȘȎșȖț-ȥȖȞȎȘ 4 250 7,5
5 500 15
1 750 22,5
3 ǯȜȕȎȒȔȖȭ 2 250 7,5
4 ǯȞȨȟțȎȞ 1 250 7,5
2 500 15
5 ǱȜȠȐȎȥ 1 750 22,5
ǱȜȠȐȎȥ-ȥȖȞȎȘ 1 250 7,5
1 500 15
6 ǱȞȎȒȖțȎȞȖ 36 250 7,5
1 300 9
1 350 10,5
214
Ɋ ǵȎțȎȭȠ/ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȭ ǯȞȜȗ șȖȤȎ ǲȜȣȜȒ ǲȎțȨȘ
1 400 12
3 500 15
7 ǱȞȨțȥȎȞ 1 250 7,5
2 500 15
8 ǲȞȓȏȓț ȠȨȞȑȜȐȓȤ 2 250 7,5
9 ǴȓșȓȕȎȞ, ȘȜȐȎȥ 1 200 6
1 250 7,5
1 500 15
10 ǵȖȒȎȞ 1 250 7,5
11 ǸȎșȎȗȒȔȖȭ 1 250 7,5
12 ǸȎȢȓȒȔȖȭ, ȘȎȢȓȒȔȖȭ-ȥȖȞȎȘ 2 250 7,5
13 ǸȖȞȎȒȔȖȭ 1 250 7,5
14 ǸȜȔȎȞ (ȧȎȐȎȥ țȎ ȘȜȔȖ)-ȥȖȞȎȘ 1 250 7,5
2 500 15
15 ǸȜȔȡȣȎȞ-ȘȎșȢȎ 1 500 15
1 750 22,5
16 ǸȜșȎȞ 2 500 15
17 ǸȞȨȥȚȎȞ 2 250 7,5
1 750 22,5
ǸȞȨȥȚȎȞ-ȥȖȞȎȘ 7 250 7,5
3 500 15
1 750 22,5
18 ǺȎțȖȢȎȘȠȡȞȖȟȠ 1 250 7,5
1 750 22,5
ǺȎțȖȢȎȘȠȡȞȖȟȠ ȟ ȒȨșȑ 1
19 ǺȡȗȠȎȏ 2 250 7,5
ǺȡȗȠȎȏ-ȥȖȞȎȘ 2 250 7,5
1 400 12
20 ǻȎșȏȎțȠȖț 1 250 7,5
21 ǼȏȡȧȎȞ (ȣȎȢȢaȢ) 2 250 7,5
1 500 15
1 750 22,5
ǼȏȡȧȎȞ (ȘȡțȒȡȞȎȒȔȨ) 1 250 7,5
ǼȏȡȧȎȞ (ȘȡțȒȡȞȎȒȔȨ-ȥȖȞȎȘ) 1 250 7,5
22 ǼȐȥȎȞ 12 250 7,5
1 500 15
23 ȀȬȢȓțȘȥȖȭ 1 500 15
24 ȀȬȠȬțȒȔȖȭ 1 500 15
ȀȬȠȬțȒȔȖȭ-ȥȖȞȎȘ 1 250 7,5
25 ȂȡȞțȎȒȔȖȭ 2 500 15
26 ȃȎțȒȔȖȭ 1 750 22,5
27 ȃȖȕȚȓȠȘȭȞ 1 250 7,5
28 ȆȖȐȎȥ 3 250 7,5
1 500 15
ȆȖȐȎȥ-ȘȎșȢȎ 1 250 7,5
ǻȓȜȕțȎȥȓț Ȗ țȓȡȠȜȥțȓțȖ 3 250 7,5
ǼȏȧȜ 148
215
ǾȓȕȡșȠȎȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 5 ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ, ȥȓ țȎȗ-ȑȜșȭȚ ȓ ȏȞȜ-
ȭȠ țȎ șȖȤȎȠȎ ȟ țȎȗ-țȖȟȨȘ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎț ȒȜȣȜȒ ȜȠ 250 ȑȞȜȦȎ –
ȜȏȧȜ 102 ȒȡȦȖ, ȘȨȚ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȜȠțȎȟȭȚȓ Ȗ ȓȒȖț ȔȓșȓȕȎȞ, ȕȎ ȘȜȑȜ-
ȠȜ ȟȎ ȕȎȝȖȟȎțȖ 200 ȑȞȜȦȎ. ǻȓ ȚȜȔȓȚ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓȚ ȟȖȑȡȞțȖ ȜȏȎȥȓ
ȒȎșȖ ȤȖȢȞȖȠȓ ȜȠȞȎȕȭȐȎȠ ȤȓșȜȑȜȒȖȦȓț ȒȜȣȜȒ ȖșȖ ȠȎȘȨȐ,
ȝȞȓȟȚȓȠțȎȠ ȕȎ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȚȓȟȓȤȎ ȜȠ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȎȠȎ ȑȜȒȖțȎ. ǽȞȓ-
ȜȏșȎȒȎȐȎȧȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ Ȑ ȠȎȕȖ ȑȞȡȝȎ ȕȎȓȚȎȠ ȑȞȎȒȖțȎȞȖȠȓ – 36 Ȓȡ-
ȦȖ, Ȗ ȜȐȥȎȞȖȠȓ – 12 ȒȡȦȖ, ȘȜȓȠȜ țȎȐȓȔȒȎ țȎ ȚȖȟȨșȠȎ, ȥȓ Ƞȓ
țȓ ȟȎ ȝȞȓȕ ȤȭșȎȠȎ ȑȜȒȖțȎ Ȑ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ, Ȏ ȟȓ ȖȕȭȐȭȐȎȠ ȘȎȠȜ ȟȓ-
ȕȜțțȖ ȞȎȏȜȠțȖȤȖ. ǰȖȟȜȘȎ ȓ ȏȞȜȗȘȎȠȎ Ȗ ȝȞȖ ȘȞȨȥȚȎȞȖȠȓ ȥȖ-
ȞȎȤȖ – ȟȓȒȓȚ ȒȡȦȖ. ǰȨȕȚȜȔțȜ ȓ ȟȨȧȜ ȠȎȘȎ ȟȎȚȖȠȓ ȘȞȨȥȚȎȞȖ
ȒȎ țȭȚȎȠ țȡȔȒȎ ȝȞȓȕ ȤȭșȎȠȎ ȑȜȒȖțȎ ȜȠ ȝȜȚȜȧțȖȤȖ.
ǻȎ ȐȠȜȞȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ – ȟ 31 ȒȡȦȖ, ȟȓ țȎȞȓȔȒȎȠ ȒȓȘșȎȞȖȞȎșȖȠȓ
ȝȜ 500 ȑȞȜȦȎ ȝȞȖȣȜȒ. Ƕ ȠȡȘ ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎȚȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ țȎ
ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȘȎȠȓȑȜȞȖȖ: ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȖ (ȝȓȠȖȚȎ ȏȎȘȎșȖ ȥȖȞȎȤȖ Ȗ ȝȜ
ȒȐȎȚȎ ȎȏȎȒȔȖȖ, ȢȡȞțȎȒȔȖȖ Ȗ ȏȞȨȟțȎȞȖ), ȠȞȖȚȎ ȑȞȎȒȖțȎȞȖ
Ȗ ȠȞȖȚȎ ȘȞȨȥȚȎȞȖ ȥȖȞȎȤȖ. ǿȎȚȜ ȒȓȐȓȠ ȒȡȦȖ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ
ȟȓ ȝȜȣȐȎșȭȠ ȟ ȝȜ-ȐȖȟȜȘ ȒȜȣȜȒ, Ȏ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȜȠ ȝȜ 750 ȑȞȜȦȎ. ȀȜȐȎ
ȟȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ țȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȖȭ ȏȞȎțȦ (ȏȎȘȎșȖ, ȘȞȨȥȚȎȞȖ,
ȑȜȠȐȎȥ Ȗ ȚȎțȖȢȎȘȠȡȞȖȟȠ), ȒȐȎȚȎ ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȖ Ȗ ȓȒȖț ȣȎțȒȔȖȭ.
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 6. ǽȞȜȤȓțȠțȜ ȟȨȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȏȞȜȗ șȖȤȎ Ȗ ȞȎȕȚȓȞ țȎ ȒȜȣȜȒȎ
Ɋ ǲȜȣȜȒ ȜȠ ǯȞȜȗ șȖȤȎ %
1 200 ȑȞȜȦȎ 1 0,68
2 250 ȑȞȜȦȎ 102 69,39
3 300-400 ȑȞȜȦȎ 4 2,72
4 500 ȑȞȜȦȎ 31 21,09
5 750 9 6,12
ǼȏȧȜ 147 100
ǲȜȟȠȎ ȝȜ-ȐȖȟȜȘȖ ȒȜȣȜȒȖ ȟȎ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎțȖ ȝȞȖ șȖȤȎȠȎ, țȎ-

ȚȓȞȖșȖ ȝȞȓȝȖȠȎțȖȓ Ȑ ȀȡșȥȎ. ǺȎțȖȢȎȘȠȡȞȖȟȠȨȠ ȘȎșȢȎ ǽȎȟ-
ȘȎș, ȟȖț țȎ ǸȜșȓ, ȜȠ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ (Ɋ 28, ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 4) ȒȓȘșȎȞȖȞȎ
1000 ȑȞȜȦȎ. ǿȨȧȎȠȎ ȟȡȚȎ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎȚȓ Ȗ ȝȞȖ ȎȏȎȒȔȖȭȠȎ ǽȓ-
țȜ, ȟȖț țȎ ȄȜțȖ, ȜȠ ǿșȖȐȓț (Ɋ 64); ȕȖȒȎȞȭ ǻȖȘȜșȎ ǰȨșȥȜ ȜȠ
ǰȓșȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ22, ȃȎȒȔȖ ǰȓșȘȜ (ǰȓșȖȘȜ?) ǸȜșȪȜ, ȠȨȞȑȜȐȓȤ ȜȠ
ǰȓșȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ23; ȒȜȘȎȠȜ ȕȎ ȜȏȧȖȭ ȞȎȏȜȠțȖȘ ǷȜȐȎț ǿȠȜȭț ȜȠ
ǾȎȕșȜȑ ȟȎ ȕȎȝȖȟȎțȖ 800 ȑȞȜȦȎ24. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȤȖȠȖȞȎțȖȭ țȭȘȜșȘȜ
ȝȨȠȖ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȨȞ (Ȁȥ 51/46, ș. 22ȏ) ȒȎțȨȘ ȠȓȚȓȠȡȎȠ
216
ȕȎ 1288 (1872) ȑ. ȜȠ ȚȓȟȠțȖȠȓ ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȖ ȕȎ ȀȡșȥȎ ȓ Ȑ ȞȎȕȚȓȞ
țȎ 1 729 800 ȑȞȜȦȎ, Ȏ ȜȠ ȥȡȔȒȖȠȓ ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȖ – 136 300 ȑȞȜȦȎ.
ǿȨȧȓȐȞȓȚȓțțȜ ȤȖȢȞȖȠȓ ȕȎ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ ȟȎ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȝȨȠȖ ȝȜ-
țȖȟȘȖ: ȠȓȚȓȠȡȎȠȨȠ ȜȠ ȚȓȟȠțȖȠȓ ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȖ ȓ Ȑ ȞȎȕȚȓȞ țȎ
268 400 ȑȞȜȦȎ (ȝȜȥȠȖ ȦȓȟȠ ȝȨȠȖ Ȗ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎ), Ȏ ȜȠ ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȖ-
Ƞȓ ȝȞȖȦȨșȤȖ – 27 000 ȑȞȜȦȎ (ȝȓȠ ȝȨȠȖ). ȀȎȕȖ ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȞȎȕșȖȘȎ
ȟȓ ȒȨșȔȖ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ țȎ ȝȜ-ȑȜșȓȚȖȭ ȏȞȜȗ ȔȖȠȓșȖ țȎ ȀȡșȥȎ, țȜ,
ȜȥȓȐȖȒțȜ, Ȗ țȎ ȝȜ-ȐȖȟȜȘȖȠȓ ȒȜȣȜȒȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȓȚȜțȟȠȞȖȞȎȠ ȝȞȓȒ-
ȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȗȟȘȖȠȓ ȟȞȓȒȖ Ȑ ȀȡșȥȎ.
ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȎțȎșȖȕȖȞȎȣȚȓ Ȑ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȜȠȜ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎ-
țȓ, țȖ ȝȜȕȐȜșȖȣȎ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȚ ȜȠ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȎȟȝȓȘȠȎ 148 ȒȡȦȖ,
ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ, Ȑ ȠȨȞȟȓțȓ țȎ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȝȞȓ-
ȝȖȠȎțȖȓ, ȟȓ țȎȟȜȥȐȎȠ ȘȨȚ ǲȜȏȞȡȒȔȎ Ȗ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎȠ Ȑ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ
ȝȞȓȕ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȎȠȎ ȥȓȠȐȨȞȠ țȎ XIȃ ȐȓȘ. ǰ ȑȜșȭȚȎȠȎ ȟȖ ȥȎȟȠ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȎ
ȑȞȎȒȖțȎȞȖ Ȗ ȜȐȥȎȞȖ, ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȖ ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȖ Ȗ ȠȓȣțȖ ȥȖȞȎ-
ȤȖ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȞȎȏȜȠȓȧȖ Ȑ ȟȢȓȞȎȠȎ țȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȖȭȠȎ Ȗ ȜȏȧȖȠȓ ȡȟșȡ-
ȑȖ. ǿȨȟ ȟȐȜȭ ȠȞȡȒ Ȗ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȠ ȜȝȖȠ Ƞȓ ȒȜȝȞȖțȎȟȭȠ ȑȞȎȒȨȠ ȒȎ ȕȎ-
ȝȎȕȖ ȜȏșȖȘȎ ȟȖ, ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓț Ȑ ȕȎȝȖȟȘȖȠȓ țȎ ȝȨȠȓȦȓȟȠȐȓțȖȤȖȠȓ.
217
ǽǾǶǹǼǴǳǻǶǳ 1
ǻǯǸǺ, ǼȞȖȓțȠȎșȟȘȖ ȟȏȖȞȘȖ, Ȁȥ 57/12, ș. 59
218
ǻǯǸǺ, ǼȞȖȓțȠȎșȟȘȖ ȟȏȖȞȘȖ, Ȃ. 170Ǯ, Ȏ.ȓ. 98, ș. 15
219
1. ǾȎȕșȖȘȎȠȎ Ȑ ȤȖȢȞȖȠȓ ȟȓ ȒȨșȔȖ țȎ ȢȎȘȠȎ, ȥȓ țȓ ȟȎ ȜȠȥȓȠȓțȖ ȥȎȟȠ
ȜȠ ȠȞȎȘȖȗȟȘȖȠȓ ȏȓȔȎțȤȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȞȖ ȝȞȓȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ ȜȠ 1830 ȑ. țȓ
ȝȞȓȚȖțȎȐȎȠ țȎ ȟȓȐȓȞ ȜȠ Ȟ. ǲȡțȎȐ, Ȏ ȟȓ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎȠ Ȑ ȟȓșȖȧȎ Ȑ
ȒțȓȦțȎ ǿȓȐȓȞȜȖȕȠȜȥțȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ Ȗ ǲȜȏȞȡȒȔȎ, Ƞ.ȓ. ȜȟȠȎȐȎȠ Ȑ ȝȞȓ-
ȒȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ (Muchinov 2013, 99, ȏȓș. 20). ǿȝȜ-
ȞȓȒ ǲ. ǮțȑȓșȜȐȎ ȜȠ ȤȭșȎ ǶȕȠȜȥțȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ ȟȓ ȖȕȟȓșȐȎȠ țȎȒ
200 000 ȒȡȦȖ, Ȏ ȜȠ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȅȓȞțȜȚȜȞȖȓ – țȎȒ 20 000 (Ange-
lova 2013, 122 – 125).
2. ȀȓȕȖ ȤȖȢȞȖ ȟȎ ȝȞȖȓȠȖ Ȗ Ȑ ȒȜȘșȎȒ țȎ ǹ. Ǳ. ǼȏȎȞȓ ȕȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȎȠȎ
ȝȞȜȐȖțȤȖȭ Ȗ ȜȝȖȟȎțȖȓ țȎ ȀȡșȥȎțȟȘȖ ȟȎțȒȔȎȘ (Tonev (ed.) 2003,
285). ǸȜțȘȞȓȠțȜ ȕȎ ȑȞȎȒ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ ȟȎ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖ 7200 ȔȖȠȓșȖ, ȜȠ ȘȜȖ-
ȠȜ 2/3 ȟȎ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ.
3. Ȃ. 170, Ȏ.ȓ. 1097 (ș. 1–2), Ȃ. 170Ǯ, Ȏ.ȓ. 98 (ș. 2–82), Ȃ. 170Ǯ, Ȏ.ȓ.
99, Ȃ. 170Ǯ, Ȏ.ȓ. 100, Ȃ. 170Ǯ, Ȏ.ȓ. 101 (ș. 1–55), Ȃ. 170Ǯ, Ȏ.ȓ. 102,
Ȃ. 170Ǯ, Ȏ.ȓ. 104 Ȗ Ȃ. 179Ǯ, Ȏ.ȓ. 183 (ș. 1–4).
4. Ȁȥ 51/48, ș. 35Ȏ.
5. Ȁȥ 57/12, ș. 59.
6. Ȃ. 170Ǯ, Ȏ.ȓ. 98, ș. 15
7. ǺȡȗȠȎȏ (muytab=mutaf) – ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȭ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȖȕȞȎȏȜȠȐȎ ȠȨȘȎțȖ, ȠȜȞ-
ȏȖ ȕȎ ȕȜȏ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȝȞȓȒȚȓȠȖ (ȐȞȨȐȥȖȤȖ) ȜȠ ȘȜȕȭ ȐȨșțȎ (Rechnik 1962,
384; Ilchev (ed.) 1974, 267; Slovar’ 1977, 644; Devellioùlu 1992, 833)
8. ǼȏȡȧȎȞ – ȣȎȢȢȎȢ (haffaf) – ȜȏȡȧȎȞ, ȖȕȞȎȏȜȠȐȎȧ ȏȜȠȖ.
9. ȀȬȠȬțȒȔȖȭ – ȒȡȣȎțȒȔȨ (duhancı) – ȠȨȞȑȜȐȓȤ țȎ ȠȬȠȬț (Todorov
2021, 102)
10. ǱȜȠȐȎȥ (ȗȓȚȓȘȥȖ, yemekçi) – șȖȤȓ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȝȞȖȑȜȠȐȭ Ȗ ȝȞȜȒȎȐȎ ȭȟ-
ȠȖȭ țȎ ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȖ Ȗ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȖ ȟ ȚțȜȑȜ ȞȎȏȜȠțȖȤȖ, ȥșȓțȜȐȓ, ȡȥȓ-
țȖȤȖ (Sözlük 2011, 2570); ȕȎ ȞȎȗȜțȎ țȎ ǸȨȞȦȓȣȖȞ – ȑȜȠȐȎȥ (Gün-
üen 2000)
11. ȀȬȢȓțȘȥȖȭ (tüfekçi, tüfenkçi) – șȖȤȓ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȖȕȞȎȏȜȠȐȎ ȖșȖ ȝȜȝ-
ȞȎȐȭ ȝȡȦȘȖ ȖșȖ ȝȖȧȜȐȖ (Ilchev (ed.) 1974, 519).
12. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ǲȔ. ǾȓȒȣȎȡȟ ȘȡțȒȡȞȎȒȔȖȭȠȎ ȖȕȞȎȏȜȠȐȎ ȜȏȡȐȘȖ Ȑ ȓȐȞȜ-
ȝȓȗȟȘȖ ȟȠȖș (Redhouse 1987, 1499). ǿȠ. ǶșȥȓȐ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȒȎȐȎ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ
ȟȎȚȜ țȎ ȜȏȡȧȎȞ (Ilchev (ed.) 1974, 224).
13. ǶȚȓțȎȠȎ țȎ ȎȞȚȓțȤȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȟȞȎȐțȓțȖ ȟ Ormandjyan 2000.
14. ǽȜȒȞȜȏțȜ ȕȎ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȎȠȎ ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȎ țȎ ǲȜȏȞȡȒȔȎ ȐȔ. Tonev
1973, 20 – 27.
15. ǿȝȖȟȨȘȨȠ ȓ ȟȨȟȠȎȐȓț ȟȝȜȞȓȒ Ǿȟ 8/139 ȕȎ 1284 (1868 – 1869) ȑ., ș.
1–79, Ȗ 1285 (1869 – 1870) ȑ., ș. 80–100.
16. ǰ ȜȟȓȚ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎ ȟșȓȒ ȏȡȘȐȎȠȎ „șȭȚ“ Ȑ țȎȖȚȓțȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȓ-
șȖȧȓȠȜ ȓ ȖȕȝȖȟȎțȎ Ȗ ȏȡȘȐȎȠȎ „ȓșȖȢ“, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȒȜȝȡȟȘȎ ȞȎȕȥȖȠȎțȓ țȎ
ȠȜȝȜțȖȚȎ ȘȎȠȜ ǳșȎțȎ, ǳșȎȠȎ/ǮșȎțȎ, ǮșȎȠȎ. ǲȜȝȡȟȘȎȚȓ, ȥȓ ȓ ȝȞȎȐȜ-
220
ȝȖȟțȎ ȑȞȓȦȘȎ țȎ ȝȖȟȎȥȎ, ȘȎȘȐȖȠȜ ȕȎȏȓșȭȕȐȎȚȓ Ȗ Ȑ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȟșȡȥȎȖ,
ȝȜȞȎȒȖ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȝȞȖȓȚȎȚȓ ȝȜȒ ȐȨȝȞȜȟ, ȥȓ Ȑ ȟșȡȥȎȭ ȟȓ ȘȎȟȎȓ ȕȎ ȑȞȎȒ
ǳșȓțȎ, Ȝȧȓ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ, ȥȓ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȜȠ ȠȜȕȖ ȘȞȎȗ ȖȒȐȎȠ ȒȜȟȠȎ ȑȞȎȒȖțȎȞȖ.
17. ǸȜȝȎȥ (çapacı) – șȖȤȓ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȘȜȝȎȓ ȟ ȚȜȠȖȘȎ (çapa) (Rechnik
1962, 95).
18. ǰ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȨȞ ȕȎ ȟȨȏȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȎțȨȤȖȠȓ ȠȓȚȓȠȡȎȠ, ȐȓȞȑȖ, ȓȚșȭȘ
Ȗ ȏȓȒȓș ȜȠ 1867 ȑ. (Ȁȥ 51/46, ș. 7Ȏ), țȎȞȓȒ ȟ țȎȞȜȒțȜȟȠțȖȠȓ ȝȜțȭȠȖȭ ȕȎ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ (794 ȒȡȦȖ), ȘȎȕȎȤȖ (622), ȑȜșȎȤȖ (26), ȚȜșȒȜȐȎțȖ (529), ȝȜ-
șȭȤȖ (30), șȖȝȜȐȎțȤȖ (435), ȎȐȟȠȞȖȗȤȖ (14), ȎȞȚȓțȤȖ (91), ȓȐȞȓȖ (283)
Ȗ ȓȒȖț ȡțȑȎȞȓȤ, ȟȎ ȜȠȞȎȕȓțȖ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ țȎ ȝȞȜȠȓȟȠȎțȠȖȠȓ (113),
ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȓȒȖț ȘȎȠȜșȖȘ. ǵȎ ȝȨȟȠȞȜȠȎȠȎ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ Ȑ ȀȡșȥȎ, ȐȔ.
Todorov 2021, 61 – 69; Kenderova 2015; Kenderova 2007.
19. Ȁȥ 51/46, ș. 2ȏ.
20. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȨȞ Ȁȥ 51/46 (ș. 7Ȏ) țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ ȓ ȝȞȓȒȟ-
ȠȎȐȓțȜ ȜȠ ȠȞȖ țȎȞȜȒțȜȟȠȖ: ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ (millet-i bulgar) – 303 ȒȡȦȖ; ȎȞ-
ȚȓțȤȖ (millet-i ermeni) – 99 ȒȡȦȖ Ȗ ȓȐȞȓȖ (millet-i yahudi) – 37 ȒȡȦȖ.
ǸȜȚȝȎȘȠțȖ ȎȞȚȓțȟȘȖ ȑȞȡȝȖ ȟȓ ȕȎȟȓșȐȎȠ Ȑ ǯȎȏȎȒȎȑ Ȝȧȓ ȝȞȓȕ XVI ȐȓȘ
(Patepisi 1984, 193, ȏȓș. 114). ǿȨȐȟȓȚ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȓ ȘȎȞȠȖțȎȠȎ ȝȞȓȕ ȬșȖ 1877
ȑ. ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȜȝȖȟȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǶȐ. ǯȓșȜȤȓȞȘȜȐȓȤ. ǼȏȧȖȭȠ ȏȞȜȗ țȎ ȘȨȧȖȠȓ ȓ
945, ȜȠ ȘȜȖȠȜ 250 ȟȎ țȎ ȠȡȞȤȖ, 200 țȎ ȠȎȠȎȞȖ, 190 țȎ ȥȓȞȘȓȕȖ, 80 țȎ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ, 80 țȎ ȓȐȞȓȖ, 50 țȎ ȚȜșȒȜȐȎțȖ, 40 țȎ ȎȞȚȓțȤȖ, 20 țȎ ȤȖȑȎțȖ,
15 țȎ ȡȘȞȎȖțȤȖ, 10 țȎ țȓȚȤȖ Ȗ 10 țȎ ȑȨȞȤȖ (Tonev (ed.) 2003, 451).
21. ǰȨȐ ȢȞȓțȟȘȖȭ ȠȓȘȟȠ ȓ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎț ȖȕȞȎȕȨȠ „la loi religieuse” (Ȟȓ-
șȖȑȖȜȕțȖȭȠ ȕȎȘȜț). ǲȜȝȡȟȘȎȚ, ȥȓ Ȑ ȜȞȖȑȖțȎșȎ ȓ ȘȎȕȎțȜ „ȦȓȞȖȎȠ“.
22. Ȁȥ 57/12, ș. 18.
23. Ȁȥ 57/12, ș. 21.
24. Ȁȥ 57/12, ș. 6.
ǽȁǯǹǶǸȁǰǮǻǶ ǶǵǰǼǾǶ
ǮțȒȞȓȓȐ, ǿȠ. (ȞȓȒ.) 1993. ǼȝȖȟ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȜȠȡȞȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȕȎ ȕȎ-
țȎȭȠȖ Ȗ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȖȭ (XVI – XIX Ȑ.), ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȖ Ȑ ǼȞȖȓțȠȎșȟȘȖȭ ȜȠ-
Ȓȓș țȎ ǻȎȞȜȒțȎȠȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ „ǿȐ. ǿȐ. ǸȖȞȖș Ȗ ǺȓȠȜȒȖȗ“. ǿȨȟ-
ȠȎȐ. Ǯ. ǰȓșȘȜȐ Ȗ ȒȞ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǻǯǸǺ.
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SEEKING A LIVELIHOOD
IN 19TH-CENTURY DOBRUDJA
Abstract: The article analyzes the information about the town
of Babadag/Babadaùı (North Dobrudja, Rumania) drawn from archi-
val Ottoman documents, preserved in the Department of Oriental
Collections at the Sts Cyril and Methodius National Library in Sofia.
The documents are dated from the 1860s and 1870s and related to
148 persons with various occupations (gardeners, shepherds, crafts-
men, traders and laborers). They came from different regions of the
Balkans in order to seek a livelihood in the town of Babadag. Their
birth place, nationality, annual income and the size of the temettu‘
tax paid by them are also taken into consideration.
Keywords: Babadag, Dobrudja, yabancı esnaf ruhsatiye
tezkiresi, temettu tax.
Prof. Stoyanka Kenderova, PhD
National Library “St. St. Cyril and Methodius”
45, Vasil Levski Blvd., 1504 Sofia
Tel.: (+ 359) 884 636 746
E-mail address: kenderovastoyanka@yahoo.fr
225
ǵǻǮȅǳǻǶǳȀǼ ǻǮ ǼǿǺǮǻǿǸǶȀǳ
ǽǾǳǯǾǼǶȀǳǹǻǶ ǾǳǱǶǿȀǾǶ
ǼȀ 60-Ƞȓ ǱǼǲǶǻǶ ǻǮ XIX ǰǳǸ
ǵǮ ǶǵǿǹǳǲǰǮǻǳ ǻǮ ǿǳǺǳǷǻǼ-ǯǾǮȅǻǶȀǳ
ǼȀǻǼȆǳǻǶȍ ǽǼ ǯȈǹǱǮǾǿǸǶȀǳ ǵǳǺǶ
ǲȜȤ. Ȓ-Ȟ ǲȎțȖȓșȎ ǮțȑȓșȜȐȎ
ǶțȟȠȖȠȡȠ ȕȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ ȥȜȐȓȘȎ –

ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȭ țȎ țȎȡȘȖȠȓ
ǾȓȕȬȚȓ: ǼȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȖ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȓ ȖȕȝȜș-

ȕȐȎȠ ȕȎ ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎțȓ ȟȨȧțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȏȞȎȥțȖȭ ȚȜȒȓș ȝȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ
ȕȓȚȖ ȟȎ țȬȢȡȟ ȒȓȢȠȓȞȖȠȓ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ ȜȠ 60-Ƞȓ Ȗ 70-Ƞȓ ȑȜ-
ȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ. Ȁȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎȠ ȟȝȖȟȨȤȖ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ ȜȠ
ȝȞȓȏȞȜȭȐȎțȓȠȜ, ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȖȞȎțȜ ȜȠ ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ ȝȞȓȕ 1866 – 1872 ȑ.
ǽȞȜȡȥȐȎțȖȠȓ țȬȢȡȟ ȒȓȢȠȓȞȖ ȕȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȠ ȒȎțțȖ ȕȎ
ȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ, ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎȠȎ ȖȚ ȕȎȓȠȜȟȠ, ȝȞȖȠȓȔȎȐȎțȖ ȖȚȜȠȖ Ȗ ȒȜ-
ȏȖȠȨȘ, ȕȎ ȒȎțȨȥțȜ ȜȏșȎȑȎțȓ, ȒȜȣȜȒȖȠȓ Ȗ ȝȞ. ǰȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȖȕȟșȓȒ-
ȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȞȎȘȎ ȝȞȓȕ ȃǥȃ ȐȓȘ Ȑ ȠȓȕȖ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖ ȟȓ ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎ ȚțȜȑȜ
ȐȎȔțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ. ǱȞȎȒȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȓ ȕȎȝȖȟȐȎțȜ ȝȜȖȚȓțțȜ
ȟȨȟ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ȑȜȒȖțȎȠȎ țȎ ȞȎȔȒȎțȓ Ȗ țȎ ȟȘșȬȥȐȎțȓ țȎ ȏȞȎȘ,
ȐȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ Ȗ ȝȜȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖ ȏȞȎȘȜȐȓ. ȀȜȐȎ ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȎțȎșȖ-
ȕȖȞȎȠ ȜȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ ȘȜȓȢȖȤȖȓțȠȖ țȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠȠȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȟȞȓȒțȎȠȎ ȐȨȕ-
ȞȎȟȠ ȝȞȖ ȟȘșȬȥȐȎțȓ țȎ ȏȞȎȘ; ȜȠțȜȟȖȠȓșțȖȭ Ȓȭș țȎ ȝȜȐȠȜȞțȎȠȎ
ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ, ȜȐȒȜȐȭȐȎțȓȠȜ, ȜȘȜțȥȎȠȓșțȜȠȜ ȏȓȕȏȞȎȥȖȓ Ȗ ȝȞ.
ǸșȬȥȜȐȖ ȒȡȚȖ: ȝȞȓȏȞȜȖȠȓșțȖ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖ, ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖ ȐȖșȎȓȠ,
ȏȞȎȥțȖ ȚȜȒȓșȖ.
ǼȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȖ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȓ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎȠ

ȕȎ ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎțȓ ȟȨȧțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȏȞȎȥțȖȭ ȚȜȒȓș ȝȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ
ȕȓȚȖ ȟȎ țȬȢȡȟ ȒȓȢȠȓȞȖȠȓ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ ȜȠ 60-Ƞȓ Ȗ
70-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ. Ȁȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎȠ ȟȝȖȟȨȤȖ țȎ țȎȟȓ-
șȓțȖȓȠȜ ȜȠ ȝȞȓȏȞȜȭȐȎțȓȠȜ, ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȖȞȎțȜ ȜȠ ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ
ȝȞȓȕ 1866 – 1872 ȑ.
ǽȞȜȡȥȐȎțȖȠȓ țȬȢȡȟ ȒȓȢȠȓȞȖ ȕȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȠ
ȒȎțțȖ ȕȎ ȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ, ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎ ȖȚ ȕȎȓȠȜȟȠ, ȝȞȖȠȓȔȎȐȎ-
226
țȖȠȓ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȖȚȜȠȖ Ȗ ȒȜȏȖȠȨȘ, ȒȜȣȜȒȖȠȓ ȖȚ, ȒȎțȨȥțȜ ȜȏșȎȑȎțȓ
Ȗ ȝȞ. ǰȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȞȎȘȎ ȝȞȓȕ ȃǥȃ ȐȓȘ Ȑ Ƞȓ-
ȕȖ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖ ȟȓ ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎ ȚțȜȑȜ ȐȎȔțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ. ǱȞȎȒȟȘȜȠȜ
țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȓ ȕȎȝȖȟȐȎțȜ ȝȜȖȚȓțțȜ ȟȨȟ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ȑȜȒȖțȎȠȎ
țȎ ȞȎȔȒȎțȓ Ȗ țȎ ȟȘșȬȥȐȎțȓ țȎ ȏȞȎȘ, ȐȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ Ȗ ȝȜȟșȓȒ-
ȐȎȧȖ ȏȞȎȘȜȐȓ (Shterionov, Angelova & Muchinov 2014). ȀȜȐȎ
ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ țȎȝȞȎȐȭȠ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȖȭ Ȗ ȕȎȘșȬȥȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ȚȖ-
țȖȚȎșțȎȠȎ Ȗ ȟȞȓȒțȎȠȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ ȝȞȖ ȟȘșȬȥȐȎțȓ țȎ ȏȞȎȘ, ȕȎ
ȜȠțȜȟȖȠȓșțȖȭ Ȓȭș țȎ ȝȜȐȠȜȞțȖȠȓ ȏȞȎȘȜȐȓ, ȕȎ ȟȨȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓȠȜ
țȎ ȔȓțȓțȖ ȘȨȚ țȓȔȓțȓțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȝȞ.
ǿȝȓȤȖȢȖȥțȜȠȜ ȝȞȖ ȠȓȕȖ ȝȞȓȏȞȜȖȠȓșțȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȓ ȟȨ-
ȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓȠȜ ȖȚ. ǶțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȖȕȐȎȒȓțȎ
Ȗ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȎ ȕȎ ȟȠȎȠȖȟȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ Ȗ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȎțȎșȖȕ, ȓ ȚțȜȑȜ
ȏȜȑȎȠȎ. ǻȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ ȜȠ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ ȓ ȜȝȖȟȐȎțȜ ȚțȜȑȜ ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȜ,
ȐȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ Ȗ ȔȓțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȚȜȚȖȥȓȠȎȠȎ. ǵȎ ȟȞȎȐțȓțȖȓ ȧȓ ȜȠȏȓ-
șȓȔȎ, ȥȓ ȔȓțȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȐȘșȬȥȓțȖ Ȑ ȜȢȖȤȖȎșțȜ ȝȞȓȏȞȜȭȐȎțȓ Ȑ Ǽȟ-
ȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ ȓȒȐȎ ȝȞȓȕ 1881 ȑ. (Shterionov 2012; Karpat
1985; Karpat 2002). ǿșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșțȜ, ȐȘșȬȥȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȔȓțȖ Ȑ
ȝȞȓȏȞȜȖȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȟȝȖȟȨȤȖ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ ȜȠ
60-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎ ȓȒțȎ țȎȝȞȓȒțȖȥȎȐȎ ȐȖȕȖȭ.
ǲȞȡȑȎ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠ țȎ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȖȠȓ ȠȡȘ țȬȢȡȟ ȒȓȢȠȓȞȖ ȓ
ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȑȜȒȖțȎȠȎ țȎ ȞȎȔȒȎțȓ țȎ șȖȤȎȠȎ. ǽȞȖ ȎțȎ-
șȖȕȎ țȎ ȖȕȐȜȞȖȠȓ ȟȓ ȐȖȔȒȎ, ȥȓ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ ȝȞȖ ȝȜ-ȚșȎȒȖȠȓ ȝȜȘȜ-
șȓțȖȭ ȓ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎțȎ ȠȜȥțȎȠȎ ȑȜȒȖțȎ țȎ ȞȎȔȒȎțȓ. ǶțȢȜȞȚȎ-
ȤȖȭȠȎ, ȝȜșȡȥȓțȎ ȜȠ ȠȎȕȖ ȑȞȎȢȎ, ȓ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȝȜșȓȕțȎ ȕȎ
ȖȕȥȖȟșȭȐȎțȓȠȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȠȎ ȝȞȖ ȐȟȠȨȝȐȎțȓ Ȑ ȏȞȎȘ. ǼȟȜȏȓțȜ ȝȜ-
șȓȕțȎ ȓ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȎȠȎ ȑȞȎȢȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭ ȑȜȒȖțȎȠȎ țȎ
ȟȘșȬȥȐȎțȓ țȎ ȏȞȎȘ. ǼȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎțȖ ȟȎ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ șȖȤȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ Ȑ
ȚȜȚȓțȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȓȏȞȜȭȐȎțȓȠȜ ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎȠ Ȑ ȏȞȎȥȓț ȟȨȬȕ, Ȏ ȟȨȧȜ
Ȗ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ Ȑ ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȜȠȜ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȖȚȎȠ ȏȞȎȘ (ȏȓȕ ȞȎȕșȖȘȎ ȒȎ-
șȖ ȟȓ ȜȠțȎȟȭ ȕȎ ȑșȎȐȎȠȎ țȎ ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȜȠȜ, țȓȑȜȐȖ ȟȖțȜȐȓ,
ȒȨȧȓȞȖ ȖșȖ ȟșȡȑȖ). ǼȠ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȟȠȞȎțȎ, ȝȞȖ țȭȘȜȖ ȜȠ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖ-
Ƞȓ Ȑ ȠȎȕȖ ȑȞȎȢȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎ ȟȓȚȓȗțȜȠȜ ȝȜșȜȔȓțȖȓ țȎ ȒȞȡȑȖ-
Ƞȓ ȥșȓțȜȐȓ țȎ ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȜȠȜ (ȐȒȜȐȓȤ, ȐȒȜȐȖȤȎ, ȓȞȑȓț, ȚȜȚȎ).
ǲȎțțȖȠȓ ȜȠ țȬȢȡȟ ȒȓȢȠȓȞȖȠȓ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ ȟȓ ȜȠțȎ-
ȟȭȠ ȓȒȖțȟȠȐȓțȜ ȕȎ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ, ȜȏȖȠȎȐȎȧȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟ-
ȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ. ǽȜȞȎȒȖ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȖȕȐȜȞȜȐȖȭ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎș (țȬ-
Ȣȡȟ ȒȓȢȠȓȞȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȟȓșȎȠȎ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȠ ȚțȜȑȜ ȝȜ-ȜȟȘȨȒțȖ ȒȎțțȖ
227
ȕȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ) Ȗ ȚȎșȘȜȠȜ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ-
ȠȜ ȟȓ ȏȎȕȖȞȎ țȎ ȒȎțțȖ ȜȠ ȜȠȒȓșțȖ ȚȎȣȎșȖ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ ȀȨȞ-
țȜȐȜ (Ȓț. ǰȓșȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ), ǿȐȖȧȜȐ, ǿȖșȖȟȠȞȎ, ȆȡȚȓț, ȃȎ-
ȒȔȖȜȑșȡ ǽȎȕȎȞȒȔȖȘ (Ȓț. ǲȜȏȞȖȥ) Ȗ ǮțȣȖȎșȜ (Ȓț. ǽȜȚȜȞȖȓ).
ǰȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȥȓ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ ȟȎ ȟȨȟȞȓȒȜȠȜȥȓțȖ ȜȟțȜȐțȜ Ȑ ȤȓțȠȞȎș-
țȎȠȎ Ȗ ȟȓȐȓȞȜȖȕȠȜȥțȎȠȎ ȥȎȟȠ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ, ȠȓȣțȖȭȠ
ȝȞȜȖȕȣȜȒ, ȐȖȒ Ȗ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞ ȟȎ ȞȎȕțȜȜȏȞȎȕțȖ Ȗ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ
ȟȓ țȎȝȞȎȐȭȠ ȜȏȜȏȧȓțȖ ȖȕȐȜȒȖ ȕȎ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȎȠȎ ȟȖȠȡȎȤȖȭ țȎ
ȑȞȎȒȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȝȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȤȭșȜ.
ǾȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎțȖȠȓ Ȑ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓȠȜ țȬȢȡȕ ȒȓȢȠȓȞȖ ȟȓ ȟȨȣȞȎ-
țȭȐȎȠ Ȑ ǼȞȖȓțȠȎșȟȘȖȭ ȜȠȒȓș țȎ ǻȎȤȖȜțȎșțȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ
„ǿȐ. ȟȐ. ǸȖȞȖș Ȗ ǺȓȠȜȒȖȗ“. ǰ țȎȦȎȠȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȜȑȞȎȢȖȭ ȖȚȎ
ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎț ȥȎȟȠȖȥȓț ȝȞȓȐȜȒ țȎ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȨȞȎ ȕȎ ȚȎȣȎșȎȠȎ ǽȎ-
țȎȑȖȭ Ȑ ǮțȣȖȎșȜ ȜȠ ǻȖȘȜșȎȗ ȀȜȒȜȞȜȐ. ǰȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȥȓ ȝȡȏșȖȘȎ-
ȤȖȭȠȎ ȒȎȐȎ ȜȟțȜȐțȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȎ ȕȎ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓȠȜ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎ, Ȑ
ȝȞȓȐȜȒȎ ȖȚȎ ȐȖȒȖȚȖ ȑȞȓȦȘȖ Ȗ țȓȠȜȥțȜȟȠȖ. ǽȜȞȎȒȖ ȠȎȕȖ
ȝȞȖȥȖțȎ ȠȡȘ ȟȓ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎ ȜȞȖȑȖțȎșțȖȭ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ. ȅȎȟȠ ȜȠ
ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎțȖȠȓ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖ ȟȎ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȖ Ȗ Ȑ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȖȭȠȎ țȎ
ǺȎȞȖȭ ȀȜȒȜȞȜȐȎ.
ȅȞȓȕ ȎțȎșȖȕȎ țȎ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȘȖ țȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠȠȎ ȝȜ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ, Ȑ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȎȠȎ ȟȠȎȠȖȭ ȧȓ ȟȓ
ȞȎȕȘȞȖȭȠ ȟȨȧțȜȟȠȠȎ Ȗ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠȖȠȓ țȎ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞțȖȭ ȕȎ Ȗȕȟ-
șȓȒȐȎțȖȭ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ ȏȞȎȥȓț ȚȜȒȓș Ȑ ȞȓȑȖȜțȎ. ǯȞȎȥțȖȭȠ ȚȜȒȓș
ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎ ȐȖȒ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖ ȚȜȒȓș, ȝȞȓȒțȎȕțȎȥȓț ȕȎ ȜȝȖȟ-
ȐȎțȓ ȟȨȟȠȜȭțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȎȒȓț ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ (Ȑ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȖȭ
ȟșȡȥȎȗ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠȠȎ) Ȗ țȓȑȜȐȜȠȜ ȖȕȚȓțȓțȖȓ. ȀȜȗ ȟȓ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎ
ȥȞȓȕ ȟȚȓȟȐȎțȓȠȜ Ȗ ȎțȎșȖȕȎ țȎ ȘȜșȖȥȓȟȠȐȓțȖ Ȗ ȘȎȥȓȟȠȐȓțȖ ȣȎ-
ȞȎȘȠȓȞȖȟȠȖȘȖ țȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ. ǽȞȖ ȖȕȑȜȠȐȭțȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȎ-
Ȓȓț ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖ ȚȜȒȓș ȟȓ ȐȕȖȚȎȠ ȝȜȒ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȜȠȒȓșțȖ
ȝȞȖȕțȎȤȖ țȎ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȜȠȜ ȭȐșȓțȖȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖ ȝȞȖ
ȞȎȕȞȓȦȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȎȠȎ ȕȎȒȎȥȎ (Demograficheskiy 1985).
ǽȞȓȒȖ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȖȟȠȨȝȖ ȘȨȚ ȖȕȭȟțȭȐȎțȓ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȘȖȠȓ țȎ
ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠȠȎ, ȓ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȖȕȭȟțȖ ȠȓȞȚȖțȜșȜȑȖȭȠȎ țȎ
ȠȜȐȎ ȝȜțȭȠȖȓ. ǰ țȎȡȘȎȠȎ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȠ ȞȎȕțȜȜȏȞȎȕțȖ ȜȝȞȓȒȓ-
șȓțȖȭ țȎ ȠȓȞȚȖțȎ „ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ“, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȐȜȒȖ ȒȜ ȞȎȕțȜȟȠȞȎț-
țȎȠȎ Țȡ ȡȝȜȠȞȓȏȎ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȓȒțȎ ȑȞȡȝȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȖ Ȑ țȓȑȜ ȟȓ
ȐȘșȬȥȐȎ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖȭȠ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎț ȟ ȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȏȞȎȥțȖ (ȟȓȚȓȗțȖ) ȒȐȜȗȘȖ (Sugareva 2004, 89; Presa 2006, 21 –
228
22; Demograficheskiy 1985, 49 – 51). ǲȞȡȑȎ ȟȐȨȞȕȐȎ ȝȜțȭȠȖȓȠȜ
ȟ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠȓț ȐȖȒ ȟȠȎȠȖȟȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȖȕȚȓȞȐȎțȓ, ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎȗȘȖ ȟ
țȓȑȜ ȏȞȜȭ țȎ ȟȘșȬȥȓțȖȠȓ ȏȞȎȘȜȐȓ ȝȞȓȕ ȒȎȒȓț ȝȓȞȖȜȒ, ȖșȖ
ȥȓȟȠȜȠȎȠȎ țȎ ȏȞȎȘȜȐȓȠȓ ȝȞȖ ȒȎȒȓțȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ (Minkov 1999,
123 – 125; Presa 2006, 21 – 22).
ǿșȓȒ ȜȏȜȏȧȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖȠȓ ȟȠȎțȜȐȖȧȎ Ȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȟȓ Ȑȕȓ-
ȚȎȠ ȝȜȒ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠȖȠȓ țȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓȠȜ, ȘȎȠȜ ȜȟțȜȐȜ-
ȝȜșȎȑȎȧȜ ȟȓ ȝȞȖȓȚȎ ȠȐȨȞȒȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȥȓ ȝȜȒ „ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ“ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ
ȟȓ ȞȎȕȏȖȞȎ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖȭȠ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎț ȟ ȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȏȞȎȥțȖ (ȟȓȚȓȗțȖ) ȒȐȜȗȘȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȐȞȨȧȎȠ Ȑ ȜȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ
ȘșȓȠȘȖ ȕȎ ȐȨȕȝȞȜȖȕȐȜȒȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ (Stefanov, Sug-
arev, Naumov, Hristov & Atanasov 1974, 125). ǽȜȑșȓȒțȎȠȜ ȜȠ
ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȎ ȑșȓȒțȎ ȠȜȥȘȎ, ȠȜȐȎ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖȓ țȓ ȝȜȘȞȖȐȎ ȐȟȖȥ-
ȘȖ ȐȨȕȝȞȜȖȕȐȜȒȟȠȐȓțȖ ȓȒȖțȖȤȖ țȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ – țȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ țȓ-
ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎțȖȠȓ, țȓȬȞȖȒȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȏȞȎȘȜȐȓ. ǰȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȠȜȐȎ, Ȑ ȟȨȜȠ-
ȐȓȠȟȠȐȖȓ ȟ ȜȏȟȠȎțȜȐȘȎȠȎ ȝȞȓȕ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȎȠȎ ȓȝȜȣȎ, ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȘȜșȖ-
ȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȏȞȎȘȜȐȓ ȜȠ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȖȭ ȠȖȝ ȓ țȓȕțȎȥȖȠȓșțȜ, ȟ ȜȟțȜ-
ȐȎțȖȓ ȟȓ ȝȞȖȓȚȎ ȑȜȞțȜȠȜ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖȓ țȎ ȝȜțȭȠȖȓȠȜ.
ǯȞȎȥțȜȟȠȠȎ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎ ȐȟȠȨȝȐȎțȓȠȜ Ȑ ȝȨȞȐȖ Ȗ Ȑ ȝȜȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖ
ȏȞȎȘȜȐȓ Ȗ Ȑ ȟȨȥȓȠȎțȖȓ ȟ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖȠȓ țȎ ȜȐȒȜȐȭȐȎțȓ Ȗ ȞȎȕȐȜȒȖȚȜȟȠ
ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭ ȐȨȕȝȞȜȖȕȐȜȒȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ. ǰ ȠȜȕȖ ȘȜțȠȓȘȟȠ Ȗ
ȐȕȓȚȎȗȘȖ ȝȜȒ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓ ȢȎȘȠȎ, ȥȓ ȠȜȕȖ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ ȟȓ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎ ȟ Ȥȓș
ȜȥȓȞȠȎȐȎțȓ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞțȖȭ ȕȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ ȏȞȎ-
ȥȓț ȚȜȒȓș, ȧȓ ȟȓ ȜȏȨȞțȓ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓ țȎ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖ ȓșȓ-
ȚȓțȠȎ: 1. Ǽȏȧ ȘȜȓȢȖȤȖȓțȠ țȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ; 2. ǰȨȕȞȎȟȠ țȎ ȐȟȠȨȝȐȎțȓ
Ȑ ȝȨȞȐȖ ȏȞȎȘ; 3. ǻȖȐȜ țȎ ȝȜȐȠȜȞțȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȜȠțȜȟȖȠȓșȓț Ȓȭș
țȎ țȓȔȓțȓțȖȠȓ (Rusev & Sugarev 2008, 197 – 200).
ǿșȓȒ ȘȎȠȜ ȏȨȒȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȎ ȟȨȧțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȏȞȎȥțȖȭ ȚȜȒȓș
țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ ȝȜ țȎȦȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ, ȧȓ ȟȓ ȝȜȠȨȞȟȖ ȟȞȎȐțȓțȖȓ ȟ
ȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖȠȓ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȖ. ǸȎȠȜ ȟȓ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎȠ ȟȨȧȖȠȓ ȖȕȚȓȞȖȠȓ-
șȖ, ȧȓ ȟȓ ȜȥȓȞȠȎȭȠ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȥțȖȠȓ ȕȎ ǳȐȞȜȝȎ ȚȜȒȓșȖ. ȄȓșȠȎ
țȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȞȎȐțȓțȖȓ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȘȞȖȓ ȚȭȟȠȜȠȜ țȎ țȎȦȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ Ȑ
ȜȏȧȎȠȎ ȞȎȚȘȎ țȎ ǿȠȎȞȖȭ ȘȜțȠȖțȓțȠ.
ǰȨȕȞȎȟȠ ȝȞȖ ȝȨȞȐȖ ȏȞȎȘ

ǿȨȧȓȟȠȐȓț ȓșȓȚȓțȠ ȝȞȖ ȖȕȭȟțȭȐȎțȓ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȘȖȠȓ țȎ
ȏȞȎȥțȖȭ ȚȜȒȓș, ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȧ ȝȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȞȓȕ XIX
ȐȓȘ, ȓ ȎțȎșȖȕȨȠ țȎ ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȝȜ-ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜ ȣȎȞȎȘ-
229
ȠȓȞțȎȠȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ țȎ ȐȟȠȨȝȐȎțȓ Ȑ țȓȭ. ȅȞȓȕ ȖȕȭȟțȭȐȎțȓ ȟȝȓȤȖ-
ȢȖȘȖȠȓ țȎ ȏȞȎȥțȎȠȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ (Presa 2006, 21 – 22; Demogra-
ficheskiy 1985) ȟȓ ȒȎȐȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭțȓ țȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȠȜ
ȝȜȐȓȒȓțȖȓ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ ȜȠ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȎȠȎ ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȭ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ
ȜȠȘȞȜȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠȖȠȓ ȝȞȖ ȜȠȒȓșțȖȠȓ ȓȠțȜ-ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖ
ȑȞȡȝȖ.
ǾȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎțȖȠȓ Ȑ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȠȎȏșȖȤȖ ȘȜȓȢȖȤȖȓțȠȖ ȟȎ
ȝȜșȡȥȓțȖ țȎ ȏȎȕȎȠȎ țȎ țȎșȖȥțȖȭ ȖȕȐȜȞȜȐ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎș. ǻȓȜȏȣȜ-
ȒȖȚȜ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ țȎȝȞȎȐȖ ȡȠȜȥțȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȥȓ ȒȎțțȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȟȨȏȞȎțȖ ȜȠ
ȝȞȓȏȞȜȖȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖ (țȬȢȡȟ ȒȓȢȠȓȞȖ) ȜȠ 1866 ȑ. (ȕȎ ȑȞȎ-
ȒȜȐȓȠȓ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ, ǿȐȖȧȜȐ, ǿȖșȖȟȠȞȎ, ȆȡȚȓț, ȃȎȒȔȖȜȑșȡ ǽȎ-
ȕȎȞȒȔȖȘ) Ȗ 1871 ȑ. (ȕȎ ȑȞ. ǮțȣȖȎșȜ). ǶțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȓ
ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎ Ȑ ȠȓȕȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ (Ȑ ȠȜȐȎ ȥȖȟșȜ Ȗ ȕȎ ȏȞȎȘȜȐȓȠȓ), ȜȠ-
ȞȎȕȭȐȎ ȓȒȖțȟȠȐȓțȜ țȎșȖȥțȜȠȜ Ȑ ȚȜȚȓțȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȓȏȞȜȭȐȎțȖȭȠȎ
țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ. ǽȞȖ ȖȕȥȖȟșȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȘȜȓȢȖȤȖȓțȠȖȠȓ ȟȓ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎȠ
ȒȎțțȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȏȞȎȘȜȐȓ ȘȎȘȠȜ ȠȓȕȖ ȟȘșȬȥȓțȖ Ȑ ȑȜȒȖțȎȠȎ
țȎ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȎȤȖȭȠȎ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ ȕȎ ȝȜ-ȞȎțțȖ ȑȜȒȖțȖ.
ǻȎșȖȥțȖȭȠ ȖȕȐȜȞȜȐ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎș ȒȎȐȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȒȎ ȟȓ țȎȝ-
ȞȎȐȖ ȜȤȓțȘȎ țȎ ȚȓȒȖȎțțȎȠȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ ȕȎ ȝȨȞȐȖ ȏȞȎȘ țȎ țȎȟȓ-
șȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȜȏȖȠȎȐȎȧȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ. ǺȓȒȖȎț-
țȎȠȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ ȓ ȜȏȜȏȧȓțȎ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞȖȟȠȖȘȎ țȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜȐȎȠȎ
ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȎ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȜȠȒȓșțȖ ȑȞȡȝȖ ȖșȖ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖ
ȟȨȏȖȠȖȭ, ȞȎȕȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖ ȝȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ (Ȑ ȟșȡȥȎȭ ȚȓȒȖȎțțȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ
țȎ ȐȟȠȨȝȐȎțȓ Ȑ ȏȞȎȘ). Ȁȭ ȞȎȕȒȓșȭ ȤȭșȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ, ȝȜȘȜșȓțȖȓ
ȖșȖ ȥȖȟșȜȠȜ țȎ ȟȨȏȖȠȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȒȐȓ ȞȎȐțȖ ȥȎȟȠȖ: ȓȒțȎȠȎ ȝȜ-
ȚșȎȒȎ ȜȠ ȚȓȒȖȎțțȎȠȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ, Ȏ ȒȞȡȑȎȠȎ ȝȜ-ȟȠȎȞȎ. ǼȏȖȘțȜȐȓțȜ
ȟȓ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎ Ȑ ȟșȡȥȎȖȠȓ, ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȥȖȟșȜȐȜȠȜ ȞȎȕȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖȓ ȓ țȓ-
ȞȎȐțȜȚȓȞțȜ Ȗ ȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșțȜ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȞȓȒțȎȠȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ
ȓ ȝȜ-ȚȎșȘȜ ȜȝȞȎȐȒȎțȜ. ǽȞȖ țȓȗțȜȠȜ ȖȕȥȖȟșȭȐȎțȓ ȟȓ ȖȕȘșȬȥȐȎȠ
ȓȘȟȠȞȓȚțȖȠȓ ȟȠȜȗțȜȟȠȖ (Ƞ.ȓ. ȠȜȐȎ ȟȎ țȎȗ-țȖȟȘȖȠȓ Ȗ țȎȗ-
ȐȖȟȜȘȖȠȓ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎțȖ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȖ). ǽȜ ȠȜȕȖ țȎȥȖț ȟȓ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȐȎ
ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȎ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȜȥȖȠȎțȎȠȎ Ȑ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ ȕȎ ȟȨȕȒȎ-
ȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȓȚȓȗȟȠȐȜ (Demograficheskiy 1985). ǻȎșȖȥțȖȠȓ ȖȕȐȜȞȜ-
ȐȖ ȒȎțțȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȟȠȎȠȖȟȠȖȘȖ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȘȜțȒȖȘȖ țȎ ȜȏȧȖ-
țȖ, ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȖ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖ Ȗ ȒȞ. ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎȠ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȜȟșȓȒȭȠ ȠȓȕȖ
țȎȑșȎȟȖ ȟȞȓȒ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȓȠțȜ-ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖ ȑȞȡȝȖ. ǾȓȕȡșȠȎȠȖȠȓ ȕȎ
ȚȓȒȖȎțțȎȠȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ țȎ ȚȨȔȓȠȓ Ȗ ȔȓțȖȠȓ, țȎȟȓșȭȐȎȧȖ ȏȨșȑȎȞ-
ȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȐȖȒȭȠ Ȑ ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 1.
230
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 1. ǼȤȓțȘȎ țȎ ȚȓȒȖȎțțȎȠȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ țȎ ȐȟȠȨȝȐȎțȓ Ȑ ȝȨȞȐȖ ȏȞȎȘ
țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȜȏȖȠȎȐȎȧȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ, ȝȜ ȓȠțȜ-
ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖ ȑȞȡȝȖ
ǳȠțȜ-ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖ ǽȞȓȟȓșțȖȤȖ
ȃȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖ ǺȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ
ȑȞȡȝȖ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ
ǽȜș
ǺȨȔȓ 28 27 27
ǴȓțȖ 19 20 18
ǶȕȠȜȥțȖȘ: ȖȕȥȖȟșȓțȖȭ țȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȎ ȝȜ ǻǯǸǺ, Ȣ. ǯȞ 1/10, 2/14; Ȣ. 140, Ȏ. ȓ.

94; Ȣ. 140Ǯ, Ȏ. ȓ. 365; Ȁș 15/5; Ȣ. 22, Ȏ. ȓ. 139; Ȣ. 22, Ȏ. ȓ. 268; Ǹȑ 4/2; ǰȒ
12/141; Ȣ. 118, Ȏ. ȓ. 106; Ȣ. 118, Ȏ. ȓ. 113; Ȣ. 119, Ȏ. ȓ. 832; Ȣ. 119, Ȏ. ȓ. 984;
Ȣ. 179, Ȏ. ȓ. 487; Ȣ. 179, Ȏ. ȓ. 488; Ȣ. 179, Ȏ. ȓ. 3369; Todorova 2002, 43–45.
ǽȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖȠȓ Ȑ ȠȎȏșȖȤȎȠȎ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ, ȥȓ ȚȓȒȖ-

ȎțțȎȠȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ țȎ ȐȟȠȨȝȐȎțȓ Ȑ ȝȨȞȐȖ ȏȞȎȘ țȎ ȚȨȔȘȜȠȜ ȑȞȎȒ-
ȟȘȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȐȎȞȖȞȎ ȚȓȔȒȡ 28 ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖȠȓ
țȎ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖȠȓ Ȗ 27 – ȕȎ ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖȠȓ ȓȠțȜ-ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖ Ȝȏȧ-
țȜȟȠȖ, Ȏ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ, ȝȞȓȟȓșțȖȤȖ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ (ȚȡȣȎ-
ȒȔȖȞȖ) Ȗ ȞȜȚȖ. ǽȞȖ ȔȓțȖȠȓ ȟȠȜȗțȜȟȠȖȠȓ ȐȎȞȖȞȎȠ ȜȠ 18 ȑȜȒȖ-
țȖ ȝȞȖ ȝȞȓȟȓșțȖȤȖȠȓ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ, 19 – ȟȞȓȒ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓș-
ȘȖȠȓ țȎ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȎȠȎ ȞȓșȖȑȖȭ Ȗ 20 ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȕȎ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ-
Ƞȓ Ȗ ȞȜȚȖȠȓ. ǲȎțțȖȠȓ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ ȟȞȎȐțȖȠȓșțȜ ȏșȖȕȘȖ ȟȠȜȗțȜȟ-
ȠȖ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȑȜȐȜȞȖ ȕȎ țȎșȖȥȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȓșȓȚȓțȠ ȟȞȓȒ ȏȞȎȥțȖȠȓ ȚȜ-
ȒȓșȖ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȓ Ȝȏȧ ȕȎ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȓȠțȜ-ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠȖ,
ȢȡțȘȤȖȜțȖȞȎȧȖ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȎȠȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ. ȀȜȐȎ ȑȜȐȜȞȖ ȕȎ ȡțȖȢȖ-
ȤȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȏȞȎȥțȖȠȓ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȭ Ȑ ȝȞȓȒȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ.
ǻȎșȖȥțȎȠȎ ȖȕȐȜȞȜȐȎ ȏȎȕȎ, ȜȠ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȓ ȖȕȐșȖȥȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎ-
ȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȟȓșȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ, ȜȏȖȠȎȐȎȧȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ
ȝȞȓȕ XIX Ȑ, ȜȏȣȐȎȧȎ ȜȟțȜȐțȜ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȎȠȎ ȓȠțȜ-ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȎ
ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ. ǲȎțțȖȠȓ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ, ȥȓ Ȗ Ȑ ȟȓșȎȠȎ ȚȓȒȖȎțțȎȠȎ ȐȨȕ-
ȞȎȟȠ ȕȎ ȝȨȞȐȖ ȏȞȎȘ țȎ ȚȨȔȓȠȓ ȓ ȐȖȟȜȘȎ – 27 ȑȜȒȖțȖ Ȗ țȖȟȘȎ
ȕȎ ȔȓțȖȠȓ – 19. ǽȞȎȐȖ ȐȝȓȥȎȠșȓțȖȓ, ȥȓ ȝȜȘȎȕȎȠȓșȖȠȓ, ȜȠțȎ-
ȟȭȧȖ ȟȓ ȕȎ ȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȟȓșȟȘȖȠȓ ȞȎȗȜțȖ ȟȎ ȖȕȞȎȐțȓțȖ ȟ ȠȓȕȖ
țȎ ȑȞȎȔȒȎțȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȟȨȧȖȭ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎț ȝȓȞȖȜȒ.
ǶțȠȓȞȓȟȓț ȚȜȚȓțȠ ȝȞȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ
țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȜȏȖȠȎȐȎȧȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ, ȓ
ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜȐȎȠȎ ȞȎȕșȖȘȎ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȟȨȝȞȡȕȖȠȓ. ǰ
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 2 ȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓț ȖȚȓțțȜ ȠȜȕȖ ȓșȓȚȓțȠ, ȘȎȠȜ ȓ țȓȜȏ-
ȣȜȒȖȚȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ țȎȝȞȎȐȖ ȓȒțȜ ȡȠȜȥțȓțȖȓ ȝȞȖ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
231
ȒȎțțȖȠȓ. ǰ ȑȞȎȢȎȠȎ „ȞȎȕșȖȘȎ“ ȜȠȞȖȤȎȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȟȠȜȗțȜȟȠȖ (–
35, –15, –10,… Ȗ ȒȞ.) ȟȓ ȜȠțȎȟȭȠ ȕȎ ȟșȡȥȎȖȠȓ, ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜ-
ȐȎȠȎ ȞȎȕșȖȘȎ ȓ Ȑ ȝȜșȕȎ țȎ ȟȨȝȞȡȑȎȠȎ.
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 2. ǾȎȕșȖȘȎ ȐȨȐ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȟȨȝȞȡȕȖȠȓ ȝȞȖ ȟȘșȬȥȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȝȨȞȐȖ ȏȞȎȘ Ȗ ȕȎ ȒȐȎȚȎȠȎ ȝȎȞȠțȪȜȞȖ ȝȜ ȓȠțȜ-ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖ ȑȞȡȝȖ
ȃȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖ ǺȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ ǽȞȓȟȓșțȖȤȖ–ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ
ǾȎȕșȖȘȎ ǼȠțȜȟȖȠȓșȓț ǾȎȕșȖȘȎ ǼȠțȜȟȖȠȓșȓț ǾȎȕșȖȘȎ ǼȠțȜȟȖȠȓșȓț
(Ȑ ȑȜȒȖțȖ) Ȓȭș (Ȑ %) (Ȑ ȑȜȒȖțȖ) Ȓȭș (Ȑ %) (Ȑ ȑȜȒȖțȖ) Ȓȭș (Ȑ %)
–35 –* –35 0,11 –35 –
–15 – –15 0,21 –15 –
–13 – –13 – –13 –
–12 – –12 0,11 –12 –
–10 0,28 –10 0,21 –10 –
–9 – –9 – –9 –
–8 – –8 0,11 –8 –
–7 – –7 0,11 –7 –
–6 – –6 0,21 –6 –
–5 0,43 –5 0,63 –5 –
–4 – –4 – –4 –
–3 0,28 –3 0,32 –3 –
–2 – –2 0,74 –2 0,71
–1 0,28 –1 0,42 –1 –
0 2,99 0 3,47 0 1,43
1 1,99 1 0,63 1 0,71
2 5,12 2 3,05 2 2,86
3 3,98 3 4,94 3 2,86
4 2,70 4 3,26 4 2,86
5 19,49 5 12,61 5 6,43
6 4,55 6 4,10 6 7,14
7 4,41 7 5,99 7 5,71
8 6,97 8 5,99 8 9,29
9 1,71 9 2,84 9 3,57
10 18,92 10 16,70 10 14,29
11 3,13 11 2,00 11 6,43
12 2,42 12 2,63 12 7,86
13 3,56 13 4,41 13 6,43
14 2,13 14 2,10 14 2,14
15 5,55 15 6,72 15 3,57
16 1,14 16 1,89 16 2,86
17 1,85 17 2,10 17 1,43
18 1,85 18 2,21 18 3,57
19 0,28 19 0,95 19 0,71
232
ȃȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖ ǺȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ ǽȞȓȟȓșțȖȤȖ–ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ
ǾȎȕșȖȘȎ ǼȠțȜȟȖȠȓșȓț ǾȎȕșȖȘȎ ǼȠțȜȟȖȠȓșȓț ǾȎȕșȖȘȎ ǼȠțȜȟȖȠȓșȓț
(Ȑ ȑȜȒȖțȖ) Ȓȭș (Ȑ %) (Ȑ ȑȜȒȖțȖ) Ȓȭș (Ȑ %) (Ȑ ȑȜȒȖțȖ) Ȓȭș (Ȑ %)
20 2,42 20 3,89 20 2,14
21 – 21 0,63 21 –
22 0,28 22 0,84 22 1,43
23 0,43 23 0,53 23 0,71
24 – 24 0,42 24 –
25 0,14 25 0,42 25 1,43
26 – 26 0,32 26 0,71
28 0,14 28 0,21 28 –
29 – 29 0,21 29 –
30 0,28 30 0,42 30 –
31 – 31 0,11 31 0,71
33 – 33 0,11 33 –
35 – 35 0,11 35 –
38 0,14 38 – 38 –
* ֙ ǻȭȚȎ ȒȎțțȖ
ǶȕȠȜȥțȖȘ: ȖȕȥȖȟșȓțȖȭ țȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȎ ȝȜ ǻǯǸǺ, Ȣ. ǯȞ 1/10, 2/14; Ȣ. 140, Ȏ.

ȓ. 94; Ȣ. 140Ǯ, Ȏ. ȓ. 365; Ȁș 15/5; Ȣ. 22, Ȏ. ȓ. 139; Ȣ. 22, Ȏ. ȓ. 268; Ǹȑ 4/2;
ǰȒ 12/141; Ȣ. 118, Ȏ. ȓ. 106; Ȣ. 118, Ȏ. ȓ. 113; Ȣ. 119, Ȏ. ȓ. 832; Ȣ. 119, Ȏ. ȓ.
984; Ȣ. 179, Ȏ. ȓ. 487; Ȣ. 179, Ȏ. ȓ. 488; Ȣ. 179, Ȏ. ȓ. 3369.
ǮțȎșȖȕȨȠ țȎ ȖȕȐȜȞȜȐȖȭ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎș ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎ, ȥȓ ȟȞȓȒ ȑȞȎȒ-

ȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ, ȜȏȖȠȎȐȎȧȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ,
țȓȕȎȐȖȟȖȚȜ ȜȠ țȓȑȜȐȖȭ ȓȠțȜ-ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕȓț ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞ, ȝȞȓȜȏșȎ-
ȒȎȐȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜȐȎȠȎ ȞȎȕșȖȘȎ Ȑ ȝȜșȕȎ țȎ ȟȨȝȞȡȑȎ. ǼȘȜșȜ 50 %
ȜȠ ȝȨȞȐȖȠȓ ȏȞȎȘȜȐȓ ȝȞȖ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖȠȓ, ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȝȞȓ-
ȟȓșțȖȤȖȠȓ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ ȟȎ ȟ ȞȎȕșȖȘȎ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȝȎȞȠțȪȜȞȖȠȓ
ȚȓȔȒȡ 5 Ȗ 10 ȑȜȒȖțȖ. ǽȞȖ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖȠȓ ȠȓȕȖ ȟȠȜȗțȜȟȠȖ ȟȎ
ȚțȜȑȜ ȭȟțȜ ȖȕȞȎȕȓțȖ Ȑ ȟȞȎȐțȓțȖȓ ȟ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ Ȗ ȟȎ ȝȜȥȠȖ Ȗȕ-
ȞȎȐțȓțȖ ȓȒțȎ ȟ ȒȞȡȑȎ – ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȜ 19,49 % Ȗ 18,92 %. ǽȞȖ ȚȬ-
ȟȬșȚȎțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȝȞȓȟȓșțȖȤȖȠȓ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ ȜȠ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȟȠȞȎțȎ ȟȓ
țȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎ ȝȞȓȐȓȟ țȎ ȏȞȎȘȜȐȓȠȓ ȟ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜȐȎ ȞȎȕșȖȘȎ ȜȠ 10
ȑȜȒȖțȖ (ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȜ 16,7 % Ȗ 14,29 %).
ǲȎțțȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȠȎȏșȖȤȎȠȎ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ Ȝȧȓ, ȥȓ ȟȞȓȒ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ Ȗȕȟ-
șȓȒȐȎțȖ ȓȠțȜ-ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖ ȑȞȡȝȖ ȟȓ țȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎȠ ȟșȡȥȎȖ, Ȑ ȘȜ-
ȖȠȜ ȟȨȝȞȡȑȎȠȎ ȓ ȝȜ-ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠțȎȠȎ Ȑ ȟȓȚȓȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ. ǽȞȎȐȖ Ȑȝȓ-
ȥȎȠșȓțȖȓ, ȥȓ ȝȞȖ ȝȞȓȟȓșțȖȤȖȠȓ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ ȠȓȕȖ ȏȞȎȘȜȐȓ ȟȎ
țȎȗ-ȚȎșȘȜ Ȗ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜȐȎȠȎ ȞȎȕșȖȘȎ ȓ țȓȕțȎȥȖȠȓșțȎ (ȒȐȓ ȑȜ-
233
ȒȖțȖ Ȑ ȝȜșȕȎ țȎ ȔȓțȎȠȎ). ȀȜȐȎ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȏȭȟțȖ ȟ ȣȎȞȎȘ-
ȠȓȞțȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȚȡȣȎȒȔȖȞȖȠȓ ȏȞȎȥțȖ ȚȜȒȓșȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ Ƞȓ țȜȟȭȠ ȟȨȟ
ȟȓȏȓ ȟȖ ȜȠ ȟȐȜȖȠȓ ȞȜȒțȖ ȚȓȟȠȎ (Dement'yeva & Al'musheva
2016).
ǼȠ ȠȎȏșȖȤȎȠȎ ȟȓ ȐȖȔȒȎ, ȥȓ țȎȗ-ȑȜșȭȚ ȒȖȎȝȎȕȜț ȐȨȐ ȐȨȕ-
ȞȎȟȠȜȐȎȠȎ ȞȎȕșȖȘȎ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȟȨȝȞȡȕȖȠȓ ȟȓ țȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎ ȟȞȓȒ ȚȬ-
ȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȏȭȟțȖ ȟ ȠȜȐȎ, ȥȓ
ȟȝȜȞȓȒ țȭȘȜȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȖ ȏȞȎȘȨȠ ȟȞȓȒ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȜȠȜ țȎ-
ȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȖȚȎ ȝȜ-ȟȘȜȞȜ ȟȜȤȖȎșȓț ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞ Ȗ țȓ ȓ ȠȜșȘȜȐȎ Ƞȭȟ-
țȜ ȜȞȖȓțȠȖȞȎț ȘȨȚ ȐȨȕȝȞȜȖȕȐȜȒȟȠȐȜ (Angelova 2020, 43 – 58).
ǽȜȐȠȜȞțȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ Ȗ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȖȕȐȨț ȏȞȎȘ

ǿșȓȒȐȎȧȎȠȎ ȑȞȡȝȎ ȜȠ ȓșȓȚȓțȠȖ, ȜȟțȜȐțȖ ȕȎ ȜȥȓȞȠȎȐȎțȓȠȜ
țȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȘȖȠȓ țȎ ȏȞȎȥțȖȭ ȚȜȒȓș, ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȧ ȝȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞ-
ȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ, ȟȎ ȝȜȐȠȜȞțȎȠȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȜȠțȜȟȖ-
ȠȓșțȖȭȠ Ȓȭș țȎ ȏȓȕȏȞȎȥțȖȠȓ, ȖșȖ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȎ ȠȓȕȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ țȓ
ȐȟȠȨȝȐȎȠ Ȑ ȏȞȎȘ ȝȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȟȐȜȭ ȞȓȝȞȜȒȡȘȠȖȐȓț ȝȓȞȖȜȒ. ȀȨȗ
ȘȎȠȜ ȝȞȓȕ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ ȞȎȕȐȜȒȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎȠ
țȓȕțȎȥȖȠȓșțȎ ȥȎȟȠ Ȑ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ, ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȓțȜ ȐșȖȭțȖȓ ȐȨȞȣȡ
ȝȜȐȠȜȞțȎȠȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ ȜȘȎȕȐȎ ȟȚȨȞȠțȜȟȠȠȎ (Rusev & Sugarev
2008, 197 – 200). ȀȡȘ ȧȓ ȟȓ ȖȕȭȟțȖ ȘȎȘȐȜ ȓ ȐșȖȭțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȜȐ-
ȒȜȐȭȐȎțȓȠȜ ȘȨȚ ȝȜȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȏȞȎȘȜȐȓ Ȗ țȖȐȜȠȜ țȎ țȓȏȞȎȥ-
țȖȠȓ ȟȞȓȒ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ.
ǽȜȐȠȜȞțȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ
ǽȜȐȠȜȞțȎȠȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ ȒȜ ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț ȕȎȐȖȟȖ ȜȠ ȜȐȒȜȐȭ-
ȐȎțȓȠȜ Ȗ ȞȎȕȐȜȒȖȚȜȟȠȠȎ. ǵȎ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎțȓ ȜȠțȜȟȖȠȓșțȖȭ Ȓȭș
țȎ ȞȎȕȐȜȒȖȠȓ ȟȞȓȒ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȜȏȖȠȎȐȎȧȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ
ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ, ȓ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜ ȝȜ-ȕȎȒȨșȏȜȥȓțȜ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȓ, ȘȜȓȠȜ
ȧȓ ȏȨȒȓ ȜȏȓȘȠ țȎ ȒȞȡȑȜ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ. ǰ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȜȠȜ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȓ
ȞȎȕȐȜȒȖȚȜȟȠȠȎ ȟȓ ȐȕȖȚȎ ȝȜȒ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓ ȓȒȖțȟȠȐȓțȜ ȘȎȠȜ ȢȎȘ-
ȠȜȞ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȘȞȎȠȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȏȞȎȘȎ. ȀȎȘȎ Ƞȭ ȐșȖȕȎ Ȑ ȎțȎșȖȕȎ țȎ
ȒȐȎ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖ ȓșȓȚȓțȠȎ țȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠȠȎ, Ȏ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȝȜȐȠȜȞ-
țȎȠȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ Ȗ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ ȖȕȐȨț ȏȞȎȘ.
ǽȞȓȒȖ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȖȟȠȨȝȖ ȘȨȚ ȎțȎșȖȕȎ țȎ ȒȎțțȖȠȓ ȜȠ țȎ-
șȖȥțȖȭ ȖȕȐȜȞȜȐ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎș, ȓ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟțȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȘȎȔȓ ȜȠțȜȟȖ-
ȠȓșțȖȭȠ Ȓȭș țȎ ȝȜȐȠȜȞțȖ ȏȞȎȘȜȐȓ ȟȞȓȒ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓ-
țȖȓ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ (ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 3). ǶȕșȜȔȓțȖȠȓ ȒȎțțȖ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ
234
ȚțȜȑȜ țȖȟȘȖ ȟȠȜȗțȜȟȠȖ țȎ ȝȜȐȠȜȞțȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ ȘȎȘȠȜ ȟȞȓȒ
ȑȞȎȒȟȘȜȠȜ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ ȟȞȓȒ ȟȓșȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ
ȝȓȞȖȜȒ – ȜȏȧȜ 6,67 %. ǰ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ ȝȞȓȜȏșȎȒȎȐȎȠ ȝȜȐȠȜȞțȖȠȓ
ȏȞȎȘȜȐȓ ȟȞȓȒ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠȖ.
ǽȞȖ ȚȓȟȠțȖȠȓ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ Ȗ ȝȞȓȟȓșțȖȤȖȠȓ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ ȜȠțȜ-
ȟȖȠȓșțȖȭȠ Ȓȭș ȟȓ ȕȎȒȨȞȔȎ țȎ ȓȒțȜ țȖȐȜ – ȜȘȜșȜ 7%. ȀȜȐȎ
ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȏȭȟțȖ ȟȨȟ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȖȭ ȏȞȎ-
ȥȓț ȟȨȬȕ ȘȎȠȜ ȬȞȖȒȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȒȜȑȜȐȜȞ (Tucker 2004, 38 – 65;
Rapoport 2005).
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 3. ǼȠțȜȟȖȠȓșȓț Ȓȭș țȎ ȏȞȎȘȜȐȓȠȓ ȝȜ ȝȜȞȓȒțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȓȠțȜ-
ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖ ȑȞȡȝȖ (Ȑ ȝȞȜȤȓțȠȖ)
ǳȠțȜ-ȞȓșȖ- ǽȞȓȟȓșțȖȤȖ
ȃȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖ ǺȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ
ȑȖȜȕțȖ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ
ȑȞȡȝȖ ǼȏȧȜ
ǽȜȞȓȒțȜȟȠ
țȎ ȏȞȎȘȎ
ǽȨȞȐȖ ȏȞȎȘ 94,79 92,29 92,94 93,33
ǽȜȐȠȜȞȓț ȏȞȎȘ 5,21 7,71 7,06 6,67

ǰȒ 12/141; Ȣ. 118, Ȏ. ȓ. 106; Ȣ. 118, Ȏ. ȓ. 113; Ȣ. 119, Ȏ ȓ. 832; Ȣ. 119, Ȏ.ȓ.
984; Ȣ. 179, Ȏ.ȓ 487; Ȣ. 179, Ȏ. ȓ. 488; Ȣ. 179, Ȏ. ȓ. 3369.
ǻȎȗ-țȖȟȨȘ ȜȠțȜȟȖȠȓșȓț Ȓȭș țȎ ȝȜȐȠȜȞțȖ ȏȞȎȘȜȐȓ ȓ Ȟȓ-

ȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎț ȝȞȖ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȎȠȎ Ƞȓ-
ȞȖȠȜȞȖȭ – 5,21 %. ȀȜȐȎ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȏȭȟțȖ ȟ ȚțȜȑȜ ȚȎșȘȎȠȎ
ȞȎȕȐȜȒȖȚȜȟȠ Ȗ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ ȜȠ ȒȐȎȠȎ ȝȜșȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ
ȖȕȒȨȞȔȎ ȝȞȖ ȜȐȒȜȐȭȐȎțȓ. ǰȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȥȓ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȖȭȠ ȘȎțȜț
ȞȎȕȞȓȦȎȐȎ ȞȎȕȐȜȒȖȠȓ ȝȞȖ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭ, ȟȎȚȖȭȠ ȝȞȜ-
Ȥȓȟ ȓ ȚțȜȑȜ ȏȎȐȓț Ȗ ȠȞȜȚȎȐ, ȡȟșȜȔțȓț ȜȠ ȖȕȖȟȘȐȎțȖȭȠȎ, țȎ-
șȎȑȎțȖ ȜȠ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ. ǻȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȓ ȒȨșȔȖ țȖȟȘȖȭȠ Ȓȭș țȎ ȞȎȕ-
ȐȜȒȖȠȓ ȟȞȓȒ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ. ǰȓȞȜȭȠțȜ
ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȞȜșȭ ȖȕȖȑȞȎȐȎ Ȗ ȞȎȕȦȖȞȓțȎȠȎ ȢȎȚȖșȖȭ. ǼȐȒȜȐȓșȖȠȓ
ȟȓȚȓȗȟȠȐȎ țȎȚȖȞȎȠ ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȎ Ȑ ȞȜȒȎ Ȗ ȝȜ-ȑȜșȭȚȜȠȜ ȒȜȚȎȘȖț-
ȟȠȐȜ Ȗ ȠȜȐȎ țȎȚȎșȭȐȎ țȡȔȒȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȠȨȞȟȓțȓ țȎ țȜȐ ȏȞȎȥȓț ȝȎȞ-
ȠțȪȜȞ. ǰȒȜȐȤȖȠȓ ȟ ȒȓȤȎ ȥȓȟȠȜ țȎȚȖȞȎȠ ȝȜȚȜȧ ȕȎ ȜȠȑșȓȔȒȎțȓ-
ȠȜ ȖȚ ȜȠ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȔȓțȖ ȜȠ ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȜȠȜ. ǲȞȡȑ ȢȎȘȠȜȞ, ȐșȖȭȓȧ
ȐȨȞȣȡ ȞȓȦȓțȖȓȠȜ ȕȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ țȜȐȜ ȟȓȚȓȗȟȠȐȜ, ȓ ȜȏȧȓȟȠ-
235
ȐȓțȜȠȜ ȚțȓțȖȓ. ȀȞȎȒȖȤȖȜțțȖȠȓ ȐȭȞȐȎțȖȭ țȓ ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȭȠ
ȟȘșȬȥȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖ ȏȞȎȘȜȐȓ ȜȠ ȜȐȒȜȐȓșȖȠȓ ȟȨȝȞȡȑȖ
(Angelova 2020, 25 – 43; Bobchev 1896, 149 – 158; Baldzhiev
1891, 175; Marinov 1894, 141).
ǽȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȚȓȒȖȎțțȎȠȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ,
ȐȟȠȨȝȐȎȧȜ Ȑ ȝȜȐȠȜȞȓț ȏȞȎȘ, ȒȎțțȖȠȓ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ, ȥȓ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞ-
țȎ ȕȎ ȚȨȔȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȓ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȠȎ ȒȜ 50 ȑȜȒȖțȖ. ȀȜȐȎ ȟȎ
ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ ȚȨȔȓ Ȑ ȠȞȡȒȜȟȝȜȟȜȏțȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ, ȟ ȜȝȖȠ Ȑ ȟȐȜȭȠȎ
ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȖȚ ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎ ȒȎ ȖȕȒȨȞȔȎȠ
ȟȓȚȓȗȟȠȐȜ. ǸȎȠȜ ȟȓ ȐȕȓȚȓ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒ ȢȎȘȠȨȠ, ȥȓ ȞȎȕȐȜȒȖȠȓ țȓ ȟȎ
ȥȓȟȠȜ ȭȐșȓțȖȓ, ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȝȜșȜȔȖ, ȥȓ ȑȜșȭȚ Ȓȭș ȜȠ ȝȜȐ-
ȠȜȞțȖȠȓ ȏȞȎȘȜȐȓ ȟȎ ȟȘșȬȥȓțȖ ȝȜȞȎȒȖ ȜȐȒȜȐȭȐȎțȓ.
ǽȜȐȠȜȞțȎȠȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ ȟȞȓȒ ȔȓțȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ, ȜȏȖȠȎ-
ȐȎȧȜ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ ȝȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ, ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎ
ȕȎȝȎȕȐȎțȓ țȎ ȠȓțȒȓțȤȖȭȠȎ, ȜȥȓȞȠȎțȎ Ȝȧȓ ȝȞȖ ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȏȞȎȥ-
țȜȟȠ. ǽȞȖ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȓȠțȜ-ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖ ȑȞȡȝȖ, ȏȓȕ ȖȕȘșȬȥȓțȖȓ,
ȔȓțȖȠȓ ȟȘșȬȥȐȎȠ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧ ȏȞȎȘ Ȑ ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ țȎ ȢȓȞȠȖșțȎȠȎ
ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ. ǰ țȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎțȖȭ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜȐ ȒȖȎȝȎȕȜț, ȔȓțȖȠȓ ȟȎ
ȒȜȟȠȎȠȨȥțȜ ȚșȎȒȖ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȖȚȎȠ ȔȓșȎțȖȓ ȒȎ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȎȠ ȐȨȕȝ-
ȞȜȖȕȐȜȒȟȠȐȓțȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖ.
ǸȎȠȜ ȟȓ ȐȕȓȚȓ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȎȠȎ Ȑȓȥȓ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȘȎ țȎ
ȚȓȒȖȎțțȎȠȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ ȝȞȖ ȝȨȞȐȖ ȏȞȎȘ ȕȎ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ
ȝȞȓȕ ȠȜȕȖ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ (Ȏ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȚȓȔȒȡ 25 Ȗ 28 ȑȜȒȖțȖ) Ȗ țȎȏșȬ-
ȒȎȐȎțȖȠȓ ȟȠȜȗțȜȟȠȖ țȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ ȝȜȘȎȕȎȠȓș ȝȞȖ ȝȜȟșȓȒ-
ȐȎȧȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ (38 – 48 ȑȜȒȖțȖ) ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȒȜȟȠȖȑțȓ ȒȜ țȭ-
ȘȜșȘȜ ȖȕȐȜȒȎ. ǰ ȟȓȚȓȗȟȠȐȎȠȎ, ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖ (ȝȜȞȎȒȖ ȘȎȘȐȎȠȜ Ȗ ȒȎ
ȓ ȝȞȖȥȖțȎ) ȟ ȓȒȖț ȞȜȒȖȠȓș, ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȖȚȎ ȒȜȟȠȎȠȨȥȓț ȏȞȜȗ
țȓȝȨșțȜșȓȠțȖ ȒȓȤȎ, țȡȔȒȎȓȧȖ ȟȓ ȜȠ ȟȨȐȚȓȟȠțȎ ȞȜȒȖȠȓșȟȘȎ
ȑȞȖȔȎ. ȀȜȐȎ șȓȟțȜ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȜȏȭȟțȖ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜȟȠȠȎ ȜȠ ȟȘșȬȥ-
ȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȜȐȠȜȞȓț ȏȞȎȘ, Ȏ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȜȠȑșȓȔȒȎțȓȠȜ Ȗ ȐȨȕȝȖȠȎ-
țȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȓȤȎȠȎ. ǲȞȡȑȎ ȝȞȖȥȖțȎ ȕȎ ȠȨȞȟȓțȓȠȜ țȎ țȜȐ ȝȎȞȠ-
țȪȜȞ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȘȞȖȓ ȐȨȐ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȠȎ ȕȎ ȝȜ-ȒȜȏȞȎ ȖȘȜ-
țȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȎ ȟȠȎȏȖșțȜȟȠ țȎ ȟȓȚȓȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ. ǺțȜȑȜ ȟȖșȓț ȓ Ȗ Ȓȓ-
ȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖȭȠ ȢȎȘȠȜȞ, ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ ȟȞȓȒ ȔȓțȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ, Ȏ
ȖȚȓțțȜ țȎȑșȎȟȎȠȎ Ȗ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜȟȠȠȎ ȜȠ ȐȨȕȝȞȜȖȕȐȜȒȟȠȐȜ. ǻȓ
țȎ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȥȓȠȓ Ȗ ȥȖȟȠȜ ȝȟȖȣȜșȜȑȖȥȓȟ-
ȘȎȠȎ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜȟȠ ȜȠ ȒȞȡȑȎȞ, ȟ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȖȕȔȖȐȓȭȠ ȟȠȎȞȖ-
țȖȠȓ.
236
ǻȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȖȕȐȨț ȏȞȎȘ
ǿȨȧȓȟȠȐȓț ȓșȓȚȓțȠ ȕȎ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭțȓ ȟȨȧțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȏȞȎȥ-
țȖȭ ȚȜȒȓș, ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓț ȝȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ, ȓ ȜȠțȜȟȖ-
ȠȓșțȖȭȠ Ȓȭș țȎ țȓȏȞȎȥțȖȠȓ. ǶȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠȠȎ
ȟȓ ȞȎȕȒȓșȭȠ țȎ ȒȐȓ ȜȟțȜȐțȖ ȑȞȡȝȖ ȝȞȖ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭțȓ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ-
ȠȜ țȎ ȝȜțȭȠȖȓȠȜ „țȓȏȞȎȥțȖ“. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȘȨȚ ȠȎȕȖ ȘȎȠȓ-
ȑȜȞȖȭ ȟȓ ȝȞȖȥȖȟșȭȐȎ ȓȒȖțȟȠȐȓțȜ ȠȎȕȖ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ,
ȘȜȭȠȜ țȖȘȜȑȎ țȓ ȓ ȐȟȠȨȝȐȎșȎ Ȑ ȏȞȎȘ (țȓȔȓțȓțȖ – țȓȜȚȨȔȐȎ-
țȖ). ǰȠȜȞȎȠȎ ȑȞȡȝȎ ȝȞȖȓȚȎ, ȥȓ Ƞȭ ȜȏȣȐȎȧȎ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ țȓȜȔȓț-
ȐȎțȖȠȓ (țȓȜȚȨȔȐȎțȖȠȓ), țȜ ȟȨȧȜ ȠȎȘȎ ȜȐȒȜȐȓșȖȠȓ Ȗ ȞȎȕȐȓȒȓ-
țȖȠȓ (Stefanov, Sugarev, Naumov, Hristov & Atanasov 1974,
125; Demograficheskiy 1985, 49 – 50). ǿ ȜȑșȓȒ ȓȟȠȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ
ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖȠȓ, ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞțȖ ȕȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȎȠȎ ȓȝȜȣȎ, Ȑ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȜȠȜ
ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ ȟȓ ȐȨȕȝȞȖȓȚȎ ȝȜțȭȠȖȓȠȜ Ȑ ȝȜ-ȞȎȕȦȖȞȓțȜȠȜ Țȡ
ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖȓ, ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȘȎȠȜ țȓȏȞȎȥțȖ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȚȭ-
ȠȎȠ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ Ȑ ȚȜȚȓțȠȎ țȎ țȎȏșȬȒȓțȖȓȠȜ (Ƞ.ȓ. ȚȜȚȓțȠȎ
țȎ ȖȕȑȜȠȐȭțȓȠȜ țȎ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȠȓ) țȓ ȟȎ Ȑ ȟȨȟȠȜȭțȖȓ țȎ ȏȞȎȘ.
ǮțȎșȖȕȨȠ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ ȖȕȐȨț ȏȞȎȘ ȝȜȚȎȑȎ Ȗ ȕȎ ȜȝȞȓ-
Ȓȓșȭțȓ țȎ ȜȠțȜȟȖȠȓșțȖȭ Ȓȭș țȎ ȜȘȜțȥȎȠȓșțȜȠȜ ȏȓȕȏȞȎȥȖȓ.
ǿȞȓȒ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ ȠȜȕȖ ȘȜȓȢȖȤȖȓțȠ ȟȓ ȟȞȓȧȎ Ȝȧȓ Ȗ ȟ țȎ-
ȖȚȓțȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ ȜȘȜțȥȎȠȓșțȜ ȚȜȚȖțȟȠȐȜ/ȓȞȑȓțȟȠȐȜ. ǼȏȖȘ-
țȜȐȓțȜ ȟ ȠȜȐȎ ȝȜțȭȠȖȓ ȟȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭȠ ȚȨȔȓ Ȗ ȔȓțȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȜ-
ȞȎȒȖ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȝȞȖȥȖțȖ țȓ ȐȟȠȨȝȐȎȠ Ȑ ȏȞȎȘ Ȑ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȓțȖȓ
țȎ ȔȖȐȜȠȎ ȟȖ. ǻȖȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȏȓȕȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ (țȓȏȞȎȥțȖ) ȟȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭ
ȜȠ ȜȠțȜȟȖȠȓșțȖȭ Ȓȭș țȎ șȖȤȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȒȐȎȠȎ ȝȜșȎ ȜȠ ȓȒțȜ ȝȜȘȜ-
șȓțȖȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ țȓ ȐȟȠȨȝȐȎȠ Ȑ ȏȞȎȘ ȒȜ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ –
ȜȏȖȘțȜȐȓțȜ ȒȜ 50 ȑȜȒȖțȖ. ǹȖȤȎȠȎ țȎȒ ȠȎȕȖ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ, ȘȜȖȠȜ Ȝȟ-
ȠȎȐȎȠ ȖȕȐȨț ȏȞȎȘȎ, ȟȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭȠ ȟ ȠȓȞȚȖțȎ ȜȘȜțȥȎȠȓșțȜ
ȏȓȕȏȞȎȥȖȓ (Presa 2006, 219; Demograficheskiy 1985). ǽȞȖȓȚȎ
ȟȓ, ȥȓ ȝȞȖ ȠȓȕȖ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȖ ȦȎțȟȨȠ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȘșȬȥȖ ȏȞȎȘ ȞȭȕȘȜ
țȎȚȎșȭȐȎ, țȎȗ-Ȑȓȥȓ ȕȎ ȔȓțȖȠȓ, ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ Ƞȓ ȖȕșȖȕȎȠ ȜȠ ȢȓȞ-
ȠȖșțȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ. ǿ ȠȜȐȎ ȜȠȝȎȒȎ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȠȓ ȓșȓȚȓț-
ȠȖ ȝȞȖ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȓȚȓȗȟȠȐȜ, Ȏ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȓțȖȓȠȜ
țȎ ȞȜȒȎ.
ǰ ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 4 ȟȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖ ȜȠțȜȟȖȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȒȭșȜȐȓ țȎ
ȚȨȔȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȝȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜȐȖ ȖțȠȓȞȐȎșȖ, ȘȜȓȠȜ Ȑ Ȗȕȟ-
șȓȒȐȎțȖȭ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎ ȖȕȐȨț ȏȞȎȘ. ǽȞȓȒȖ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȝȞȎ
ȐȨȞȣȡ ȎțȎșȖȕȎ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ, ȓ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ țȎȝȞȎ-
237
ȐȖ ȓȒțȜ ȡȠȜȥțȓțȖȓ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȖȠȓ ȒȎțțȖ. ǽȞȖ
ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ȠȎȏșȖȤȎȠȎ ȝȞȎȐȖ ȐȝȓȥȎȠșȓțȖȓ, ȥȓ ȝȜȥȠȖ ȐȨȐ
ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜȐȖ ȖțȠȓȞȐȎșȖ țȭȚȎ ȐȒȜȐȤȖ, Ȏ ȠȎȚ, ȘȨȒȓȠȜ
ȖȚȎ țȭȘȎȘȐȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȠȜ ȒȓșȨȠ ȓ ȚțȜȑȜ țȖȟȨȘ. ȀȜȐȎ ȟȓ
ȒȨșȔȖ țȎ ȓȒțȎ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȖȕȐȜȞȜȐȖȭ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎș. ǽȞȖ ȖȕȑȜȠ-
Ȑȭțȓ Ȗ ȝȜȝȨșȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȓȏȞȜȖȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖ ȟȓ ȟȞȓȧȎȠ
ȟșȡȥȎȖ țȎ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎțȓ țȎ ȚȨȔȓ ȟ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ „ȓȞȑȓțȖ“,
ȘȜȖȠȜ ȖȚȎȠ ȒȓȤȎ. ǿȠȎȐȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟ ȜȏȖȘțȜȐȓțȜ ȕȎ ȑșȎȐȖ țȎ ȒȜ-
ȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ, ȟșȓȒ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȖȕȏȞȜȓțȖ ȖȚȓțȎ țȎ ȠȓȣțȖ ȒȓȤȎ Ȗ
ȟȓȚȓȗȟȠȐȎȠȎ ȖȚ. ǵȎ ȠȓȕȖ șȖȤȎ țȓ ȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ
ȟȨȝȞȡȑȖ ȖșȖ ȑȜȒȖțȎ ȕȎ ȟȘșȬȥȐȎțȓ țȎ ȏȞȎȘ. ȀȜȐȎ ȐȜȒȖ ȒȜ
ȐȨȝȞȜȟȎ ȘȎȘȨȐ ȓ Ȑ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȠȓșțȜȟȠ ȏȞȎȥțȖȭȠ ȟȠȎȠȡȠ țȎ ȠȓȕȖ
ȚȨȔȓ? ǹȜȑȖȥțȜ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȝȜșȜȔȖ, ȥȓ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȎȠȜȞȨȠ
ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎ ȠȓȞȚȖțȎ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȝȜȘȎȔȓ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȝȜșȜȔȓțȖȓ, Ȏ
ȖȚȓțțȜ ȖȕȐȨț ȏȞȎȘ, ȘȨȚ ȚȜȚȓțȠȎ țȎ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȎȤȖȭȠȎ. Ȁȓ ȚȜ-
ȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȘȎȘȠȜ ȞȎȕȐȓȒȓțȖ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ ȐȒȜȐȤȖ. ǰ ȠȎȏșȖȤȎȠȎ
ȠȓȕȖ ȟșȡȥȎȖ ȟȎ ȝȜȚȓȟȠȓțȖ Ȑ ȑȞȎȢȎ ȓȞȑȓțȖ, ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȠȜȐȎ țȓ
ȝȞȓȥȖ țȎ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȖȭ ȎțȎșȖȕ, ȝȞȖ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȓ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȎ Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȕȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ, țȎȚȖȞȎȧȜ ȟȓ ȖȕȐȨț ȏȞȎȘ.
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 4. ǼȠțȜȟȖȠȓșȓț Ȓȭș țȎ ȚȨȔȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ
ȖȕȐȨț ȏȞȎȘ ȝȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜȐȖ ȖțȠȓȞȐȎșȖ Ȗ ȓȠțȜ-ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖ ȑȞȡȝȖ
ǯȞȎȥȓț ȟȠȎȠȡȠ
ǳȞȑȓțȖ ǰȒȜȐȤȖ
ǰȨȕȞȎȟȠ ǽȞȓȟȓș- ǽȞȓȟȓș-
ȃȞȖȟ- ǺȬȟȬș- țȖȤȖ ȃȞȖȟ- ǺȬȟȬș- țȖȤȖ
ȠȖȭțȖ ȚȎțȖ ȚȬȟȬș- ȠȖȭțȖ ȚȎțȖ ȚȬȟȬș-
ȚȎțȖ ȚȎțȖ
16–19 98,7 96,3 100,0 –* – –
20–24 84,5 62,6 80,0 – – –
25–29 48,1 29,6 34,2 – – –
30–34 26,8 11,4 17,2 – – –
35–39 5,0 6,9 – – – –
40–44 8,8 1,7 – – – –
45–49 7,9 2,4 4,8 – 0,8 –
țȎȒ 50 4,3 3,1 7,7 2,7 2,5 1,9
ǰȒ 12/141; Ȣ. 118, Ȏ. ȓ. 106; Ȣ. 118, Ȏ. ȓ. 113; Ȣ. 119, Ȏ. ȓ. 832; Ȣ. 119, Ȏ.ȓ.
984; Ȣ. 179, Ȏ. ȓ. 487; Ȣ. 179, Ȏ. ȓ. 488; Ȣ. 179, Ȏ. ȓ. 3369.
238
ǼȠ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȎȠȎ Ȑ ȠȎȏșȖȤȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȟȓ ȐȖȔȒȎ, ȥȓ
Ȑ ȝȨȞȐȖȠȓ ȒȐȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜȐȖ ȖțȠȓȞȐȎșȎ ȝȜ-ȑȜșȓȚȖȭȠ ȜȠțȜȟȖȠȓ-
șȓț Ȓȭș ȜȠ ȚȨȔȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȎȠȎ ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȭ
ȜȟȠȎȐȎ ȖȕȐȨț ȏȞȎȘ. ǰȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȓ ȕȎȏȓșȭȕȐȎ, ȥȓ ȝȞȖ ȚȬ-
ȟȬșȚȎțȖȠȓ ȠȜȕȖ Ȓȭș ȟȝȎȒȎ ȚțȜȑȜ ȝȜ-ȞȭȕȘȜ (ȜȘȜșȜ 30 %) Ȑ
ȟȞȎȐțȓțȖȓ ȟ ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖȠȓ țȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎțȖ ȑȞȡȝȖ. ǰ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȎȠȎ
ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ 25 – 29 ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȝȞȖ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȓȠțȜ-ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖ ȑȞȡȝȖ ȟȓ
ȜȥȓȞȠȎȐȎ ȝȜ-ȜȠȥȓȠșȖȐȎ ȝȞȜȚȭțȎ Ȑ ȟȠȜȗțȜȟȠȖȠȓ țȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎ-
țȖȭ ȝȜȘȎȕȎȠȓș. Ȁȭ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȎȐȎ ȒȎ țȎȚȎșȭȐȎ ȝșȎȐțȜ ȒȜ ȐȨȕ-
ȞȎȟȠȜȐȖȭ ȖțȠȓȞȐȎș 35 – 39 ȑȜȒȖțȖ, ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȝȞȖ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒ-
ȐȎțȖ ȓȠțȜ-ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠȖ ȜȠțȜȟȖȠȓșțȖȭȠ Ȓȭș țȎ țȓȔȓ-
țȓțȖȠȓ ȒȜȟȠȖȑȎ ȝȜȒ 10 %. ǰȨȐ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜȐȖȠȓ ȖțȠȓȞȐȎșȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ
ȟȓ ȝȞȖȓȚȎȠ ȕȎ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖ ȝȞȖ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭțȓ țȎ ȜȘȜțȥȎȠȓșțȜȠȜ
ȏȓȕȏȞȎȥȖȓ (45 – 49 Ȗ țȎȒ 50 ȑȜȒȖțȖ), ȟȓ țȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎȠ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ-
țȖ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖ. ǽȞȖ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȝȞȓȟȓșțȖȤȖȠȓ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ
ȜȠțȜȟȖȠȓșțȖȭȠ Ȓȭș țȎ țȓȔȓțȓțȖȠȓ ȟȓ ȖȕȞȎȐțȭȐȎ ȜȘȜșȜ 6 %,
ȒȜȘȎȠȜ ȝȞȖ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖȠȓ ȠȜȗ ȓ ȕțȎȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȝȜ-țȖȟȨȘ – ȜȘȜșȜ
3 %. ȀȜȐȎ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȏȭȟțȖ Ȗ ȟ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȎȠȎ Ȑȓȥȓ ȟȝȓȤȖ-
ȢȖȘȎ ȝȞȖ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȖȭ ȏȞȎȘ, Ȏ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȝȜȒȜȏȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȜ-
ȤȖȎșțȖȭ ȟȠȎȠȡȠ. Ǽȧȓ ȝȞȖ ȎțȎșȖȕȎ țȎ ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ ȟȎ
țȎșȖȤȓ ȝȞȖȚȓȞȖ ȕȎ ȟȘșȬȥȐȎțȓ țȎ ȏȞȎȘȜȐȓ țȎ ȚțȜȑȜ ȘȨȟțȎ
ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ (țȎȒ 50 ȑȜȒȖțȖ) (Angelova 2020, 103 – 105).
ǼȝȖȟȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȜȐȒȜȐȓșȖȠȓ ȚȨȔȓ Ȑ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȠȓ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȑȓ-
ȥȓ ȏȓ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȎțȜ, țȓȐȖțȎȑȖ ȓ ȟȨȐȟȓȚ ȘȜȞȓȘȠțȜ. ǰȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȠȜȐȎ
ȓ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȖ, ȥȓ Ȑ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎțȖȠȓ ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȖ
ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ ȖȚȎ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȎțȖ ȟȞȎȐțȖȠȓșțȜ ȚȎșȨȘ Ȓȭș ȐȒȜȐȤȖ
ȐȨȐ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜȐȎȠȎ ȑȞȡȝȎ țȎȒ 50 ȑȜȒȖțȖ. ǰȨȕȚȜȔțȜ ȜȏȭȟțȓțȖȓ
ȕȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȠȨȞȟȖ Ȗ ȝȞȖ ȝȜȐȠȜȞțȎȠȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ țȎ țȎ-
ȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ. ǲȞȡȑȎ ȝȞȖȥȖțȎ ȕȎ țȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎțȜȠȜ ȭȐșȓțȖȓ ȚȜȔȓ
ȒȎ ȟȓ țȎȚȓȞȖ Ȑ ȝȜ-țȖȟȘȎȠȎ ȝȞȓȔȖȐȭȓȚȜȟȠ țȎ ȚȨȔȓȠȓ ȟȝȞȭȚȜ
ȔȓțȖȠȓ. ǿȨȧȓȟȠȐȓț ȢȎȘȠȜȞ, ȐșȖȭȓȧ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȏȞȎȥțȖȭ ȟȠȎȠȡȠ
țȎ ȚȨȔȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ, ȓ ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȎȠȎ Țȡ ȕȎȓȠȜȟȠ. ǽȞȎȘ-
ȠȖȘȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȖ (ȘȎȠȜ țȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ ȠȎȘȖȐȎ,
ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȚȜȞȟȘȜ Ȗ ȞȓȥțȜ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȠȐȜ) ȐȜȒȭȠ ȒȜ ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎ-
țȓțȖȓ țȎ Ƞ. țȎȞ. „ȟȠȎȞȜ ȓȞȑȓțȟȠȐȜ“ Ȗ ȟȨȧȜ ȡȐȓșȖȥȎȐȎȠ ȜȠțȜ-
ȟȖȠȓșțȖȭ Ȓȭș țȎ ȜȘȜțȥȎȠȓșțȜȠȜ ȏȓȕȏȞȎȥȖȓ.
ǵțȎȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȝȜ-ȖțȠȓȞȓȟțȎ ȓ ȘȎȞȠȖțȎȠȎ ȝȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜȐȖ Ȗț-
ȠȓȞȐȎșȖ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎ ȝȞȖ ȎțȎșȖȕȎ țȎ ȔȓțȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓ-
239
țȖȓ. ǶȕțȓȟȓțȖȠȓ ȒȎțțȖ Ȑ ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 5 ȝȜȠȐȨȞȔȒȎȐȎȠ ȝȜȘȎȕȎțȎȠȎ
Ȑȓȥȓ ȝȜ-ȞȎțțȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ ȝȞȖ ȔȓțȖȠȓ. ȀȜȐȎ ȟȓ ȐȖȔȒȎ Ȗ ȜȠ ȝȜȟȜ-
ȥȓțȖȠȓ ȟȠȜȗțȜȟȠȖ, ȘȨȒȓȠȜ Ȑ ȑȞȡȝȎȠȎ 14 – 19 ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȜȠ
ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȘȖȠȓ Ȗ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȘȖȠȓ ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎȠ Ȗȕ-
ȐȨț ȏȞȎȘ. ǰ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜȐȖ ȖțȠȓȞȐȎșȖ țȖȐȜȠȜ țȎ țȓȏ-
ȞȎȥțȖȠȓ ȞȭȕȘȜ țȎȚȎșȭȐȎ. ǰȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȠȜȐȎ, ȝȞȖ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȘȖȠȓ Ȑ
ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȒȐȓ ȑȞȡȝȖ ȝȞȜȤȓțȠȨȠ țȎ țȓȔȓțȓțȖ ȟȓ ȕȎȝȎȕȐȎ Ȑ
ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ ȜȘȜșȜ 10 %, ȒȜȘȎȠȜ ȝȞȖ ȝȞȓȟȓșțȖȤȖȠȓ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ țȎ
ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ țȭȚȎ ȚȜȚȖ. ǶȕșȜȔȓțȖȠȓ ȒȎțțȖ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ țȓȕțȎȥȖȠȓ-
șȓț Ȓȭș țȎ ȜȘȜțȥȎȠȓșțȜ ȏȓȕȏȞȎȥȖȓ – ȜȘȜșȜ 1 % ȕȎ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȘȖȠȓ
Ȗ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȘȖȠȓ Ȗ șȖȝȟȎ țȎ ȠȎȘȨȐ ȟȞȓȒ ȚȡȣȎȒȔȖȞȖȠȓ. Ǽȏȭȟțȓ-
țȖȓ ȕȎ țȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎțȎȠȎ ȠȓțȒȓțȤȖȭ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ țȎȚȓȞȖ Ȑ ȒȓȚȜȑ-
ȞȎȢȟȘȖȠȓ ȢȎȘȠȜȞȖ Ȗ ȓȟȠȓȟȠȐȓțȎȠȎ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȐȨȕȝȞȜȖȕ-
ȐȜȒȟȠȐȜ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȜȑȞȎțȖȥȎȐȎ ȔȓțȖȠȓ ȒȎ ȟȘșȬȥȐȎȠ ȏȞȎȘ Ȑ ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ
țȎ ȒȓȠȓȞȜȒțȎȠȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ. ǿȜȤȖȎșțȖȭȠ ȢȎȘȠȜȞ ȟȨȧȜ ȖȑȞȎȓ ȐȎȔțȎ
ȞȜșȭ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȝȞȜȚȭțȎȠȎ Ȑ ȝȜșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȜȚȨȔȓțȎȠȎ ȔȓțȎ
ȟșȓȒ ȟȘșȬȥȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȞȎȘ. ǰ țȎȞȜȒțȎȠȎ ȠȞȎȒȖȤȖȭ țȓ ȟȓ ȑșȓȒȎ ȟ
ȒȜȏȞȜ ȜȘȜ țȎ țȓȜȚȨȔȓțȖȠȓ ȔȓțȖ Ȗ ȚțȜȑȜ ȥȓȟȠȜ ȟȓ ȝȞȖȓȚȎ, ȥȓ Ƞȓ
ȖȚȎȠ țȖȟȨȘ ȚȜȞȎș Ȗ ȞȎȕȐȎșȭȠ ȟȓȚȓȗȟȠȐȎȠȎ (Bobchev 1896, 149 –
158; Baldzhiev 1891, 175; Marinov 1894, 141).
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 5. ǼȠțȜȟȖȠȓșȓț Ȓȭș țȎ ȔȓțȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȖȕȐȨț ȏȞȎȘ ȝȜ
ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜȐȖ ȖțȠȓȞȐȎșȖ Ȗ ȓȠțȜ-ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖ ȑȞȡȝȖ
ǯȞȎȥȓț ȟȠȎȠȡȠ
ǺȜȚȖ ǰȒȜȐȖȤȖ
ǰȨȕȞȎȟȠ ǽȞȓȟȓș- ǽȞȓȟȓș-
ȃȞȖȟ- ǺȬȟȬș- țȖȤȖ ȃȞȖȟ- ǺȬȟȬș- țȖȤȖ
ȠȖȭțȖ ȚȎțȖ ȚȬȟȬș- ȠȖȭțȖ ȚȎțȖ ȚȬȟȬș-
ȚȎțȖ ȚȎțȖ
14–19 62,6 50,7 38,1 –* 0,3 –
20–24 6,7 10,9 – 1,3 1,6 –
25–29 2,1 8,0 – 2,1 5,6 3,0
30–34 3,1 3,1 3,9 7,8 3,9 3,9
35–39 2,9 0,8 – 19,1 14,3 23,5
40–44 1,7 6,6 – 25,9 23,8 27,8
45–49 0,0 1,1 – 50,0 41,8 14,3
țȎȒ 50 1,5 1,2 – 74,6 64,9 75,0
ǰȒ 12/141; Ȣ. 118, Ȏ. ȓ. 106; Ȣ. 118, Ȏ. ȓ. 113; Ȣ. 119, Ȏ. ȓ. 832; Ȣ. 119, Ȏ.ȓ.
984; Ȣ. 179, Ȏ. ȓ. 487; Ȣ. 179, Ȏ. ȓ. 488; Ȣ. 179, Ȏ. ȓ. 3369.
240
ǽȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȐȒȜȐȖȤȖȠȓ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȜȠ ȖȕȐȜȞȖȠȓ
ȓ ȚțȜȑȜ ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȎ Ȗ ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ țȎȝȞȎȐȭȠ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟțȖ
țȎȏșȬȒȓțȖȭ. ǼȠțȜȟȖȠȓșțȖȭȠ Ȓȭș țȎ ȐȒȜȐȖȤȖȠȓ ȞȭȕȘȜ țȎȞȎȟ-
ȠȐȎ ȐȨȐ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜȐȖȭ ȖțȠȓȞȐȎș 36 – 40 ȑȜȒȖțȖ, ȘȎȠȜ țȎȗ-
ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȓț ȓ ȟȞȓȒ ȝȞȓȟȓșțȖȤȖȠȓ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ. ǰȨȕȚȜȔțȜ
ȜȏȭȟțȓțȖȓ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȠȨȞȟȖ Ȑ ȝȜȐȖȦȓțȎȠȎ ȟȚȨȞȠțȜȟȠ țȎ ȚȨ-
ȔȓȠȓ Ȑ ȟȞȓȒțȖ Ȗ ȐȖȟȜȘȖ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȖ. ǰ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜȐȖ
ȖțȠȓȞȐȎșȖ ȒȓșȨȠ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȎȐȎ ȝșȎȐțȜ ȒȎ țȎȞȎȟȠȐȎ, ȘȎȠȜ ȝȞȖ
ȝȜȟșȓȒțȎȠȎ ȑȞȡȝȎ (țȎȒ 50 ȑȜȒȖțȖ), ȐȒȜȐȖȤȖȠȓ ȟȎ țȎȒ 50 %
ȝȞȖ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ țȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎțȖ ȓȠțȜ-ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠȖ.
ǸȎȠȜ ȟȓ ȐȕȓȚȓ ȝȜȒ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓ ȐȖȟȜȘȖȭȠ ȜȠțȜȟȖȠȓșȓț Ȓȭș
țȎ ȐȒȜȐȖȤȖȠȓ Ȗ țȖȟȘȖȭȠ ȠȎȘȨȐ țȎ ȝȜȐȠȜȞțȎȠȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ, ȟȓ
țȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎ ȓȒțȎ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠ țȎ ȔȓțȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ, ȜȏȖȠȎȐȎȧȜ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ. ǿȠȎȐȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟ ȕȎ ȠȓțȒȓțȤȖȭ,
ȝȞȖ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȜȐȒȜȐȓșȖȠȓ ȕȎȝȎȕȐȎȠ țȓȏȞȎȥțȖȭ ȟȖ ȟȠȎȠȡȠ Ȗ ȒȎ țȓ
ȟȎ ȕȎȖțȠȓȞȓȟȡȐȎțȖ ȜȠ ȝȜȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖ ȏȞȎȘȜȐȓ. ǽȞȖȥȖțȖȠȓ ȚȜȑȎȠ
ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ țȎȗ-ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ. ǼȠ ȓȒțȎ ȟȠȞȎțȎ ȐȨȐ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȠȎ țȎȒ 36
ȑȜȒȖțȖ, ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȕȎȝȜȥȐȎ ȒȎ țȎȞȎȟȠȐȎ ȜȠțȜȟȖȠȓșțȖȭȠ Ȓȭș țȎ
ȜȐȒȜȐȭȐȎțȓ, țȭȘȜȖ ȔȓțȖ ȚȜȔȓ Ȑȓȥȓ ȒȎ ȖȚȎȠ ȒȜȟȠȎȠȨȥțȜ ȑȜșȓ-
ȚȖ ȒȓȤȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎ ȝȜȓȚȎȠ ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞțȜȟȠȠȎ ȕȎ ȖȕȒȞȨȔȘȎ țȎ ȟȓ-
ȚȓȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ. ǺȎșȘȜȠȜ ȝȜȐȠȜȞțȖ ȏȞȎȘȜȐȓ Ȗ ȑȜșȓȚȖȭȠ ȜȠțȜȟȖȠȓ-
șȓț Ȓȭș țȎ ȐȒȜȐȖȤȖȠȓ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȏȭȟțȖ Ȗ ȟ ȒȞȡȑ ȎȟȝȓȘȠ,
ȟȐȨȞȕȎț ȟ ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȎȠȎ ȟȢȓȞȎ. ǴȓțȖȠȓ ȝȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓ-
ȚȖ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ ȖȚȎȠ ȒȜȟȠȎȠȨȥțȜ ȝȞȖȣȜȒȖ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȟȎȚȖ
ȒȎ ȖȕȒȨȞȔȎȠ ȟȓȚȓȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȟȖ. ȀȜȐȎ ȟȓ ȟȐȨȞȕȐȎ ȟ ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓ-
țȎȠȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ țȓȒȐȖȔȖȚȜȠȜ ȖȚȡȧȓȟȠȐȜ, ȟ Ȥȓș țȎȚȎ-
șȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȒȎțȨȥțȎȠȎ ȠȓȔȓȟȠ, ȒȎ ȟȓ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȟȜȏȟȠȐȓ-
țȜȟȠ țȎ ȔȓțȖ (Muchinov & Angelova 2012). ǼȠ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȟȠȞȎțȎ,
ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȐȕȓȚȎȠ ȝȜȒ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓ Ȗ țȭȘȜȖ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞțȖ ȜȟȜȏȓ-
țȜȟȠȖ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȢȖȟȘȎșțȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎ. ǼȏșȎȑȎțȓȠȜ ȟ ȒȎțȨȤȖ
țȎ ȐȒȜȐȖȦȘȖȠȓ ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ ȓ ȕțȎȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȝȜ-ȜȏșȓȘȥȓțȜ.
ǽȜȟȜȥȓțȖȠȓ ȒȎțțȖ ȕȎ țȓȏȞȎȥțȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ țȭȘȜȖ
ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞțȖ ȥȓȞȠȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȝȜȚȎȑȎȠ ȝȞȖ ȜȥȓȞȠȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȏȞȎȥțȖȭ
ȚȜȒȓș. ǿȞȓȒ ȚȨȔȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȟȓ țȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎȠ ȝȜ-ȏȎȐțȖ ȠȓȚ-
ȝȜȐȓ țȎ țȎȚȎșȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȜȠțȜȟȖȠȓșțȖȭ Ȓȭș țȎ țȓȔȓțȓțȖȠȓ, ȕȎ
ȞȎȕșȖȘȎ ȜȠ ȔȓțȖȠȓ, ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȠȜȕȖ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ ȓ ȚțȜȑȜ ȝȜ-ȟȖșȓț. ȃȎ-
ȞȎȘȠȓȞțȜ ȕȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȓ țȖȟȘȖȭȠ Ȓȭș țȎ ȜȘȜțȥȎ-
ȠȓșțȜ ȏȓȕȏȞȎȥȖȓ. ǰ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎțȖȠȓ ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȖ țȎ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ
241
ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ ȘȎȠȜ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠ ȟȓ ȜȥȓȞȠȎȐȎ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȐȖȟȜȘȖȭȠ
Ȓȭș țȎ ȐȒȜȐȖȤȖȠȓ. ȀȜȐȎ țȎȚȖȞȎ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȜȏȭȟțȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠȖȠȓ
țȎ ȏȞȎȥțȖȭ ȚȜȒȓș, Ȏ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȑȜșȭȚȎȠȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜȐȎ ȞȎȕșȖȘȎ
ȚȓȔȒȡ ȝȎȞȠțȪȜȞȖȠȓ, țȖȟȘȎȠȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ ȕȎ ȟȘșȬȥȐȎțȓ țȎ ȏȞȎȘ țȎ
ȔȓțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȝȜ-ȐȖȟȜȘȎȠȎ ȟȚȨȞȠțȜȟȠ ȟȞȓȒ ȚȨȔȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ.
ǽȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖȠȓ ȒȜȠȡȘ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȘȖ țȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠȠȎ ȝȜȕȐȜșȭ-
ȐȎȠ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȥȓȞȠȎȓ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞțȖȭȠ ȕȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȜȏȖȠȎȐȎȧȜ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ, ȏȞȎȥȓț ȚȜȒȓș Ȗ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȨȝȜȟȠȎ-
ȐȖ ȟ ȚȜȒȓșȖȠȓ, ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓțȖ Ȑ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ ȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȖ.
ȀȓȜȞȖȭȠȎ ȕȎ ȏȞȎȥțȖȠȓ ȚȜȒȓșȖ ȓ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓțȎ ȝȞȓȕ 1965 ȑ. ȜȠ
ǲȔȜț ȃȎȗțȎș. ǯȎȕȖȞȎȗȘȖ ȟȓ țȎ ȟȐȜȖȠȓ țȎȏșȬȒȓțȖȭ, ȎȐȠȜȞȨȠ
ȒȜȟȠȖȑȎ ȒȜ ȖȕȐȜȒȎ ȕȎ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȐȎ ȜȟțȜȐțȖ ȐȖȒȎ.
ǳȒȖțȖȭȠ ȠȜȗ ȜȝȖȟȐȎ ȘȎȠȜ „ȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖ“ ȠȖȝ, ȡțȖȘȎșȓț ȕȎ ȘȜț-
ȠȖțȓțȠȎ ȟ ȖȕȘșȬȥȓțȖȓ țȎ ȖȕȠȜȥțȎȠȎ Ȗ ȬȑȜȖȕȠȜȥțȎȠȎ Țȡ ȥȎȟȠ.
ǵȎ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭțȓȠȜ Țȡ ȃȎȗțȎș ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎ ȒȎțțȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȟȞȓȒțȎȠȎ
ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ ȕȎ ȐȟȠȨȝȐȎțȓ Ȑ ȝȨȞȐȖ ȏȞȎȘ Ȗ ȜȠțȜȟȖ-
ȠȓșțȖȭ Ȓȭș țȎ ȜȘȜțȥȎȠȓșțȜ ȏȓȕȏȞȎȥȖȓ. ǰȨȕ ȜȟțȜȐȎ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞ-
ȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖȠȓ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȖ ȜȠ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ XX ȐȓȘ ȎȐȠȜ-
ȞȨȠ țȎȥȓȞȠȎȐȎ ȓȒțȎ ȡȟșȜȐțȎ șȖțȖȭ ȜȠ ǿȎțȘȠ ǽȓȠȓȞȏȡȞȑ (ȝȜ ȠȜ-
ȐȎ ȐȞȓȚȓ ǹȓțȖțȑȞȎȒ) ȒȜ ȀȞȖȓȟȠ, ȥȞȓȕ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȞȎȕȒȓșȭ ȠȖȝȜȐȓȠȓ
ȏȞȎȥțȖ ȚȜȒȓșȖ Ȑ ǳȐȞȜȝȎ. ǻȎ ȕȎȝȎȒ ȜȠ țȓȭ ȟȝȜȞȓȒ țȓȑȜ ȓ ȞȎȕȝ-
ȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓț „ȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖȭȠ ȏȞȎȥȓț ȚȜȒȓș“, ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞȓț ȟ ȐȖȟȜȘȎ
ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ ȕȎ ȟȘșȬȥȐȎțȓ țȎ ȏȞȎȘ Ȗ ȕȎ ȒȐȎȠȎ ȝȜșȎ Ȗ ȑȜșȭȚ Ȓȭș ȜȠ
țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȘȜȓȠȜ țȖȘȜȑȎ țȓ ȟȘșȬȥȐȎ ȠȎȘȨȐ. ǰ ȖȕȠȜȥțȎȠȎ ȥȎȟȠ
ȜȠ ȘȜțȠȖțȓțȠȎ ȝȞȓȜȏșȎȒȎȐȎ ȠȖȝȨȠ, ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓț ȘȎȠȜ „ȖȕȠȜȥțȜ-
ȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖ“, ȝȞȖ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȓ țȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎ ȚțȜȑȜ țȖȟȘȎ ȏȞȎȥțȎ
ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ Ȗ ȚțȜȑȜ ȚȎșȨȘ ȜȠțȜȟȖȠȓșȓț Ȓȭș țȎ ȏȓȕȏȞȎȥȖȓ. ǽȞȓȕ
ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȎȐȠȜȞȨȠ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȎȐȎ ȟȐȜȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȖȭ Ȗ
ȒȜȞȎȕȐȖȐȎ ȠȓȜȞȖȭȠȎ ȟȖ, ȘȎȠȜ ȜȏȐȨȞȕȐȎ ȏȞȎȥțȖȠȓ ȚȜȒȓșȖ ȟȨȟ
ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȖȠȓ țȎ ȟȓȚȓȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ Ȗ ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȜȠȜ, ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞțȖ ȕȎ
ǳȐȞȜȝȎ. ǰ ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ țȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ ȠȜȗ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠȖȕȖȞȎ ȑȓȜȑ-
ȞȎȢȟȘȖȭ ȜȏȣȐȎȠ țȎ „ȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖȭ ȏȞȎȥȓț ȚȜȒȓș“, Ȏ ȖȚȓțțȜ
ȟȘȎțȒȖțȎȐȟȘȖȠȓ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȖ (ȏȓȕ ȂȖțșȎțȒȖȭ), ǯȞȖȠȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȜȟȠ-
ȞȜȐȖ, ǯȓșȑȖȭ, ǻȖȒȓȞșȎțȒȖȭ, ǿȓȐȓȞțȎ ȂȞȎțȤȖȭ Ȗ țȓȚȟȘȜȑȜȐȜ-
ȞȭȧȖȠȓ ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȖ țȎ ǳȐȞȜȝȎ (Hajnal 1965; Hajnal 1982).
ȀȎȘȎ ȜȥȓȞȠȎțȎȠȎ ȠȓȜȞȖȭ ȓ ȜȟȝȜȞȓțȎ ȝȜȥȠȖ ȐȓȒțȎȑȎ ȜȠ Ȗȕ-
ȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȖ ȜȠ ȄȓțȠȞȎșțȎ Ȗ ǶȕȠȜȥțȎ ǳȐȞȜȝȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ Ȑ ȟȐȜȖȠȓ
ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȖȭ ȒȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ țȎșȖȥȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȚțȜȑȜ ȝȜ-ȑȜșȭȚȜ ȞȎȕțȜ-
242
ȜȏȞȎȕȖȓ ȜȠ ȏȞȎȥțȖ ȚȜȒȓșȖ. ǽȜȟȠȓȝȓțțȜ ȟȓ țȎșȎȑȎ ȚțȓțȖȓȠȜ
ȕȎ ȟȚȓȟȐȎțȓ țȎ ȚȜȒȓșȖȠȓ ȜȘȜșȜ șȖțȖȭȠȎ ǿȎțȘȠ ǽȓȠȓȞȏȡȞȑ –
ȀȞȖȓȟȠ. ǰȝȜȟșȓȒȟȠȐȖȓ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȖȭȠȎ ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎȠ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȥȓȞ-
ȠȎȭȠ ȠȞȖ ȜȟțȜȐțȖ ȏȞȎȥțȖ ȚȜȒȓșȎ ȟȨȟ ȟȐȜȖȠȓ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠȖ Ȗ ȑȓ-
ȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȜ ȞȎȕȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖȓ (Sklar 1974; Kertzer & Brettell 1987;
Farago 2003; Chojnacka 1976; Coale, Anderson & Härm 1979;
Cerman 2001; Barbagli 1991; Todorova 1983). ǰ ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 6 ȟȎ
ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȘȖȠȓ țȎ ȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖȠȓ ȏȞȎȥțȖ ȚȜȒȓșȖ.
ǵȎȝȎȒțȜȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖȭȠ ȠȖȝ ȏȞȎȘ ȓ ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓț Ȑ ǿȓ-
ȐȓȞțȎ Ȗ ǵȎȝȎȒțȎ ǳȐȞȜȝȎ Ȗ ȟȓ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞȖȕȖȞȎ ȟȨȟ ȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ
ȜȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠȖ:
1. ǻȖȟȘȖ ȟȠȜȗțȜȟȠȖ țȎ ȏȞȡȠțȖȭ ȘȜȓȢȖȤȖȓțȠ țȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ.
2. ǰȖȟȜȘȖ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȖ ȕȎ ȟȘșȬȥȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȨȞȐȖ ȏȞȎȘ ȘȎȘȠȜ ȕȎ
ȚȨȔȘȜȠȜ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ ȕȎ ȔȓțȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ.
3. ǺȖțȖȚȎșțȎ, ȝȜȥȠȖ șȖȝȟȐȎȧȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜȐȎ ȞȎȕșȖȘȎ
ȚȓȔȒȡ ȝȎȞȠțȪȜȞȖȠȓ.
4. ǰȖȟȜȘ ȜȠțȜȟȖȠȓșȓț Ȓȭș țȎ ȝȜȐȠȜȞțȎȠȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ.
5. ǰȖȟȜȘȖ țȖȐȎ țȎ ȜȘȜțȥȎȠȓșțȜ ȏȓȕȏȞȎȥȖȓ, ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ ȞȎȕȝ-
ȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓțȜ ȟȞȓȒ ȔȓțȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ.
ǰ ǶȕȠȜȥțȎ ǳȐȞȜȝȎ Ȗ ȝȜ-ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜ țȎ ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȖȠȓ țȎ
ǾȡȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȭȐȎ Ƞ. țȎȞ. Ȗȕ-
ȠȜȥțȜȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖ ȏȞȎȥȓț ȚȜȒȓș. ǽȞȖ țȓȑȜ ȓ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞțȜ:
1. ǰȖȟȜȘȖ țȖȐȎ țȎ ȏȞȡȠțȖȭ ȘȜȓȢȖȤȖȓțȠ țȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ.
2. ǻȖȟȘȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ țȎ ȐȟȠȨȝȐȎțȓ Ȑ ȝȨȞȐȖ ȏȞȎȘ țȎ ȤȭșȜȠȜ
țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ.
3. ǱȜșȭȚȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜȐȎ ȞȎȕșȖȘȎ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȏȞȎȥțȖȠȓ ȝȎȞȠțȪȜȞȖ.
4. ǼȠțȜȟȖȠȓșȓț Ȓȭș țȎ ȝȜȐȠȜȞțȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ ȜȘȜșȜ 10 %.
5. ǻȖȟȘȖ țȖȐȎ țȎ ȜȘȜțȥȎȠȓșțȜ ȏȓȕȏȞȎȥȖȓ.
ȀȞȓȠȖȭȠ ȜȟțȜȐȓț ȠȖȝ ȏȞȎȥȓț ȚȜȒȓș, ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓț Ȑ ǳȐ-
ȞȜȝȎ, ȓ ȟȞȓȒȖȕȓȚțȜȚȜȞȟȘȖȭȠ. ȀȜȗ ȜȏȣȐȎȧȎ ȬȔțȖȠȓ ȠȓȞȖȠȜ-
ȞȖȖ țȎ ȘȜțȠȖțȓțȠȎ Ȗ ȟȓ ȝȞȜȭȐȭȐȎ Ȑ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖ ȞȎȗȜțȖ țȎ
ǶȏȓȞȖȗȟȘȖȭ, ǮȝȓțȖțȟȘȖȭ Ȗ ǯȎșȘȎțȟȘȖȭ ȝȜșȡȜȟȠȞȜȐȖ. ǻȓȑȜ-
ȐȖȠȓ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞțȖ ȥȓȞȠȖ ȟȎ:
1. ǻȖȟȘȖ ȟȠȜȗțȜȟȠȖ țȎ ȏȞȡȠțȖȭ ȏȞȎȥȓț ȘȜȓȢȖȤȖȓțȠ.
2. ǰȨȕȞȎȟȠ țȎ ȐȟȠȨȝȐȎțȓ Ȑ ȝȨȞȐȖ ȏȞȎȘ – ȐȖȟȜȘȎ ȕȎ ȚȨȔ-
ȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ Ȗ țȖȟȘȎ ȕȎ ȔȓțȟȘȜȠȜ.
3. ǵțȎȥȖȠȓșțȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜȐȎ ȞȎȕșȖȘȎ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȝȎȞȠțȪȜȞȖȠȓ Ȑ
ȏȞȎȘȎ.
243
4. ǻȖȟȘȖ țȖȐȎ țȎ ȝȜȐȠȜȞțȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ.
5. ǻȖȟȨȘ ȜȠțȜȟȖȠȓșȓț Ȓȭș țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȘȜȓȠȜ țȖȘȜȑȎ
țȓ ȐȟȠȨȝȐȎ Ȑ ȏȞȎȘ.
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 6. ǿȝȓȤȖȢȖȘȖ țȎ ȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖȠȓ ȏȞȎȥțȖ ȚȜȒȓșȖ
ǯȞȎȥȓț ȚȜȒȓș
ǵȎȝȎȒțȜ- ǶȕȠȜȥțȜ- ǿȞȓȒȖȕȓȚțȜ-
ǶȕȚȓȞȖȠȓșȖ
ȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖ ȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖ ȚȜȞȟȘȖ
ȑȞȎȒ ȟȓșȜ ȑȞȎȒ ȟȓșȜ ȑȞȎȒ ȟȓșȜ
ǺȓȒȖȎțțȎ ȚȨȔȓ 28 28 –* 21 27 25
ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ ȔȓțȖ 26 25 – 19 20 20
ǾȎȕșȖȘȎ ȚȓȔȒȡ
1–2 2–3 – 6–8 3–5 2–5
ȟȨȝȞȡȕȖȠȓ
ǽȜȐȠȜȞțȎ ȏȞȎȥ-
22% 15% – 10% 17% 15%
țȜȟȠ
ǼȘȜțȥȎȠȓșțȜ ȚȨȔȓ 16,40% 16% – 3,70% 10% 8,90%
ȏȓȕȏȞȎȥȖȓ ȔȓțȖ 21,5% 18% – 8,70% 5% 5,60%
ǶȕȠȜȥțȖȘ: Engelen & Hsieh 2007, 58 – 68; Moreels & Matthijs 2009, 1 – 32;
Matthijs 2003, 375 – 412; Lundh 2003, 1 – 69; Guinnane & Ogilvie 2014, 77
– 119; Rettaroli 1990, 416; Pakot & ĝri 2012, 105 – 124; Avdeev, Blum &
Troitskaia 2004, 721 – 764; Dennison 2003, 395 – 429; Polla 2006, 27 – 44;
Gruber 2012, 255 – 273; Hionidou 1999, 403 – 427.
ȀȎȘȎ ȜȥȓȞȠȎțȖȠȓ ȏȞȎȥțȖ ȚȜȒȓșȖ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȥțȖ

ȏȓșȓȕȖ Ȑ ȕȎȐȖȟȖȚȜȟȠ ȜȠ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖȠȓ, ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖȠȓ, ȟȜȤȖȎș-
țȖȠȓ Ȗ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȖȠȓ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠȖ țȎ ȐȟȭȘȎ ȓȒțȎ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȎ. Ȁȓ țȓ
ȟȎ ȕȎȘșȬȥȓțȖ Ȑ ȟȠȞȜȑȜ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖȠȓ ȖȚ ȑȓȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖ ȑȞȎțȖȤȖ
Ȗ ȚțȜȑȜ ȥȓȟȠȜ ȟȓ țȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎ ȟȨȐȚȓȟȠțȜȠȜ ȖȚ ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓțȖȓ
Ȗ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎțȓ țȎ ȜȏȧȖ ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȖ.
ȀȎȘȎ ȜȥȓȞȠȎțȖȠȓ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠȖ Ȗ ȝȜȘȎȕȎțȖȠȓ Ȑȓȥȓ ȟȠȜȗțȜȟȠȖ
ȕȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎȠ ȒȎ ȟȓ țȎȝȞȎȐȖ ȖȕȐȜȒȨȠ, ȥȓ
ȏȞȎȥțȖȭȠ ȚȜȒȓș, ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓț ȝȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȞȓȕ
XIX ȐȓȘ, ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȖȥȖȟșȖ ȘȨȚ ȟȞȓȒȖȕȓȚțȜȚȜȞȟȘȖȭ ȠȖȝ
ȏȞȎȘ, ȘȎȠȜ ȟȨȧȓȐȞȓȚȓțțȜ țȜȟȖ Ȗ ȟȐȜȖȠȓ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȑȜ-
șȭȚȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜȐȎ ȞȎȕșȖȘȎ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȝȎȞȠțȪȜȞȖȠȓ, țȖȟȘȖ ȜȠțȜȟȖ-
ȠȓșțȖ ȒȭșȜȐȓ țȎ ȝȜȐȠȜȞțȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȜȘȜțȥȎȠȓșțȜ ȏȓȕȏȞȎȥȖȓ
Ȗ ȚțȜȑȜ ȐȖȟȜȘ Ȓȭș țȎ ȐȒȜȐȖȤȖ.
ǽȞȖ ȜȠȒȓșțȖȠȓ ȓȠțȜ-ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖ ȑȞȡȝȖ ȟȓ țȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎ
ȡțȖȢȖȤȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȠȓ ȓșȓȚȓțȠȖ, ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎȧȖ ȏȞȎȥ-
țȖȠȓ ȚȜȒȓșȖ. ǼȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠȖȠȓ, ȜȥȓȞȠȎțȖ ȜȠ ȎțȎșȖȕȎ țȎ ȖȕȐȜȞȜ-
244
ȐȖȭ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎș, ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȘȎȠȎ Ȑ ȜȏȖȥȎȗțȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ Ȗ
ȠȞȎȒȖȤȖȖȠȓ țȎ ȜȠȒȓșțȖȠȓ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠȖ. ǼȠ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȟȠȞȎțȎ, ȟȨȧȓȟ-
ȠȐȓțȜ ȐșȖȭțȖȓ ȜȘȎȕȐȎ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȜ-ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȎȠȎ ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȎ
țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎȠȎ Țȡ ȜȞȖȓțȠȎȤȖȭ.
ǰȜȓțțȜ-ȝȜșȖȠȖȥȓȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȟȠȎțȜȐȘȎ Ȑ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȠȓ ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȖ
ȟȨȧȜ ȜȘȎȕȐȎ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȐȨȕȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȓ ȝȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ ȟȠȜȗțȜȟȠȖȠȓ
țȎ ȏȞȎȥțȜȟȠȠȎ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȖȭ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ.
1. ǻǯǸǺ, Ȣ. ǯȞ 1/10, 2/14; Ȣ. 140, Ȏ. ȓ. 94; Ȣ. 140Ǯ, Ȏ. ȓ. 365; Ȁș
15/5; Ȣ. 22, Ȏ. ȓ. 139; Ȣ. 22, Ȏ. ȓ. 268; Ǹȑ 4/2; ǰȒ 12/141; Ȣ. 118, Ȏ. ȓ.
106; Ȣ. 118, Ȏ. ȓ. 113; Ȣ. 119, Ȏ ȓ. 832; Ȣ. 119, Ȏ.ȓ. 984; Ȣ. 179, Ȏ.ȓ
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ǮțȑȓșȜȐȎ, ǲ., 2020. ǯȞȎȘȨȠ ȝȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ (ȒȜ
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ȝȞȎȐȜ. ǿȏȜȞțȖȘ ȕȎ țȎȞȜȒțȖ ȡȚȜȠȐȜȞȓțȖȭ, țȎȡȘȎ Ȗ ȘțȖȔțȖțȎ, 4,
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ȅȎȟȠ 1, ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ: ǳȒȖțȟȠȐȜ.
ǲȓȚȓțȠȪȓȐȎ Ȁ. Ȍ., ǮșȪȚȡȦȓȐȎ, Ǽ. Ǿ., 2016. ǼȟȜȏȓțțȜȟȠȖ ȏȞȎȥțȩȣ
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10-ȑȜȒȖȦțȖțȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ Ǻȡȕȓȭ țȎ ȟȜșȠȎ, ǯȡȞȑȎȟ:
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250
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE OTTOMAN CENSUS
REGISTERS FROM THE 1860s FOR THE STUDY
OF FAMILY AND MARRIAGE RELATIONS
IN THE BULGARIAN LANDS
Abstract: The main documents used to reveal the essence of the
marriage pattern in the Bulgarian lands are the nüfus defters of the
Danube vilayet dating from the 1860s and 1870s. These registers
were compiled on the order of the local governor Midhat Pasha
between 1866 and 1872.
The studied nüfus defters contain data about the residents
mainly in the cities and towns, their professional status, property
and livestock, taxation, income, etc. These registers contain very
valuable information related to the study of marriage in the
Bulgarian lands in the 19th century. The urban population was
recorded by name with information about the year of birth and
marriage, including remarriages. On the basis of this information one
is able to analyze the main marriage rates such as the average age at
marriage, percentage of remarriage, widowhood, celibacy, etc.
Keywords: census registers, Danube vilayet, marriage patterns.
Assoc. Prof. Daniela Angelova, PhD
Institute for Population and Human Studies
Department Demography
Sofia 1113, Acad. Georgi Bonchev St., Bl. 6, Fl. 5/6, Bulgaria
E-mail address: daniela.angelova@iphs.eu
Web of Science ID: EVW-2181-2022
https://publons.com/researcher:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0800-0166
251
ǾǼǲǼǰǶȀǳ ǮǾȃǶǰǶ ǸǮȀǼ ǶǵǰǼǾǶ
ǵǮ ǱǳǻǳǮǹǼǱǶȍȀǮ Ƕ ǶǿȀǼǾǶȍȀǮ
ǻǮ ǯȈǹǱǮǾǿǸǼȀǼ ǰȈǵǾǮǴǲǮǻǳ
Ǳș. Ȏȟ. Ȓ-Ȟ ǺȎȞȖȭ ǹȓȐȘȜȐȎ-ǺȡȥȖțȜȐȎ
ǶțȟȠȖȠȡȠ ȕȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ –

ǾȓȕȬȚȓ: ǿȠȎȠȖȭȠȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎ ȏȜȑȎȠȎȠȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎ-

ȤȖȭ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȓ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎ Ȑ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȠȓ țȎ țȭȘȜșȘȜ Ȗȕ-
ȐȓȟȠțȖ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȖ ȞȜȒȜȐȓ ȜȠ ǸȜȝȞȖȐȧȖȤȎ Ȗ ǽșȜȐ-
ȒȖȐ – ȞȜȒȜȐȓȠȓ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȖ, ȅȜȚȎȘȜȐȖ, ǸȓȟȭȘȜȐȖ Ȗ ǲȜȑȎțȜȐȖ. ǽȞȓȒȟ-
ȠȎȐȓțȖ ȟȎ țȭȘȜȖ ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȤȓțțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȧȖ ȖțȢȜȞ-
ȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȥȖȐȜȟȠ Ȗ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȎȠȎ ȎțȑȎȔȖ-
ȞȎțȜȟȠ țȎ ȠȓȕȖ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȖ ȞȜȒȜȐȓ. ǽȜȒȥȓȞȠȎțȜ ȓ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ
ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȖȠȓ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ țȎ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȖ șȖȥ-
țȜȟȠȖ ȖșȖ ȞȜȒȜȐȓ ȜȠ țȜȐȎȠȎ țȖ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ ȘȎȠȜ ȝȨșțȜȤȓțțȖ ȖȕȐȜȞȖ
ȕȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȕțȎȥȖȚȖ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖ Ȑ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖȭ, ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȭ Ȗ
ȘȡșȠȡȞțȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓ.
ǸșȬȥȜȐȖ ȒȡȚȖ: ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓ, ȑȓțȓȎșȜȑȖȭ, ȞȜȒ, ȞȜ-
ȒȜȐȖ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ.
ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȎ ȓȝȜȣȎ ȓ țȎȠȞȡȝȎșȎ ȕțȎȥȖȠȓ-

șȓț ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȓț ȚȎȟȖȐ. ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ Ȓțȓȟ ȟȓ ȟȨȣȞȎ-
țȭȐȎȠ Ȑ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȖ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐȜȣȞȎțȖșȖȧȎ, ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎȠ
ȐȎȔțȖ ȖȕȐȜȞȖ ȝȞȖ ȞȓȘȜțȟȠȞȡȘȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȎȠȎ, Ȝȏ-
ȧȓȟȠȐȓțȎȠȎ Ȗ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȎȠȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ țȎ ȝȞȎȑȎ țȎ
ǻȜȐȜȠȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ.
ǻȎȟȠȜȭȧȖȠȓ ȞȓȒȜȐȓ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎȠ ȝȜȑșȓȒ ȘȨȚ ȎȞȣȖȐțȜȠȜ țȎȟ-
șȓȒȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȖȠȓ ȟȨȟ ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȎ Ȗ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȜȝȜ-
șȓȕțȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ ȘȜȝȞȖȐȧȓțȟȘȖ Ȗ ȝșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȖ ȢȎ-
ȚȖșȖȖ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȖ, ȅȜȚȎȘȜȐȖ, ǲȜȑȎțȜȐȖ Ȗ ǸȓȟȭȘȜȐȖ. ǰ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠ
țȎ ȒȨșȑȜȑȜȒȖȦțȎȠȎ ȒȓșȜȐȎ Ȗ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȎ ȎȘȠȖȐțȜȟȠ țȎ țȭȘȜș-
ȘȜ ȝȜȘȜșȓțȖȭ ȜȠ ȠȓȕȖ ȞȜȒȜȐȓ ȟȎ țȎȠȞȡȝȎțȖ ȕțȎȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȘȜșȖ-
ȥȓȟȠȐȜ ȖȕȐȜȞȖ, ȘȜțȤȓțȠȞȖȞȎțȖ Ȓțȓȟ Ȑ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȎȞȣȖȐȜȣȞȎțȖ-
șȖȧȎ. ȀȜȐȎ ȟȎ ȚțȜȑȜȏȞȜȗțȖ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȖ Ȗ țȓȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȖ
252
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȟȨȟ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖ, ȒȓșȜȐȖ, ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȜ-ȝȜșȖȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ Ȗ
șȖȥȓț ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞ, ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȖ Ȑ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ ȢȜțȒȜȐȓ țȎ ǱȓȜȞȑȎȘȖ
ǿȠȜȭțȜȐȖȥ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐ (ȅȎșȜȑșȡ), ǿȎșȥȜ ȅȜȚȎȘȜȐ, Ȓ-Ȟ ǱȓȜȞȑȖ
ǰȨșȘȜȐȖȥ, ǸȜțȟȠȎțȠȖț ǸȓȟȭȘȜȐ, ȀȜȒȜȞ ǲȜȑȎțȜȐ Ȗ ȒȞ., ȟȨȣȞȎțȭ-
ȐȎțȖ Ȑ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȎȞȣȖȐ ȝȞȖ ǻȎȤȖȜțȎșțȎȠȎ ȏȖȏ-
șȖȜȠȓȘȎ „ǿȐ. ǿȐ. ǸȖȞȖș Ȗ ǺȓȠȜȒȖȗ“ Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȭ (ǻǯǸǺ–ǯǶǮ) Ȗ
ǻȎȞȜȒțȎȠȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ „ǶȐȎț ǰȎȕȜȐ“ Ȑ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ (ǻǯǶǰ–ǯǶǮ)
Ȗ Ȑ ȄȓțȠȞȎșȓț ȒȨȞȔȎȐȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ (ȄǲǮ) Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȭ. ǻȎȗ-ȜȏȓȚȓț ȜȠ
ȠȓȕȖ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȢȜțȒȜȐȓ ȓ ȢȜțȒȨȠ țȎ ǱȓȜȞȑȎȘȖ ǿȠȜȭțȜȐȖȥ ȅȎ-
șȜȑșȡ (Ȣ. 782) Ȑ ǻǯǸǺ–ǯǶǮ, ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎȧ ȕțȎȥȖȠȓșțȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȜȠȜ țȎȟșȓȒȟȠȐȜ țȎ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȝȜȘȜșȓțȖȭ ȜȠ ȅȎșȨȘȜ-
ȐȖȭ ȞȜȒ. ȂȞȎȑȚȓțȠȖ ȜȠ ȞȜȒȜȐȖȠȓ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ ȟȎ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȖ Ȗ Ȑ ȒȜȘȡ-
ȚȓțȠȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȖ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȖ ȒȓȗȤȖ ȘȎȠȜ ǻȓȜȢȖȠ
ǾȖșȟȘȖ, ǻȎȗȒȓț ǱȓȞȜȐ, ǱȓȜȞȑȖ ǿ. ǾȎȘȜȐȟȘȖ, ǵȎȣȎȞȖ ǿȠȜȭțȜȐ,
ǻȖȘȜșȎ Ȗ ȃȞȖȟȠȜ ȀȨȝȥȖșȓȧȜȐȖ, Ȑ ȘȜțȒȖȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȝșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȎȠȎ
ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȭ, ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȖȭ ȎȞȣȖȐ țȎ ǾȖșȟȘȖȭ ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞ, ȞȎȕ-
șȖȥțȖ ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȜ-ȡȥȖșȖȧțȖ Ȗ ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞȟȘȖ ȘȜțȒȖȘȖ, ȒȎȞȖȠȓș-
ȟȘȖ ȟȝȖȟȨȤȖ, ȘȠȖȠȜȞȟȘȖ țȎȒȝȖȟȖ, ȘȜȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȤȖȭ Ȗ ȒȞ.
ǾȎȕțȜȜȏȞȎȕțȜȠȜ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȜ țȎȟșȓȒȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȞȜȒȜȐȓȠȓ
ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȖ, ȅȜȚȎȘȜȐȖ, ǲȜȑȎțȜȐȖ Ȗ ǸȓȟȭȘȜȐȖ ȓ ȥȎȟȠȖȥțȜ ȐȨȐȓ-
ȒȓțȜ Ȑ țȎȡȥȓț ȜȏȜȞȜȠ1 Ȗ ȖțȠȓȞȝȞȓȠȖȞȎțȜ Ȑ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȑȓțȓȎșȜ-
ȑȖȥțȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ Ȑ ȠȞȡȒȜȐȓ, ȝȜȟȐȓȠȓțȖ țȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖ-
ȭȠȎ țȎ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ ȝȞȓȕ ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ, țȎ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖ ȟȠȞȎțȖ
ȜȠ ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȖȭ Ȗ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȭ ȜȏșȖȘ țȎ ȕȎȞȎȔȒȎȧȖȭ ȟȓ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖ Ȗ ȒȓșȜȐȖ ȓșȖȠ ȜȠ ȓȝȜȣȎȠȎ (Levkova-
Muchinova 2017c, 227 – 229; Levkova-Muchinova 2020b), țȎ
ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȜȠȜ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ
(Muchinov 2009; Muchinov & Levkova-Muchinova 2013) Ȗ ȒȞ.
ǻȎȟȠȜȭȧȖȭȠ ȠȓȘȟȠ ȜȠȝȞȎȐȭ ȝȜȑșȓȒ ȜȠțȜȐȜ ȘȨȚ ȞȜȒȜȐȖȠȓ
ȎȞȣȖȐȖ țȎ ȞȜȒȜȐȓȠȓ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȖ, ȅȜȚȎȘȜȐȖ, ǸȓȟȭȘȜȐȖ Ȗ ǲȜȑȎ-
țȜȐȖ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȜȠȘȞȜȖ ȕțȎȥȖȚȜȟȠȠȎ ȖȚ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȕȎ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȎ-
ȠȎ ȑȓțȓȎșȜȑȖȭ Ȗ ȝȞȜȟȜȝȜȑȞȎȢȖȭ, țȜ Ȗ ȕȎ ȞȓȘȜțȟȠȞȡȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ.
ǶȕȏȜȞȨȠ ȚȖ țȎ ȠȓȕȖ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȖ ȞȜȒȜȐȓ țȓ ȓ ȟșȡȥȎȓț. Ȁȓ
ȝȞȜȖȕȣȜȔȒȎȠ ȜȠ ǸȜȝȞȖȐȧȖȤȎ Ȗ ȟȎ Ȑ ȏșȖȕȘȖ ȞȜȒȟȠȐȓțȖ ȐȞȨȕȘȖ,
ȘȜȖȠȜ Ȑ ȕțȎȥȖȠȓșțȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț ȑȖ ȜȏȓȒȖțȭȐȎȠ Ȗ Ȑ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȜȠȜ
ȝȜȝȞȖȧȓ, Ȗ Ȑ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȠȓ ȖȕȭȐȖ. ǰ ȞȎȕȚȖȞțȖȠȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ
ȘȨȞȒȔȎșȖȗȟȘȖȠȓ ȜȝȡȟȠȜȦȓțȖȭ ȓȒțȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȠȓȕȖ ȞȜȒȜȐȓ țȎ-
253
ȝȡȟȘȎȠ ȞȜȒțȎȠȎ ǸȜȝȞȖȐȧȖȤȎ Ȗ ȟȓ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎȠ Ȑ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ,
ȠȨȞȟȓȗȘȖ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȑȜșȓȚȖȭ ȑȞȎȒ Ȗ țȜȐȖ, ȝȜ-ȒȜȏȞȖ ȐȨȕ-
ȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ ȕȎ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ (ȝȜ-ȑȜșȭȚȎȠȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȞȜȒȜȐȓȠȓ
ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȖ Ȗ ȅȜȚȎȘȜȐȖ2), ȒȞȡȑȖ ȜȟȠȎȐȎȠ Ȑ ȞȜȒțȜȠȜ ȟȓșȜ Ȗ ȟȎ Ȑ
ȜȟțȜȐȎȠȎ țȎ ȐȨȕȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎțȓȠȜ Țȡ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȨȞȐȖȠȓ ȒȓȟȓȠȖșȓȠȖȭ
țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ (ǲȜȑȎțȜȐȖ3 Ȗ ǸȓȟȭȘȜȐȖ). Ƕ ȝȞȓȕ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȑȜȒȖ-
țȖ ȞȜȒȜȐȓȠȓ țȓ ȝȞȓȘȨȟȐȎȠ ȐȞȨȕȘȎȠȎ ȝȜȚȓȔȒȡ ȟȖ, țȎȝȞȜȠȖȐ – Ȑ
ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎȠ ȒȨșȑȜȑȜȒȖȦțȖ
ȝȎȞȠțȪȜȞȟȘȖ ȐȕȎȖȚȜȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȭ Ȑ ȟȢȓȞȎȠȎ țȎ ȜȠȘȡȝȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȒȓȟȭȠȨȘȎ ȜȠ ȒȞȓȏțȖȭ ȞȜȑȎȠ ȒȜȏȖȠȨȘ (ȜțȒȎșȨȘ, ȏȓȑșȖȘ), Ȏ Ȑ
ȟȢȓȞȎȠȎ țȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȭȠ ȎȘȠȖȐțȜ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ
ȏșȎȑȜȠȐȜȞȖȠȓșțȖ ȖțȖȤȖȎȠȖȐȖ țȎ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȤȖ.
ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȟȐȜȭ ȝȞȜȖȕȣȜȒ, ȝȞȓȒțȎȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ, ȓȕȖȘȜȐȖ Ȗ ȟȠȖșȖȟ-
ȠȖȥțȖ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠȖ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȘșȎȟȖ-
ȢȖȤȖȞȎțȖ Ȑ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȑȞȡȝȖ – șȖȥțȖ ȖșȖ ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȖ ȜȠ ȖțȟȠȖ-
ȠȡȤȖȖ; ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟȨȟ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȎȠȎ, ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎ-
ȠȎ, ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȎȠȎ ȖșȖ ȖțȠȓșȓȘȠȡȎșțȎȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ țȎ ȢȜțȒȜȜȏȞȎ-
ȕȡȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ; ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ, ȜȟȚȎțȜȠȡȞȟȘȖ ȖșȖ ȕȎ-
ȝȎȒțȜȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȤȖ, Ȗ ȝȞ. ǰ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȖȠȓ ȞȓȒȜȐȓ ȏȖȣ ȖȟȘȎșȎ
ȒȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭ țȭȘȜȖ ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȖțȠȓȞȓȟțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȤȓțțȖ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȒȜ-
ȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȤȖ Ȗ ȞȜȒȟȠȐȓțȖȠȓ ȖȚ ȢȎȚȖșȖȖ.
ǶȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȎȠȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎȤȖȭ ȟȨȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎ ȕțȎȥȖȠȓșțȎ
ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ. ȀȜȐȎ ȟȓ ȒȨșȔȖ țȎ ȓȟȠȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ
ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȎțȖȚȎțȖȭ țȎ ȝȜȐȓȥȓȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ țȎ ȞȜȒȎ
ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȖ, ȟȨȕȒȎșȖ Ȗ ȞȨȘȜȐȜȒȖșȖ ȝȞȓȕ 20-Ƞȓ – 60-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ
țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ ȓȒțȎ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȡȟȝȓȦțȎ ȢȎȚȖșțȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ Ȑ
ȟȢȓȞȎȠȎ țȎ ȜȠȘȡȝȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȜțȒȎșȨȘȎ Ȗ ȡȐșȓȘșȖ Ȑ țȓȭ Ȗ
ȚȨȔȓȠȓ ȜȠ ȞȜȒȟȠȐȓțȖȠȓ ȖȚ ȢȎȚȖșȖȖ ȅȜȚȎȘȜȐȖ, ǲȜȑȎțȜȐȖ,
ǸȓȟȭȘȜȐȖ, ǸȎȞȎȐȓșȜȐȖ, ǸȎȏșȓȦȘȜȐȖ Ȗ ȒȞ.
ǼȟțȜȐțȎȠȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎȤȖȭ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ
ȟ ȏȓȑșȖȘȥȖȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȟȓ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎ Ȑ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ ȢȜțȒȜȐȓ țȎ Ǳȓ-
ȜȞȑȎȘȖ ǿȠȜȭțȜȐȖȥ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐ (ȅȎșȜȑșȡ) (Ȣ. 782), țȎ ǿȎșȥȜ ȅȜ-
ȚȎȘȜȐ (Ȣ. 70) Ȗ țȎ Ȓ-Ȟ ǱȓȜȞȑȖ ǰȨșȘȜȐȖȥ (Ȣ. 286) Ȑ ǻǯǸǺ–
ǯǶǮ. ȀȡȘ ȟȞȓȧȎȚȓ ȜȢȖȤȖȎșțȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȖ ȜȠ
ȒȐȜȞȤȜȐȎȠȎ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȤȖȭ (ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖ ȢȓȞȚȎțȖ, ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ,
ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȖ ȜȠ ǲȓȢȠȓȞȣȎțȓȠȜ – ǺȖțȖȟȠȓȞȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȢȖțȎțȟȖȠȓ,
ǰȓșȖȘȜȠȜ ȐȓȕȖȞȟȠȐȜ Ȗ ȒȞ.), ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȜ Ȗ ȑȞȖȔșȖȐȜ ȐȜȒȓțȖ ȏȓȑ-
șȖȘȥȖȗȟȘȖ ȠȓȢȠȓȞȖ, ȘȜȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȤȖȭ ȟ ȒȓșȜȐȖ ȝȎȞȠțȪȜȞȖ,
254
ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖ ȟșȡȔȏȖ Ȗ ȒȞ.
ǻȭȘȜșȘȜ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȖ ȒȜȑȜȐȜȞȎ, ȟȨȟȠȎȐȓțȖ ȜȠ ǿȠȜȭț ȅȎșȨȘȜȐ
Ȗ ǿȎșȥȜ ȅȜȚȎȘȜȐ, ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎȠ ȜȟțȜȐțȎȠȎ ȢȜȞȚȎ, ȝȜȒ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȓ-
ȚȓȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȜȏȓȒȖțȭȐȎ ȘȎȝȖȠȎșȖ ȕȎ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ Ȑ ȜȠȘȡȝȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȒȎțȨȤȖ – ȟȨȒȞȡȔȖȭ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȏșȖȕȘȖ ȞȜȒțȖțȖ, ȜȢȜȞȚȭțȖ ȥȞȓȕ
ȝȜȒȝȖȟȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȨȒȞȡȔțȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȒȜȑȜȐȜȞȖ („ȘȜțȠȞȎȠȜ“), ȠȜȥțȜ
ȞȓȑșȎȚȓțȠȖȞȎȧȖ ȢȖțȎțȟȜȐȜȠȜ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ Ȗ ȕȎȒȨșȔȓțȖȭȠȎ țȎ
ȐȟȓȘȖ ȜȠ ȟȨȒȞȡȔțȖȤȖȠȓ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȞȎȕȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȓȥȎș-
ȏȖȠȓ („ȝȎȭ“) țȎ ȐȟȓȘȖ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ. ǺȓȔȒȡ Ƞȭȣ ȜȟȜȏȓț ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ ȝȞȓ-
ȒȖȕȐȖȘȐȎȠ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȟȨȒȞȡȔțȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȒȜȑȜȐȜȞȎ, ȟȨȟȠȎȐȓțȖ țȎ
ȟȚȓȟȖȤȎ ȜȠ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ Ȗ ȜȟȚȎțȜȠȡȞȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ Ȗ țȎȝȖȟȎțȖ țȎ ȘȖ-
ȞȖșȖȤȎ – ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ȕȎ ȓȕȖȘȜȐȖȭ ȏȖșȖțȑȐȖȕȨȚ, ȡȝȞȎȔțȭ-
ȐȎț ȜȠ ȚțȜȑȜ ȜȠ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖȠȓ țȖ ȒȓȗȤȖ ȝȞȓȕ ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ4.
ǵȎȝȎȕȓțȖȠȓ Ȑ ȟȓȚȓȗțȖȠȓ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ ȏȓȑșȖȘȥȖȗȟȘȖ ȠȓȢȠȓȞȖ,
ȢȞȎȑȚȓțȠȖ ȜȠ șȖȥțȎ ȘȜȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȤȖȭ, ȟȚȓȠȘȜȐȜȒțȖ ȟȝȞȎȐȘȖ,
ȖȕȑȜȠȐȓțȖ ȜȠ ǲȓȢȠȓȞȣȎțȓȠȜ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȜȠ ȥȎȟȠȓț Ȗ
ȜȢȖȤȖȎșȓț ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞ ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎȠ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖ ȟȠȞȎțȖ ȜȠ ȖȘȜțȜ-
ȚȖȥȓȟȘȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ țȎ ȟȨȒȞȡȔțȖȤȖȠȓ, ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȭȠȎ ȚȓȔȒȡ Ƞȭȣ,
ȐȞȨȕȘȖȠȓ ȟ ȘȞȓȒȖȠȜȞȖȠȓ Ȗ ȒȓșȜȐȖȠȓ ȝȎȞȠțȪȜȞȖ. ǽȞȓȕ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ
ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȟȓȚȓȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȜȠȘȡȝȡȐȎ Ȗ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȖȞȎ ȟȨȟ ȟȐȜȖ ȟșȡȔȖȠȓșȖ
ȟȨȏȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȜțȒȎșȨȘȎ ȜȠ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȢȖȟȘȎșțȖ ȡȥȎȟȠȨȤȖ ȜȠ
ȥȓȠȖȞȖȠȓ ȒȎțȨȥțȖ ȒȭșȎ Ȑ ȞȡȚȓșȖȗȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȐȖțȤȖȖ țȎ ȖȚȝȓ-
ȞȖȭȠȎ: ȘȞȖșȎȠȎ ǯȎȣȎȞ, ǰȞȎȒȔȎ, ǿȎȚȜȘȜȐ Ȗ ǳțȖȦȓȣȖȞ5.
ǰ ȏȓȑșȖȘȥȖȗȟȘȖȠȓ ȠȓȢȠȓȞȖ ȑȞȖȔșȖȐȜ ȟȎ ȜȝȖȟȎțȖ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ
ȝȞȖȣȜȒȖ Ȗ ȞȎȕȣȜȒȖ țȎ ȟȨȒȞȡȔțȖȤȖȠȓ. Ȁȓ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȠ ȒȎțțȖ ȕȎ
ȏȞȜȭ țȎ ȟșȡȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ, țȎȓȠȖ Ȑ ȘȎȚȝȎțȖȖȠȓ ȝȜ ȜȠȘȡȝȡȐȎțȓȠȜ
țȎ ȜțȒȎșȨȘȎ, Ȗ ȕȎ ȖȕȝșȎȧȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȐȨȕțȎȑȞȎȔȒȓțȖȭȠȎ ȖȚ,
ȘȜȓȠȜ ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎ ȎțȎșȖȕ țȎ ȏȞȜȭ țȎȓȠȖ ȟșȡȔȖȠȓșȖ Ȗ ȟȞȓȒțȎȠȎ
țȎȒțȖȤȎ țȎ șȖȤȎȠȎ, ȎțȑȎȔȖȞȎțȖ Ȑ ȘȎȚȝȎțȖȖȠȓ ȝȜ ȟȨȏȖȞȎțȓ-
ȠȜ țȎ ȜțȒȎșȨȘȎ6.
ǰțȡȦȖȠȓșȓț ȏȞȜȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȟȎ ȟȨȣȞȎțȓțȖ Ȑ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȠȓ țȎ
ȞȜȒȜȐȓȠȓ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȖ, ȅȜȚȎȘȜȐȖ Ȗ ǲȜȑȎțȜȐȖ Ȗ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ
ȒȞȡȑȖ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖ ȕȎțȭȠȖȭ ȘȎȠȜ ȟȘȜȠȜȐȨȒțȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȖȭ, ȜȠȘȡȝȡ-
ȐȎțȓ țȎ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȒȨȞȔȎȐțȖ ȝȞȖȣȜȒȜȖȕȠȜȥțȖȤȖ, ȕȓȚȓȐșȎȒȓțȖȓ,
ȜȏȞȎȏȜȠȘȎ țȎ ȜȞȖȕȖȧȎ (ȥȓșȠȨȤȖ), ȏȡȏȎȞȟȠȐȜȠȜ Ȗ ȒȞ.
ǿȞȓȒ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȟȨȟ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞ ȟȓ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȠ
Ȝȧȓ ȢȖȟȘȎșțȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȝȜșȖȤȖ, ȘȎȒȖȗȟȘȖ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜșȖ,
ȝȨȠțȖ șȖȟȠȜȐȓ. ǵȎȝȎȕȓț ȓ țȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ ȜȠȘȞȖȠ șȖȟȠ (Ƞ. țȎȞ. Țȡ-
255
ȞȡȞ ȠȓȕȘȓȞȓȟȖ), ȖȕȒȎȒȓț țȎ ǿȎșȥȜ ǶȐȎțȜȐ (ȅȜȚȎȘȜȐ) ȜȠ ȂȖ-
șȖȏȓ, ȝȞȖțȎȒșȓȔȎȧ ȘȨȚ „ȠȎȗȢȎȠȎ țȎ ȒȔȓșȓȝȖȠȓ“ ȕȎ ȝȨȠȡȐȎ-
țȓȠȜ Țȡ ȜȠ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ ȒȜ ǾȖșȟȘȖȭ ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞ, ȟ ȒȎȠȎ 4 ȟȎȢȓȞ
1258 ȑ. (17 ȚȎȞȠ 1842 ȑ.)7. ǶțȠȓȞȓȟ ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȐȎȠ Ȗ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ
ȒȞȡȑȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȖ ȜȠ ȟȠȜșȖȥțȖȠȓ ȖșȖ ȚȓȟȠțȖȠȓ ȎȒ-
ȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖ ȟșȡȔȏȖ, ȞȎȕȝȖȟȘȖ, ȡȞȓȔȒȎȧȖ ȢȖțȎțȟȜȐȖȠȓ
ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȭ ȟ ȒȓșȜȐȖ ȝȎȞȠțȪȜȞȖ ȖșȖ ȟșȡȔȖȠȓșȖ, ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ
ȕȎ ȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȟȨȒȞȡȔȖȭ, ȕȎ ȖȚȜȠțȜ ȟȨȟȠȜȭțȖȓ, ȠȎȝȖȖ ȕȎ
ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȐȎțȓ țȎ ȖȚȜȠȖ Ȗ ȒȞ.8
ǳȒțȎ ȑȞȡȝȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȟȎ ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎȠȎ
ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ țȎ ȜȠȒȓșțȖ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ țȎ ȞȜȒȜȐȓȠȓ. ǽȞȓȕ 60-Ƞȓ ȑȜ-
ȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ ȏȓȑșȖȘȥȖȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȕȎȝȎȒȎ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖȠȓ
țȎ țȜȐȜȠȜ ȝȜȘȜșȓțȖȓ ȟȓ ȜȞȖȓțȠȖȞȎȠ ȘȨȚ țȜȐȖ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȖ
ȝȜȝȞȖȧȎ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ Ȗ ȟ ȝȜ-ȐȖȟȜȘȖȭ ȖȚ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșȓț Ȥȓțȕ –
ȥȖțȜȐțȖȤȖ, șȓȘȎȞȖ, ȡȥȖȠȓșȖ. ǳȒȖț ȜȠ ȝȨȞȐȖȠȓ ȡȥȖȠȓșȖ ȜȠ ǲȜ-
ȑȎțȜȐȖȭ ȞȜȒ ȓ ȟȖțȨȠ țȎ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȖȭ ȘȜȝȞȖȐȧȓțȟȘȖ ȏȓȑșȖȘȥȖȭ Ȗ
ȏșȎȑȜȒȓȠȓș ȀȜȒȜȞ ǲȜȑȎțȜȐ, ǸȜțȟȠȎțȠȖț (1830 – 1900), ȘȜȗȠȜ
ȝȞȓȕ 60-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ ȓ ȡȥȖȠȓș Ȑ ǮȗȠȜȟ, ȝȞȓȒȖ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȠ-
ȒȎȒȓ țȎ ȞȓȐȜșȬȤȖȜțțȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ ȘȎȠȜ ȟȨȞȎȠțȖȘ țȎ ǮȝȜȟȠȜșȎ Ȗ
ȒȎ ȝȜțȓȟȓ ȠȓȔȘȎȠȎ ȟȨȒȏȎ țȎ ȒȖȎȞȏȓȘȖȞȟȘȖ ȕȎȠȜȥȓțȖȘ. ǽȜ-ȘȨȟțȜ
ǸȜțȟȠȎțȠȖț ǲȜȑȎțȜȐ ȓ ȡȥȎȟȠțȖȘ Ȑ ǾȡȟȘȜ-ȠȡȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȟȐȜȏȜȒȖȠȓș-
țȎ ȐȜȗțȎ, Ȏ ȟșȓȒ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ – ȘȚȓȠ țȎ ȑȞȎȒ Ǿȡȟȓ9. ǼȟȜȏȓțȜ
ȖțȠȓȞȓȟțȖ ȕȎ ȞȓȘȜțȟȠȞȡȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȏȜȑȎȠȎȠȎ Țȡ țȎ ȟȨȏȖȠȖȭ ȏȖȜȑ-
ȞȎȢȖȭ ȟȎ ȟȝȜȚȓțȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȠȜȗ ȝȖȦȓ ȚȎșȘȜ ȟșȓȒ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖ-
ȓȠȜ Ȗ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎȠ Ȑ țȓȑȜȐȖȭ ȎȞȣȖȐȓț ȢȜțȒ10.
ǰȝȓȥȎȠșȭȐȎȧȎ ȓ ȘȎȞȖȓȞȎȠȎ țȎ ǱȓȜȞȑȎȘȖ ǿȠȜȭțȜȐȖȥ ȅȎ-
șȜȑșȡ11, ȕȎȝȜȥțȎșȎ ȝȞȓȕ 50-Ƞȓ Ȗ 60-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ ȘȎȠȜ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓș Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖȭ ȚȓȒȔșȖȟ (ȟȨȐȓȠ) Ȑ ǽșȜȐ-
ȒȖȐ Ȗ ȥșȓț țȎ ȐȖșȎȓȠȟȘȖȭ ȚȓȒȔșȖȟ Ȑ ǼȒȞȖț.
ǰ ȎȞȣȖȐȎ țȎ ǱȓȜȞȑȎȘȖ ȅȎșȜȑșȡ ȟȓ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎ ȢȓȞȚȎțȨȠ, ȟ
ȘȜȗȠȜ ȝȞȓȕ 1868 ȑ. ȠȜȗ ȓ țȎȕțȎȥȓț ȕȎ ȥșȓț țȎ ǲȨȞȔȎȐțȖȭ ȟȨ-
ȐȓȠ Ȑ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȟȠȜșȖȤȎ12. ǮȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȝȞȜȟșȓȒȭ-
ȐȎȠ Ȗ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȓȠȎȝȖ ȜȠ ȝȜ-țȎȠȎȠȨȦțȎȠȎ ȘȎȞȖȓȞȎ țȎ Ǳȓ-
ȜȞȑȎȘȖ ȏȓȗ – țȎȕțȎȥȎȐȎțȓȠȜ Țȡ ȕȎ ȥșȓț țȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȎȠȎ ȘȎ-
ȚȎȞȎ țȎ ǶȕȝȨșțȖȠȓșțȖȭ ȟȨȐȓȠ Ȑ ǶȟȠȎțȏȡș (1875), ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓț
ȕȎ ȝȞȖșȎȑȎțȓ țȎ ȞȓȢȜȞȚȖȠȓ Ȑ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ13, ȖȕȏȖ-
ȞȎțȓȠȜ Țȡ ȕȎ ȥșȓț țȎ ǿȓțȎȠȎ (1877)14, ȡȒȜȟȠȜȭȐȎțȓȠȜ Țȡ ȟ
ȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȟȠȐȓțȖ țȎȑȞȎȒȖ15 Ȗ ȠȖȠșȎȠȎ „ȏȓȗ“ (Șțȭȕ)16. ǰ ȎȞȣȖȐ-
256
țȖȭ ȢȜțȒ țȎ ǱȓȜȞȑȎȘȖ ȅȎșȜȑșȡ ȟȎ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȖ Ȝȧȓ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȒȜ-
ȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎȠȎ Țȡ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ ȘȎȠȜ ȐȖȟȜ-
ȘȜȝȜȟȠȎȐȓț ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȟȎțȜȐțȖȘ – ȝȖȟȚȎ, ȝȜȘȎțȖ, ȝȞȜȦȓțȖȭ,
ȐȎȞȖȎțȠȖ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȜȕȎȘȜțȖ Ȗ ȒȞ.
ǽȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎ ȘȎȞȖȓȞȎ Ȑ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ ȝȞȎȐȭȠ
Ȝȧȓ țȓȘȜșȤȖțȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ țȎ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȖȭ ȞȜȒ, ȐȨȕȝȖȠȎțȖ-
ȤȖ țȎ ǰȜȓțțȜȚȓȒȖȤȖțȟȘȜȠȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ Ȑ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ ȝȞȓȕ 60-Ƞȓ Ȗ
70-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȞȓȎșȖȕȖȞȎȠ ȘȎȠȜ ȜȢȖȤȓȞȖ Ȑ
ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȎȞȚȖȭ – Ȓ-Ȟ ǱȓȜȞȑȖ ǰȨșȘȜȐȖȥ, Ȓ-Ȟ ǮșȓȘȟȎțȒȨȞ
(ǮșȓȘȜ) ǰȨșȘȜȐȖȥ, Ȓ-Ȟ ǻȖȘȜșȎ ǿȠȜȭțȜȐȖȥ, Ȓ-Ȟ ǮșȓȘȟȎțȒȨȞ ǽ.
ǸȡȞȠȜȐȖȥ (ǵȜȖȞȜȟ ȝȎȦȎ) Ȗ Ȓ-Ȟ ǿȠȜȭț ǲȜȑȎțȜȐ (Levkova-
Muchinova 2015b). ǼȟȜȏȓț ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȐȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎȤȖ-
ȭȠȎ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȎ ȟ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ Ȓ-Ȟ ǱȓȜȞȑȖ ǰȨșȘȜȐȖȥ ȘȎȠȜ ȝȞȜȢȓ-
ȟȜȞ ȐȨȐ ǰȜȓțțȜȚȓȒȖȤȖțȟȘȜȠȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ Ȗ ȒȖȞȓȘȠȜȞ țȎ ȏȜșțȖ-
ȤȎȠȎ „ȃȎȗȒȎȞ ȝȎȦȎ“ Ȑ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȚȖțȖȟȠȨȞ țȎ
ȐȨțȦțȖȠȓ ȞȎȏȜȠȖ Ȗ ȖȕȝȜȐȓȒȎțȖȭȠȎ Ȑ ǸțȭȔȓȟȠȐȜ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ
(1881 – 1883) Ȗ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȒȖȝșȜȚȎȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȎȑȓțȠ Ȑ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ
ȝȞȓȕ 1887 – 1892 ȑ. (Levkova-Muchinova 2015b, 88 – 89)17.
ǵțȎȥȖȠȓșțȎ ȑȞȡȝȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȑ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖȠȓ ȠȡȘ ȞȜȒȜ-
ȐȖ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ ȟȨȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎȠ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȎ-
ȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ. ǾȜȒȜȐȓȠȓ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȖ, ȅȜȚȎȘȜȐȖ, ǸȓȟȭȘȜȐȖ Ȗ ǲȜȑȎ-
țȜȐȖ ȟȨȥȓȠȎȐȎȠ ȡȟȝȓȦțȜ ȟȐȜȖȠȓ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖ ȒȓșȎ ȟ ȎȘȠȖȐțȎ
ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȎ ȎțȑȎȔȖȞȎțȜȟȠ. ǺȓȔȒȡ ȑȞȖȔșȖȐȜ ȝȎȕȓțȎȠȎ ȒȜȘȡ-
ȚȓțȠȎȤȖȭ ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎȚȓ ȟȚȓȠȘȖ, ȝȜșȖȤȖ, ȒȎȞȖȠȓșȟȘȖ ȟȝȖȟȨȤȖ,
ȘȜȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȤȖȭ, ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȞȎșȖ ȕțȎȥȖȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȖȚ ȒȎȞȓțȖȭ
ȕȎ ȝșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȖȠȓ ȤȨȞȘȐȖ. ǶȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȟȖșțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȐșȖȭȠȓș-
țȖ ȏȓȑșȖȘȥȖȖ ǿȠȜȭț, ǰȨșȘȜ Ȗ ǻȓȦȜ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȖ, ȏȞȎȠȜȐȥȓȒȖȠȓ
ȖȚ ǰȨșȘȜ Ȗ ǿȠȜȭț ǸȡȞȠȜȐȖ, ȝșȓȚȓțțȖȘȨȠ ȖȚ ǿȎșȥȜ ȅȜȚȎȘȜȐ
ȖȕȒȓȗȟȠȐȎȠ ȢȓȞȚȎțȖ ȕȎ ȜȏțȜȐȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȞȎ-
ȐȜȟșȎȐțȖ ȣȞȎȚȜȐȓ „ǿȐ. ǻȓȒȓșȭ“ (1832), „ǿȐ. ǻȖȘȜșȎ“ (1835 –
1836), „ǿȐ. ǽȓȠȘȎ“ (1836 – 1837), „ǿȐ. ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ“ (1830 – 1838)
Ȗ „ǿȐȓȠȎ ǯȜȑȜȞȜȒȖȤȎ“ (1825 – 1844) Ȗ ȝȞȎȐȭȠ ȧȓȒȞȖ ȒȎȞȓțȖȭ
ȕȎ ȝȜȒȒȞȨȔȘȎȠȎ ȖȚ, ȢȖțȎțȟȖȞȎȠ Ȗ ȚȓȟȠțȎȠȎ ȏȜșțȖȤȎ.
ǯșȎȑȜȠȐȜȞȖȠȓșțȎȠȎ ȖȚ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ ȒȎșȓȥ țȎȒȣȐȨȞșȭ ȑȞȎțȖ-
ȤȖȠȓ țȎ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ Ȗ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȎ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȭ. ǲȓȟȓȠȘȖ ȤȨȞȘȐȖ Ȗ
ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞȖ ȒȨșȔȎȠ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȭȐȎțȓȠȜ ȖșȖ ȜȏțȜȐȭȐȎțȓȠȜ ȟȖ țȎ
Ƞȭȣ. ǺȓȔȒȡ Ƞȭȣ ȟȎ ǾȖșȟȘȖȭȠ, ȀȞȜȭțȟȘȖȭȠ, ǸȎȞșȡȘȜȐȟȘȖȭȠ
ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞ, ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞȖȠȓ Ȑ ǿȜȝȜȠ, ǽȓȞȡȧȖȤȎ, ǸȞȖȥȖȚ Ȗ ǽȓ-
257
ȧȓȞȎ, ȤȨȞȘȐȖȠȓ „ȁȟȝȓțȖȓ ǯȜȑȜȞȜȒȖȥțȜ“ Ȗ „ǿȐȓȠȖ ǻȖȘȜșȎ“ Ȑ
ǸȜȝȞȖȐȧȖȤȎ, ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ǻȖȘȜșȎ“ Ȑ ǽșȓȐȓț, ȣȞȎȚȨȠ Ȑ ȟ.
ǱȜșȭȚ ǶȕȐȜȞ, ǸȬȟȠȓțȒȖșȟȘȜ, Ȗ ȒȞ. Ȁȓ ȟȎ ȏșȎȑȜȒȓȠȓșȖ Ȗ țȎ
ǯȎȥȘȜȐȟȘȖȭ ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞ, țȎ ȟȐȓȠȜȑȜȞȟȘȖȭ ȃȖșȓțȒȎȞȟȘȖ ȚȎțȎȟ-
ȠȖȞ, țȎ ǿȜȝȜȠȟȘȖȭ, ǮȞȎȝȜȐȟȘȖȭ Ȗ ǺȡșȒȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞ ȏșȖ-
ȕȜ ȒȜ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ (Levkova-Muchinova 2017c, 239 – 240).
ǽȞȓȕ 30-Ƞȓ Ȗ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ 40-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ ǱȜșȓ-
ȚȖȭȠ ǰȨșȘȜ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐ ȓ țȎȟȠȜȭȠȓș țȎ ǾȖșȟȘȖȭ ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞ, ȕȎ
ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎȠ ȝȖȟȚȎȠȎ Țȡ ȒȜ ȖȑȡȚȓțȎ țȎ ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞȎ18.
ǽȞȓȕ 1832 ȑ. ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȏȞȎȠȟȠȐȜ ȐȕȓȚȎ ȞȓȦȓțȖȓ ȕȎ Ȗȕȑ-
ȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ țȜȐȎ, ȝȜ-ȝȞȜȟȠȜȞțȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ. ǿ ȝȖȟȚȜ ȜȠ 12 ȭțȡȎ-
ȞȖ ȕȎ ȞȓȦȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞȟȘȖȭ ȟȨȏȜȞ ȟȓ ȡȐȓȒȜȚȓțȖ ȘȜȝ-
ȞȖȐȧȓțȟȘȖȠȓ ȥȜȞȏȎȒȔȖȖ ǰȨșȘȜ Ȗ ǿȠȜȭț ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ
țȎȑȨȞȏȐȎȠ ȟ ȖȕȒȓȗȟȠȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȖȭ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖ ȢȓȞ-
ȚȎț ȕȎ ȟȠȞȜȓȔȎ țȎ țȜȐȎȠȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ. „ǶșșȓȚ ȒȎ ȖȕȐȓȒȖȠȓ ȖșȎ-
ȚȎȠ ȘȜșȘȡ ȒȎ ȓ ȒȨșȑȎ Ȗ ȘȜșȘȡ ȒȎ ȓ ȦȖȞȜȘȎ [ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ], ȠȎ ȒȎ
ȚȖ ȑȜ ȝȞȎȠȖȠȓ țȎ ȂȖșȖȏȓ,“– ȝȖȦȓ ǿȠȜȭț ȅȎșȨȘȜȐ ȒȜ ȚȎțȎȟ-
ȠȖȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȟȠȎȞȓȖ (ǺǶǯǰ 1890, 398; Kamburova-Radkova 1972,
61 – 62). Ǽȧȓ ȝȜ-țȎșȜȔȖȠȓșȓț ȟȠȎȐȎ ȑȞȎȒȓȔȨȠ țȎ țȜȐȎȠȎ ȤȨȞ-
ȘȐȎ ȟșȓȒ ȜȝȡȟȠȜȦȖȠȓșțȖȭ ȝȜȔȎȞ, ȡțȖȧȜȔȖș ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ
ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȗȘȖ ȝȞȓȕ 1833 ȑ. ǿ ȢȓȞȚȎțȎ, ȖȕȒȓȗȟȠȐȎț
ȜȠ ǰȨșȘȜ Ȗ ǿȠȜȭț ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȖ, Ȗ ȟ ȧȓȒȞȎȠȎ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșțȎ ȝȜȚȜȧ
țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȘȞȎȖȧȎ, ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ ȓ
ȝȜȟȠȞȜȓțȎ ȝȞȓȕ 1837 ȑ. Ȗ ȜȟȐȓȠȓțȎ țȎ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȎȠȎ 1838 ȑ.
(Kamburova-Radkova 1972, 62). ȇȓȒȞȖ ȒȎȞȓțȖȭ țȎ ǾȖșȟȘȖȭ
ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞ ȝȞȎȐȭȠ Ȗ ȏȞȎȠȭȠȎ ǽȓȠȘȜ Ȗ ȀȜȒȜȞ ǲȜȑȎțȜȐȖ, ȕȎȝșȎ-
ȠȖșȖ ȖȕȜȑȞȎȢȖȟȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȭȟțȎȠȎ Ȗ șȭȐȎȠȎ ȝȓȐțȖȤȎ Ȑ ȑșȎȐ-
țȎȠȎ ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞȟȘȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ (1841), ȒȎȞȖșȖ țȎ ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞȎ ȟȨȧȜ
ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎ Ȗ ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȎ ȡȠȐȎȞ (Kamburova-Radkova 1972, 68, 77).
ǵțȎȥȖȠȓșȓț ȏȞȜȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȟȎ ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȝȞȖțȜȟȎ țȎ ȢȎ-
ȚȖșȖȭȠȎ Ȑ ȝȜșȕȎ țȎ ȝȞȜȟȐȓȠțȜȠȜ ȒȓșȜ Ȗ ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȡȥȓȏțȎ
Ȗ ȏȜȑȜȟșȡȔȓȏțȎ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎ. ǵȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎȠ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ
ȟȚȓȠȘȖ, ȒȎȞȖȠȓșȟȘȖ ȟȝȖȟȨȤȖ, ȝȜșȖȤȖ, ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȜ-
ȡȥȖșȖȧțȖȠȓ țȎȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȎ. ǼȠ 20-Ƞȓ Ȗ 30-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ
ȟȎ ȝȨȞȐȖȠȓ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ȠȓȣțȖ ȒȎȞȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȘȖ-
șȖȗțȖ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ Ȑ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȎ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȭ, ȕȎ ȝȜȒȒȞȨȔȘȎ țȎ Ȥȓț-
ȠȞȎșțȜȠȜ ȑȞȨȤȘȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ Ȑ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ Ȗ ȕȎ ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȡȥȓȏțȎ
șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎ. ǽȞȓȕ 40-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ ȐȓȘȎ, ȟ țȎȝȞȓȒȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
258
ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖȠȓ țȎ ȓȠțȜ-ȘȡșȠȡȞțȜ ȜȏȜȟȜȏȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ, ȟ ȎȘ-
ȠȖȐțȜȠȜ ȢȖțȎțȟȜȐȜ Ȗ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȜțțȜȠȜ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ țȎ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȖ
Ȗ ȞȜȒȟȠȐȓțȖȠȓ ȖȚ ȢȎȚȖșȖȖ Ȑ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ ȟȎ ȖȕȑȞȎȒȓțȖ ȝȨȞȐȖȠȓ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȣȞȎȚȜȐȓ – Ȑ ȚȎȣȎșȖȠȓ ǺȎȞȎȦȎ Ȗ ǸȎȞȦȖȭȘȎ. ǽȜ ȟȨ-
ȧȜȠȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ ȟȎ ȖȕȑȞȎȒȓțȖ Ȗ ȝȨȞȐȖȠȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȡȥȓȏțȖ ȕȎȐȓȒȓ-
țȖȭ Ȑ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ – ȝȜȟȠȞȜȓțȜȠȜ ȜȠ ǰȨșȘȜ ǸȡȞȠȜȐȖȥ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐ
(ǺȎșȘȖ ǰȨșȘȜ) ǿȐȓȠȜȠȞȜȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ (1834), „ȚȎșȘȜȠȜ ȡȥȖ-
șȖȧȓ Ȑ ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȖȭ ȒȐȜȞ ȕȎ ȏȓȒțȖ ȒȓȤȎ“ ȝȞȖ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ǽȓȠ-
ȘȎ“ (1836), ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȐȕȎȖȚțȖ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ Ȑ ȝșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȖȠȓ ȚȎȣȎ-
șȖ ǺȎȞȎȦȎ Ȗ ǸȎȞȦȖȭȘȎ (1847 – 1848) Ȗ ȤȓțȠȞȎșțȜȠȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟ-
ȘȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ „ǿȐ. ǸȖȞȖș Ȗ ǺȓȠȜȒȖȗ“ (ȜȘȠȜȚȐȞȖ 1850), ȝȜȟȠȞȜȓțȜ
ȟ ȒȎȞȓțȖȭȠȎ țȎ ǿȠȜȭț ȀȜȒȜȞȜȐ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐ (ǱȜșȓȚȖ ǿȠȜȭț) Ȗ ȟȓ-
ȚȓȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ Țȡ (Levkova 2010, 302 – 306).
ǿȖțȨȠ țȎ ȥȜȞȏȎȒȔȖ ǿȠȜȭț ȅȎșȨȘȜȐ – ǱȓȜȞȑȎȘȖ ǿȠȜȭțȜ-
ȐȖȥ, ȓ ȟȨȣȞȎțȖș ȟȞȓȒ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȟȚȓȠȘȖȠȓ țȎ țȎȟȠȜȭȠȓș-
ȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȎșțȜȠȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ „ǿȐ. ǿȐ. ǸȖȞȖș Ȗ ǺȓȠȜȒȖȗ“
Ȑ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ, ȝȜȟȠȞȜȓțȜ ȝȞȓȕ 1850 ȑ. ȜȠ ȏȎȧȎ Țȡ Ȗ ȟ ȧȓȒȞȖȠȓ
ȒȎȞȓțȖȭ țȎ ȤȭșȎȠȎ ȢȎȚȖșȖȭ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȖ Ȗ ȚȓȟȠțȎȠȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟ-
ȘȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ. ǿȎȚȖȭȠ Ǳ. ǿȠȜȭțȜȐȖȥ Ȑ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȓțȖȓ țȎ ȒȨșȑȖ
ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȓ ȝȜȝȓȥȖȠȓș Ȗ ȘȎȟȖȓȞ (1850 – 1856 Ȗ 1860 – 1863) Ȑ
ȡȥȖșȖȧțȜȠȜ țȎȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȜ19.
ǰ ȎȞȣȖȐȎ țȎ ǱȓȜȞȑȎȘȖ ǿȠȜȭțȜȐȖȥ ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎȚȓ ȟȨȧȜ ȤȓțțȖ
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȖȭ ȐȨȝȞȜȟ, ȘȎȠȜ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜșȖ ȜȠ
ȕȎȟȓȒȎțȖȭ țȎ ȟȚȓȟȓțȖȭ ȟȨȐȓȠ ȝȞȖ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȓȘȕȎȞȣȖȭ
ȝȞȓȕ 70-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ, Ȑ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȠȜȗ ȡȥȎȟȠȐȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȘȎȝȡ-
ȘȓȣȎȭ țȎ ǳȘȕȎȞȣȖȭȠȎ, Ȗ ȒȞ.20 ǼȟȜȏȓțȜ ȏȜȑȎȠȎ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ
ȓ ȟȨȣȞȎțȓțȎȠȎ ȘȜȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȤȖȭ ȟ ȏȞȎȠȜȐȥȓȒ Țȡ Ȓ-Ȟ ǿȠȜȭț ȅȜ-
ȚȎȘȜȐ, ȟ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȜȏȧȖțȖ Ȗ ȒȓȗȤȖ ȝȜ ȞȎȕȐȜȭ țȎ
ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȖȭ ȐȨȝȞȜȟ, ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȝȞȖȓȚȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȥȓȠȎ
ȐȨȐ ǰȜȓțțȜȚȓȒȖȤȖțȟȘȜȠȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ Ȑ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȒȞ. 21
ǽȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȞȖȟȡȐȎȠ ȚȨȔȓȠȓ ȜȠ ȞȜȒȜȐȓȠȓ
ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȖ, ȅȜȚȎȘȜȐȖ, ǸȓȟȭȘȜȐȖ Ȗ ǲȜȑȎțȜȐȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȧȓȒȞȖ ȒȎȞȖ-
ȠȓșȖ ȕȎ ȚȓȟȠțȖȠȓ ȤȨȞȘȐȖ Ȗ ȡȥȓȏțȖ ȕȎȐȓȒȓțȖȭ, ȟȝȜȚȜȧȓȟȠȐȜȐȎ-
ȠȓșȖ ȕȎ ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȡȥȓȏțȎ Ȗ ȏȜȑȜȟșȜȐȟȘȎ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎ, Țȓ-
ȤȓțȎȠȖ (Levkova 2010; Levkova-Muchinova 2015c). ǵȎȓȒțȜ ȟ
ȒȞȡȑȖ ȚȓȟȠțȖ ȝȨȞȐȓțȤȖ Ƞȓ ȟȎ ȟȞȓȒ ȖțȖȤȖȎȠȜȞȖȠȓ Ȗ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎ-
ȠȜȞȖȠȓ țȎ ȏȜȞȏȎȠȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ Ȑ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ ȕȎ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓ țȎ
ȟȐȜȖ ȣȞȎȚȜȐȓ Ȗ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ, ȕȎ țȓȕȎȐȖȟȖȚȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȎ
259
ȗȓȞȎȞȣȖȭ. ǺțȜȑȜ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȟȎ ȓțȓȞȑȖȥțȖ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ Ȗ ȕȎȧȖȠ-
țȖȤȖ țȎ ȟȨțȎȞȜȒțȖȤȖȠȓ ȟȖ Ȑ ȜȏȧȖțȟȘȜȠȜ ȟȎȚȜȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ Ȗ
ȝȞȓȒ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȐșȎȟȠȖ (Levkova-Muchinova 2012, 211 – 230).
ǻȎȝȞȎȐȓțȖȭȠ ȘȞȎȠȨȘ ȝȞȓȑșȓȒ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȑ ȎȞȣȖȐȎ țȎ
ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȤȖ Ȗ ȠȓȣțȖȠȓ ȞȜȒȟȠȐȓțȖ ȢȎȚȖșȖȖ ȝȜȒȥȓȞȠȎȐȎ ȕțȎȥȓ-
țȖȓȠȜ ȖȚ ȘȎȠȜ ȐȎȔțȖ ȖȕȐȜȞȖ ȕȎ ȟȓȚȓȗțȎȠȎ ȑȓțȓȎșȜȑȖȭ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ
ȕȎ ȐȨȕȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȘșȬȥȜȐȖ ȚȜȚȓțȠȖ ȜȠ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȎȠȎ Ȗ
ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ țȎ ȞȜȒȎ ȝȞȓȕ XIX-ȠȜ ȟȠȜșȓȠȖȓ. ȀȜȕȖ
ȖȕȐȜȒ ȓ Ȑ ȟȖșȎ ȕȎ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȖȠȓ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ țȎ Ȗȕ-
ȐȓȟȠțȖ șȖȥțȜȟȠȖ ȖșȖ ȞȜȒȜȐȓ ȜȠ ǻȜȐȎȠȎ țȖ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ,
ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎȠ ȝȨșțȜȤȓțțȖ ȖȕȐȜȞȖ ȕȎ țȎȝȖȟȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȚțȜȑȜ ȞȜȒȜȐȖ Ȗ ȝȜȟȓșȖȧțȖ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȖ, țȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȕțȎ-
ȥȖȚȖ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖ Ȑ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖȭ Ȗ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜ-
ȠȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȕȎ ȜȥȓȞȠȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȨȧțȜȟȠțȖ ȟȠȞȎțȖ
ȜȠ ȟȜȤȖȜ-ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȖȭ ȟȠȎȠȡȟ, ȜȠ ȓȕȖȘȜȐȖȠȓ, ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖ-
Ƞȓ Ȗ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȖ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȘȖ țȎ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȖȠȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ.
1. ǰȔ. ȖȕȐȜȞȜȐȓȒȟȘȖȭ ȝȞȓȑșȓȒ ȝȜ ȠȓȚȎȠȎ Ȑ: Levkova-Muchinova
2017c, 226 – 228.
2. ǵȎ ȞȜȒȎ ȅȜȚȎȘȜȐȖ ȐȔ.: Todev 2003, 57 – 72.
3. ǽȜȐȓȥȓ ȕȎ ǲȜȑȎțȜȐȖȭ ȞȜȒ ȜȠ ǸȜȝȞȖȐȧȖȤȎ ȐȔ.: Levkova-
Muchinova 2017b.
4. ǻǯǸǺ–ǯǶǮ, Ȣ. 782, Ȏ. ȓ. 97, ș. 112–113; Ȏ. ȓ. 169, ș. 1. ǰȔ. ȟȨȧȜ:
Levkova-Muchinova 2020a.
5. ǰ ȜȏȣȐȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȨȞȐȜȠȜ ȘȞȖșȜ ȐșȖȕȎ ȤȭșȎ ȀȞȎȘȖȭ, ȐȨȐ ȐȠȜȞȜȠȜ –
ȟȓȐȓȞțȖȠȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȕȓȚȖ, Ȑ ȠȞȓȠȜȠȜ – ǵȎȝȎȒțȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ ȕȎȓȒțȜ
ȟȨȟ ǿȓȐȓȞțȎ Ȗ ǿȞȓȒțȎ ǺȎȘȓȒȜțȖȭ, Ȏ Ȑ ȥȓȠȐȨȞȠȜȠȜ – ȌȔțȎ ǺȎȘȓ-
ȒȜțȖȭ ȟ ǮșȏȎțȖȭ Ȗ ȀȓȟȎșȖȭ. ǽȜȐȓȥȓ ȕȎ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȖȭ
ȞȜȒ Ȑ ȜȠȘȡȝȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȎțȨȤȖ ȐȔ.: Levkova-Muchinova 2015a.
6. ǽȞȓȕ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ ȚȓȔȒȡ 20-Ƞȓ Ȗ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ 40-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ Ȑ
ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȝȜ ȟȨȏȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȓȑșȖȘȎ ȟȓȚȓȗȟȠȐȜ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȖ ȎțȑȎȔȖȞȎ
ȚȓȔȒȡ 300 Ȗ 700 țȎȓȚțȖȤȖ, Ȑ ȕȎȐȖȟȖȚȜȟȠ ȜȠ ȑȜșȓȚȖțȎȠȎ țȎ ȜȠȘȡ-
ȝȓțȖȠȓ ȒȎțȨȥțȖ ȒȭșȜȐȓ, ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎȗȘȖ ȝȜȟȠȜȭțȓț ȖșȖ ȟȓȕȜțȓț Ȏț-
ȑȎȔȖȚȓțȠ ȕȎ ȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȚțȜȑȜ ȟȞȓȒțȜȑȜȞȟȘȖ Ȗ ȟȠȎȞȜȝșȎțȖțȟȘȖ
ȟȓșȖȧȎ. ǻȎȒțȖȤȎȠȎ țȎ șȖȤȎȠȎ, țȎȓȠȖ Ȑ ȘȎȚȝȎțȖȖȠȓ ȝȜ ȟȨȏȖȞȎțȓȠȜ
țȎ ȜțȒȎșȨȘȎ, ȐȎȞȖȞȎ ȚȓȔȒȡ 150 Ȗ 600 ȑȞȜȦȎ ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȖȕȝȨșțȭȐȎțȎ-
ȠȎ ȟșȡȔȏȎ (ǻǯǸǺ–ǯǶǮ, Ȣ. 782, Ȏ. ȓ. 97, ș. 192–194, 196 Ȗ ȟș.).
7. ǻǯǸǺ–ǯǶǮ, Ȣ. 70, Ȏ. ȓ. 1, ș. 3. ǽȜ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭȠȎ țȎ țȭȘȜȖ ȎȐȠȜȞȖ,
ǿȎșȥȜ ȅȜȚȎȘȜȐ ȝȞȖȠȓȔȎȐȎ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖ ȢȓȞȚȎț, ȒȎȐȎȧ Țȡ ȝȞȎȐȜ ȒȎ
260
ȠȨȞȑȡȐȎ ȟ ǳȐȞȜȝȎ, ǶțȒȖȭ Ȗ ǽȓȞȟȖȭ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȑȜ ȝȞȖȥȖȟșȭȐȎ ȘȨȚ ȝȞȖ-
ȐȖșȓȑȖȞȜȐȎțȎȠȎ ȘȎȠȓȑȜȞȖȭ țȎ ȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖȠȓ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ („ǮȐȞȡȝȎ
ȠȬȒȔȎȞșȎȞ“) Ȑ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ (Todev 2003, 70 – 71).
8. ǰȔ. țȎȝȞ.: ǻǯǸǺ–ǯǶǮ, Ȣ. 782, Ȏ. ȓ. 169, ș. 3 – 6; ș. 8–50 Ȗ ȒȞ.
9. ǵȎ țȓȑȜȐȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ, ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎ Ȗ ȞȓȐȜșȬȤȖȜțțȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ ȐȔ.
Levkova-Muchinova 2017a.
10. ǮȐȠȜȏȖȜȑȞȎȢȖȥțȖ ȏȓșȓȔȘȖ ȜȠ Ǹ. Ȁ. ǲȜȑȎțȜȐ. ǯ. Ț. 1879. ǾȨȘȜ-
ȝȖȟ. ȄǲǮ, Ȣ. 888Ǹ, Ȝȝ. 1, Ȏ. ȓ. 1, ș. 1–6 (ǽȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎț Ȑ: Karakostov
1946, 443 – 450).
11. ǵȎ țȓȑȜ ȐȔ. Levkova 2009.
12. ǻǯǸǺ–ǯǶǮ, Ȣ. 782, Ȏ. ȓ. 91, ș. 8. ǿȨȐȓȠȨȠ, Ȑ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȕȎ ȝȞȨȐ ȝȨȠ
ȟȎ ȐȘșȬȥȓțȖ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ Ȗ țȎ țȓȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠȖ Ȑ
ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭȠȎ, ȖȚȎ ȜȟțȜȐțȜ ȕȎȘȜțȜȒȎȠȓșțȖ ȢȡțȘȤȖȖ Ȑ ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ țȎ
ȐȨȠȞȓȦțȖȠȓ ȞȎȏȜȠȖ, ȢȖțȎțȟȖȠȓ, ȝȞȎȐȜȟȨȒȖȓȠȜ, ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȘȎȠȎ Ȗ Ȝȏ-
ȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ (Dumont 1999, 488).
13. ǻǯǸǺ–ǯǶǮ, Ȣ. 782, Ȏ. ȓ. 84, ș. 335.
14. ǻǯǸǺ–ǯǶǮ, Ȏ. ȓ. 1, ș. 7, 84, 223, 303, 306 Ȗ ȒȞ.; Ȏ. ȓ. 91, ș. 37, 62.
15. ǻǯǸǺ–ǯǶǮ, Ȣ. 782, Ȏ. ȓ. 91, ș. 10, 11.
16. ǻȎȡȥȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȭ țȎ țȎȡȘȖȠȓ (ǻǮ–ǯǮǻ),
ǿȏ. IV, Ȏ. ȓ. 35: ǸȓȝȜȐ, ǶȐ. 1935. ǴȖȐȜȠ Ȗ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ țȎ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȤȖ Ȗ
ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȝȜȠȜȚȟȠȐȜ (ǾȜȒȜȟșȜȐțȜ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ) (ȚȎȦȖțȜȝȖȟ), ș. 154.
17. ǵȎ Ȓ-Ȟ ǱȓȜȞȑȖ ǰȨșȘȜȐȖȥ ȐȔ. ȟȨȧȜ: Strezova 2019, 176 – 177,
179; Strezova 2022.
18. ǽȖȟȚȎȠȎ țȎ ǰȨșȘȜ Ȗ ǿȠȜȭț ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȖ ȟȎ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȖ ȟȞȓȒ ȎȞȣȖȐ-
țȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ țȎ ǾȖșȟȘȖȭ ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞ.
19. ǻǯǸǺ–ǯǶǮ, Ȣ. 782, Ȏ. ȓ. 74, ș. 2–5, 7–8, 10–11 Ȗ ȒȞ.; Ȏ. ȓ. 82, ș.
25–26; Ȏ. ȓ. 99, ș. 1–55.
20. ǻǯǸǺ–ǯǶǮ, Ȣ. 782, Ȏ. ȓ. 94, ș. 147–148, 165–166 Ȗ ȒȞ.
21. ǰ ȎȞȣȖȐȎ țȎ Ǳ. ȅȎșȜȑșȡ ȟȎ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȖ ȕțȎȥȖȠȓșȓț ȏȞȜȗ ȝȖȟȚȎ, ȝȞȜ-
ȠȜȘȜșȖ ȜȠ ȜȏȧȖțȟȘȖ ȕȎȟȓȒȎțȖȭ, ȘȜșȓȘȠȖȐțȖ ȝȞȜȦȓțȖȭ, ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ-
ȞȎșȖ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȖȠȓșțȎȠȎ ȏȜȞȏȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȎ țȓȕȎȐȖȟȖ-
ȚȜȟȠ. ǿȞȓȒ Ƞȭȣ ȟȎ ȤȭșȎ ȟȏȖȞȘȎ ȜȠ ȞȎȕȝȖȟȘȖ țȎ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȟȓșȟȘȖ Ȝȏ-
ȧȖțȖ Ȑ ǸȎȞșȜȐȟȘȜ, ǽșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȜ Ȗ ȒȞ. ȜȠ 1860 – 1861 ȑ., ȒȓȘșȎȞȖȞȎȧȖ
ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȎȠȎ țȎ ȟȓșȭțȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȭ ȤȨȞȘȜȐȓț ȐȨȝȞȜȟ (ǻǯǸǺ–
ǯǶǮ, Ȣ. 782, Ȏ. ȓ. 98, ș. 1–20). ǻȎ ȘȜșȓȘȤȖȭȠȎ ȜȠ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȒȓȟȓȠȘȖ ȘȜ-
șȓȘȠȖȐțȖ ȝȞȜȦȓțȖȭ (ȚȎȣȕȎȞȖ) țȎ ȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȣȎȟȘȜȐȟȘȖȠȓ ȟȓșȎ ȜȠ
ȝȞȜșȓȠȠȎ țȎ 1868 ȑ. (ǻǯǸǺ–ǯǶǮ, Ȣ. 782, Ȏ. ȓ. 98, ș. 207–264) ȜȏȞȨȧȎ
ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓ ǰ. ǯȜțȓȐȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȑȖ ȖțȠȓȞȝȞȓȠȖȞȎ Ȑ ȘȜțȠȓȘȟȠȎ țȎ ȕȎȟȖșȓ-
țȖȭ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ țȎ ȟȘȨȟȐȎțȓ țȎ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȜȏȧȖțȖ ȟ
ǰȟȓșȓțȟȘȎȠȎ ȝȎȠȞȖȎȞȦȖȭ Ȗ ȝȞȓȚȖțȎȐȎțȓ ȝȜȒ ȐȓȒȜȚȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ǽșȜȐ-
ȒȖȐȟȘȜȠȜ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȗȟȘȜ țȎȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȜ (Boneva 2010, 922 – 923). ǰ ȎȞȣȖ-
261
ȐȎ țȎ Ǳ. ȅȎșȜȑșȡ ȟȓ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎȠ Ȗ ȚțȜȑȜ ȝȖȟȚȎ Ȗ ȜȠ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ
ȜȏȧȖțȖ Ȑ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȎ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȭ, ȝȞȓȚȖțȎșȖ ȟșȓȒ ȜȠȣȐȨȞșȭțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȝȎȠȞȖȎȞȦȓȟȘȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ ȝȜȒ ȐȓȒȜȚȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȜȠȜ ȓȝȎȞȣȖȗȟȘȜ
țȎȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȜ (ǻǯǸǺ–ǯǶǮ, Ȣ. 782, Ȏ. ȓ. 93).
ǯȜțȓȐȎ, ǰ., 2010. ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȜțȎȤȖȜțȎșțȜ ȒȐȖȔȓțȖȓ
1856 – 1870. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǶȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ „ǵȎ ȏȡȘȐȖȠȓ – O ȝȖȟȚȓțȓȣȪ“.
ǲȬȚȜț, ǽ., 1999. ǽȓȞȖȜȒȨȠ țȎ ȞȓȢȜȞȚȖȠȓ (ȀȎțȕȖȚȎȠ) (1839 – 1878).
ǰ: Ǿ. ǺȎțȠȞȎț (ȞȓȒ.). ǶȟȠȜȞȖȭ țȎ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ. ǿȜȢȖȭ:
ǾȖȐȎ, 472 – 535.
ǸȎȚȏȡȞȜȐȎ-ǾȎȒȘȜȐȎ, Ǿ., 1972. ǾȖșȟȘȖȭȠ ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞ ȝȞȓȕ ǰȨȕȞȎȔ-
ȒȎțȓȠȜ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǶȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ „ǻȎȡȘȎ Ȗ ȖȕȘȡȟȠȐȜ“.
ǸȎȞȎȘȜȟȠȜȐ, ǿȠ., 1946. ǲȖȎȞȏȓȘȖȞȟȘȖ ȕȎȠȜȥȓțȖȤȖ. ǱȓȞȜȖȥțȖ ȟȓț-
ȘȖ. ǿȜȢȖȭ.
ǹȓȐȘȜȐȎ, Ǻ., 2009. ǰȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȓȤȨȠ ǱȓȜȞȑȖ ǿȠȜȭțȜȐ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐ. ǱȜ-
ȒȖȦțȖȘ țȎ ǾȓȑȖȜțȎșȓț ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ Țȡȕȓȗ – ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ. 4, 31 – 34.
ǹȓȐȘȜȐȎ, Ǻ., 2010. ǾȜȒȨȠ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȤȖ Ȗ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȡȥȓȏțȜ ȒȓșȜ Ȑ
ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ ȝȞȓȕ ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ. ǰ: ǽȞȜȟȐȓȠȎ Ȗ ȝȞȜȚȭțȎ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: Ƕț-
ȟȠȖȠȡȠ ȕȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ ȘȨȚ ǯǮǻ, 300 – 313.
ǹȓȐȘȜȐȎ-ǺȡȥȖțȜȐȎ, Ǻ., 2012. ǾȜȒȨȠ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȤȖ ȝȞȓȕ ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎ-
țȓȠȜ. ǲȖȟȓȞȠȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȝȞȖȟȨȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȎȠȎ Ȗ țȎȡȥțȎ
ȟȠȓȝȓț „ȒȜȘȠȜȞ“. ǿȜȢȖȭ.
ǹȓȐȘȜȐȎ-ǺȡȥȖțȜȐȎ, Ǻ., 2015a. ǽȜ ȝȨȠȓȘȖȠȓ țȎ ȏȓȑșȖȘȎ (Ȗȕ ȟȠȜȝȎț-
ȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ țȎ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȖȭ ȞȜȒ). ǰ: ǽȞȜȡȥȐȎțȖȭ ȝȜ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȎ
ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ Ȗ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ țȎ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȜ-ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȎȠȎ ȟȢȓȞȎ Ȑ ȌȑȜ-
ȕȎȝȎȒțȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ. ǯșȎȑȜȓȐȑȞȎȒ: ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȜ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ „ǻȓ-
ȜȢȖȠ ǾȖșȟȘȖ“, 216 – 229.
ǹȓȐȘȜȐȎ-ǺȡȥȖțȜȐȎ, Ǻ., 2015b. ǽȞȖțȜȟȨȠ țȎ ȞȜȒȎ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȤȖ ȕȎ
ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȚȓȒȖȤȖțȎȠȎ Ȑ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ Ȗ ȟșȓȒȜȟȐȜȏȜȔ-
ȒȓțȟȘȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ ȝȞȓȕ ȐȠȜȞȎȠȎ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ. ǰ: ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ
Ȑ ȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȘȡșȠȡȞȎ, țȎȡȘȎ, ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ, ȞȓșȖȑȖȭ. ȅ. 2. Ȇȡ-
Țȓț: ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȜ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ „ǳȝȖȟȘȜȝ ǸȜțȟȠȎțȠȖț ǽȞȓȟșȎȐ-
ȟȘȖ“, 86 – 95.
ǹȓȐȘȜȐȎ-ǺȡȥȖțȜȐȎ, Ǻ., 2015c. ǾȜȒȨȠ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȤȖ Ȗ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ
ȘțȖȔȜȐțȜȟȠ ȝȞȓȕ ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ. ǶȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȝȞȓȑșȓȒ, 5 – 6, 133
– 143.
ǹȓȐȘȜȐȎ-ǺȡȥȖțȜȐȎ, Ǻ., 2017a. ǸȜțȟȠȎțȠȖț ǲȜȑȎțȜȐ – ȟȝȜȒȐȖȔțȖȘ
Ȗ ȟșȓȒȜȐțȖȘ țȎ ǹȓȐȟȘȖ. ǰȨȐ: ǰȎȟȖș ǹȓȐȟȘȖ Ȗ ǰȨȠȞȓȦțȎȠȎ ȞȓȐȜ-
șȬȤȖȜțțȎ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭ Ȑ ȏȜȞȏȎȠȎ ȕȎ țȎȤȖȜțȎșțȜ ȜȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓ.
ǸȎȞșȜȐȜ, 262 – 269.
262
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ȜȠ ǸȜȝȞȖȐȧȖȤȎ. ǾȜȒȜȕțȎțȖȓ/Genealogia, 1 – 2, 111 – 122.
ǹȓȐȘȜȐȎ-ǺȡȥȖțȜȐȎ, Ǻ., 2017c. ȂȜȞȚȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖ
ȓșȖȠ ȝȞȓȕ ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ (ȝȜ ȝȞȖȚȓȞȎ țȎ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐȖȭ ȞȜȒ). ǰ: Ƕȕ-
ȐȓȟȠȖȭ țȎ ǶțȟȠȖȠȡȠȎ ȕȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ. Ȁ. XXXIV.
ǾȜșȭȠȎ țȎ ȓșȖȠȖȠȓ Ȑ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖȠȓ țȎ ȘȜțȟȜșȖȒȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ țȎȤȖ-
ȖȠȓ Ȗ țȎ țȎȤȖȜțȎșțȜȠȜ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜ. ǿȜȢȖȭ, 226 – 245.
ǹȓȐȘȜȐȎ-ǺȡȥȖțȜȐȎ, Ǻ., 2020a. ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ
ȞȜȒȜȐȖ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ ȜȠ ȓȝȜȣȎȠȎ țȎ ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ (ȝȜ ȝȞȖȚȓȞȎ țȎ ȅȎșȨ-
ȘȜȐȖȭ ȞȜȒ). ǰ: ǿȏȜȞțȖȘ „ȀȡȞȘȜșȜȑȖȥțȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ – 2020“. Ȇȡ-
Țȓț: ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȜ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ „ǳȝȖȟȘȜȝ ǸȜțȟȠȎțȠȖț ǽȞȓȟșȎȐ-
ȟȘȖ“, 22 – 40.
ǺǶǯǰ 1890. ǺȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ Ȗȕ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȔȒȎ-
țȓ. ǰ: ǿȏȜȞțȖȘ țȎȞȜȒțȖ ȡȚȜȠȐȜȞȓțȖȭ, țȎȡȘȎ Ȗ ȘțȖȔțȖțȎ. Ȁ. III.
ǿȜȢȖȭ, 395 – 404.
ǺȡȥȖțȜȐ, ǰ., 2009. ǲȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȜ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ țȎ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȖȭ ȟȎț-
ȒȔȎȘ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ (ȒȜ 1878 ȑ.). ǲȖȟȓȞȠȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȝȞȖȟȨȔȒȎțȓ țȎ Ȝȏ-
ȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȎ Ȗ țȎȡȥțȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț „ȒȜȘȠȜȞ“. ǿȜȢȖȭ.
ǺȡȥȖțȜȐ, ǰ. & Ǻ. ǹȓȐȘȜȐȎ-ǺȡȥȖțȜȐȎ, 2013. ǲȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȎ ȣȎȞȎȘ-
ȠȓȞȖȟȠȖȘȎ țȎ ȓȒȖț ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȖ ȞȜȒ (ȞȜȒȨȠ ȅȎșȨȘȜȐ-
ȤȖ ȝȞȓȕ ȐȠȜȞȎȠȎ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎ țȎ XVIII Ȗ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ). ǰ: ǿȓȚȓȗȟȠȐȜ
Ȗ ȟȜșȖȒȎȞțȜȟȠ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȝȜȘȜșȓțȖȭȠȎ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǮȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȜ ȖȕȒȎ-
ȠȓșȟȠȐȜ „ǽȞȜȢ. ǺȎȞȖț ǲȞȖțȜȐ“, 27 – 34.
ǿȠȞȓȕȜȐȎ, Ǯ., 2019. ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȒȖȝșȜȚȎȠȖ Ȑ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ: ȝȞȜȟȜȝȜȑ-
ȞȎȢȖȭ (1887 – 1918). ǰ: ǶȚȝȓȞȖȖ Ȗ ȖȚȝȓȞȟȘȜ țȎȟșȓȒȟȠȐȜ țȎ ǯȎș-
ȘȎțȖȠȓ. Ȁ. II. ǻȜȐȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ Ȗ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȖȓ. ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ, 171 – 184.
ǿȠȞȓȕȜȐȎ, Ǯ., 2022. ǽȜȟșȓȒȓț ȝȜ ȞȜȒȎ ȟȖ. ǲ-Ȟ ǱȓȜȞȑȖ ǰȨșȘȜȐȖȥ
(1833 – 1892). ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǶȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ „ȂȎȏȓȞ“.
ȀȜȒȓȐ, Ƕș., 2003. ǲ-Ȟ ǿȠȜȭț ȅȜȚȎȘȜȐ (1819 – 1893). ǴȖȐȜȠ, ȒȓșȜ,
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„ǽȞȜȢ. ǺȎȞȖț ǲȞȖțȜȐ“.
Levkova-Muchinova, M., 2020b. The Bulgarian Economic Elite in
Plovdiv in the 19th Century. Études balkaniques. 3, 626 – 639.
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THE FAMILY ARCHIVES AS SOURCES

ABOUT THE GENEALOGY AND HISTORY
OF THE BULGARIAN NATIONAL REVIVAL
Abstract: The article provides an overview of the rich historical
information, contained in the archives of several famous Bulgarian
families from Koprivshtitsa and Plovdiv – the families of Chalakovi,
Chomakovi, Kesyakovi and Doganovi, who lived during the Bulgarian
Revival period (19th century). Close attention is paid to some valuable
documents, containing information about the economic and social
activities of these families. The author emphasizes the importance of
these documents and archives for the further study of the economic,
social and cultural life during the Bulgarian Revival period.
Keywords: Bulgarian Revival, genealogy, family, family ar-
chives.
Chief Assist. Prof. Maria Levkova-Muchinova, PhD
Institute for Historical Studies
52 Shipchenski Prohod Blvd., Bl. 17,
1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
E-mail address: m_levkova@abv.bg
265
ǮǾȃǶǰǻǶ ǺǮȀǳǾǶǮǹǶ, ǽǼǿǰǳȀǳǻǶ
ǻǮ ǰȈǵǾǼǴǲǳǻǿǸǶȀǳ ȀȈǾǱǼǰȄǶ
ǰȈǰ ȂǼǻǲǮ ǻǮ ǮȀǮǻǮǿ ȆǼǽǼǰ
ǰ ǻǮȁȅǻǶȍ ǮǾȃǶǰ ǻǮ ǯǮǻ (Ȃ. 41Ǹ)
Ǳș. Ȏȟ. Ȓ-Ȟ ǶȐȎȗșȜ ǻȎȗȒȓțȜȐ

ǾȓȕȬȚȓ: ǰ ȟȠȎȠȖȭȠȎ ȟȓ ȜȏȞȨȧȎ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓ țȎ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ

ȓȒȖțȖȤȖ ȜȠ ȢȜțȒȎ țȎ ǮȠȎțȎȟ ǽȓȠȞȜȐ ȆȜȝȜȐ (1855 – 1922) Ȑ ǻȎȡȥ-
țȖȭ ȎȞȣȖȐ ȝȞȖ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȭ țȎ țȎȡȘȖȠȓ. ǿȠȎȐȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟ ȕȎ
ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȝȜȟȐȓȠȓțȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ ȜȠ ȓȝȜȣȎȠȎ țȎ
ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ. ǮȠȎțȎȟ ȆȜȝȜȐ ȟȜȏȟȠȐȓțȜȞȨȥțȜ ȓ ȕȎȝȖȟȎș ȟȝȜȚȓțȖȠȓ
țȎ ǶȐȎț ǱȞȜȕȓȐ. ǰ Ƞȭȣ ȟȓ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȠ ȒȎțțȖ ȕȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓ-
ȚȎȥȓȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ, ǿȐȖȧȜȐ Ȗ ǰȖȓțȎ. ǼȠ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ
1916 ȑ. ȒȎȠȖȞȎȠ ȞȨȘȜȝȖȟțȖ ȏȓșȓȔȘȖ ȕȎ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖȭ Ȗ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓț Ȝȏ-
șȖȘ țȎ ǿȐȖȧȜȐ. ǽȜȟȜȥȐȎȠ ȟȓ țȭȘȜȖ ȐȖȒțȖ ȚȓȟȠțȖ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ Ȗ ȏșȎȑȜ-
ȒȓȠȓșȖ Ȗ Ƞ.ț. Ǽȧȓ ȝȜ-șȬȏȜȝȖȠțȖ ȟȎ ȝȜȒȎȠȘȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȠȨȞ-
ȑȜȐȤȖ ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ Ƞȭȣ ȘȨȚ 1840 ȑ. ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ ȟȎ ȢȡțȘȤȖȜțȖ-
ȞȎșȖ Ȗ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȘȎțȠȜȞȖ. ǿșȓȒ ǸȞȖȚȟȘȎȠȎ ȐȜȗțȎ (1853 – 1856) Ȑ
ȟȠȜșȖȤȎȠȎ țȎ ǮȐȟȠȞȖȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȚȜțȎȞȣȖȭ/ǮȐȟȠȞȜ-ȁțȑȎȞȖȭ ȟȓ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȭ-
ȐȎ țȜȐȎ ȐȨșțȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȎȥȖ. ǶȕȠȨȘȐȎ ȟȓ ȠȓțȒȓțȤȖȭȠȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ ȜȠ
ȀȞȎȘȖȭ ȝȜ-ȞȭȒȘȜ ȒȎ ȝȜȟȓȧȎȐȎȠ ǰȖȓțȎ ȝȜ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȖ ȒȓșȎ. ǶȚȎșȜ ȓ
ȟȎȚȜ ȓȒțȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȢȖȞȚȎ ȜȠ ǺȎȘȓȒȜțȖȭ – ȠȎȕȖ țȎ ȏȞȎȠȭ ǾȜȏȓȐȖ, ȟ
ȘșȜț ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ. ǰ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖȭ ȑȞȎȒ ȝȜ-ȞȭȒȘȜ ȖȒȐȎșȖ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȎȥȖ
ȜȠ ǰȓșȓȟ Ȗ ȜȠ ǽȞȖșȓȝ. ǽȜȟȜȥȓțȖȠȓ ȒȎțțȖ țȓ ȟȎ ȡțȖȘȎșțȖ ȝȜ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ
ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ, țȜ ȟȎ ȐȎȔțȖ, ȕȎȧȜȠȜ ȒȜȜȏȜȑȎȠȭȐȎȠ ȕțȎțȖȓȠȜ țȖ ȕȎ Ȟȓ-
ȒȖȤȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ, ȠȓȣțȖȠȓ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ Ȗ ȜȏȣȐȎȠ țȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ. ǿȨȧȓȐȞȓ-
ȚȓțțȜ țȎȡȥȎȐȎȚȓ șȬȏȜȝȖȠțȖ ȒȓȠȎȗșȖ ȕȎ ȠȎȘȖȐȎ ȓȚȏșȓȚȎȠȖȥțȖ ȕȎ
ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȎȠȎ ȓȝȜȣȎ ȟȓșȖȧȎ ȘȎȠȜ ǿȐȖȧȜȐ.
ǸșȬȥȜȐȖ ȒȡȚȖ: ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ, ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓ, ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ,
ǿȐȖȧȜȐ, ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ, ǰȖȓțȎ.
ǾȜȒȓțȖȭȠ Ȑ ǽȎțȎȑȬȞȖȧȓ ȐȖȒȓț ȏȨșȑȎȞȖț ǮȠȎțȎȟ ǽȓȠȞȜȐ

ȆȜȝȜȐ (1855 – 1922) ȓ ȒȜȏȞȓ ȖȕȐȓȟȠȓț țȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖȠȓ ȖȟȠȜ-
266
ȞȖȤȖ Ȗ țȎ ȦȖȞȜȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȜȟȠ ȟȨȟ ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ ȘȎȠȜ ȑșȎ-
Ȑȓț ȟȓȘȞȓȠȎȞ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȓȘȕȎȞȣȖȭ (1884 – 1897), ȘȎȠȜ ȠȨȞ-
ȑȜȐȟȘȖ ȎȑȓțȠ (1897 – 1909), Ȏ ȝȜ-ȟȓȠțȓ Ȗ ȑȓțȓȞȎșȓț ȘȜțȟȡș Ȑ
ǿȜșȡț (1909 – 1912). ǿȨȧȓȐȞȓȚȓțțȜ Ǯ. ȆȜȝȜȐ ȓ ȎȐȠȜȞ țȎ ȞȓȒȖ-
ȤȎ ȟȨȥȖțȓțȖȭ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȠ ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȖ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ȝȜșȜȔȓ-
țȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ, ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖ ȝȜȒ ȐșȎȟȠȠȎ țȎ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚ-
ȝȓȞȖȭ ȜȠ șȭȠȜȠȜ țȎ 1878 ȑ. țȎȟȓȠțȓ. ǿȨȧȎȠȎ șȖȥțȜȟȠ ȓ ȜȟȠȎȐȖșȎ
ȒȖȞȭ Ȑ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȜȑȞȎȢȖȭȠȎ, ȝȜȟȐȓȠȓțȎ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȔȒȎ-
țȓ ȟȨȟ ȟȐȜȭ ȠȞȡȒ ȕȎ Ȓ-Ȟ ǿȠȜȭț ȅȜȚȎȘȜȐ (ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȜ ȐȔ. Genchev
& Daskalova (eds.) 1998, 714 – 715; Paskov (ed.) 1995; Shopov
1998; Shopov 2005; Konstantinova 2017; Konstantinova 2020).
ǰ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȖȓ ȏȖȣ ȖȟȘȎș ȒȎ ȎȘȤȓțȠȖȞȎȚ țȓ ȐȨȞȣȡ
ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȎȠȎ ȒȨșȑȜȑȜȒȖȦțȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ țȎ ȆȜȝȜȐ, Ȏ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȓȒȖț
ȝȜ-ȚȎșȘȜ ȖȕȐȓȟȠȓț ȎȟȝȓȘȠ ȜȠ ȕȎțȖȚȎțȖȭȠȎ Țȡ. ǿȠȎȐȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟ
ȕȎ țȎȥȖțȎțȖȓȠȜ ȝȜ ȟȨȏȖȞȎțȓȠȜ Ȗ ȎțȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞ-
ȚȎȤȖȭ, ȝȜȟȐȓȠȓțȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ ȜȠ ȓȝȜȣȎȠȎ țȎ
ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ.
ǰȨȐ ȢȜțȒȎ țȎ ǮȠȎțȎȟ ȆȜȝȜȐ Ȑ ǻȎȡȥțȖȭ ȎȞȣȖȐ țȎ ǯǮǻ ȟȓ
ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎȠ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȓȒȖțȖȤȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭȠ
șȬȏȜȝȖȠțȖ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȎȠȎ ȠȓȚȎ1. ǽȞȖ ȞȎ-
ȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȟ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖȠȓ ȟȞȓȧțȎȣ țȭȘȜȖ ȠȞȡȒțȜȟȠȖ, ȒȨșȔȎȧȖ ȟȓ
țȎ țȓȥȓȠșȖȐȖȭ ȝȜȥȓȞȘ, țȎ țȓȭȟțȖȠȓ șȖȥțȖ Ȗ ȢȎȚȖșțȖ ȖȚȓ-
țȎ, țȎ ȕȎȒȞȎȟȘȐȎț Ȗ/ȖșȖ țȓȭȟȓț ȠȓȘȟȠ Ȗ Ƞ.ț. ǰȨȝȞeȘȖ ȝȜȟȜȥȓ-
țȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȝȭȠȟȠȐȖȭ țȎșȖȥțȖȠȓ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȒȜȜȏȜȑȎȠȭȐȎȠ ȝȜȕțȎ-
țȖȭȠȎ țȖ ȕȎ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȎȥȖ, ȕȎ ȠȓȣțȖȠȓ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ Ȗ
ȜȏȣȐȎȠ țȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ, ȕȎ ȎȟȜȞȠȖȚȓțȠȎ țȎ ȠȨȞȑȡȐȎțȖȠȓ ȎȞȠȖȘȡșȖ
Ȗ ȝȞ. ǸȨȒȓȠȜ ȓ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜ, ȟȨȚ ȟȨȝȜȟȠȎȐȭș ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȟ
ȒȞȡȑȖ, Ȑȓȥȓ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȖ, ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ. ǰȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȠȜȐȎ ȓ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȎ
Ȝȧȓ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ ȕȎ ȒȜȡȠȜȥțȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȒȜȝȨșțȖȠȓșțȖ ȢȎȘȠȖ ȐȨȐ
ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ țȭȘȜȖ ȜȠ șȖȥțȜȟȠȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȐȎȠ Ȑ ȝȞȓȒȟ-
ȠȎȐȓțȖȠȓ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ.
ǸȎȘȠȜ șȖȥȖ ȜȠ ȒȐȓ ȝȖȟȚȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȎȒȞȓȟȖȞȎțȖ ȒȜ ȆȜȝȜȐ
ȜȠ ȀȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȖȠȓ ȖțȒȡȟȠȞȖȎșțȖ ȘȎȚȎȞȖ ȐȨȐ ǰȎȞțȎ Ȗ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ
ȝȞȓȕ ȝȞȜșȓȠȠȎ țȎ 1916 ȑ., Ǯ. ȆȜȝȜȐ ȓ ȔȓșȎȓș ȟȨȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȓ, ȕȎ
ȒȎ ȟȨȏȓȞȓ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȜȠțȎȟȭȧȎ ȟȓ ȕȎ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȖ ȟȠȜ-
ȝȎțȟȘȖ ȒȓȗȤȖ. ǽȜȞȎȒȖ ȐȜȓțțȜȐȞȓȚȓțțȎȠȎ ȜȏȟȠȎțȜȐȘȎ, ȟȐȨȞ-
ȕȎțȎ ȟ ǽȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȟȐȓȠȜȐțȎ ȐȜȗțȎ (1914 – 1918), țȓ ȓ ȏȖșȜ ȐȨȕ-
ȚȜȔțȜ ȒȎ Țȡ ȟȓ ȜȘȎȔȓ ȝȜȚȜȧ Ȑ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖȭ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ2 (ȐȔ. ǽȞȖ-
267
șȜȔȓțȖȓ 1 Ȗ 2). ǰȟȓ ȝȎȘ ȆȜȝȜȐ ȡȟȝȭȐȎ ȒȎ Ȑșȓȕȓ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ
țȭȘȜȖ ȒȓȗȤȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ Țȡ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭȠ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȝȜ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟȡ-
ȐȎȧȎȠȎ ȑȜ ȠȓȚȎ.
ǮȠȎțȎȟ ȆȜȝȜȐ ȟȜȏȟȠȐȓțȜȞȨȥțȜ ȓ ȕȎȝȖȟȎș ȟȝȜȚȓțȖȠȓ țȎ
ǶȐȎț ǱȞȜȕȓȐ Ȑ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ 1916 ȑ. ǰȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȡȝȜȚȓțȎȠȎȠȎ
șȖȥțȜȟȠ ȓ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȖȭȠ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȓț ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȎȥ Ȗ ȖțȒȡȟȠȞȖȎ-
șȓȤ ǶȐȎț ǲȖȚȖȠȞȜȐ ǱȞȜȕȓȐ (1847 – 1916), ȞȜȒȜȚ ȜȠ ǸȎȞșȜȐȜ
(ȐȔ. Genchev & Daskalova (eds.) 1988, 166). ǿȨȧȖȭȠ ǶȐ. ǱȞȜ-
ȕȓȐ ȓ ȞȎȏȜȠȖș Ȑ ȘȎțȠȜȞȎȠȎ țȎ ǶȐȎț ǲ. ǱȓȦȜȐ Ȑ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ. ǰ
ȠȜȕȖ ȞȓȒ țȎ ȚȖȟșȖ ȏȖ ȚȜȑșȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȒȜȝȡȟțȓ, ȥȓ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ,
ȘȜȭȠȜ ȠȜȗ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭ, ȓ ȜȠ ȝȨȞȐȎ ȞȨȘȎ Ȗ ȓ ȒȜȟȠȜȐȓȞțȎ3.
ǰ țȓȑȜȐȖȠȓ ȟȝȜȚȓțȖ ȟȓ țȎȠȨȘȐȎȚȓ țȎ ȒȎțțȖ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓ-
ȚȎȥȖ (țȎȝȞ. ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȠȖȭȠ ǶȐ. ǲ. ǱȓȦȜȐ) Ȗ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚ Ȓȓȗ-
țȜȟȠ Ȑ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ, ǿȐȖȧȜȐ Ȗ ǰȖȓțȎ. ǱȞȜȕȓȐ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ, ȥȓ ȘȨȚ 1858
ȑ. ȓ ȏȖș țȎ 8 – 9 ȑȜȒȖțȖ. ǯȎȧȎ Țȡ ȟȓ ȓ ȕȎțȖȚȎȐȎș ȟ ȠȎȏȎȘșȨȘ
(ȘȜȔȎȞȟȠȐȜ) Ȑ ȀȡșȥȎ, ȟșȓȒ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȠȎțȎș ȏȎȘȎșȖț (ȠȨȞȑȜȐȓȤ țȎ
ȟȠȜȘȖ ȕȎ ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȘȖ țȡȔȒȖ – ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ ȒȞȓȏțȖ ȟȠȜȘȖ ȕȎ ȣȞȎ-
țȎ). ǶȐȎț ǱȞȜȕȓȐ ȠȐȨȞȒȖ, ȥȓ ȓ ȖȚȎș Ȑ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ ȟȐȜȗ ȟȞȜȒțȖȘ –
ȐȡȗȥȜ țȎ ȖȚȓ ǶȐ. ǲ. ǱȓȦȜȐ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȏȖș ȠȨȞȑȜȐȓȤ. ǿȨȧȖȭȠ Ƕ.
ǱȓȦȜȐ Ȑ ȚșȎȒȓȔȘȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȑȜȒȖțȖ (Ƞ.ȓ. ȜȘȜșȜ 1820 ȑ.) ȟȓ ȡȟȠȎțȜ-
ȐȖș Ȑ ǿȐȖȧȜȐ, ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȕȎțȖȚȎȐȎș ȟ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȖȭ Ȗ ȟȓ ȕȎȒȜȚȖș.
ǽȜ-ȟȓȠțȓ ȕȎȔȖȐȭș Ȑ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ, ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȝȖȠȎȐȎș ȥȞȓȕ ȠȨȞ-
ȑȜȐȖȭ ȟ ȚȎțȖȢȎȘȠȡȞțȖ ȟȠȜȘȖ. ȀȓȕȖ ȟȠȜȘȖ ȝȜșȡȥȎȐȎș ȜȠ ȟȐȜȭ
ȏȞȎȠ ȃȞ. ǲ. ǱȓȦȜȐ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȝȜȥȖțȎș ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ ȝȞȓȕ 1859 ȑ. ǰ
ȟȨȕȒȎșȎȠȎ ȟȓ ȟȖȠȡȎȤȖȭ ǶȐȎț ǲ. ǱȓȦȜȐ ȝȜȓș ȘȎțȠȜȞȎȠȎ Ȑ ȎȐȟȠ-
ȞȖȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȟȠȜșȖȤȎ, Ȏ ȟȎȚȖȭȠ ǶȐȎț ǱȞȜȕȓȐ ȜȠȖȦȨș ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ
ȝȞȓȕ 1860 ȑ.4 ǰȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ǱȞȜȕȓȐ ȖȚȎ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎțȓȠȜ ȟȖ
Ȑ ȟȠȜșȖȤȎȠȎ țȎ ǮȐȟȠȞȖȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȚȜțȎȞȣȖȭ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ
ȟȖ Ȑ ȚȓȟȠțȜ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ (Genchev & Daskalova (eds.)
1988, 166; Roussev 2015, 499 – 500).
ǰ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȎȠȎ ȥȎȟȠ țȎ ȞȎȕȘȎȕȎ țȎ ǱȞȜȕȓȐ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎȠ Ȏț-
ȑȞȜȟȖȟȠȖ (ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ țȎ ȓȒȞȜ) Ȑ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȞȎȕȐȖșȖ ȝȞȓȒ-
ȝȞȖȓȚȎȥȓȟȘȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ. ǽȜȒȜȏțȖ șȬȒȓ ȟȎ ȃ. ǲȖ-
ȚȖȠȨȞ ȣ. ǻȖȥȜȐ (ȣ. ǺȖȦȜț), ȘȜȗȠȜ ȓ ȠȨȞȑȡȐȎș ȟ ȚȎțȖȢȎȘȠȡȞ-
țȖ ȟȠȜȘȖ; ȃȜȒȔȎ [?] ǲȖȚȜ ǿȎȞȎȢȜȐ – ȎȞȚȓțȓȤ5; ǯȞȎȠȭ ȇȎȞ-
ȏȎȘȜȐȖ/ȇȨȞȏȎȘȜȐȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȎțȑȞȜȟȖȟȠȖ,
ȘȜȖȠȜ ȠȨȞȑȡȐȎșȖ ȟ ǰȖȓțȎ. ǿȝȜȚȓțȎȐȎȠ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ
ȢȎȚȖșȖȭȠȎ ǸȡȝȎ/ǽȎțȖȤȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȓșȖ „ȎșȨȦ-ȐȓȞȖȦ“ ȟ
268
ȐȖȓțȟȘȎ ȚȎțȖȢȎȘȠȡȞȎ. ǿșȓȒ ȘȎȠȜ ǶȐ. ǲ. ǱȓȦȜȐ ȜȠȖȦȨș ȐȨȐ
ǰȖȓțȎ, ȏȖșȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓțȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȎȠȎ ȘȨȧȎ „ǱȓȦȜȐ–ǾȎȗțȜȐ“.
ǽȜ ȠȜȐȎ ȐȞȓȚȓ ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ ȖȚȎșȜ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȘȎțȠȜȞȖ
– țȎȝȞ. ȠȎȕȖ țȎ ǮȠȎțȎȟ ǺȖȣȎȗșȜȐ ȜȠ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȖȕȝȞȎ-
ȧȎș ȟȠȜȘȖ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ. ǲȞȡȑȖ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ ȟȎ ǻȖȘȜșȎȘȖ
ǽȎțȖȤȎ, ǱȓȜȞȑȖ ǸȖȟȓșȜȐ, ȄȜȘȜ ǽȞȎțȒȔȜȐ, ǻ. ǸȜȐȎȥȓȐ6
(ȟȞȎȐțȖ ȟȨȟ: Statelova 1994; Statelova 1997; Atanasova 2014;
Gencheva & Krasteva 2004; Roussev 2015, 499 – 500). ǼȟȐȓț
ȐȟȖȥȘȜ ȒȞȡȑȜ ȟȓ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȐȎ ȝȎȠȞȖȜȠȖȥțȎȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ țȎ ȏȨș-
ȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȓȚȖȑȞȎțȠȖ ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ. ǺȎȘȎȞ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȎȠȎ ȠȓȚȎ ȒȎ ȓ
ȝȜȝȎȒȎșȎ Ȑ ȝȜșȓȕȞȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȤȖȠȓ, ȒȎțțȖȠȓ ȡ ȆȜȝȜȐ
ȟȨȧȜ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎȠ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ. ǻȎȏșȭȑȎ ȟȓ țȎ ȢȎȘȠȎ, ȥȓ ȢȖȞ-
ȚȎȠȎ „ǱȓȦȜȐ–ǾȎȗțȜȐ“ ȓ ȟȨȏȖȞȎșȎ ȝȎȞȖ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȢȖțȎțȟȖȞȎ
ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȚșȎȒȓȔȖ Ȑ ȟȞȨȏȟȘȜȠȜ ȐȨȟȠȎțȖȓ Ȗ Ȟȓ-
ȐȜșȬȤȖȭ. ȁ ȀȓȜȢȎț ǾȎȗțȜȐ ȖȚȎșȜ ȝȓȥȎȠ ȟȨȟ ȟșȓȒțȖȭ țȎȒȝȖȟ:
„ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜ ȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜ Ȑ ǯȎșȘȎțȎ7. ǿȨȧȖȠȓ ȐȖȒțȖ ȝȞȓȒȟ-
ȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȐȖȓțȟȘȎ ȘȜșȜțȖȭ ȝȜȒȎȞȖșȖ ȟȎȏȭ țȎ
ǱȓȜȞȑȖ ǿȠ. ǾȎȘȜȐȟȘȖ Ȗ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȐȭșȖ ǻȖȘȜșȎ ǸȜțȎȘȖ-ǯȜȑȜȞȜȒȖ
ȕȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ Șțȭȕ8. ǽȜȟșȓȒțȖȭȠ ȟȓ ȓ țȎȚȖȞȎș ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ
ȜȘȜșȜ 1861 – 1862 ȑ. (ȟȞȎȐțȖ ȟ: Traykov 1974, 231 – 244). ǻȎ
ȢȖțȎșȎ țȎ ȞȎȕȘȎȕȎ ǶȐȎț ǱȞȜȕȓȐ ȜȠțȜȐȜ ȟȓ ȐȞȨȧȎ ȘȨȚ șȖȥ-
țȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȃȞȖȟȠȜ ǲ. ǱȓȦȜȐ, ȕȎ ȘȜȑȜȠȜ ȖȕȠȨȘȐȎ, ȥȓ ȝȞȓȒȖ
ȟȚȨȞȠȠȎ ȟȖ ȜȟȠȎȐȖș ȘȞȡȝțȎ ȟȡȚȎ țȎ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎȠȎ Ȑ ǸȎȞșȜȐȜ Ȗ
ȓȒțȎ ȟȠȖȝȓțȒȖȭ „ȕȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȜȠȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ“9. ǰȓȞȜȭȠțȜ Ȑ ȟșȡ-
ȥȎȭ ȟȓ ȖȚȎ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒ ȟȠȖȝȓțȒȖȭȠȎ, ȜȠȝȡȟțȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȟȎȚȖȭ ǱȞȜȕȓȐ
ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ Țȡ ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ.
ǼȠ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ 1916 ȑ. ȒȎȠȖȞȎ ȓȒțȜ ȝȖȟȚȜ Ȗ ȏȓșȓȔȘȖ țȎ
ȐȖȒțȖȭ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȝȜșȖȠȖȘ ǱȞȖȑȜȞ ǲ. ǻȎȥȜȐȖȥ (1845 – 1920)
ȒȜ Ǯ. ȆȜȝȜȐ10. ǼȠ ȝȖȟȚȜȠȜ șȖȥȖ, ȥȓ ǻȎȥȜȐȖȥ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭ ȟȐȓ-
ȒȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ǿȐȖȧȜȐ ȝȜ ȚȜșȏȎ țȎ ǮȠȎțȎȟ ȆȜȝȜȐ11. ǼȟȐȓț ȠȜȐȎ țȎ
ȆȜȝȜȐ ȓ ȝȞȓȝȜȞȨȥȎț țȭȘȜȗ ȟȖ ǸȖȟȓșȜȐ ȜȠ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ ȕȎ ȒȎțțȖ,
ȘȎȟȎȓȧȖ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȘȜșȜțȖȭ ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ12.
ǰ ȟȐȜȖȠȓ ȟȝȜȚȓțȖ, ȝȜȟȐȓȠȓțȖ țȎ ǿȐȖȧȜȐ, ǱȞ. ǻȎȥȜȐȖȥ
ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȐȎ ȢȎȘȠȖ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȚȎȣȎșȖȠȓ, ȤȨȞȘȐȖȠȓ, ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ-
ȠȎ, ȡȥȖȠȓșȖȠȓ Ȗ ȝȞ. (ȟȞȎȐțȖ ȟ: Pophristov 1937; Ganchev,
1996; Tacheva-Boumbarova 2002; Nikolova 2008; Drumeva
2016). ǻȓȧȜ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ – ȖȕȠȨȘȐȎ ȟȓ, ȥȓ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ ȏȖșȖ
ȝȜȟȠȞȜȓțȖ ȜȠ ȐȜșțȖȠȓ ȝȜȚȜȧȖ țȎ ȑȞȎȔȒȎțȖȠȓ. ǰ ȠȜȕȖ ȞȓȒ țȎ
269
ȚȖȟșȖ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ, ȥȓ Ȑ ȟȞȓȒțȎȠȎ ȚȎȣȎșȎ ȓ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȓțȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ
ȟ ȢȖțȎțȟȜȐȎȠȎ ȝȜȚȜȧ, ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȓțȎ ȜȠ „ǿȎȘȓșȎȞȖȭ“13. Ǽȥȓ-
ȐȖȒțȜ ȟȓ ȖȚȎ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒ ȟȐȖȧȜȐȟȘȖȭȠ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȎȥ ȂȖșȖȝ ǿȎ-
ȘȓșȎȞȖȓȐ/Ȗȥ (țȓȖȕȐ. – 1824). ǸȎȘȠȜ ȓ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȜ, ȟȨȧȖȭȠ ȟȓ ȡȠ-
ȐȨȞȔȒȎȐȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȐȖȒȓț ȠȨȞȑȜȐȓȤ țȎ ȘȜȔȖ ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ (ȐȔ. țȎȝȞ.
Nikolova 2008, 390 – 391).
Ǽȧȓ ȝȜ-șȬȏȜȝȖȠțȖ ȟȎ ȒȎțțȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖȭ ȜȏșȖȘ țȎ
ǿȐȖȧȜȐ Ȗ ȕȎȓȠȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȚȓȟȠțȖȠȓ ȔȖȠȓșȖ. ǽȜȟȜȥȐȎ ȟȓ, ȥȓ ȟȐȖ-
ȧȜȐȤȖ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȝȖȠȎȐȎșȖ ȜȠ ȟȐȜȖȠȓ ȒȬȘȭțȖ Ȗ ȜȠ șȜȕȭȠȎ ȟȖ. ǰ
ȑȞȎȒȎ ȓ ȖȚȎșȜ ȑȜșȭȚ ȜȏȡȧȎȞȟȘȖ ȓȟțȎȢ. ȂȡțȘȤȖȜțȖȞȎșȖ ȦȖ-
ȐȎȦȘȖ, ȘȜȔȎȞȟȘȖ Ȗ ȘȎșȝȎȘȥȖȗȟȘȖ ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȗȟȘȖ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎ-
ȤȖȖ. ǹȬȏȜȝȖȠțȎ ȓ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȕȎ ȖȕțȜȟȎ țȎ ȑȜșȓȚȖ ȘȜșȖ-
ȥȓȟȠȐȎ ȑȞȜȕȒȓ, ȐȖțȜ Ȗ ȞȎȘȖȭ ȝȜ ǲȡțȎȐȎ. ǽȜȟȜȥȐȎ ȟȓ ȟȨȧȜ ȖȕțȜ-
ȟȨȠ țȎ ȟȡȞȜȐȖ ȘȜȔȖ – „ȚȓȟȠțȜ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȓ“, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ țȎ ȠȎȘȖ-
ȐȎ, ȖȕȞȎȏȜȠȐȎțȖ Ȑ ǹȜȐȓȥ Ȗ Ȑ ǱȎȏȞȜȐȜ. ǿȐȖȧȜȐ ȖȕțȎȟȭș ȜȞȖȕ,
ȐȨșțȎ Ȗ ȒȜȞȖ ȚȎȟșȖțȖ, ȝȜșȡȥȎȐȎțȖ ȜȠ ȐȨȠȞȓȦțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ Ǽȟ-
ȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ. ǰ ǾȡȚȨțȖȭ ȟȨȧȜ ȟȎ ȝșȎȟȖȞȎțȖ ȝȞȜȥȡȠȖȠȓ
ȑȎȏȞȜȐȟȘȖ țȜȔȜȐȓ. ǿȝȜȚȓțȎȐȎȠ ȟȓ ȑȜșȓȚȖȠȓ ȘȜșȖȥȓȟȠȐȎ ȟȚȞȎȒ-
șȖȘȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȒȜȟȠȎȐȭșȖ Ȑ ǿȐȖȧȜȐ ȜȠ ȆȜȝșȡȘȎ. ǽȜȟȜȥȓțȎȠȎ
ȟȠȜȘȎ ȏȖșȎ ȖȕțȎȟȭțȎ Ȑ ǱȎșȎȤ Ȗ Ȑ ǯȞȎȦȜȐ. ǮȘȤȓțȠȖȞȎ ȟȓ ȐȨȞȣȡ
ȕțȎȥȖȚȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȟȜȐȎȠȥȖȗȟȘȎȠȎ (ȜȠ ȠȡȞ. ȟȜȐȎȠ – ȓȒȞȜ ȟȠȜȘȜȐȜ
ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȠȐȜ, Ȑ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȜȠȑșȓȔȒȎ ȓȒȨȞ ȞȜȑȎȠ ȒȜȏȖȠȨȘ ȕȎ ȘșȎțȓ)
ȠȨȞȑȜȐȖȭ. Ȁȭ ȟȓ ȖȕȞȎȕȭȐȎ Ȑ ȕȎȘȡȝȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ „ȟȠȎȞ ȒȜȏȖȠȨȘ“ ȜȠ
ȚȓȟȠțȖȠȓ ȟȓșȎ, ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȡȑȜȭȐȎțȓ Ȑ ȟȜȐȎȠȖȠȓ, ȕȎȘȜșȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȔȖȐȜȠțȖȠȓ Ȑ ȟȎșȣȎțȖȠȓ (ȜȠ ȟȎșȣȎțȎ – ȘșȎțȖȤȎ) Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ Ȗ ȝȞȖ-
ȑȜȠȐȭțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȎȟȠȨȞȚȎ Ȗ ȟȡȒȔȡȤȖ. ǲȜȏȖȠȖȭȠ ȥȓȞȐȖȦ (ȜȠ ȠȡȞ.
ȥȓȞȐȖȦ – ȠșȨȟȠȖțȎ ȜȠ ȘȜȟȠȓț ȚȜȕȨȘ Ȗ ȖȕȐȎȞȓțȖ ȘȜȟȠȖ) Ȗ șȜȗȠȎ
ȟȎ ȝșȎȟȖȞȎțȖ Ȑ ǶȟȠȎțȏȡș, Ȑ ȝȞȜȥȡȠȖȭ ǯȎșȘȎȝȎț ȣȎț. ǸȜȔȖȠȓ
ȜȠ ȕȎȘșȎțȖȠȓ ȔȖȐȜȠțȖ ȏȖșȖ ȖȕțȎȟȭțȖ Ȑ ǾȡȚȨțȖȭ, Ȏ Ȑ țȭȘȜȖ
ȟșȡȥȎȖ – Ȗ Ȑ ǼȒȓȟȎ. ǼȟȐȓț ȠȜȐȎ ȟȓ ȖȕȠȨȘȐȎ ȞȜșȭȠȎ țȎ ǿȐȖȧȜȐ
ȘȎȠȜ ȐȎȔțȜ ȟȞȓȒȖȧȓ ȕȎ ȐțȜȟ țȎ ȥȡȔȒȓȟȠȞȎțțȖ ȟȠȜȘȖ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞ-
ȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ, ȥȞȓȕ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȝȜȒȒȨȞȔȎșȖ ȘȜțȠȎȘȠȖ ȟ ǱȎșȎȤ,
ǯȞȎȦȜȐ, ǽȓȧȎ Ȗ ǰȖȓțȎ. ǽȓȒȎțȠȖȥțȜ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ Ȗ ȎȟȜȞȠȖȚȓț-
ȠȨȠ țȎ ȐțȎȟȭțȖȠȓ ȎȞȠȖȘȡșȖ – ȕȎȣȎȞ, ȘȎȢȓ, ȝȞȓȔȒȎ, ȟȎțȒȨȤȖ,
ȘȓȏȓȠȎ ( ȜȠ ȠȡȞ. Șȓȏȓ – ȒȓȏȓșȎ ȠȨȘȎțȎ ȐȨșțȓțȎ ȝȜȟȠȓșȘȎ, ȕȎ-
ȐȖȐȘȎ; țȎȚȓȠȎșȜ ȜȠ ȑȞȡȏ ȐȨșțȓț ȝșȎȠ), ȔȓșȭȕȜ, ȟȠȨȘșȎȞȖȭ,
ȘțȖȑȖ, ȝȓȞȎ, ȚȎȟȠȖșȜ, ȘȜțȤȖ, ȖȑșȖ, ȒȞȓȣȖ Ȗ ȝȞ. ǿȝȓȤȖȎșțȜ
ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓ ȟȓ ȜȏȞȨȧȎ țȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȖȭȠȎ ȟȨȟ ȟȜș, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȓ ȐțȎȟȭțȎ
270
ȜȠ ǾȡȚȨțȖȭ. ǰțȎȟȭțȖ ȟȎ ȟȨȧȜ ȘȎȠȞȎț, ȘȓȞȓȟȠȓ (ȜȠ ȠȡȞ. ȘȓȞȓȟȠȓ
– ȒȨȞȐȓț ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎș ȕȎ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜ), ȒȨȟȘȖ Ȗ ȑȞȓȒȖ. ǰțȜȟțȎȠȎ
ȝȞȜȒȡȘȤȖȭ ȓ ȞȎȕȝȞȓȒȓșȭțȎ ȕȎ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȟȓșȖȧȎ ȘȎȠȜ ǽșȓȐȓț,
ǹȜȐȓȥ, ǿȓȐșȖȓȐȜ, ǱȎȏȞȜȐȜ, ǸȎșȜȢȓȞ Ȗ ȝȞ.14 (ȟȞȎȐțȖ ȝȞȓȒșȜ-
ȔȓțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȟ: Pophristov 1937; Ganchev, 1996; Dru-
meva 2018, 30 – 116).
ǿȞȓȒ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖȠȓ, ȕȎțȖȚȎȐȎȧȖ ȟ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȎȠȎ ȐțȜȟțȎ Ȓȓȗ-
țȜȟȠ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ, ȟȓ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȐȎȠ ȐȖȒțȖȠȓ ȟȐȖȧȜȐȟȘȖ
ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȎȥȖ Ȗ ȏșȎȑȜȒȓȠȓșȖ ǮșȓȘȟȎțȒȨȞ ȆȖȦȚȎțȜȐ, ǲȖ-
ȚȖȠȨȞ ǻȎȥȜȐȖȥ, ȍțȖ ǿȠȎțȥȜȐ. ǵȎ ǮșȓȘȟȎțȒȨȞ ȆȖȦȚȎțȜȐ
(1812 – 1892) ȟȓ ȕțȎȓ, ȥȓ ȟȓ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȖș Ȑ ǿȐȖȧȜȐ ȜȘȜșȜ 1842 ȑ.
ǯȖș ȠȨȞȑȜȐȓȤ țȎ ȘȜșȜțȖȎșțȖ ȟȠȜȘȖ. ǽȜșȡȥȖș ȎȐȟȠȞȖȗȟȘȜ ȝȜ-
ȒȎțȟȠȐȜ (Nikolova 2008, 442 – 443). ȇȜ ȟȓ ȜȠțȎȟȭȒȜ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ
ȒȐȓ șȖȤȎ (ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ ǻȎȥȜȐȖȥ Ȗ ȍțȖ ǿȠȎțȥȜȐ), ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜ-
ȟȜȥȖ, ȥȓ Ƞȓ ȏȖșȖ ȟȨȒȞȡȔțȖȤȖ Ȑ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ ȜȠ 1836 ȑ. ȒȜ țȎȥȎșȜ-
ȠȜ țȎ 50-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ. ȀȨȞȑȡȐȎșȖ ȟȨȟ ȟȠȜȘȖ, ȖȕțȎȟȭ-
țȖ ȜȠ ǯȞȎȦȜȐ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ. ǽșȎȟȖȞȎșȖ ȟȚȞȎȒșȖȘȎ Ȗ
țȓȜȏȞȎȏȜȠȓțȖ ȘȜȔȖ Ȑ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȠȓ ȘțȭȔȓȟȠȐȎ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȥȓȞ-
ȐȖȦ Ȗ șȜȗ Ȑ ǶȟȠȎțȏȡș (ȐȔ. ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȜ: Nikolova 2008, 399 –
400; Atanasova 2020, 190 – 191).
ǰ ȟȨȧȖȭ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎș ȟȞȓȧȎȚȓ ȢȎȚȖșțȖȠȓ ȖȚȓțȎ ǿȜȘȜșȜȐ Ȗ
ǲȎȚȭțȜȐ. ǽȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȢȎȚȖșȖȭ ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȟȓ
ȖȚȎ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȎȥȨȠ ȃȞȖȟȠȎȘȖ ǶȐȎțȜȐȖȥ ǿȜȘȜșȜȐ.
ǻȓ ȟȓ ȕțȎȓ țȖȠȜ ȘȜȑȎ ȓ ȞȜȒȓț, țȖȠȜ ȘȜȑȎ ȓ ȝȜȥȖțȎș, țȜ ȓ ȕȎȝȎ-
ȕȓț ȟȝȜȚȓțȨȠ, ȥȓ ȓ ȠȨȞȑȡȐȎș țȎ ȟȐȖȧȜȐȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȖȟȠȎțȖȧȓ,
ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȠȜȐȎ ȥȓ ȓ ȒȎȞȖș ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎ ȕȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȨȞȐȜȠȜ
ȟȐȖȧȜȐȟȘȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ. Ǽȧȓ ȝȜ-șȬȏȜȝȖȠȓț ȓ ȘȎȕȡȟȨȠ ȟ ȢȎȚȖș-
țȜȠȜ ȖȚȓ ǲȎȚȭțȜȐ. ǿȠȎȐȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟ ȖșȖ ȕȎ ǮșȓȘȟȖ ǲȎȚȭțȜȐ
(țȓȖȕȐ. – 1845), ȖșȖ ȕȎ ȟȖțȎ Țȡ ǮșȓȘȟȎțȒȨȞ ǲȎȚȭțȜȐ (țȓ-
ȖȕȐ.). ǲȐȎȚȎȠȎ ȟȎ ȐȖȒțȖ ȟȐȖȧȜȐȟȘȖ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ Ȗ ȒȎȞȖȠȓșȖ
(Nikolova 2008, 276).
ǰ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ ȞȨȘȜȝȖȟȎ ȟȓ ȜȏȞȨȧȎ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓ țȎ ȖȕțȜȟȎ țȎ
ȕȨȞțȓțȖ ȣȞȎțȖ ȕȎ ǱȎșȎȤ Ȗ ǯȞȎȖșȎ, ȘȎȠȜ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ, ȥȓ ȟȨȧȖ-
ȭȠ „ȏȓȦȓ ȚȎșȘȜ ȝȜȒȘȎȥȖș, țȜ ȟșȎȏȜ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȐȖȐȎȦȓ ȝȞȓȕ ȐȟȖȥ-
ȘȜȠȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȠȡȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȐșȎȒȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ“15. ǰȨȝȞȜȟțȜȠȜ ȠȐȨȞȒȓ-
țȖȓ țȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ țȓ ȓ ȟȨȐȟȓȚ ȘȜȞȓȘȠțȜ. ǵȎȝȎȕȓțȖȠȓ ȝȖȟȚȎ
ȐȨȐ ȢȜțȒȜȐȓȠȓ țȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȎȥȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȏȞȎȠȭ ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ, ǽȓȠȨȞ
Ȗ ǮșȓȘȜ ǸȞȨȟȠȖȥ, ȄȐȭȠȘȜ ǾȎȒȜȟșȎȐȜȐ, ȃȞȖȟȠȜ ǽ. ȀȨȝȥȖșȓ-
271
ȧȜȐ, ȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȝșȓȐȓțȟȘȖ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ ȔȖȠȎȞȖ Ȗ ȝȞ., ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ, ȥȓ
ȝȞȓȕ 60-Ƞȓ Ȗ 70-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒ. țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ ȖȕțȜȟȨȠ țȎ ȕȨȞțȓțȖ ȣȞȎțȖ
ȘȨȚ ǾȡȚȨțȖȭ Ȗ Ȑ ȥȎȟȠțȜȟȠ ȘȨȚ ȝȞȖȟȠȎțȖȧȎȠȎ ǯȞȎȖșȎ Ȗ ǱȎ-
șȎȤ, ȓ ȚțȜȑȜ ȖțȠȓțȕȖȐȓț (ȐȔ. țȎȝȞ. Hristov 1976; Grancharov
1989; Drumeva 2018).
ǰ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖȭ ȞȨȘȜȝȖȟ ȟȓ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎ, ȥȓ ȒȭȒȜȠȜ țȎ ǱȞȖȑȜȞ
ǻȎȥȜȐȖȥ ȝȜ ȚȎȗȥȖțȎ șȖțȖȭ (ȃȞȖȟȠȜ ǽȎȝȎȕȜȐ) ȓ ȝȜȓș ȞȎȕțȜȟ-
ȘȖȠȓ ȝȜ ȜȠȝȓȥȎȠȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ „țȭȘȎȘȐȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȘțȖȑȎ ȜȠ țȭ-
ȘȜȗ ȚȓȟȠȓț ȡȥȖȠȓș ȜȘȜșȜ 1820 ȑȜȒ.“16 ǼȠȝȓȥȎȠȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȞȡȒȎ
ȓ ȟȠȎțȎșȜ Ȑ ǿȨȞȏȖȭ ȖșȖ Ȑ ǮȐȟȠȞȖȭ17. ǵȎ ȘȜȭ ȘțȖȑȎ ȠȜȥțȜ ȟȠȎ-
ȐȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟ țȓ ȓ ȭȟțȜ. ǯȨȒȓȧȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ ȏȖȣȎ ȣȐȨȞșȖșȖ
ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȟȐȓȠșȖțȎ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȎ.
ǻȓ ȝȜ-ȚȎșȘȜ șȬȏȜȝȖȠțȖ ȟȎ ȝȜȒȎȠȘȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ
ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ, ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȓțȖ țȎ ȆȜȝȜȐ ȜȠ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȠȖȭ
ȝȜ-ȑȜȞȓ ǸȖȟȓșȜȐ18. ǰȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖȭȠ ǸȖȟȓșȜȐ ȝȞȜȖȕȣȜȔȒȎ
ȜȠ ȐȖȒțȎȠȎ ȠȨȞțȜȐȟȘȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȎȥȓȟȘȎ ȢȎȚȖșȖȭ ǸȖȟȓșȜȐȖ
(ȕȎ țȓȭ ȐȔ. Atanasova 2014, 273 – 274; Gencheva & Krasteva
2004, 203, 206, 207, 208, 209, 212).
ǰ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ ȞȨȘȜȝȖȟȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ ȢȎȚȖșțȜȠȜ ȖȚȓ țȎ
ȒȐȎȚȎ ȏȞȎȠȭ ȜȠ ȟ. ǮȞȏȎțȎȟȖ, ȀȨȞțȜȐȟȘȜ. ǵȎ ȟȨȔȎșȓțȖȓ ȞȜȒȜȐȜ-
ȠȜ ȖȚȓ țȓ ȟȓ ȥȓȠȓ ȒȜȏȞȓ, Ȏ Ȗ ȟȎȚȖȭȠ ȎȐȠȜȞ țȓ ȓ ȟȖȑȡȞȓț Ȑ țȓȑȜ,
ȕȎȧȜȠȜ ȓ ȝȜȟȠȎȐȖș ȐȨȝȞȜȟȖȠȓșȓț ȕțȎȘ. ǯȖ ȚȜȑșȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȥȓȠȓ
ȘȎȠȜ ǯȜșȓȤȜȐȖ, Ȏ ȓ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȜ, ȥȓ ȝȞȓȕ ȐȠȜȞȎȠȎ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎ țȎ
XVIII ȐȓȘ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȖ ȚȓȟȠțȖ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ ȟȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ
ȢȎȚȖșȖȭȠȎ ǯȜșȓȤȎ/ǯȜșȓȤȜȐȖ19 (Atanasova 2016, 42, 50, 64, 67).
ǽȜ-șȬȏȜȝȖȠțȜ ȓ ȠȐȨȞȒȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǸȖȟȓșȜȐ, ȥȓ ȐȨȝȞȜȟțȖȠȓ ȏȞȎȠȭ
ȟȎ ȣȜȒȖșȖ Ȑ ǶțȒȖȭ ȟ ȘȓȞȐȎț, țȜȟȖșȖ ȟȎ ȖțȒȖȗȟȘȖ ȝșȎȠȜȐȓ „ȟȓ-
ȐȎȗ“, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȠȨȘȎțȖ ȜȠ ȘȜȝȞȖțȎ Ȗ ȟȎ ȏȖșȖ ȖțȘȞȡȟȠȖȞȎțȖ ȟȨȟ
ȕșȎȠȜ20. ǿȨȧȖȠȓ ȒȐȎȚȎ ȏȞȎȠȭ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ, ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ǸȖȟȓșȜȐ, țȜȟȓ-
șȖ „ȎȞȜȚȎȠȖȥțȖ ȝȞȓȒȚȓȠȖ21. ǰȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓ-
ȚȎȥȓȟȘȎȠȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ țȎ ȒȐȎȚȎȠȎ ȎȞȏȎțȎȟȥȎțȖ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ, ȥȓ
ȖȒȐȎșȖ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ ȜȠ ǯȡȘȡȞȓȧ, ǼȒȞȖț Ȗ ǿȨȞȏȖȭ ȒȎ ȘȡȝȡȐȎȠ22.
ǼȟȐȓț ȠȜȐȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ: „ǶȚȎșȖ ȘȨȧȎ ȟȨȟ 101 ȝȞȜȕȜȞȓȤ... Ƕȕȏȭ-
ȑȎșȖ țȎȗ-ȝȜȟșȓ ȐȨ[Ȑ] ǰșȎȦȘȜ“ 23.
ǰ ȟȨȧȖȭ ȞȨȘȜȝȖȟ ȟȓ ȖȕȠȨȘȐȎ, ȥȓ ȜȟȐȓț Ȑ ǶȟȠȎțȏȡș Ȗ țȎ
ǲȔȡȚȎȗȟȘȖȭ, ȁȕȡțȒȔȜȐȟȘȖȭ, ǿȓȞȟȘȖȭ ȝȎțȎȖȞȖ, ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȟȓ
ȝȞȜȒȎȐȎșȖ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȑȎȗȠȎțȖ, ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȎȥȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȞȎȕȐȖȐȎ-
șȖ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ ȟȖ Ȗ ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ24.
272
ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ǸȖȟȓșȜȐ, ȘȨȚ 1840 ȑ. ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ ȖȚȎșȜ ȜȟțȜȐȎțȖ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȘȎțȠȜȞȖ, Ȏ ȝȞȓȒȖ Ƞȭȣ ȓ ȖȚȎșȜ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚ-
ȥȖȐȖ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȖ ȘȜȔȎȞȖ (ȠȎȏȎȤȖ) ȜȠ ǹȜȐȓȥ Ȗ ȀȓȠȓ-
Ȑȓț. ǽȜȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȒȎȐȎșȖ ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȟȠȜȘȎ – ȟȎȣȠȖȭțȖ (ȜȏȞȎȏȜȠȓ-
țȎ ȘȜȕȭ ȘȜȔȎ) Ȗ ȚȓȦȖțȖ (ȜȏȞȎȏȜȠȓțȎ ȠȨțȘȎ ȜȐȥȎ ȘȜȔȎ), ȐȨȐ
ǰȖȓțȎ Ȝȧȓ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȥȓȠȐȨȞȠ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ. ǽȜȒȜȏțȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ
ȖȕȐȨȞȦȐȎșȖ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ ȜȠ ǰȓșȓȟ Ȗ ǿȘȜȝȖȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȠȨȞȑȡȐȎșȖ ȟ
ȘȜȔȖ ȚȓȟȠțȜ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȜȒȟȠȐȜ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȠȎȘȖȐȎ, ȕȎȘȡȝȓțȖ Ȑ ǮșȏȎ-
țȖȭ. ǼȟȐȓț ȘȜȔȖ ȟȎ ȖȕțȎȟȭșȖ ȟȨȧȜ ȝȎȚȡȘ, ȏȜȖ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȟȠȜȘȖ.
ǲȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖȠȓ ȏȖșȎ ȡȟȝȓȦțȎ, țȜ ȕȎ ȟȨȔȎșȓțȖȓ țȓ ȟȎ
ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȖ ȖȚȓțȎȠȎ ȖȚ. ǵțȎȓ ȟȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖ-
ȓȚȎȥȖȠȓ, ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȖșȖ ȟȓ ȝȜ ȠȜȐȎ ȐȞȓȚȓ ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ. ǿȠȎȐȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟ
ȕȎ țȭȘȜȗ ȟȖ ǲȨȞȐȎȞ/ǲȨȞȐȎȞȜȐ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȓ ȜȔȓțȖș ȕȎ țȓȚȘȖțȭ Ȗ
ȕȎȘȡȝȖș ȘȨȧȎ țȎ ȂșȎȖȦȚȎȞȘ25.
ǸȖȟȓșȜȐ ȜȠȒȓșȭ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȜ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖȠȓ, ȟșȡȥȖ-
șȖ ȟȓ ȝȜ ǲȜșțȖ ǲȡțȎȐ Ȗ Ȑ ȅȓȞțȜȚȜȞȟȘȖȭ ȏȎȟȓȗț ȝȞȓȕ 30-Ƞȓ Ȗ
40-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ. ǮȘȤȓțȠȖȞȎ ȟȓ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȟȐȜȏȜȒțȜȠȜ ȝȎ-
ȞȎȣȜȒțȜ ȝșȎȐȎțȓ ȒȜ ǯȡȒȎȝȓȧȎ, ǼȞȦȜȐȎ, ǱȎșȎȤ, ǶȟȠȎțȏȡș26.
ǽȜ-ȟȓȠțȓ ȟȓ ȖȕȞȓȔȒȎȠ ȖȚȓțȎȠȎ țȎ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȐȖȒțȖ ȠȨȞȑȜȐ-
ȤȖ ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȣ. ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ ȣ. ǻȖȥȓȐ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖȠȓ
țȎ ȢȎȚȖșȖȭȠȎ ǽȎțȖȤȎ. ǽȜȟȜȥȓțȖȠȓ șȖȤȎ Ȗ ȝȜ-ȞȎțȜ ȟȓ ȕȎțȖ-
ȚȎȐȎșȖ ȟ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȖȭ ȝȜ ȠȓȕȖ ȕȓȚȖ, țȜ ȜȠ 40-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX
ȐȓȘ ȟȓ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȖșȖ Ȑ ȎȐȟȠȞȖȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ. ȃ. ǻȖȥȓȐ ȕȎȐȓș Ȑ
ȎȐȟȠȞȖȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȟȠȜșȖȤȎ ȕȓȠ ȟȖ Ǹ. ǶȐȎțȜȐ (ȏȎȧȎȠȎ țȎ ȀȜȒȜȞ
ǶȐȎțȥȜȐ) Ȗ ȕȎȝȜȥțȎșȖ ȒȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȭȠ Ȑ ȟȨȒȞȡȔȖȓȠȜ „ǲ. ȃ. ǻȖ-
ȥȓȐ–ǶȐȎțȜȐ“ ȝȜȒ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȖȭ. ǰ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ ȣ.
ǻȖȥȓȐ ȏȖș Ȑ ȟȨȒȞȡȔȖȓ ȟ ȏȞȎȠȜȐȥȓȒ ȟȖ ǱȓȜȞȑȖ ǸȡȝȎȠȎ. ǽȜȟȜȥ-
ȐȎ ȟȓ ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ǳȐȟȠȎȠȖ ǸȡȝȎȠȎ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȏȖș ȐȖȒȓț ȠȨȞțȜȐȟȘȖ
ȥȜȞȏȎȒȔȖȭ. ǻȎȡȥȎȐȎȚȓ ȟȨȧȜ ȕȎ țȓȑȜȐȖȠȓ ȟȖțȜȐȓ ǻȖȘȜșȎ-
ȘȖ/ǻȖȘȜșȎ (țȓȖȕȐ. – 1887) Ȗ ǿȎȐȎ (1834 – 1926) ǸȡȝȜȐȖ (ȟȖ-
țȜȐȓ țȎ ǳȐȟȠȎȠȖ ǸȡȝȎ/ǽȎțȖȤȎ), ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȜȟșȓ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖșȖ ȢȎ-
ȚȖșțȜȠȜ ȟȖ ȖȚȓ țȎ ǽȎțȖȤȎ. ǻȖȘȜșȎȘȖ ȏȖș ȕȎȐȓȒȓț ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓ-
țȎ ȜȠ ȐȡȗȥȜ ȟȖ ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ ȣ. ǻȖȥȓȐ Ȗ ȠȎȚ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖș ȖȚȓȠȜ ȟȖ
țȎ ǽȎțȖȤȎ. ǿȖțȨȠ țȎ ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ ȣ. ǻȖȥȓȐ, ȘȜȗȠȜ țȜȟȓș ȟȨȧȜȠȜ
ȖȚȓ ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ, ȕȎȝȜȥțȎș ȒȎ ȝȜȚȎȑȎ țȎ ȏȎȧȎ ȟȖ Ȗ ȢȖȞȚȎȠȎ
ȏȖșȎ ȝȞȓȖȚȓțȡȐȎțȎ țȎ „ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ ȣ. ǻȖȥȓȐ Ȗ ȟȖț“. ǮȐȠȜȞȨȠ
ȠȐȨȞȒȖ, ȥȓ ǻȖȘȜșȎȘȖ ǽȎțȖȤȎ „țȓ ȚȜȔȓș ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȝȜȑȎȔȒȎ ȟ
ȏȞȎȠȜȐȥȓȒ ȟȖ (ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ), ȖȕȐȖȘȎș ȏȞȎȠ ȟȖ ǿȎȐȎ ǽȎțȖȤȎ“. ǻȖ-
273
ȘȜșȎ Ȗ ǿȎȐȎ ǽȎțȖȤȎ ȟȨȕȒȎșȖ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȎȠȎ ȘȨȧȎ „ǯȞȎȠȭ ǳ.
ǽȎțȖȤȎ“ ȝȞȓȕ 1862 ȑ.27 ǰȨȝȞȜȟțȜȠȜ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȓ ȕȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ
țȎ ȢȖȞȚȎȠȎ ȝȞȓȕ 1862 ȑ. ȐșȖȕȎ Ȑ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȜ ȝȞȜȠȖȐȜȞȓȥȖȓ ȟ
ȠȐȨȞȒȓțȖȓȠȜ Ȑ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎȠȎ, ȥȓ ǻȖȘȜșȎ Ȗ ǿȎȐȎ ǽȎțȖȤȎ ȟȓ
ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȖșȖ ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ ȝȞȓȕ 1863 ȑ. (ȟȞȎȐțȖ ȟ: Atanasova
2016, 43; Atanasova 2014, 330; Statelova 1997; Gencheva &
Krasteva 2004, 202, 204 – 205, 207, 210). ǲȜȝȨșțȖȠȓșțȖ ȝȞȜ-
ȡȥȐȎțȖȭ ȏȖȣȎ ȣȐȨȞșȖșȖ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȟȐȓȠșȖțȎ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȎ.
ǿȞȓȒ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖȠȓ șȖȥțȜȟȠȖ ȓ ȠȎȕȖ țȎ ǳȐȟȠȎȠȖ ǻȖȘȜșȜȐ
ǿȓșȐȓșȖ ȜȠ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ. ȀȜȗ ȓ ȞȜȒȓț ȝȞȓȕ 1808 ȑ. ȁȟȠȎțȜȐȖș ȟȓ
ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ. ȃȎȞȎȘȠȓȞȖȕȖȞȎț ȓ ȘȎȠȜ ȓțȓȞȑȖȥȓț ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȎȥ,
ȘȜȗȠȜ ȎȘȠȖȐțȜ ȟȓ ȐȘșȬȥȖș Ȑ ȏȜȞȏȎȠȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȭ țȎȞȜȒ
ȟȞȓȧȡ ȑȞȨȤȘȖȠȓ ȐșȎȒȖȤȖ. ǸȎțȠȜȞȎȠȎ Țȡ ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ ȟȓ ȡȝȞȎȐ-
șȭȐȎșȎ ȜȠ țȓȑȜȐȖȭ ȟȞȜȒțȖȘ ȣ. ǮȠȎțȎȟ ǺȖȣȎȗșȜȐ. ȃ. ǳȐȟȠȎȠȖ ȟȓ
ȝȜȚȖțȎș Ȑ 1871 ȑ.28 (ȐȔ. ȟȨȧȜ: Gencheva & Krasteva 2004, 208).
ǸȖȟȓșȜȐ ȠȐȨȞȒȖ, ȥȓ ȝȞȓȕ 40-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ ȐȨȐ ǰȖ-
ȓțȎ ȟȓ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȖș ǿȎȘȓșȎȞȖȗ ȜȠ ǿȐȖȧȜȐ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȘȜȞȜ ȝȜȥȖțȎș
Ȗ ȜȟȠȎȐȖș țȎ ȜȏȧȖțȎȠȎ „ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȚȎșȘȜ țȎȟșȓȒȟȠȐȜ“29. ǿ țȓȑȜ
ȏȖșȜ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȓțȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ țȎ țȓȑȜȐȜ ȖȚȓ. ǰȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ǸȖȟȓșȜȐ
ȖȚȎ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒ ȂȖșȖȝ ǿȎȘȓșȎȞȖȓȐ/ǿȎȘȓșȎȞȖȓȐȖȥ, țȜ ȠȜȗ ȓ ȝȜ-
ȥȖțȎș ȚțȜȑȜ ȝȜ-ȞȎțȜ – ȝȞȓȕ 1814 ȑ. (Nikolova 2008, 390 – 391).
ǼȠ ȠȎȕȖ ȑșȓȒțȎ ȠȜȥȘȎ țȓ ȓ ȚțȜȑȜ ȭȟțȜ ȕȎ ȘȜȭ șȖȥțȜȟȠ ȟȠȎȐȎ
ȒȡȚȎ Ȑ ȟșȡȥȎȭ. ǺȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȒȜȝȡȟțȓ, ȥȓ ǸȖȟȓșȜȐ ȖșȖ ȖȚȎ ȝȞȓȒ-
ȐȖȒ ȂȖșȖȝ ǿȎȘȓșȎȞȖȓȐ/ǿȎȘȓșȎȞȖȓȐȖȥ, țȜ ȓ ȜȏȨȞȘȎș ȢȎȘȠȖȠȓ
ȜȘȜșȜ ȘȜțȥȖțȎȠȎ Țȡ, ȖșȖ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟ ȕȎ ȒȞȡȑȎ șȖȥțȜȟȠ ȟȨȟ
ȟȨȧȜȠȜ ȖȚȓ, ȕȎ ȘȜȭȠȜ țȎ ȠȜȕȖ ȓȠȎȝ țȓ ȟȓ ȕțȎȓ ȒȞȡȑȜ.
ǽȞȓȕ 50-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ ȟȓ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȖș
ǮțȠȜț ȄȎțȘȜȐ, ȏȞȎȠ țȎ ǲȞȎȑȎț ȄȎțȘȜȐ. ǮțȠȜț ȟȓ ȕȎțȖȚȎȐȎș
țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȟ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȖȭ Ȑ ȟȠȜșȖȤȎȠȎ țȎ ǮȐȟȠȞȖȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȚȜ-
țȎȞȣȖȭ, ȟșȓȒ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȟȓșȖș Ȑ ǾȡȚȨțȖȭ30. ǽȞȓȒșȜȔȓțȎȠȎ
ȜȠ ǸȖȟȓșȜȐ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȟȨȐȝȎȒȎ ȟ ȒȎțțȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȖȕȠȜȥ-
țȖȤȖ, ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȘȜȖȠȜ ǮțȠȜț ȓ ȞȎȏȜȠȖș ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ ȜȠ 1851 ȒȜ
1858 ȑ. (Nikolova 2008, 427).
ǰ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȎȠȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȎȘȤȓțȠȖȞȎ țȎ ȠȨȞ-
ȑȜȐȤȖȠȓ Ȑ ǽȓȧȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȞȎȕȑȨȞțȎșȖ ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ Ȑ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ
XVIII Ȗ Ȑ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ. ǿȝȜȚȓțȎȐȎ ȟȓ ǲ. ȆȖȦȚȎțȜȐ Ȗ
țȓȑȜȐȎȠȎ ȢȖȞȚȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎșȎ „ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȜȠ 20 ȑȜȒ.“31 ǽȞȖ
ǲ. ȆȖȦȚȎțȜȐ ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎșȖ ȠȞȖȚȎȠȎ Țȡ ȝșȓȚȓțțȖȤȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ
274
țȎȝȡȟțȎșȖ ǽȓȧȎ ȟșȓȒ țȓȑȜȐȎȠȎ ȟȚȨȞȠ. ǳȒȖțȖȭȠ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȟȓ ȡȟ-
ȠȎțȜȐȖș Ȑ ȀȓȚȓȦȐȎȞ (Ȓț. ȀȖȚȖȦȜȎȞȎ) ȝȜȒ ȖȚȓȠȜ ȀȎțȎȟ
ȆȖȦȚȎț – ȏȎȧȎȠȎ țȎ Ȓ-Ȟ Ǯȟȓț Ȗ ǺȖȣȎȖș ȆȖȦȚȎțȜȐȖ. ǲȞȡ-
ȑȖȠȓ ȒȐȎȚȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȟȓșȖșȖ Ȑ ǿȐȖȧȜȐ, ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȟȨȕȒȎșȖ ȢȖȞȚȎ
„ǯȞȎȠȭ ȆȖȦȚȎțȜȐȖ“. ǳȒȖțȖȭȠ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȓ ȏȎȧȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȜȢ.
ȆȖȦȚȎțȜȐ32. ǼȥȓȐȖȒțȜ Ȑ ȟșȡȥȎȭ ȟȓ ȖȚȎȠ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒ ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ
ǳȚȎțȡȖșȜȐ ȆȖȦȚȎțȜȐ – ȏȎȧȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȜȢ. ǶȐȎț ȆȖȦȚȎțȜȐ Ȗ
ȏȞȎȠȨȠ țȎ ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ – ǮșȓȘȟȎțȒȨȞ ǳȚȎțȡȖșȜȐ ȆȖȦȚȎțȜȐ
(1812 – 1892) (ǿȞȎȐțȖ ȟ: Nikolova 2008, 442 – 444).
ǿșȓȒ ǸȞȖȚȟȘȎȠȎ ȐȜȗțȎ (1853 – 1856) țȜȐȜ ȝȜȘȜșȓțȖȓ
ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȎȥȖ ȟȓ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȖșȖ ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȕȎțȖȚȎȐȎȠ
ȟ „ȎșȨȦ-ȐȓȞȖȦ“. ȀȎȘȨȐ ȓ ǱȓȜȞȑȖ ǸȖȟȓșȜȐ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȝȨȞȐȜțȎ-
ȥȎșțȜ ȓ ȔȖȐȭș Ȗ ȞȎȏȜȠȖș Ȑ ǶȟȠȎțȏȡș. ǿȝȜȚȓțȎȐȎ ȟȓ Ȗ țȭȘȜȗ
ȟȖ ǱȓȦȜȐ – ȜȥȓȐȖȒțȜ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓș țȎ ȑȜșȭȚȎȠȎ ȘȎȞșȜȐȟȘȜ-
ȝșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȎ ȢȎȚȖșȖȭ ǱȓȦȜȐȖ (Statelova 1994). ǽȜ-ȟȓȠțȓ Ȗ
ȒȞȡȑȖ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȥȖȐȖ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ ȟȓ ȕȎȟȓșȖșȖ Ȑ ȟȠȜșȖȤȎȠȎ țȎ
ǮȐȟȠȞȖȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ/ǮȐȟȠȞȜ-ȁțȑȎȞȖȭ. ȀȎȘȖȐȎ ȟȎ ǿȎȐȎ
ǶșȖȓȐ, Ǯțȑȓș ǿȠȜȭțȜȐ ǴȎȏȜȐ, ǷȜȞȒȎț ǰȓțȘȜȐ, Ǯțȑȓș ȃ.
ȃȞȖȟȠȜȐ, ǻȖȘȜșȎ ǿ. ǸȜȐȎȥȓȐ Ȗ ȏȞȎȠ Țȡ ȍțȘȜ ǸȜȐȎȥȓȐ. ǿșȓȒ
ǿȐȖȧȜȐȟȘȜȠȜ ȟȨȕȎȘșȭȠȖȓ ȜȠ 1867 ȑ. ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ ȖȕȏȭȑȎșȖ ǱȞȖ-
ȑȜȞ ǲ. ǻȎȥȜȐȖȥ, ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ ǮțȓȐ ȟ ȏȞȎȠ ȟȖ ǮțȒȞȓȗ. ǽȜȟșȓȒțȜ
ȡȝȜȚȓțȎȠȖȠȓ șȖȥțȜȟȠȖ ȔȖȐȭșȖ ȠȎȚ ȒȜ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȟșȓȒ
ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȕȎȐȨȞțȎșȖ Ȑ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ33.
ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ǸȖȟȓșȜȐ, ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȠȞȎȑȖȥțȖȠȓ ȟȨȏȖȠȖȭ ȜȠ ȝȞȜ-
șȓȠȠȎ țȎ 1876 ȑ., ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ ȟȓ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȖșȖ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ ȏȨș-
ȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȓȚȖȑȞȎțȠȖ. ǿȞȓȒ Ƞȭȣ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȖ ǻ. ȃȞ. ǱȓȦȜȐ,
ȘȜȗȠȜ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȖ ȣȜȒȓș ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ ȝȜ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȖȭȠȎ ȟȖ ȟ ȏȡȏȓțȜ ȟȓ-
Țȓ. ǲȞȡȑ ȝȞȖȚȓȞ țȖ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭ Ǳ. ǽ. ǸȖȟȓșȜȐ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȓ ȜȠȐȜ-
ȞȖș ȘȎțȠȜȞȎ Ȑ ȄȬȞȖȣ. ǻȎȝȡȟțȎș ǰȖȓțȎ ȝȞȓȕ 1901 ȑ.34
ǶȕȠȨȘȐȎ ȟȓ ȠȓțȒȓțȤȖȭȠȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ ȜȠ ȀȞȎȘȖȭ ȝȜ-ȞȭȒȘȜ ȒȎ
ȝȜȟȓȧȎȐȎȠ ǰȖȓțȎ ȝȜ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȖ ȒȓșȎ. ȀȎȘȖȐȎ ȟȓ ǱȓȦȜȐ Ȗ Ȁȓ-
ȜȢȎț ǾȎȗțȜȐ ȜȠ ǸȎȞșȜȐȜ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȏȞȎȠȭȠȎ ǿȠȜȭț Ȗ ǱȓȜȞȑȖ
ǽȞȎțȥȜȐȖ ȜȠ ǸȜȝȞȖȐȧȖȤȎ Ȗ ȒȞ.35 ǰȨȝȞȜȟțȖȭȠ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓș
țȎ ȢȎȚȖșȖȭȠȎ ǱȓȦȜȐȖ ȏȖ ȟșȓȒȐȎșȜ ȒȎ ȓ ȃȞȖȟȠȜ ǲ. ǱȓȦȜȐ
(Statelova 1994; Roussev 2015, 487, 499 – 500). ȇȜ ȟȓ ȜȠțȎȟȭ
ȒȜ ȒȐȎȚȎȠȎ ȏȞȎȠȭ ǽȞȎțȥȜȐȖ, ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȎȠȎ Ȑ ȞȨȘȜȝȖȟȎ Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ǿȠȜȭț ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ Ȗ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȖ-
ȭȠȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȜȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȭȐȎ ȟ ȏȞȎȠ ȟȖ ǱȓȜȞȑȖ (ȘȜȗȠȜ ȔȖȐȭș Ȗ ȞȎ-
275
ȏȜȠȖș Ȑ ȑȞ. ǳȟȘȖȦȓȣȖȞ Ȑ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ), ȟȓ ȝȜȠȐȨȞȔ-
ȒȎȐȎ Ȗ ȜȠ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȖ ȖȕȠȜȥțȖȤȖ. ǿȝȜȚȓțȎȐȎ ȟȓ Ȗ
ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ǿȠȜȬ Ǳ. ǽȞȎțȥȜȐ – ȟȖț țȎ ǱȓȜȞȑȖ ǽȞȎțȥȜȐ, ȘȜȗȠȜ
ȟȨȧȜ ȟȓ ȐȘșȬȥȖș Ȑ ȒȓșȎȠȎ țȎ ȟȓȚȓȗțȎȠȎ ȢȖȞȚȎ (ȟȞȎȐțȖ ȟ:
Marinova 2021 ȟ ȤȖȠ. ȖȕȐȜȞȖ Ȗ șȖȠ.).
ǻȎ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ Ȑ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖȭ ȞȨȘȜȝȖȟ ȟȓ ȎȘȤȓțȠȖȞȎ ȐȨȞ-
ȣȡ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȎȥȖȠȓ ȜȠ ǺȎȘȓȒȜțȖȭ. ȀȐȨȞȒȖ ȟȓ, ȥȓ ȖȚȎșȜ ȟȎȚȜ
ȓȒțȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȢȖȞȚȎ – ȠȎȕȖ țȎ ȏȞȎȠȭ ǾȜȏȓȐȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȖȚȎșȖ
ȘșȜț ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ Ȗ ȟȓ ȝȖȦȓșȖ „Fratelli Rombi“36. ǼȟȐȓț ȠȜȐȎ ǸȖ-
ȟȓșȜȐ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȖȭȠ ȢȎȘȠ, ȥȓ ǾȜȏȓȐȖ ȏȖșȖ ȜȠ ǯȖȠȜșȭ, țȜ
ȟȎ ȞȜȒȜȚ ȜȠ ǼȣȞȖȒ (ȐȔ. ȟȨȧȜ: Roussev 2015, 501 – 504). ǿȝȜȞȓȒ
ǸȖȟȓșȜȐ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ ȜȠ ǺȎȘȓȒȜțȖȭ ȟȠȜȭșȖ ȝȜ-
Ȑȓȥȓ ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ ȝȞȓȕ ȓȟȓțȠȎ Ȗ ȕȖȚȎȠȎ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȝȜȞȨȥȐȎȠ Ȗ ȘȡȝȡȐȎȠ
ȟȠȜȘȎ. ǰ ȟȎȚȖȭ ȘȞȎȗ țȎ ȞȨȘȜȝȖȟȎ ȟȓ ȖȕȏȞȜȭȐȎȠ țȭȘȜȖ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖ-
ȓȚȎȥȖ ȜȠ ǰȓșȓȟ (ǲȞȎțȒȎȞȜȐȤȖ/ǲȞȎțȒȎȞȜȐȖ, ǸȡȦȜȐȤȖ, ȆȡșȓȐȖ,
ǸȎȞȎȚȢȖșȜȐȖ37) Ȗ ȜȠ ǽȞȖșȓȝ (ȃ. ǶșȖȓȐȖ, ȃ. ǽȜȝȜȐȖ)38 (ȟȞȎȐțȖ
ȟ: Chochkov 1929, 43; Traychev 1925, 73 – 74).
***
ǰ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȜȠȜ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȖȓ ȏȭȣȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȓȒȖ-

țȖȤȖ, Ȑ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ țȎȠȨȘȐȎȚȓ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȖ, ȕȎ
ȝȜ-ȚȎșȘȜ ȝȜȕțȎȠȖ ȖșȖ țȓȖȕȐȓȟȠțȖ ȒȜȟȓȑȎ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȖ
ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȎȥȖ. ǻȎȡȥȎȐȎȚȓ ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȜȟȠȖ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȝȞȜȢȓ-
ȟȖȜțȎșțȖȭ Ȗ ȔȖȠȓȗȟȘȖȭȠ ȖȚ ȝȨȠ. ǿȨȧȓȐȞȓȚȓțțȜ ȝȞȓȒ țȎȟ
ȖȕȝȨȘȐȎ ȓȒțȜ ȟȓșȖȧȓ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȐȝȓȥȎȠșȭȐȎ ȟȨȟ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȏȡȞțȜ
ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȜ Ȗ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȜ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ – ǿȐȖȧȜȐ. ǺȎȘȎȞ ȚțȜȑȜ ȒȎ
ȓ ȝȖȟȎțȜ ȕȎ ȒȡțȎȐȟȘȜȠȜ ȟȓșȖȧȓ, ȘȜȚȓțȠȖȞȎțȖȠȓ ȏȓșȓȔȘȖ ȏȖ-
ȣȎ ȣȐȨȞșȖșȖ Ȝȧȓ ȟȐȓȠșȖțȎ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȭȞȘȎȠȎ Țȡ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȎ
ȟȨȒȏȎ. ǻȎ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȜ, țȜ țȓ Ȗ ȝȜ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ, ȚȭȟȠȜ ȏȖȣ ȎȘȤȓțȠȖ-
ȞȎș ȐȨȞȣȡ ȕțȎȥȖȚȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȘȞȎȠȘȖȠȓ, țȜ șȬȏȜȝȖȠțȖ ȏȓșȓȔȘȖ
ȕȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ. ǽȜȟȜȥȓțȖȠȓ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ, ȟȨȥȓȠȎțȖ ȟ
ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ, ȖȕȐșȓȥȓțȎ ȜȠ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȖȕȐȜȞȖ, ȏȖȣȎ ȚȜȑșȖ ȒȎ
ȡȝșȨȠțȭȠ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȧȜȠȜ ȝȜȕțȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȟȨȧȓȐȞȓȚȓțțȜ ȒȎ ȒȎ-
ȒȎȠ țȎȟȜȘȖ ȕȎ ȒȜȝȨșțȖȠȓșțȖ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȖȭ.
276
1. ǽȖȟȚȜ ȜȠ ǰȎȞțȓțȟȘȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȜ-ȖțȒȡȟȠȞȖȎșțȎ
ȘȎȚȎȞȎ ȒȜ ǮȠȎțȎȟ ȆȜȝȜȐ, 15 ȚȎȞȠ 1916 ȑ.39
277
ǻǮ–ǯǮǻ, Ȣ. 41Ǹ, Ȝȝ.1, Ȏ.ȓ. 25
278
2. ǽȖȟȚȜ ȜȠ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȜ-ȖțȒȡȟȠȞȖȎșțȎ
ȘȎȚȎȞȎ ȒȜ ǮȠȎțȎȟ ȆȜȝȜȐ, ǿȜȢȖȭ, 28 ȎȝȞȖș 1916 ȑ.40
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4. ǽȎȘ ȠȎȚ, ș. 1.
5. ǽȎ-țȎȠȎȠȨȘ ȠȓȘȟȠȨȠ țȓ ȟȓ ȥȓȠȓ.
6. ǻǮ–ǯǮǻ, Ȣ. 41Ǹ, Ȝȝ.1, Ȏ.ȓ. 23, ș. 1.
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10. ǽȎȘ ȠȎȚ, Ȏ.ȓ. 24, ș.1.
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17. ǽȎȘ ȠȎȚ.
18. ǽȎȘ ȠȎȚ, Ȏ.ȓ. 26, ș. 1–4. ǾȨȘȜȝȖȟțȖȠȓ ȏȓșȓȔȘȖ ȟȎ ȜȕȎȑșȎȐȓțȖ
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26. ǽȎȘ ȠȎȚ, ș. 2.
27. ǽȎȘ ȠȎȚ, ș. 2–3.
28. ǽȎȘ ȠȎȚ, 3–4.
29. ǽȎȘ ȠȎȚ, ș. 4.
30. ǽȎȘ ȠȎȚ, ș. 4.
31. ǽȎȘ ȠȎȚ, ș. 4.
32. ǽȎȘ ȠȎȚ.
33. ǽȎȘ ȠȎȚ, ș. 5.
34. ǽȎȘ ȠȎȚ, ș. 6.
35. ǽȎȘ ȠȎȚ, ș. 7.
36. ǽȎȘ ȠȎȚ, ș. 8.
37. ǰȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȟȓ ȖȚȎ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒ ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ ǸȎȞȎȚȢȖșȜȐȖȥ (1839 –
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TSSII, Tom VI. Predpriemachestvoto vistoricheska
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ARCHIVAL MATERIALS ABOUT MERCHANTS

OF THE BULGARIAN NATIONAL REVIVAL PERIOD
IN THE FUND OF ATANAS SHOPOV PRESERVED
IN THE ARCHIVE OF THE BULGARIAN ACADEMY
OF SCIENCES (FUND 41K)
Abstract: The fund of Atanas Shopov (fund 41K) preserved in
the Archive of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences contains several
archival units, which provide important information about Bulgarian
merchants who lived during the National Revival period (19th
century).
Atanas Shopov himself recorded the memories of Ivan Grozev. In
the mentioned memories there is valuable information about some
traders and their commercial activity in Tarnovo, Svishtov and
Vienna.
Notes of the famous Bulgarian politician Grigor Nachovich to A.
Shopov from the beginning of 1916 provide information about
Svishtov. Some prominent local merchants and benefactors are
mentioned.
Even more curious is the information about the Bulgarian
merchants in Vienna, provided to Shopov by a certain Kiselov
(probably a representative of the entrepreneurial family Kiselov from
Tarnovo). It is pointed out that in addition to Istanbul and the fairs
in the Bulgarian lands, Bulgarian entrepreneurs have developed
284
their activities in Vienna. According to the author (Kiselov), as of the
1840s there were Bulgarian trade houses in the Austrian capital. In
the next part of the notes there is information about Bulgarian
traders living and operating in Pest in the late 18th and early 19th
centuries. After the Crimean War (1853 – 1856), other Bulgarian
entrepreneurs settled in Vienna. It is pointed out that the number of
merchants coming from the South Bulgarian lands (Thrace) to visit
Vienna was lesser. There was only one Bulgarian company from
Macedonia – the Robevi brothers, who had a branch in Vienna.
According to Kiselov, other Bulgarian traders from Macedonia stayed
longer in Vienna in the autumn to order and buy goods. There were
also some entrepreneurs from Veles and Prilep.
Keywords: archival materials, Bulgarian Revival period,
merchants, Svishtov, Tarnovo, Vienna.
Chief Assist. Prof. Ivaylo Naydenov, PhD
53, Shipchenski prohod, bl.17,1113 Sofia
E-mail address: ivo_ngdek@abv.bg
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8784-8300
Web of Science ID: AAW-3278-2021
ǾǶǻȄ Spin-ȘȜȒ ȎȐȠȜȞȎ: 7928-1730
285
ǲǼǸȁǺǳǻȀǶ Ƕ ǮǾȃǶȀǳǸȀȁǾǻǶ
ǽǹǮǻǼǰǳ ǻǮ ȄȈǾǸǰǶ
ǼȀ ǸǾǮȍ ǻǮ XIX Ƕ ǻǮȅǮǹǼȀǼ ǻǮ XX ǰǳǸ,
ǿȈȃǾǮǻȍǰǮǻǶ ǰ ǼǿǺǮǻǿǸǶȍ ǮǾȃǶǰ
ǰ ǶǿȀǮǻǯȁǹ
Ǳș. Ȏȟ. Ȓ-Ȟ ǿȠȓȢȎț ǲȖȚȖȠȞȜȐ

ǾȓȕȬȚȓ: ǰ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȜȠȜ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ ȐȨȕ ȜȟțȜȐȎ țȎ țȓȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎ-

țȖ ȜȟȚȎțȜȠȡȞȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȖ ȐȨȐ ȢȜțȒȜȐȓȠȓ “úrade
Adliye ve Mezahib”, “úrade Dahiliye” Ȗ “úrade Hariciye” țȎ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȖȭ
ȎȞȣȖȐ Ȑ ȑȞ. ǶȟȠȎțȏȡș, ȟȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖ Ȗ ȎțȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȖ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȜȠ
ȘȜșȓȘȠȖȐțȖ ȚȜșȏȖ, ȎȞȣȖȠȓȘȠȡȞțȖ ȝșȎțȜȐȓ Ȗ ȟȘȖȤȖ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȖ Ȗ ȘȎȚ-
ȏȎțȎȞȖȖ, ȝȜȟȠȞȜȓțȖ Ȑ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ XIX – țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ XX ȐȓȘ ȜȠ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟ-
ȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ Ȑ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȟȓșȖȧȎ.
ǼȟțȜȐțȎȠȎ Ȥȓș țȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓȠȜ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭȠ ȒȖȝșȜȚȎȠȖȘȜ-
ȝȎșȓȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖȠȓ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠȖ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ, ȚȜȠȖȐȖȠȓ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ-
ȠȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȝȜȝȞȎȐȘȎ ȖșȖ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓ țȜȐȖ ȤȨȞȘȐȖ Ȗ ȘȎȚȏȎțȎȞȖȖ
Ȗ ȖȕȠȜȥțȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ ȢȖțȎțȟȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȝȜȒȜȏȓț ȞȜȒ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ.
ǰ ȣȞȜțȜșȜȑȖȥȓț ȝȜȞȭȒȨȘ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȧȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭ, ȓ
ȕȎ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ȟȐ. ǸȖȞȖș Ȗ ǺȓȠȜȒȖȗ“ Ȑ ȟ. ǺȡȟȠ-
ȞȎȘ, Ȝȏȧ. ǿȐȖșȓțȑȞȎȒ, ȖȕȐȨȞȦȓțȜ Ȑ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ 1872 – 1873 ȑ.; ȖȕȑȞȎȔ-
ȒȎțȓȠȜ ȝȞȓȕ 1874 ȑ. țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȖȠȓ Ȑ ȟ. ǵȎȑȜȞȤȖ (Ȝȏȧ. ǻȜȐȎ ǵȎȑȜȞȎ), Ȑ
ȟȓșȜ ȃȎȢȠȎțȓ (Ȓț. ȟ. ǻȓȒȭșȟȘȜ, Ȝȏȧ. ǿȠȞȎșȒȔȎ), ȟȝȎȒȎȧȜ ȘȨȚ ȘȎȕȎ
ȍȚȏȜș, Ȑ ȑȞ. ǾȖșȎ (Ȝȏȧ. ǾȖșȎ), Ȑ ȟȓșȜ ǰȖȞȎȑȨ/ǲȨȞȎȘȨ (țȓȖȒȓțȠȖȢȖ-
ȤȖȞȎțȜ), ȟȝȎȒȎȧȜ ȘȨȚ ȘȎȕȎ ǸȨȕȨș ȎȑȎȥ, ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ȀȞȜȖȤȎ“ Ȑ ȟ.
ǸȎȠȡțȖȧȓ (Ȝȏȧ. ǸȜȠȓș); ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ Ȑ ȟ. ǲȖȘȓȎ (ȒȓȚ ǼȞȓȟȠȖȎȒȎ, ǱȨȞ-
ȤȖȭ), ȝȜȟȠȞȜȓțȎ ȝȞȓȕ 1888 ȑ.; ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ“ Ȗ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȓțȎȠȎ
ȘȨȚ țȓȭ ȘȎȚȏȎțȎȞȖȭ Ȑ ȑȞ. ǿȐȖșȓțȑȞȎȒ ȝȞȓȕ ȚȎȞȠ 1897 ȑ.
ǸșȬȥȜȐȖ ȒȡȚȖ: ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠȖ, ȎȞȣȖȠȓȘȠȡȞȓț ȝșȎț, ȤȨȞ-
ȘȐȎ, ȘȎȚȏȎțȎȞȖȭ, ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ.
286
ǸȎȠȜ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȖțȢȞȎȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȎȠȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȜȟȠ-
ȞȎțȟȠȐȜ ȤȨȞȘȐȖȠȓ Ȗ ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞȖȠȓ ȝȜȒȒȨȞȔȎȠ Ȗ ȡȘȞȓȝȐȎȠ Ȟȓ-
șȖȑȖȜȕțȎȠȎ Ȗ ȓȠțȖȥȓȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȒȓțȠȖȥțȜȟȠ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ Ȑ ȝȓȞȖ-
ȜȒȎ XV – XIX ȐȓȘ. ǰ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȜ ȐșȎȒȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ ȟȠȞȜ-
ȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ, ȝȜȒȒȨȞȔȎțȓȠȜ Ȗ ȐȨȕȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕ-
țȖ ȣȞȎȚȜȐȓ ȓ ȠȞȡȒȓț Ȗ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȖȠȓșȓț ȝȞȜȤȓȟ. ǱȜșȭȚȎ ȥȎȟȠ
ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȟȎ ȞȎȕȑȞȎȏȓțȖ Ȗ ȞȎȕȜȞȓțȖ, ȒȞȡȑȖ ȡțȖȧȜȔȓțȖ, ȕȎ ȒȎ
ȏȨȒȎȠ ȐȨȕȟȠȎțȜȐȓțȖ ȝȜ-ȘȨȟțȜ ȖșȖ ȖȕȑȞȎȒȓțȖ ȜȠțȜȐȜ. ǰȨȝȞȓ-
ȘȖ ȠȜȐȎ ȚȞȓȔȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȟȐȓȠȖ ȚȓȟȠȎ ȟȓ ȕȎȝȎȕȐȎ, Ȏ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ țȎ-
ȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȝȜșȎȑȎ ȑȞȖȔȖ ȕȎ țȓȗțȜȠȜ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȓ. ǰ ȝȞȜȒȨș-
ȔȓțȖȓ țȎ ȐȓȘȜȐȓ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚȨȠ ȕȎ ȞȓȔȖȚȎ, țȎ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȎ ȝȜȒșȜ-
ȔȓțȖ țȓȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȘȡșȠȜȐȖ ȟȑȞȎȒȖ, ȓ ȕțȎȥȖȚ, Ȏ țȓȑȜȐȜ-
ȠȜ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎ ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎțȓ țȎ ȞȓȎșțȜȠȜ ȝȜșȜȔȓțȖȓ
țȎ țȓȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȠȓȣțȖȭ ȟȠȞȓȚȓȔ ȕȎ ȝȜȝȞȎȐȘȎ ȖșȖ Ȗȕȑ-
ȞȎȔȒȎțȓ țȎ țȜȐȖ ȚȜșȖȠȐȓțȖ ȒȜȚȜȐȓ (Georgieva 1999, 291 –
298; Gradeva 2008, 126 – 127).
ǿȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ țȜȐȖ ȖșȖ ȞȓȚȜțȠ țȎ Ȑȓȥȓ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡ-
ȐȎȧȖ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȖ ȣȞȎȚȜȐȓ ȝȞȓȕ ȓȝȜȣȎȠȎ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȜ ȐșȎȒȖ-
ȥȓȟȠȐȜ ȓ ȠȓȚȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȝȞȖȐșȖȥȎ Ȑȟȓ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟȎ țȎ ȞȓȒȖ-
ȤȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȖ. ǽȞȜȡȥȓțȖ Ȗ ȎțȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȖ ȟȎ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȘȎ-
ȕȡȟȖ, ȕȎȟȭȑȎȧȖ ȔȓșȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ țȓȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ
ȒȎ ȝȜșȡȥȖ ȞȎȕȞȓȦȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ
ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ȖșȖ ȝȜȝȞȎȐȘȎ țȎ ȘȡșȠȜȐȖ ȟȑȞȎȒȖ, ȘȎȘȠȜ țȎ
ǯȎșȘȎțȖȠȓ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ Ȑ ǺȎșȎ ǮȕȖȭ; ȟȨȏȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȖ-
Ƞȓ ȢȖțȎțȟȜȐȖ ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎ ȖșȖ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȚȎȗȟȠȜȞȖ Ȗ ȞȎ-
ȏȜȠțȎ ȞȨȘȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎ ȖȕȐȨȞȦȎȠ ȟȠȞȜȓȔȎ/ȝȜȝȞȎȐȘȎȠȎ. ǻȓȜȏȣȜ-
ȒȖȚȜ ȓ ȒȎ ȜȠȏȓșȓȔȖȚ, ȥȓ Ȑ țȭȘȜȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ țȎȞȓȒ ȟ ȒȜȘȡ-
ȚȓțȠȎȤȖȭȠȎ, ȟȨȝȨȠȟȠȐȎȧȎ ȟȠȞȜȓȔȎ ȖșȖ ȞȓȘȜțȟȠȞȡȘȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ
ȣȞȎȚȎ, ȓ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎț Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȠȓȘȠȡȞțȖȭȠ ȝșȎț țȎ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȎȠȎ
ȤȨȞȘȐȎ Ȗ ȟȘȖȤȖ țȎ țȭȘȜȭ ȜȠ ȢȎȟȎȒȖȠȓ ȖЉ (Gradeva 1994, 14 –
35; Gradeva 2006, 203 – 237; Gradeva 2008, 126 – 163;
Gradeva 2010, 47 – 80; Kenderova 2004, 308 – 316; Manolova-
Nikolova 2012, 104 – 114; Manolova-Nikolova 2016; Marinov
2020, 93 – 103; Rusev & Kovachev 2011; Shivarov 2018, 119 –
142; Tanyeri-Erdemir 2018, 71 – 93; Todorova 1997; Wharton
2015, 317 – 354, 440 – 447).
ǻȓȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȖ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȖ ȐȨȐ
ȢȜțȒȜȐȓȠȓ “úrade Adliye ve Mezahib”, “úrade Dahiliye” Ȗ “úrade
287
Hariciye” ȘȨȚ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȖȭ ȎȞȣȖȐ (Baübakanlık Osmanlı Arüivi)
Ȑ ȑȞ. ǶȟȠȎțȏȡș, ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȠ Ȝȧȓ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȜȠțȜȟțȜ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠ-
ȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȖ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȟȠȐȜ Ȗ ȠȓȣțȖ ȎȞȣȖȠȓȘ-
ȠȡȞțȖ ȝșȎțȜȐȓ1. ǰ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȜȠȜ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȓ ȟȖ ȝȜȟȠȎȐȭȚȓ ȕȎ Ȥȓș
ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭȠ ȒȖȝșȜȚȎȠȖȘȜ-ȝȎșȓȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖȠȓ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠȖ țȎ
ȠȓȕȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȚȜȠȖȐȖȠȓ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȝȜȝ-
ȞȎȐȘȎ ȖșȖ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓ țȜȐȖ ȤȨȞȘȐȖ Ȗ ȘȎȚȏȎțȎȞȖȖ Ȗ ȖȕȠȜȥ-
țȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ ȢȖțȎțȟȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȝȜȒȜȏȓț ȞȜȒ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȖ.
ǶȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖ ȣȞȎȚȜȐȓ ȜȠ țȓȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟ-
ȘȖȠȓ ȝȜȒȎțȖȤȖ Ȑ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ ȟȓ ȜȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȭȐȎ Ȑ
ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ țȎ ȟȠȞȜȑȜ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȎ ȝȞȜȤȓȒȡȞȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȓ ȞȎȕșȖȥȎ-
ȐȎ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȓțȜ ȝȞȓȕ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖȠȓ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖ. ǽȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȡȝ-
ȞȎȐșȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȡșȠȎț ǺȎȣȚȡȒ II (1808 – 1839) ȟȓ țȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎ
ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȑȜșȭȚ ȏȞȜȗ ȞȎȕȞȓȦȖȠȓșțȖ ȕȎ ȟȠȞȜȓȔ țȎ țȜȐȖ
ȤȨȞȘȐȖ ȖșȖ ȝȜȝȞȎȐȘȎ țȎ Ȑȓȥȓ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȧȖ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȖ
ȣȞȎȚȜȐȓ Ȑ ȝȞȜȐȖțȤȖȭ ǾȡȚȓșȖȭ. ȀȎȕȖ ȠȓțȒȓțȤȖȭ ȟȓ ȕȎȝȎȕȐȎ Ȗ
ȝȞȖ ȟȡșȠȎț ǮȏȒȡș ǺȓȒȔȖȒ I (1839 – 1861) Ȗ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ ȟșȓȒ
ȝȞȜȐȨȕȑșȎȟȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȃȎȠ-Ȗ ȣȡȚȎȬțȎ ȝȞȓȕ 1856 ȑ., ȘȜȗȠȜ
ȐȘșȬȥȐȎ Ȗ ȝȞȎȐțȎȠȎ ȞȎȚȘȎ ȕȎ ȟȠȞȜȓȔ ȖșȖ ȞȓȚȜțȠ țȎ ȣȞȖȟȠȖ-
ȭțȟȘȖ ȣȞȎȚȜȐȓ. ǰȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȜȏșȓȘȥȓțȖȭȠȎ ȜȏȎȥȓ, ȒȓȟȓȠȖșȓȠȖȭ
ȟșȓȒ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ ȀȎțȕȖȚȎȠȎ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ Ȗ ȞȓȚȜțȠȨȠ țȎ
ȤȨȞȘȐȖ ȟȠȎȐȎȠ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȖ ȓȒȐȎ ȟșȓȒ ȠȓȔȘȎ, ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȖȠȓșțȎ
ȏȬȞȜȘȞȎȠȖȥțȎ ȝȞȜȤȓȒȡȞȎ Ȗ ȝȜșȡȥȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȎ ȏșȎ-
ȑȜȟșȜȐȖȭ (Gradeva 2008, 126 – 160; Manolova-Nikolova 2016;
Marinov 2020, 93 – 94; Shivarov 2018, 119 – 120).
ǿȞȓȒ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎȚ, țȎȗ-ȞȎțțȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȜȠ
23 ȬșȖ 1872 ȑ. Ȁȓ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȠ ȘȜȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȤȖȭ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȜȏȣȐȎȧȎ
ȤȭșȎȠȎ ȝȞȜȤȓȒȡȞȎ – ȜȠ ȖȕȝȞȎȧȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȚȜșȏȎ ȜȠ ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ ȒȜ ȟȨȟȠȎȐȭțȓȠȜ țȎ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ȐȓșȖ-
ȘȖȭ ȐȓȕȖȞ (ȠȓȕȘȓȞȓ), țȎ ȥȖȭȠȜ ȏȎȕȎ ȓ ȖȕȒȎȒȓț Ȗ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖ
ȢȓȞȚȎț, ȞȎȕȞȓȦȎȐȎȧ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ țȜȐȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ. ȀȞȭȏȐȎ
ȒȎ ȝȜȟȜȥȖȚ, ȥȓ ȢȓȞȚȎțȨȠ țȓ ȓ ȐȘșȬȥȓț Ȑ ȝȞȓȝȖȟȘȎȠȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȓ
ȜȏȧȜ ȝȓȠ șȖȟȠȎ, ȖȕȝȖȟȎțȖ țȎ ȝȖȟȚȎȠȎ ȒȖȐȎțȖ Ȗ ȖțȒȔȓ ȒȖȐȎ-
țȖ, ȘȎȠȜ țȎ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȓ ȝȜȚȓȟȠȓț Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȠȓȘȠȡȞȓț ȝșȎț țȎ
țȜȐȖȭ ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕȓț ȣȞȎȚ2.
ȀȓȕȖ ȝȖȟȚȓțȖ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȟȓ ȜȠțȎȟȭȠ ȕȎ ȟȓșȜ ǻȡȟȞȓȠșȬ3,
ȘȜȓȠȜ ȝȞȓȕ 70-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ ȟȝȎȒȎ ȘȨȚ ȘȎȕȎ ǸȨȕȨș
ȎȑȎȥ4, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȓ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȟȎțȒȔȎȘȎ ǼȒȞȖț. ǰ ȚȜșȏȎȠȎ țȎ ȔȖȠȓ-
288
șȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȠȜȠȜ ȟȓșȜ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ, ȥȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓ-
țȖȓ țȓ ȞȎȕȝȜșȎȑȎ ȟ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ Ȗ ȚȜșȖ ȒȎ Țȡ ȏȨȒȓ ȞȎȕȞȓȦȓțȜ ȒȎ
ȖȕȑȞȎȒȖ ȠȎȘȎȐȎ, ȘȎȠȜ ȕȎ ȟȠȞȜȓȔȎ ȖЉ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȖ ȝȎ-
ȞȖȠȓ, ȝȜșȡȥȓțȖ ȜȠ ȝȞȜȒȎȔȏȎȠȎ țȎ țȖȐȎ ȟ ȝșȜȧ ȜȠ ȒȐȎ ȒȪȜțȬ-
ȚȎ5, ȝȞȖȏșȖȕȖȠȓșțȜ 2 ȒȘȎ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ 20 ȒȪȜțȬȚȎ ȝȎȟȖȧȎ, ȝȞȖ-
țȎȒșȓȔȎȧȖ țȎ țȭȘȜȗ ȟȖ ȃȞȖȟȠȜ. ǲȜȝȨșțȖȠȓșțȜ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ,
ȥȓ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȓ ȟ ȓȒțȎ ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȐȞȎȠȎ. ǽȞȎȐȖ ȐȝȓȥȎȠșȓ-
țȖȓ, ȥȓ ȚȜșȏȎȠȎ ȓ ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȓțȎ ȜȠ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȑȞȨȤ-
ȘȎȠȎ Ȗ ȎȞȚȓțȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȟȓșȜȠȜ6.
ǻȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖȭ ȎȞȣȖȠȓȘȠȡȞȓț ȝșȎț ȓ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȎțȜ Țȭȟ-
ȠȜȠȜ țȎ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȝȞȜȕȜȞȤȖ, ȘȜșȜțȖ Ȗ ȐȞȎȠȖ7. ȄȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ ȓ ȕȎȝȎ-
ȕȓțȎ Ȑ țȎȦȖ ȒțȖ Ȗ țȜȟȖ ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȐȓȠȖȠȓ ȏȞȎȠȭ – „ǸȖȞȖș Ȗ
ǺȓȠȜȒȖȗ“.
ǿșȓȒȐȎȧȎȠȎ ȝȜȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȜȠ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ țȜȟȖ ȘȞȎȗțȎ ȒȎȠȎ 26
ȬțȖ 1874 ȑ. Ȗ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎ ȜȠțȜȐȜ ȘȜșȓȘȠȖȐțȖ ȚȜșȏȖ (Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȠȓȘ-
ȠȡȞțȖ ȝșȎțȜȐȓ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȖ), ȜȠȝȞȎȐȓțȖ ȒȜ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ Ȑ
ǶȟȠȎțȏȡș, Ȑ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȖȕȞȎȕȭȐȎ ȔȓșȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ
ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȖȠȓ țȎȟȓșȓțȖ ȚȓȟȠȎ ȕȎ ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȞȎȕ-
ȞȓȦȖȠȓșțȜ ȕȎ ȟȠȞȜȓȔ ȖșȖ ȝȜȝȞȎȐȘȎ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ8. ȄȭșȎȠȎ ȘȜ-
ȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȤȖȭ ȓ ȟ Ȝȏȧ ȜȏȓȚ ȜȠ 27 șȖȟȠȎ, ȖȕȝȖȟȎțȖ țȎ ȝȖȟȚȎȠȎ
ȒȖȐȎțȖ Ȗ ȖțȒȔȓ ȒȖȐȎțȖ, Ȗ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȟȠȞȜȖ-
ȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȖ ȣȞȎȚȜȐȓ Ȑ ȝȓȠ ȟȓșȖȧȎ, țȎȚȖȞȎȧȖ
ȟȓ Ȑ ȒțȓȦțȖȠȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȕȓȚȖ. ȀȜȐȎ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȜȏȓȒȖțȭȐȎ ȠȓȕȖ
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, țȓ ȓ ȞȓȑȖȜțȎșțȖȭȠ ȝȞȖțȤȖȝ, Ȏ ȝȜ-ȟȘȜȞȜ ȒȎȠȎȠȎ,
țȎ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȓ ȟȨȟȠȎȐȓțȜ ȐȓȕȖȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȠȓȕȘȓȞȓ. ǲȜȝȡȟȘȎȚ, ȥȓ ȠȜȐȎ ȓ
Ȗ ȜȟțȜȐțȎȠȎ ȝȞȖȥȖțȎ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȠȓȕȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ Ȝȏȓ-
ȒȖțȓțȖ Ȑ ȓȒțȎ ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȎȞȣȖȐțȎ ȓȒȖțȖȤȎ.
ǽȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȚȜșȏȎ ȟȓ ȜȠțȎȟȭ ȕȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ Ȑ ȟȓșȜ ȀȜȞșȎȘ ȚȎ-
ȣȎșȓ9. ǰ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ ȝȞȓȕ ȐȠȜȞȎȠȎ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎ
țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ ȟȓșȜȠȜ ȟȝȎȒȎ ȘȨȚ ȘȎȕȎ ǵȎȑȞȎ-Ȗ ǲȔȓȒȖȒ10, ȟȝȎȒȎȧȎ
ȘȨȚ ȟȎțȒȔȎȘȎ ǶȟșȖȚȖȓ11. ǰ ȘȜșȓȘȠȖȐțȎȠȎ ȚȜșȏȎ, ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȓ-
țȎ ȜȠțȜȐȜ ȜȠ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȑȞȨȤȘȎȠȎ Ȗ ȎȞȚȓțȟȘȎȠȎ Ȝȏ-
ȧțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȟȓșȜȠȜ, ȟȎ ȜȝȖȟȎțȖ ȠȜȥțȖȠȓ ȞȎȕȚȓȞȖ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ,
ȏȞȜȭȠ țȎ ȝȞȜȕȜȞȤȖȠȓ Ȗ ȘȜșȜțȖȠȓ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȨȠ, ȜȠ
ȘȜȗȠȜ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȓ ȖȕȑȞȎȒȓțȎ12.
ǲȞȡȑȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ, ȝȜȟȠȞȜȓțȎ ȜȠ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ ȝȞȓȕ
1874 ȑ., ȓ ȠȎȕȖ Ȑ ȟȓșȜ ȃȎȢȠȎțȓ13, ȟȝȎȒȎȧȜ ȘȨȚ ȘȎȕȎ ȍȚȏȜș14.
ǰ ȘȜșȓȘȠȖȐțȎȠȎ ȚȜșȏȎ, ȜȠțȎȟȭȧȎ ȟȓ ȕȎ țȓȭ, ȝȜȒȜȏțȜ Ȗ țȎ
289
ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȠȖȠȓ ȝȜ-ȞȎțȜ ȝȞȖ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ ȟȓșȖȧȎ, ȟȓ ȖȕȞȎȕȭȐȎ Ȕȓ-
șȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ ȒȎ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȖ ȣȞȎȚ Ȑ ȟȓșȜȠȜ ȟ
ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȜ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖ ȝȎȞȎȚȓȠȞȖ. ǶțȠȓȞȓȟțȜȠȜ Ȑ ȠȜȕȖ ȟșȡȥȎȗ
ȟȎ țȎȒȝȖȟȖȠȓ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȝȞȖȟȨȟȠȐȎȠ Ȑ ȎȞȣȖ-
ȠȓȘȠȡȞțȖȭ ȝșȎț țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ15. ȀȎȚ, ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȓ ȜȥȓȞȠȎțȜ Ȝș-
ȠȎȞțȜȠȜ ȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȟȠȐȜ, ȓ ȝȜȚȓȟȠȓț ȠȓȘȟȠ, Ȑ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȎ ȜȝȖȟȎțȖ
ȞȎȕȚȓȞȖȠȓ țȎ ȜșȠȎȞȎ, Ȏ ȖȚȓțțȜ „12 ȎȞȦȖțȎ ȦȖȞȜȥȖțȎ Ȗ 3
ȎȞȦȖțȎ ȒȨșȔȖțȎ“. ǰȝȜȟșȓȒȟȠȐȖȓ Ȑ ȜȥȓȞȠȎțȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȐȨȠȞȓȦ-
țȜȠȜ ȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȟȠȐȜ ȓ ȕȎȝȖȟȎțȜ 16 ȎȞȦȖțȎ, ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȒȨșȔȖ-
țȎȠȎ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ, Ȗ 12 ȎȞȦȖțȎ ȦȖȞȖțȎ. ǵȎ ȝȞȓȒȒȐȓȞȖȓȠȜ ȓ
ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȜ, ȥȓ ȧȓ ȓ ȟ ȒȨșȔȖțȎ 16 ȎȞȦȖțȎ Ȗ ȦȖȞȜȥȖțȎ 5 ȎȞ-
ȦȖțȎ. ǽȞȖȓȚȎȗȘȖ, ȥȓ ȓȒȖț ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȓț ȎȞȦȖț ȓ ȞȎȐȓț ȝȞȖȏ-
șȖȕȖȠȓșțȜ țȎ 0,758 Ț (Redhouse 1987, 68), ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎȚȓ, ȥȓ
ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ ȝȜ ȝșȎț ȓ ȟ ȜȏȧȎ ȒȨșȔȖțȎ ȜȘȜșȜ 24 Ț, ȦȖȞȖțȎ țȎ
ȐȨȠȞȓȦțȜȠȜ ȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȟȠȐȜ ȜȘȜșȜ 9 Ț, Ȏ țȎ ȝȞȓȒȒȐȓȞȖȓȠȜ ȜȘȜșȜ
3,5 Ț. ǰ țȓȝȜȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȓțȎ ȏșȖȕȜȟȠ ȒȜ ȎȞȣȖȠȓȘȠȡȞțȖȭ ȝșȎț țȎ
ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ ȓ ȝȜȚȓȟȠȓțȎ Ȗ ȟȘȖȤȎ țȎ ȕȎȝȎȒțȎȠȎ Ȗ țȎ ȬȔțȎȠȎ
ȖșȖ ȟȓȐȓȞțȎȠȎ ȖЉ ȥȎȟȠ16. ǿșȓȒ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȣȞȎȚȎ ȚȓȟȠ-
țȖȠȓ ȔȖȠȓșȖ ȑȜ ȝȜȟȐȓȧȎȐȎȠ țȎ ǿȐȓȠȎ ȀȞȜȖȤȎ. ȄȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ ȝȞȜ-
ȒȨșȔȎȐȎ ȒȎ ȢȡțȘȤȖȜțȖȞȎ Ȗ ȒȜ Ȓțȓȟ ȘȎȠȜ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ țȎȗ-
ȟȠȎȞȖȠȓ ȖȕȠȜȥțȜȝȞȎȐȜȟșȎȐțȖ ȣȞȎȚȜȐȓ Ȑ ȍȚȏȜșȟȘȎ ȜȏșȎȟȠ.
ǽȞȓȕ 1874 ȑ. ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȟȓșȜ ǾȖșȓ17, ȟȝȎȒȎȧȜ
ȘȨȚ ȘȎȕȎ ǲȡȝțȖȤȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȓ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ǿȜȢȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȟȎțȒȔȎȘ, ȜȠȝ-
ȞȎȐȭ ȘȜșȓȘȠȖȐțȎ ȚȜșȏȎ ȕȎ ȐȨȕȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ Ȑ
ȚȎȣȎșȎ ǶȐȞȎțȭ18. ǰ ȚȜșȏȎȠȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ, ȥȓ ȟȠȎȞȎȠȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟ-
ȘȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ Ȑ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȠȎȠȎ ȚȎȣȎșȎ ȟȓ ȞȡȦȖ Ȗ ȖȚȎ ȜȝȎȟțȜȟȠ ȒȎ
ȟȠȎțȓ țȓȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎȓȚȎ. ǽȜ ȠȎȕȖ ȝȞȖȥȖțȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȝȞȎȐȭ ȖȟȘȎțȓ ȕȎ
ȝȜșȡȥȎȐȎțȓ ȝȞȎȐȜ ȕȎ ȝȜȝȞȎȐȘȎ țȎ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȧȖȭ Ȑȓȥȓ ȣȞȎȚ.
ǽȜȚȓȟȠȓțȎ ȓ ȟȘȖȤȎ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ19, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȒȎȐȎ ȜȟțȜȐȎțȖȓ ȒȎ
ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȝȜșȜȔȖ, ȥȓ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȟȓ ȜȠțȎȟȭȠ ȕȎ
ȝȜȝȞȎȐȘȎ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ǮȞȣȎțȑȓș ǺȖȣȎȖș“, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȒȎȠȖȞȎ
ȜȠ ȓȝȜȣȎȠȎ țȎ ǰȠȜȞȜȠȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜ ȤȎȞȟȠȐȜ Ȗ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȎȐȎ ȒȎ
ȢȡțȘȤȖȜțȖȞȎ Ȗ Ȑ țȎȦȖ ȒțȖ.
ǲȞȡȑȖȠȓ ȎȞȣȖȠȓȘȠȡȞțȖ ȝșȎțȜȐȓ, ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȖ Ȑ ȠȎȕȖ ȎȞ-
ȣȖȐțȎ ȓȒȖțȖȤȎ, ȟȎ ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟȨȟ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ ȜȠ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȟȓșȜ ǰȖȞȎȑȨ/ǲȨȞȎȘȨ20, ȟȝȎȒȎȧȜ
ȘȨȚ ȘȎȕȎ ǸȨȕȨșȎȑȎȥ21, Ȗ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ȀȞȜȖȤȎ“ Ȑ ȟȓșȜ
ǸȎȠȡțȖțȒȔȓ22, ȟȝȎȒȎȧȜ ȘȨȚ ȘȎȕȎ ǶȟșȖȚȖȓ23. ǵȎ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȜȠȜ
290
ȟȓșȜ ȖȚȎ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ Ȝȧȓ ȜȠ 1529 ȑ. ȀȜȑȎȐȎ Ȑ țȓȑȜ ȟȎ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖ-
ȞȎțȖ 22-ȚȎ ȐȜȗțȡȤȖ Ȗ 11 ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȖ ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ. ǸȨȚ
ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ țȎ XVI ȐȓȘ ȏȞȜȭȠ țȎ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎțȖȠȓ ȐȜȗțȡȤȖ ȟȓ ȝȜ-
țȖȔȎȐȎ țȎ 17, Ȏ ȜȏȧȖȭȠ ȏȞȜȗ țȎ ȕȎȝȖȟȎțȖȠȓ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȟȘȖ
ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ ȟȓ ȕȎȝȎȕȐȎ țȓȝȞȜȚȓțȓț. ǼȠȏȓșȭȕȎțȖ ȟȎ Ȗ ȒȐȎȚȎ
țȓȔȓțȓțȖ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖ (Yordanov 2020, 47 – 51).
ǻȎ 19 ȜȘȠȜȚȐȞȖ 1887 ȑ.24 Ȗ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȟ. ǸȎ-
ȒȨ25 ȜȠȝȞȎȐȭ ȘȜșȓȘȠȖȐțȎ ȚȜșȏȎ ȕȎ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜ țȎ țȜȐȎ ȤȨȞ-
ȘȐȎ. ǸȜȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȤȖȭȠȎ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȚȓȟȠțȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ Ȗ ȐșȎȟȠȖ-
Ƞȓ Ȑ ǶȟȠȎțȏȡș ȓ ȟ Ȝȏȧ ȜȏȓȚ ȜȠ ȦȓȟȠ șȖȟȠȎ, ȖȕȝȖȟȎțȖ țȎ ȝȖȟ-
ȚȎȠȎ ȒȖȐȎțȖ Ȗ ȖțȒȔȓ ȒȖȐȎțȖ, Ȗ ȜȟȐȓț ȚȜșȏȎȠȎ țȎ ȚȓȟȠțȜȠȜ
țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎ ȟȨȧȜ ȎȞȣȖȠȓȘȠȡȞȓț ȝșȎț țȎ ȏȨȒȓȧȎȠȎ
ȤȨȞȘȐȎ26 ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȟȓșȜ ǸȎȒȨ, ȟȝȎȒȎȧȜ ȘȨȚ
țȎȣȖȭ ȅȖȞȚȓț27, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȓ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȘȎȕȎ ǺȡȟȠȎȢȎ ȝȎȦȎ28 ȘȨȚ
ǼȒȞȖțȟȘȖȭ ȟȎțȒȔȎȘ, ȜȠȝȞȎȐȭ ȖȟȘȎțȓ ȕȎ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓ țȎ țȜȐȎ
ȤȨȞȘȐȎ ȐȨȕ ȜȟțȜȐȎ țȎ ȢȎȘȠȎ, ȥȓ ȑȞȨȤȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȟȓșȜȠȜ
ȖȚȎ ȜȠȒȓșȓț ȣȞȎȚ – ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ“, ȟȨȟ ȟȐȜȗ ȟȐȓ-
ȧȓțȖȘ, Ȏ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ țȭȚȎ Ȗ ȟȓ țȎșȎȑȎ ȒȎ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎ ȑȞȨȤȘȎ-
ȠȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ ȕȎ șȖȠȡȞȑȖȥțȖ țȡȔȒȖ. ǲȜȝȨșȐȎ ȟȓ, ȥȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ
țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȟȓșȜȠȜ ȓ ȝȜȒ ȒȡȣȜȐțȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ țȎ ǸȜțȟȠȎțȠȖțȜ-
ȝȜșȟȘȖȭ ȝȎȠȞȖȎȞȣ. ǾȎȕȞȓȦȖȠȓșțȜȠȜ ȕȎ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜ țȎ țȜȐȎ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ Ȑ ȟȓșȜȠȜ ȓ ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȜ țȎ 26 ȎȝȞȖș 1888 ȑ.29
ǽȜȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ ȝșȎțȜȐȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȧȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭ, ȟȎ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ-
ȠȎ „ǿȐ. ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ“ Ȑ ȑȞ. ǿȐȖșȓțȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȘȎȚȏȎțȎȞȖȭȠȎ ȘȨȚ țȓȭ
Ȗ țȎ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȘȎȚȏȎțȎȞȖȭ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ, țȜȟȓȧȎ ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȨȧȖȭ
ȟȐȓȠȓȤ, Ȑ ȟ. ǹȓȐȘȎ, Ȝȏȧ. ǿȐȖșȓțȑȞȎȒ.
ǿȐȓȒȓțȖȭȠȎ ȕȎ ȑȜȒȖțȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ
„ǿȐ. ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ“ Ȑ ȚȎȣȎșȎ ǯȎȭțȒȨȞ ȟȎ ȠȐȨȞȒȓ ȜȟȘȨȒțȖ Ȗ ȝȞȜ-
ȠȖȐȜȞȓȥȖȐȖ. ǶȕȐȓȟȠțȜ ȓ, ȥȓ Ƞȭ ȓ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȓțȎ ȝȞȓȕ 1900 ȑ., ȘȜȑȎ-
ȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȟȓȒȎȠȓș țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȜ-ȡȥȖșȖȧțȎ ȜȏȧȖțȎ
Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ ȓ ȝȜȝ ǿȠȜȗȘȜ (Razboynikov & Razboynikov 1990, 226).
ǽȨȞȐȖȭȠ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ țȜȟȖ ȒȎȠȎ 16 ȚȎȞȠ 1897 ȑ. Ȗ Ȑ țȓȑȜ ȟȓ
țȎȝȜȚțȭ, ȥȓ țȎ 22 ȭțȡȎȞȖ 1897 ȑ.30 ȜȠ ȟȠȞȎțȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ
ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȚȎȣȎșȎȠȎ ǯȎȭțȒȨȞ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȥȓȠȜ ǺȡȟȠȎȢȎ ȝȎȦȎ31 ȓ
ȝȜȒȎȒȓțȎ ȚȜșȏȎ ȕȎ ȞȎȕȞȓȦȎȐȎțȓ ȝȞȎȐȜ țȎ ȟȠȞȜȓȔ țȎ țȜȐȎ
ȤȨȞȘȐȎ32. ǽȜ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȎ ȓ țȎȝȞȎȐȓțȜ țȡȔțȜȠȜ Ȗ ȜȠ ȐȖșȎȓȠȟȘȜȠȜ
ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ ȓ ȝȞȖȟȠȖȑțȎș ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜș Ȗ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȎȠȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓț-
ȠȎȤȖȭ. ǽȜȟȜȥȐȎ ȟȓ, ȥȓ ȟȠȞȜȓȔȨȠ țȭȚȎ ȒȎ ȝȞȖȥȖțȖ țȖȘȎȘȐȖ
291
ȞȖȟȘȜȐȓ Ȗ țȓȒȜȞȎȕȡȚȓțȖȭ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȜȖ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȐȨȝ-
ȞȜȟȎ Ȑ ǮȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȜȠȜ ȜȠȒȓșȓțȖȓ țȎ ǿȡșȠȎțȟȘȖȭ ȟȨȐȓȠ.
ǽȞȖ ȝȜ-țȎȠȎȠȨȦțȜȠȜ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ, ȥȓ Ȑ
ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȠȎȠȎ ȚȎȣȎșȎ ȖȚȎ 277 ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ, ȔȖȠȓ-
șȖȠȓ ȖЉ țȎȏȞȜȭȐȎȠ 1 244 ȒȡȦȖ ȚȨȔȓ Ȗ ȔȓțȖ Ȗ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ-
ȖȟȠȖțȎ ȖȕȝȖȠȐȎ țȡȔȒȎ ȜȠ ȟȎȚȜȟȠȜȭȠȓșțȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ. ǽȞȓȒșȎȑȎ ȟȓ
ȞȎȕȚȓȞȖȠȓ țȎ ȣȞȎȚȎ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ: 19 ½ Ț – ȒȨșȔȖțȎ, 12 Ț – ȦȖ-
ȞȜȥȖțȎ, Ȗ 7 Ț – ȐȖȟȜȥȖțȎ, Ȏ ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎȠȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ țȎȏȎȐȭȠ ȜȠ ȟȠȞȎ-
țȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ33. ǰ ȒȜȝȨșțȓțȖȓ ȘȨȚ
ȠȓȕȖ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȟȎ ȝȞȖșȜȔȓțȖ ȎȞȣȖȠȓȘȠȡȞȓț ȝșȎț Ȗ ȟȘȖȤȎ țȎ
ȏȨȒȓȧȎȠȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ34. ǰ ȠȜȕȖ ȟșȡȥȎȗ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎ ȢȎȘ-
ȠȨȠ, ȥȓ ȞȎȕȚȓȞȖȠȓ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ ȟȎ ȕȎȝȖȟȎțȖ Ȑ ȚȓȠȞȖ, Ȏ țȓ Ȑ
ȎȞȦȖțȖ, ȘȎȘȠȜ ȝȞȖ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ.
ǰȨȝȞȜȟȨȠ ȕȎ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ ȓ ȞȎȕȑșȓȒȎț Ȑ
ǶȟȠȎțȏȡș Ȑ ȝȞȖȟȨȟȠȐȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȓȒȎȠȓșȭ țȎ ǿȡșȠȎțȟȘȖȭ
ȟȨȐȓȠ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎ ȒȓȐȓȠ ȥșȓțȜȐȓ. ǽȜțȓȔȓ ȝȜ-ȑȜșȭȚȎȠȎ
ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȝȓȥȎȠȖȠȓ țȎ ȥșȓțȜȐȓȠȓ țȎ ǿȨȐȓȠȎ țȓ ȟȎ ȥȓȠșȖȐȖ, ȚȜ-
Ȕȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȏȓșȓȔȖ, ȥȓ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȟȓȒȓȚ ȒȡȦȖ ȟȎ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȖ,
Ȏ ȒȐȎȚȎ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖ – ǱȎȐȞȖș ȝȎȦȎ Ȗ ǺȖȣȎșȎȘȖ ȓȢȓțȒȖ, ȘȜȖ-
ȠȜ ȜȏȎȥȓ țȓ ȟȎ ȝȜșȜȔȖșȖ ȟȐȜȖȠȓ ȝȓȥȎȠȖ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜșȎ35.
ǻȎ 30 ȚȎȞȠ 1897 ȑ.36 ȓ ȟȨȟȠȎȐȓțȜ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ (ȠȓȕȘȓȞȓ) țȎ
ȐȓșȖȘȖȭ ȐȓȕȖȞ ȃȎșȖș ǾȖȢȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ (1827 – 1901) ȝȜ ȝȜȐȜȒ Ȗȕȑ-
ȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȚȎȣȎșȎ ǯȎȭț-
ȒȨȞ Ȑ ȒțȓȦțȖȭ ǿȐȖșȓțȑȞȎȒ. ǰ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȖȝȜȚțȭȠ ȜȠțȜȐȜ
ȏȞȜȭȠ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ Ȑ ȚȎȣȎșȎȠȎ – 277 ȖșȖ ȜȏȧȜ
1 244 ȔȖȠȓșȖ (ȔȓțȖ Ȗ ȚȨȔȓ), ȞȎȕȚȓȞȖȠȓ țȎ ȣȞȎȚȎ Ȗ ȖȕȠȜȥțȖ-
ȘȨȠ țȎ ȢȖțȎțȟȖȞȎțȓ. ǰ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȝȜȒȥȓȞȠȎȐȎ, ȥȓ ȐȨȝȞȜ-
ȟȨȠ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȓ ȟȨȑșȎȟȡȐȎț ȟȨȟ ȕȎȖțȠȓȞȓȟȡȐȎțȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ, Ȗ ȟȓ
ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎ ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖ ȡȘȎȕ (ȖȞȎȒȓ) ȕȎ ȡȒȜȐșȓȠȐȜ-
ȞȭȐȎțȓ ȖȟȘȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȟȠȞȜȓȔ37.
ǰȟȠȞȎțȖ țȎ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ ȓ ȝȜȚȓȟȠȓțȎ ȞȓȕȜșȬȤȖȭȠȎ ȜȠ
ȑșȎȐțȖȭ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖ ȟȓȘȞȓȠȎȞ, ȟ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȠȜȗ ȡȐȓȒȜȚȭȐȎ ȐȓșȖȘȖȭ
ȐȓȕȖȞ, ȥȓ țȎ 7 ȎȝȞȖș 1897 ȑ.38 ȓ ȖȕȒȎȒȓț ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖ ȡȘȎȕ, ȞȎȕ-
ȞȓȦȎȐȎȧ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ Ȑ ȚȎȣȎșȎ ǯȎȭțȒȨȞ39.
ǿșȓȒ ȘȎȠȜ ȓ ȖȕȑȞȎȒȓțȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ, ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ XIX
ȖșȖ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ XX ȐȓȘ, țȎ 17 ȢȓȐȞȡȎȞȖ 1909 ȑ.40 ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠa
ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȚȎȣȎșȎȠȎ ȜȠȝȞȎȐȭ țȜȐȜ ȖȟȘȎțȓ, ȠȜȕȖ ȝȨȠ ȕȎ ȟȠȞȜȖ-
ȠȓșȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȘȎȚȏȎțȎȞȖȭ ȘȨȚ Ȑȓȥȓ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȧȎȠȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ41. ǰ
292
ȚȜșȏȎȠȎ ȟȓ țȎȝȜȚțȭ, ȥȓ țȎ 16 țȜȓȚȐȞȖ 1908 ȑ.42 ȜȠ ȟȠȞȎțȎ țȎ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȚȎȣȎșȎȠȎ ǯȎȭțȒȨȞ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȥȓȠȜ ǲȔȖȟȞ-Ȗ
ǺȡȟȠȎȢȎ ȝȎȦȎ ȓ ȝȜȟȠȨȝȖșȎ ȚȜșȏȎ ȕȎ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȘȎȚȏȎ-
țȎȞȖȭ ȘȨȚ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȧȎȠȎ Ȑȓȥȓ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ. ǸȨȚ ȚȜșȏȎȠȎ ȓ ȝȞȖ-
șȜȔȓțȎ ȟȘȖȤȎ țȎ ȘȎȚȏȎțȎȞȖȭȠȎ, țȎ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȓ ȡȘȎȕȎțȜ ȠȜȥțȜȠȜ
ȚȭȟȠȜ, ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȓ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȓțȎ, țȎ ȐȖȟȜȥȖțȎ 6 Ț ȐȨȞȣȡ ȟȨ-
ȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȧȖȭ ȕȖȒ43. ǰȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȠȎȕȖ ȚȜșȏȎ ȓ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȐȓț ȝȞȜ-
ȠȜȘȜș Ȗ ȜȟȠȎțȎșȎȠȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎȤȖȭ, țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȎ țȎ ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞțȖȠȓ
ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ ȕȎ ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȞȎȕȞȓȦȖȠȓșțȜ ȕȎ ȟȠȞȜȓȔ. ǽȜ-
țȎȠȎȠȨȘ ȟȓ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎ, ȥȓ ȘȎȚȏȎțȎȞȖȭȠȎ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȓ ȖȕȑȞȎȒȓțȎ
ȐȨȞȣȡ ȟȠȎȞȖȠȓ ȜȟțȜȐȖ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ, ȧȓ ȏȨȒȓ ȐȖȟȜȘȎ 10 Ț, ȑȞȎ-
ȒȓȔȨȠ ȖЉ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȓ ȜȠ ȘȎȚȨȘ Ȗ ȒȨȞȐȜ, Ȏ ȞȎȕȣȜȒȖȠȓ ȝȜ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠ-
ȐȜȠȜ Ȑ ȞȎȕȚȓȞ țȎ 1 507,5 ȑȞȜȦȎ ȧȓ ȟȓ ȝȜȓȚȎȠ ȜȠ ȘȎȟȎȠȎ țȎ ȤȨȞ-
ȘȐȎȠȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȜȏȟșȡȔȐȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȚȎȣȎșȎȠȎ,
țȎȏȞȜȭȐȎȧȜ 1 244 ȒȡȦȖ, ȜȏȜȟȜȏȓțȖ Ȑ 277 ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ. ǿȝȓȤȖ-
ȎșțȜ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ, ȥȓ ȟȠȞȜȓȔȨȠ țȎ ȘȎȚȏȎțȎȞȖȭȠȎ țȓ ȘȞȖȓ țȖȘȎȘ-
ȐȖ ȞȖȟȘȜȐȓ. ǰ ȕȎȘșȬȥȓțȖȓ ȟșȓȒȐȎ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜș ȜȠ ȝȞȜȐȓȒȓțȜȠȜ ȕȎ-
ȟȓȒȎțȖȓ, ȝȜȐȠȎȞȭ ȟȓ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȜȠ ȝȞȓȒșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ ȟȓ ȜȠ-
ȏȓșȭȕȐȎ, ȥȓ ȖȚȎ ȟȨȑșȎȟȡȐȎțȜȟȠ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖȠȓ44.
ǽȞȜȠȜȘȜșȨȠ ȜȠ ȕȎȟȓȒȎțȖȓȠȜ ȓ șȓȑȎșȖȕȖȞȎț ȟ ȝȓȥȎȠȎ țȎ
ȕȎȚȓȟȠțȖȘ-ȝȞȓȒȟȓȒȎȠȓșȭ țȎ ǮȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȜȠȜ ȜȠȒȓșȓțȖȓ
țȎ ǿȡșȠȎțȟȘȖȭ ȟȨȐȓȠ, Ȑ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȐșȖȕȎȠ ȟȓȒȓȚ ȒȡȦȖ ȕȎȟȓȒȎȠȓșȖ,
ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȓȒȖț ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȖț – ǰȎȟȖșȎȘȖ ȏȓȗ. ǽȞȎȐȖ ȐȝȓȥȎȠșȓ-
țȖȓ, ȥȓ ȠȞȖȚȎ ȜȠ ȕȎȟȓȒȎȠȓșȖȠȓ țȓ ȟȎ ȝȜșȜȔȖșȖ ȟȐȜȖȠȓ ȝȓȥȎ-
ȠȖ, ȘȎȠȜ ȓ ȕȎȝȖȟȎțȜ, ȥȓ țȓ ȟȎ ȜȠȘȞȖȠȖ Ȑ ȥȎȟȜȐȓȠȓ ȝȞȓȒȖ ȕȎȟȓ-
ȒȎțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ ȝȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȝȜșȎȑȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȓȥȎȠȖȠȓ45.
ǻȭȘȜșȘȜ ȒțȖ ȝȜ-ȘȨȟțȜ, țȎ 22 ȢȓȐȞȡȎȞȖ 1909 ȑ.46 ȓ ȟȨȟȠȎ-
ȐȓțȜ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȖȓ (ȠȓȕȘȓȞȓ) ȜȠ ȐȓșȖȘȖȭ ȐȓȕȖȞ ȃȬȟȓȖț ȃȖșȚȖ
ȝȎȦȎ (1855 – 1922) ȝȜ ȝȜȐȜȒ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟțȎȠȎ
ȘȎȚȏȎțȎȞȖȭ. ǰ țȓȑȜ ȐȓșȖȘȖȭȠ ȐȓȕȖȞ ȡȐȓȒȜȚȭȐȎ ȟȡșȠȎțȎ, ȥȓ ȒȜ
țȓȑȜ ȓ ȖȕȝȞȎȠȓțȎ ȤȭșȎȠȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎȤȖȭ ȜȠ ȝȜȒȥȖțȓțȖȠȓ Ȗ Ȏț-
ȑȎȔȖȞȎțȖ ȟȨȟ ȟșȡȥȎȭ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ. ǸȎȚȏȎțȎȞȖȭȠȎ ȟșȓȒȐȎ ȒȎ
ȏȨȒȓ ȖȕȒȖȑțȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȘȎȚȨȘ Ȗ ȒȨȞȐȜ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȟȠȎȞȖ ȜȟțȜȐȖ ȟ ȐȖȟȜ-
ȥȖțȎ 10 Ț ȜȠ ȕȓȚȭȠȎ, Ȏ ȤȭșȎȠȎ ȟȡȚȎ ȝȜ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȘȎȚ-
ȏȎțȎȞȖȭȠȎ ȧȓ ȓ 1 507,5 ȑȞȜȦȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȝșȎȠȓțȖ ȜȠ ȘȎ-
ȟȎȠȎ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ. ǻȎȞȓȒ ȟ ȠȜȐȎ ȜȠțȜȐȜ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ ȜȏȧȖȭȠ ȏȞȜȗ
țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȥȓ ȟȠȞȜȓȔȨȠ Ȗ ȢȡțȘȤȖ-
ȜțȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȘȎȚȏȎțȎȞȖȭȠȎ țȓ ȘȞȖȭȠ țȖȘȎȘȐȖ ȞȖȟȘȜȐȓ Ȗ țȓȡ-
293
ȒȜȏȟȠȐȜ47. ǰȟȠȞȎțȖ ȜȠ ȠȓȘȟȠȎ țȎ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ ȓ ȐȝȖȟȎțȎ ȞȓȕȜ-
șȬȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȑșȎȐțȖȭ ȟȓȘȞȓȠȎȞ țȎ ȟȡșȠȎțȎ, ȟ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȠȜȗ ȡȐȓȒȜ-
ȚȭȐȎ ȐȓșȖȘȖȭ ȐȓȕȖȞ, ȥȓ țȎ 24 ȢȓȐȞȡȎȞȖ 1909 ȑ.48 ȓ ȖȕȒȎȒȓț
ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȖȭȠ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖ ȡȘȎȕ. ǽȞȜȠȜȘȜșȨȠ, ȖȕȒȎȒȓț ȜȠ ȎȒȚȖ-
țȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȜȠȜ ȜȠȒȓșȓțȖȓ țȎ ǲȨȞȔȎȐțȖȭ ȟȨȐȓȠ ȝȜ ȝȜȐȜȒ Ȗȕȑ-
ȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȘȎȚȏȎțȎȞȖȭȠȎ, țȜȟȖ ȟȨȧȎȠȎ ȒȎȠȎ49.
ǿȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ țȜȐȎ ȘȎȚȏȎțȎȞȖȭ ȓ ȕȎȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎțȜ
Ȗ Ȑ ȟȓșȜ ǹȓȐȘȎ50, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȓ țȎȟȓșȭȐȎțȜ ȜȠ ȑȜșȭȚ ȏȞȜȗ ȣȞȖȟȠȖ-
ȭțȟȘȖ ȒȜȚȎȘȖțȟȠȐȎ Ȝȧȓ ȝȞȓȕ ȓȝȜȣȎȠȎ țȎ ǿȞȓȒțȜȐȓȘȜȐȖȓȠȜ.
ȄȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ Ȑ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȠȜȠȜ ȟȓșȜ ȓ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȓțȎ ȝȞȓȕ 1834 ȑ., ȘȜȓȠȜ
ȓ ȕȎȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎțȜ ȜȠ ȘȜșȜțȖȠȓ, ȞȎȕȝȜșȜȔȓțȖ ȜȠ ȒȐȓȠȓ ȟȠȞȎ-
țȖ țȎ ȕȎȝȎȒțȎȠȎ ȖЉ ȐȞȎȠȎ. ǰȨȞȣȡ Ƞȭȣ ȟȎ ȖȕȝȖȟȎțȖ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȜ
ȤȖȢȞȖȠȓ 18 Ȗ 34. ǽȜ-ȘȨȟțȜ, ȝȞȓȕ 1854 ȑ., ȘȨȚ ȬȔțȎȠȎ ȟȠȞȎțȎ
țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ ȓ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȓțȎ ȘȎȚȏȎțȎȞȖȭ. ǰ ȘȜșȓȘȠȖȐțȎȠȎ ȝȎȚȓȠ
țȎ ȚȓȟȠțȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȟȎ ȟȨȣȞȎțȓțȖ ȖȚȓțȎȠȎ țȎ ȒȭȒȜ ǲȖȚȜ
Ȗ ȒȭȒȜ ǶȐȎț, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎȞȖșȖ ȖȚȜȠȖ ȕȎ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȤȨȞȘ-
ȐȎȠȎ, Ȏ ȕȎ țȓȗțȎȠȎ ȖȕȒȞȨȔȘȎ ȕȎȐȓȧȎșȖ 194 ȒȘȎ țȖȐȖ Ȗ 1 000
ȒȘȎ ȑȜȞȖ. ǽȜ-ȘȨȟțȜ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ ȓ ȟȠȞȜȓțȎ ȟ ȒȜȏȞȜȐȜșțȖ ȒȎȞȓ-
țȖȭ ȜȠ ȟȠȞȎțȎ țȎ ȚȓȟȠțȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ. ȄȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ ȓ ȠȞȖȘȜȞȎȏ-
țȎ, ȟ ȒȨșȔȖțȎ 18 Ț Ȗ ȦȖȞȜȥȖțȎ 14 Ț. ǶȕȑȞȎȒȓțȎ ȓ ȜȠ ȒȭșȎțȖ
ȘȎȚȨțȖ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȜșȜȐȜ. ȄȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ ȓ ȜȟȐȓȠȓțȎ țȎ ǲȖȚȖȠ-
ȞȜȐȒȓț Ȗ ȕȎȠȜȐȎ țȜȟȖ ȖȚȓȠȜ „ǿȐ. ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ“ (Rusev, S., M.
Roydov 1990, 57 – 58).
ǻȎ 1 ȚȎȗ 1912 ȑ.51 ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȟ. ǹȓȐȘȎ ȜȠȝ-
ȞȎȐȭ ȚȜșȏȎ ȕȎ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓ țȎ țȜȐȎ ȘȎȚȓțțȎ ȘȎȚȏȎțȎȞȖȭ ȘȨȚ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ Ȑ ȟȓșȜȠȜ. ǽȜȒȥȓȞȠȎȐȎ ȟȓ, ȥȓ ȟȠȎȞȎȠȎ ȘȎȚ-
ȏȎțȎȞȖȭ ȓ ȜȠ ȒȨȞȐȜ, țȎȘșȜțȖșȎ ȟȓ ȓ țȎ ȓȒțȎ ȟȠȞȎțȎ Ȗ ȓ ȝȞȓȒ
ȞȡȣȐȎțȓ. ǰȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȠȜȐȎ ȓ țȎȝȞȎȐȓț ȜȑșȓȒ Ȗ ȓ ȟȨȟȠȎȐȓț
ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜș ȜȠ ȐȖșȎȓȠȟȘȜȠȜ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ Ȑ ǼȒȞȖț. ǶȚȎ ȟȨȑșȎȟȡ-
ȐȎțȓ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞțȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ Ȗ ȝȜ-țȎȠȎȠȨȦțȜȠȜ ȞȎȕ-
ȑșȓȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȎ ȓ țȎȟȜȥȓțȜ ȘȨȚ ǲȨȞȔȎȐțȖȭ ȟȨȐȓȠ.
ǽȞȓȒșȜȔȓțȜ ȓ ȘȎȚȏȎțȎȞȖȭȠȎ ȒȎ ȓ ȟ ȒȨșȔȖțȎ 3 Ț, ȦȖȞȖțȎ
2,85 Ț Ȗ ȐȖȟȜȥȖțȎ 10 Ț. ǿȡȚȎȠȎ, țȡȔțȎ ȕȎ ȟȠȞȜȓȔȎ, ȟșȓȒȐȎ ȒȎ
ȟȓ țȎȏȎȐȖ ȜȠ ȘȎȟȎȠȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ. ǸȨȚ ȚȜșȏȎȠȎ ȟȎ
ȝȞȖșȜȔȓțȖ ȟȘȖȤȎ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ, ȎȞȣȖȠȓȘȠȡȞȓț ȝșȎț țȎ ȣȞȎȚȎ
Ȗ ȝȞȖșȓȔȎȧȜȠȜ Țȡ ȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȟȠȐȜ52. ǿȨȐȓȠȨȠ țȎ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎ-
ȠȖȐțȜȠȜ ȜȠȒȓșȓțȖȓ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȨȠ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȞȓȦȓț ȟ ȖȕȒȎ-
ȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȐȖȟȜȥȎȗȦȎ ȕȎȝȜȐȓȒ53.
294
ǽȞȜȠȜȘȜșȨȠ ȓ șȓȑȎșȖȕȖȞȎț ȟ ȝȓȥȎȠȖȠȓ țȎ ȕȎȚȓȟȠțȖȘ-
ȝȞȓȒȟȓȒȎȠȓșȭ țȎ ǮȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȜȠȜ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ Ȗ ȝȓȠȖȚȎ
ȟȨȐȓȠțȖȤȖ. ǺȓȔȒȡ Ƞȭȣ ȓ Ȗ ǿȠȓȢȎțȎȘȖ ȏȓȗ, ȘȜȗȠȜ țȓ ȓ ȏȖș
țȎȚȓȞȓț ȝȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȝȜșȎȑȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȓȥȎȠȎ, ȕȎ ȒȎ șȓȑȎșȖȕȖ-
ȞȎ Ȗ ȠȜȗ ȜȏȧȜȠȜ ȝȞȓȒșȜȔȓțȖȓ54.
ǻȎ 10 ȚȎȗ 1912 ȑ.55 ȓ ȖȕȒȎȒȓț ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜș ȜȠ ǮȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎ-
ȠȖȐțȜȠȜ ȜȠȒȓșȓțȖȓ țȎ ǲȨȞȔȎȐțȖȭ ȟȨȐȓȠ ȕȎ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȘȎȚȓțțȎ ȘȎȚȏȎțȎȞȖȭ ȘȨȚ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ
Ȑ ȟ. ǹȓȐȘȎ. ǰ țȓȑȜ ȟȎ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖ ȠȜȥțȖȠȓ ȞȎȕȚȓȞȖ țȎ ȘȎȚȏȎțȎ-
ȞȖȭȠȎ: ȒȨșȔȖțȎ 3 Ț, ȦȖȞȖțȎ 2,85 Ț Ȗ ȐȖȟȜȥȖțȎ 10 Ț. ǿșȓȒȐȎ
ȕȎȐȓȞȘȎ, ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȧȎ ȟȨȑșȎȟȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǺȖțȖȟȠȓȞȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȎ-
ȐȜȟȨȒȖȓȠȜ Ȗ ȐȓȞȜȖȕȝȜȐȓȒȎțȖȭȠȎ, țȜȟȓȧȎ ȟȨȧȎȠȎ ȒȎȠȎ56.
ǽȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖȠȓ Ȑ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȜȠȜ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ ȚȜșȏȖ țȎ ȏȨș-
ȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ Ȑ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȟȓșȖȧȎ ȜȠ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ XIX – țȎȥȎșȜ-
ȠȜ țȎ XX ȐȓȘ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ, ȥȓ țȓȕȎȐȖȟȖȚȜ ȜȠ țȓȏșȎȑȜȝȞȖȭȠțȖ Ȝȏȟ-
ȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȎ Ȗ ȠȞȡȒțȜȟȠȖ, ȚȓȟȠțȖȠȓ ȔȖȠȓșȖ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȎȠ țȓȜȏ-
ȣȜȒȖȚȖȠȓ ȟȠȨȝȘȖ ȕȎ ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȞȎȕȞȓȦȖȠȓșțȖ ȕȎ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟ-
ȠȐȜ țȎ țȜȐȖ ȤȨȞȘȐȖ ȖșȖ ȝȜȝȞȎȐȘȎȠȎ țȎ Ȑȓȥȓ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȧȖ
ȣȞȎȚȜȐȓ. ǰ ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞ țȎ ȠȓȣțȖȠȓ ȚȜșȏȖ ȟȎ ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȖ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȖȠȓ
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȜȠ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ, Ȏ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜȠȜ ȢȖțȎț-
ȟȖȞȎțȓ ȓ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȓțȜ ȜȠ ȚȓȟȠțȖȠȓ ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȖ ȜȏȧȖțȖ Ȗ țȎȟȓșȓ-
țȖȓȠȜ. ǻȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȜȟȠȎțȎșȜ ȖȕȐȨț ȝȞȓȒȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ǸțȭȔȓȟȠȐȜ
ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ, țȓ ȟȓ ȝȞȖȚȖȞȭȐȎ ȟȨȟ ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȟȨȒȏȎ Ȗ ȝȜșȎȑȎ ȑȞȖȔȖ
ȕȎ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȜȐȖ ȣȞȎȚȜȐȓ Ȗ ȘȎȚȏȎțȎȞȖȖ. ǼȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎțȓȠȜ
țȎ ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎ ȕȎ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ, Ȏ ȟșȓȒ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȑȜ-
ȒȖțȖ Ȗ țȎ ȘȎȚȏȎțȎȞȖȭ ȘȨȚ țȓȭ, ȓ ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ȕȎ ȔȓșȎțȖȓȠȜ
țȎ ȚȓȟȠțȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȒȎ ȖȚȎ ȟȐȜȖ ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕȓț ȣȞȎȚ Ȗ ȟȐȓȧȓ-
țȖȘ, ȚȎȘȎȞ Ȗ ȝȜȒ ȬȞȖȟȒȖȘȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ǸȜțȟȠȎțȠȖțȜȝȜșȟȘȖȭ ȝȎȠ-
ȞȖȎȞȣ. ǶȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȠȓ ȤȨȞȘȐȖ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȎȐȎȠ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡ-
ȐȎțȓ Ȗ Ȑ țȎȦȖ ȒțȖ. Ȁȓ ȟȎ țȓȒȐȖȔȖȚȖ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȖ ȤȓțțȜȟȠȖ ȟ
ȚȓȟȠțȜ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ Ȗ ȟȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖȭ ȜȏșȖȘ țȎ ȟȓșȖȧȎȠȎ
ȘȎȠȜ ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȖ țȎ ȓȒțȎ ȜȠȚȖțȎșȎ ȓȝȜȣȎ.
ǿȨȣȞȎțȓțȖȠȓ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎȠ ȕȎ ȝȨȠȭ
Ȗ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ, ȝȞȓȕ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȚȖțȓ ȓȒ-
țȎ ȚȜșȏȎ ȕȎ ȟȠȞȜȓȔ ȖșȖ ȝȜȝȞȎȐȘȎ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ, ȒȜȘȎȠȜ ȝȜșȡȥȖ
ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȞȎȕȞȓȦȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ȤȓțȠȞȎșțȎȠȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎ ȐșȎȟȠ. ǻȎȟȠȜȭ-
ȧȜȠȜ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ țȭȚȎ ȝȞȓȠȓțȤȖȖȠȓ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖ ȜȏȜȏȧȎȐȎȧ
ȎțȎșȖȕ țȎ ȤȭșȎȠȎ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȎ ȝȞȜȤȓȒȡȞȎ, ȝȞȓȕ ȘȜȭȠȜ
295
ȚȖțȎȐȎȠ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȚȜșȏȖ țȎ țȓȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ Ȑ
ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭȠȎ ȝȜ ȠȓȕȖ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȖ, țȜ Ȑȟȓ ȝȎȘ ȟ ȝȜ-ȓȒȞȖ ȧȞȖȣȖ ȧȓ
ȟȓ ȜȝȖȠȎȚȓ ȒȎ ȚȎȞȘȖȞȎȚȓ ȜȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ Ȗ șȖȤȎ, ȘȜ-
ȖȠȜ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎȠ Ȗ ȜȒȜȏȞȭȐȎȠ ȘȜșȓȘȠȖȐțȖȠȓ ȚȜșȏȖ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞ-
ȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȖȠȓ ȟȓșȖȧȎ. ǻȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜ ȓ ȒȎ ȝȜ-
ȟȜȥȖȚ, ȥȓ ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȎȠȎ țȎ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ
ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ ȟșȓȒ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ ȀȎțȕȖȚȎȠȎ, Ȗ ȝȜ-ȠȜȥțȜ ȘȨȚ ȘȞȎȭ
țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ, ȘȜȞȓțțȜ ȟȓ ȞȎȕșȖȥȎȐȎ ȜȠ ȠȎȕȖ ȝȞȓȕ ȘșȎȟȖȥȓȟȘȖȭ
ȝȓȞȖȜȒ. ǽȜȞȎȒȖ ȠȎȕȖ ȝȞȖȥȖțȎ țȓ ȚȜȔȓȚ ȒȎ țȎȝȞȎȐȖȚ ȝȎȞȎ-
șȓșȓț ȎțȎșȖȕ Ȗ ȒȎ ȝȞȜȟșȓȒȖȚ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖȠȓ, țȎȟȠȨȝȖșȖ Ȑ ȎȒ-
ȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȎȠȎ ȝȞȜȤȓȒȡȞȎ Ȗ țȎȥȖțȎ țȎ ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȞȎȕ-
ȞȓȦȖȠȓșțȖ ȕȎ ȟȠȞȜȓȔ ȖșȖ ȝȜȝȞȎȐȘȎ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȜȐȓț ȣȞȎȚ, ȝȞȓȕ
ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖȠȓ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖ ȜȠ ȐȞȓȚȓ.
ǵȎ ȒȎ ȝȜșȡȥȖ ȞȎȕȞȓȦȖȠȓșțȜ ȕȎ ȞȓȚȜțȠțȖ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȖ ȖșȖ
ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ țȜȐȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ ȖșȖ ȘȎȚȏȎțȎȞȖȭ, ȘȨȚ Ȑȓȥȓ
ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȧ ȣȞȎȚ, ȚȓȟȠțȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȝȜȒȎȐȎ ȘȜșȓȘȠȖȐțȎ
ȚȜșȏȎ (ȚȎȣȕȎȞ) ȘȨȚ ȟȠȜșȖȤȎȠȎ. ǰ țȭȘȜȖ ȟșȡȥȎȖ ȡȟȝȜȞȓȒțȜ ȟ
ȠȜȐȎ ȟȓ ȟȨȟȠȎȐȭ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜș ȜȠ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȜȠȜ ǰȖșȎȓȠȟȘȜ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓ-
țȖȓ, Ȑ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȓ ȜȝȖȟȐȎȠ ȠȜȥțȖȠȓ ȞȎȕȚȓȞȖ țȎ ȣȞȎȚȎ, ȟ ȘȎȘȨȐ
ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎș ȧȓ ȏȨȒȓ ȖȕȑȞȎȒȓț/ȝȜȝȞȎȐȓț, ȖȕȠȜȥțȖȘȨȠ țȎ ȢȖ-
țȎțȟȖȞȎțȓ, ȎȞȣȖȠȓȘȠȡȞȓț ȝșȎț, ȎȘȜ ȓ țȎșȖȥȓț, Ȗ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȨȠ ȟȓ
ȝȞȓȝȞȎȧȎ ȕȎ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎțȓ Ȑ ȘȎțȤȓșȎȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ǮȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎ-
ȠȖȐțȜȠȜ ȜȠȒȓșȓțȖȓ țȎ ǲȨȞȔȎȐțȖȭ ȟȨȐȓȠ (ȦȡȞȎ-Ȗ ȒȓȐșȓȠ),
ȞȨȘȜȐȜȒȓț ȜȠ ȐȓșȖȘȖȭ ȐȓȕȖȞ. ǿșȓȒ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭțȓȠȜ țȎ țȓȜȏȣȜ-
ȒȖȚȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȟȓ ȖȕȒȎȐȎ ǽȞȜȠȜȘȜș ȜȠ ǮȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȜ-
ȠȜ ȜȠȒȓșȓțȖȓ țȎ ǲȨȞȔȎȐțȖȭ ȟȨȐȓȠ ȟ ȞȎȕȞȓȦȓțȖȓ ȕȎ ȝȜȝȞȎȐ-
ȘȎ/ȟȠȞȜȓȔ. ǿșȓȒȐȎȧȎȠȎ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȎ ȟȠȨȝȘȎ ȓ ȖȕȒȎȐȎ-
țȓȠȜ țȎ ǽȞȓȝȖȟȘȎ ȟȨȟ ȕȎȐȓȞȘȎ, ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȧȎ ȟȨȑșȎȟȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǲȖ-
ȞȓȘȤȖȭȠȎ ȝȜ ȐȓȞȜȖȕȝȜȐȓȒȎțȖȭȠȎ (Țȓȕȣȓȝ ȚȬȒȬȞșȬȬ) ȝȞȖ
ǺȖțȖȟȠȓȞȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȎȐȜȟȨȒȖȓȠȜ Ȗ ȐȓȞȜȖȕȝȜȐȓȒȎțȖȭȠȎ. ǿșȓȒ
ȝȞȓȚȖțȎȐȎțȓȠȜ ȝȞȓȕ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ Ȗ ȝȜșȡȥȎȐȎțȓ
țȎ ȜȒȜȏȞȓțȖȓ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȟȓ ȝȞȎȐȖ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȖȓ (ȠȓȕȘȓȞȓ-Ȗ ȟȎȚȖȗȓ)
ȜȠ ȐȓșȖȘȖȭ ȐȓȕȖȞ ȒȜ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȘȎțȤȓșȎȞȖȭ, ȝȜȒȝȖȟȎțȜ ȜȠ
ȟȎȚȖȭ ȐȓșȖȘ ȐȓȕȖȞ. ǽȜȟșȓȒțȎȠȎ ȟȠȨȝȘȎ ȓ ȝȜșȡȥȎȐȎțȓ țȎ Ȟȓ-
ȕȜșȬȤȖȭ ȜȠ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖȭ ȟȓȘȞȓȠȎȞ, ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȧȎ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖȭ
ȡȘȎȕ (ȖȞȎȒȓ).
296
1. ǮȞȣȖȠȓȘȠȡȞȓț ȝșȎț țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ Ȑ ȟ. ǺȡȟȠȞȎȘ, Ȝȏȧ. ǿȐȖșȓțȑȞȎȒ

BOA, I.HR. 256, 15236, f. 3
297
2. ǮȞȣȖȠȓȘȠȡȞȓț ȝșȎț țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ Ȑ ȟ. ǵȎȑȜȞȤȖ, Ȝȏȧ. ǻȜȐȎ ǵȎȑȜȞȎ
BOA, I.HR. 264, 15814, f. 3
298
3. ǮȞȣȖȠȓȘȠȡȞȓț ȝșȎț Ȗ ȟȘȖȤȎ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ Ȑ ȟ. ǻȓȒȭșȟȘȜ, Ȝȏȧ. ǿȠȞȎșȒȔȎ
BOA, I.HR. 264, 15814, f. 6
4. ǿȘȖȤȎ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ Ȑ ȑȞ. ǾȖșȎ

BOA, I.HR. 264, 15814, f. 12
299
5. ǮȞȣȖȠȓȘȠȡȞȓț ȝșȎț Ȗ ȟȘȖȤȎ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ Ȑ ȟ. ǰȖȞȎȑȨ/ǲȨȞȎȘȨ
BOA, I.HR. 264, 15814, f. 15
300
6. ǮȞȣȖȠȓȘȠȡȞȓț ȝșȎț țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ Ȑ ȟ. ǸȎȠȡțȖȧȓ, Ȝȏȧ. ǸȜȠȓș
BOA, I.HR. 264, 15814, f. 26
301
7. ǮȞȣȖȠȓȘȠȡȞȓț ȝșȎț țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ Ȑ ȟ. ǲȖȘȓȎ, ȒȓȚ ǼȞȓȟȠȖȎȒȎ, ǱȨȞȤȖȭ
BOA, I.DH. 1081, 84829, f. 1
302
8. ǮȞȣȖȠȓȘȠȡȞȓț ȝșȎț Ȗ ȟȘȖȤȎ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ“
Ȑ ȑȞ. ǿȐȖșȓțȑȞȎȒ
BOA, I.AZN. 25/10, f. 1
303
9. ǽșȎț țȎ ȘȎȚȏȎțȎȞȖȭȠȎ ȘȨȚ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ“Ȑ ȑȞ. ǿȐȖșȓțȑȞȎȒ
BOA, I.AZN. 83/33, f. 2
304
10. ǿȘȖȤȎ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȠȓȘȠȡȞȓț ȝșȎț țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ“
Ȑ ȟ. ǹȓȐȘȎ, Ȝȏȧ. ǿȐȖșȓțȑȞȎȒ
BOA, I.AZN. 106/8, f. 3
305
1. Baübakanlık Osmanlı Arüivi (ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȖȭȠ ȎȞȣȖȐ Ȑ ǶȟȠȎțȏȡș Ȑȓȥȓ
ȓ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȎȠȎ țȎ ǲȖȞȓȘȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȒȨȞȔȎȐțȖȠȓ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ ȝȞȖ
ǽȞȓȕȖȒȓțȠȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ǾȓȝȡȏșȖȘȎ ȀȡȞȤȖȭ (T.C. Cumhurbaükanlıùı
Devlet Arüivleri Baükanlıùı Osmanlı Arüivi Daire Baükanlıùı). ǰ Ȗȕȟ-
șȓȒȐȎțȓȠȜ ȝȜ-țȎȠȎȠȨȘ ȧȓ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎȚȓ ȎȏȞȓȐȖȎȠȡȞȎȠȎ BOA.
2. BOA, úrâde Hariciye (ȝȜ-țȎȠȎȠȨȘ I.HR.) 256, ff. 1 – 5. ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȨȠ
țȜȟȖ ȒȎȠȎ 17 ȒȔȓȚȎȕȖ Ȭș ȓȐȐȓș 1289 ȑ. ȝȜ ȣȖȒȔȞȎ. ǱȜȒȖțȖȠȓ ȝȜ
ȣȖȒȔȞȎ ȧȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȚ Ȑ ȏȓșȓȔȘȖȠȓ, Ȏ ȠȓȕȖ ȝȜ ǱȞȖȑȜȞȖȎțȟȘȖȭ ȘȎ-
șȓțȒȎȞ Ȑ ȠȓȘȟȠȎ. ǶȕȘȎȕȐȎȚ ȏșȎȑȜȒȎȞțȜȟȠ țȎ ȒȜȤ. ǿȠȓȢȎț ǮțȒȞȓȓȐ
ȕȎ ȝȜȚȜȧȠȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȚȖ ȜȘȎȕȎ, ȝȞȖ ȞȎȕȥȖȠȎțȓȠȜ Ȗ ȝȞȓȐȜȒȎ țȎ ȒȜȘȡ-
ȚȓțȠȖȠȓ.
3. ǲț. ȟ. ǺȡȟȠȞȎȘ, Ȝȏȧ. ǿȐȖșȓțȑȞȎȒ.
4. ǮȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȜ-ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȎșțȎ ȓȒȖțȖȤȎ, ȟ ȤȓțȠȨȞ Ȓț. ȑȞ. ǳș-
ȣȜȐȜ, Ȝȏș. ȍȚȏȜș.
5. ǲȪȜțȬȚ – ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎ ȚȭȞȘȎ ȕȎ ȝȜȐȨȞȣțȖțȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȜȏȣȐȎȧȎ ȝșȜȧ
ȜȠ 919,302 Ț2. ǽȜ-ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȜ, ȐȔ. Parveva 2011, 35 – 39 Ȗ ȤȖȠ. ȠȎȚ
șȖȠ.; Vekov 1992, 28 – 40.
6. BOA, I.HR. 256, f. 1.
7. ǰȔ. ǽȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ 1.
8. BOA, I.HR. 264. 11 ȒȔȓȚȎȕȖ Ȭș ȓȐȐȓș 1291 ȑ. ȝȜ ȣȖȒȔȞȎ.
9. ǲț. ȟ. ǵȎȑȜȞȤȖ, Ȝȏȧ. ǻȜȐȎ ǵȎȑȜȞȎ.
10. ǮȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȜ-ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȎșțȎ ȓȒȖțȖȤȎ, ȟ ȤȓțȠȨȞ Ȓț. ȑȞ. ǻȜ-
ȐȎ ǵȎȑȜȞȎ.
11. ǰȜȓțțȜ-ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȎ ȓȒȖțȖȤȎ ȟ ȤȓțȠȨȞ Ȓț. ȑȞ. ǿșȖȐȓț,
Ȝȏș. ǿșȖȐȓț.
12. BOA, I.HR. 264, ff. 1 – 3. ǰȔ. ǽȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ 2.
13. ǲț. ȟ. ǻȓȒȭșȟȘȜ, Ȝȏȧ. ǿȠȞȎșȒȔȎ.
14. BOA, I.HR. 264, ff. 4 – 6.
15. BOA, I.HR. 264, f. 6. ǰȔ. ǽȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ 3.
16. ǰȔ. ȂȖȑ. 3.
17. ǲț. ȑȞ. ǾȖșȎ, Ȝȏȧ. ǾȖșȎ.
18. BOA, I.HR. 264, ff. 7 – 12.
19. BOA, I.HR. 264, f. 12. ǰȔ. ǽȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ 4.
20. ǻȓȖȒȓțȠȖȢȖȤȖȞȎțȜ.
22. ǲț. ȟ. ǸȎȠȡțȖȧȓ, Ȝȏȧ. ǸȜȠȓș.
24. 1 ȟȎȢȓȞ 1305 ȑ. ȝȜ ȣȖȒȔȞȎ.
25. ǲț. ȟ. ǲȖȘȓȎ, ȒȓȚ ǼȞȓȟȠȖȎȒȎ, ǱȨȞȤȖȭ.
26. BOA, Irade Dahiliye (ȝȜ-țȎȠȎȠȨȘ I.DH.) 1081, ff. 1 – 6. ǰȔ. ǽȞȖ-
șȜȔȓțȖȓ 7.
27. ǮȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȜ-ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȎșțȎ ȓȒȖțȖȤȎ ȟ ȤȓțȠȨȞ Ȓț. ȟ. ǼȞ-
ȚȓțȖȜț, ȒȓȚ ǼȞȓȟȠȖȎȒȎ, ǱȨȞȤȖȭ.
306
28. ǮȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȜ-ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȎșțȎ ȓȒȖțȖȤȎ, ȟ ȤȓțȠȨȞ Ȓț. ȑȞ.
ǿȐȖșȓțȑȞȎȒ, Ȝȏȧ. ǿȐȖșȓțȑȞȎȒ.
29. BOA, I.DH. 1081, f. 6. 14 ȦȎȏȎț 1305 ȑ. ȝȜ ȣȖȒȔȞȎ.
30. 18 ȦȎȏȎț 1314 ȑ.
31. ǲț. ȑȞ. ǿȐȖșȓțȑȞȎȒ, Ȝȏȧ. ǿȐȖșȓțȑȞȎȒ.
32. BOA, Irade Adliye ve Mezahib (ȝȜ-țȎȠȎȠȨȘ I.AZN.) 25.10, f. 1. 12
ȦȓȐȐȎș 1314 ȑ. ȝȜ ȣȖȒȔȞȎ.
33. BOA, I.AZN. 25.10, f. 1.
34. ǰȔ. ǽȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ 8.
35. BOA, I.AZN. 25.10, f. 1.
36. 26 ȦȓȐȐȎș 1314 ȑ. ȝȜ ȣȖȒȔȞȎ.
37. BOA, I.AZN. 25.10, f. 3.
38. 5 ȕȖșȘȎȒȓ 1314 ȑ. ȝȜ ȣȖȒȔȞȎ.
39. BOA, I.AZN. 25.10, f. 3.
40. 26 ȚȡȣȎȞȞȓȚ 1327 ȑ. ȝȜ ȣȖȒȔȞȎ.
41. BOA, I.AZN. 83, ff. 1–4. ǻȜȚȓȞȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ șȖȟȠȜȐȓȠȓ Ȑ ȎȞȣȖȐțȎ-
ȠȎ ȓȒȖțȖȤȎ țȓ ȟșȓȒȐȎ Ȑ ȣȞȜțȜșȜȑȖȥȓț ȝșȎț ȝȜȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ
ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ.
42. 21 ȦȓȐȐȎș 1326 ȑ. ȝȜ ȣȖȒȔȞȎ.
43. BOA, I.AZN. 83, f. 2. ǰȔ. ǽȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ 9.
44. BOA, , I.AZN. 83, f. 3.
45. BOA, I.AZN. 83, f. 3.
46. 1 ȟȎȢȓȞ 1327 ȑ. ȝȜ ȣȖȒȔȞȎ.
47. BOA, I.AZN. 83, f. 4.
48. BOA, I.AZN. 83, f. 4. 3 ȟȎȢȓȞ 1327 ȑ. ȝȜ ȣȖȒȔȞȎ.
49. BOA, I.AZN. 83, f. 1.
50. ǲț. ȟ. ǹȓȐȘȎ, Ȝȏȧ. ǿȐȖșȓțȑȞȎȒ.
51. 14 ȒȔȓȚȎȕȖȬșȓȐȐȓș 1330 ȑ. ȝȜ ȣȖȒȔȞȎ.
52. BOA, I.AZN 106.8, f. 3. ǰȔ. ǽȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ 10.
53. BOA, I.AZN 106.8, f. 1.
54. BOA, I.AZN 106.8, f. 1.
55. 24 ȒȔȓȚȎȕȖȬșȓȐȐȓș 1330 ȑ. ȝȜ ȣȖȒȔȞȎ.
56. BOA, I.AZN 106.8, f. 2, 4.
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the Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Empire: Changing Communities,
Changing Architecture and Decoration. In: M. Davie (ed.), Religious
Architectural Heritage Across the Mediterranean. Beirut: University
of Balamand, 317 – 354, 440 – 447.
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310
DOCUMENTS AND ARCHITECTURAL PLANS OF
BULGARIAN CHURCHES, DATING FROM THE LATE
19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES AND PRESERVED
IN THE OTTOMAN ARCHIVE IN ISTANBUL
Abstract: This study presents information drawn from
unpublished Ottoman documentation preserved in the funds “úrade
Adliye ve Mezahib”, “úrade Dahiliye” and “úrade Hariciye” of the
Ottoman Archive (Baübakanlık Osmanlı Arüivi) in Istanbul. The
documentation contains architectural plans and sketches of churches
and bell towers, built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in
settlements with Bulgarian population.
The main goal of the research is to examine the diplomatic and
palaeographic features of the documents; to reveal the motives of the
Bulgarian community for the repair or construction of new churches
and bell towers, as well as the funding of such activities.
Arranged in chronological order, the documents deal with the
construction of the church “St. St. Cyril and Methodius” in the village
of Mustrak, municipality Svilengrad, built in the period 1872 – 1873;
the construction in 1874 of Svilengrad the churches in the village of
Zagortsi (municipality of Nova Zagora), the village of Nedyalsko
(municipality of Straldzha), belonging to the kaza of Yambol, the
town of Rila (municipality of Rila), the village of Viraùı/Dıraùı
(unidentified), belonging to the kaza of Kızıl Aùaç, the church “St.
Trinity” in the village of Katunishte (municipality of Kotel); the
church in the village of Dikea (dem Orestiada, Greece), built in 1888,
and the church “St. Demetrius” (March 1897) together with the bell
tower attached to it in the town of Svilengrad (February 1909).
Keywords: Bulgarian communities, architectural plan, church,
bell tower, Ottoman documents.
Chief Assist. Prof. Stefan Dimitrov, PhD
Web of Science ID: M-1161-2016
E-mail address: shdimitrov@gmail.com
311
ǽǳǾǶǼǲǶȅǻǶȍȀ ǽǳȅǮȀ ǸǮȀǼ ǶǵǰǼǾ
ǵǮ ǽǾǼȁȅǰǮǻǳ ǻǮ ȁǾǯǮǻǶǵǮȄǶȍȀǮ
ǰ ǯȈǹǱǮǾǿǸǶȀǳ ǵǳǺǶ ǽǼǲ ǼǿǺǮǻǿǸǮ
ǰǹǮǿȀ ǽǾǳǵ ȀǾǳȀǮȀǮ ȅǳȀǰȈǾȀ ǻǮ XIX ǰǳǸ
ǲȜȤ. Ȓ-Ȟ ǰȓțȤȖȟșȎȐ ǺȡȥȖțȜȐ
ǶțȟȠȖȠȡȠ ȕȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ ȥȜȐȓȘȎ –

ǾȓȕȬȚȓ: ǰ ȟȠȎȠȖȭȠȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȖȭ Ȑ

ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥȓț ȝȓȥȎȠ ȘȎȠȜ ȖȕȐȜȞ ȕȎ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȓ
țȎ ȡȞȏȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȜȒ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎ ȐșȎȟȠ ȝȞȓȕ 50-
Ƞȓ – 70-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ. ȀȜȐȎ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎ ȝȜȟȞȓȒȟȠ-
ȐȜȚ ȝȞȓȑșȓȒȎ Ȗ ȎțȎșȖȕȎ țȎ ȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȖȠȓ Ȑ ȠȜȑȎȐȎȦțȎȠȎ ȝȞȓȟȎ ȝȜ
ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȒȐȎ ȐȎȔțȖ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚȎ: 1) ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ-
Ƞȓ ȐșȎȟȠȖ ȚȓȞȘȖ ȕȎ ȚȜȒȓȞțȖȕȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ
Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȞȓȕ ȠȞȓȠȎȠȎ ȥȓȠȐȨȞȠ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ Ȗ 2) ȝȜșȖȠȖ-
ȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ ȕȎ ȡȐȓșȖȥȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȏȞȜȭ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ Ȗ
ȕȎ ȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȓ țȎ țȜȐȖ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ.
ǸșȬȥȜȐȖ ȒȡȚȖ: ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥȓț ȝȓȥȎȠ, ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ, ȏȨș-
ȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȕȓȚȖ, ȡȞȏȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭ, ȚȜȒȓȞțȖȕȎȤȖȭ.
ǶȕȒȎȐȎțȖȭȠ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥȓț ȝȓȥȎȠ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭ-

ȐȎ ȐȎȔȓț ȖȕȐȜȞ ȕȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȘȜ-ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȜȠȜ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ țȎ ȏȨș-
ȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȜȒ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎ ȐșȎȟȠ ȝȞȓȕ ȓȝȜȣȎȠȎ țȎ ǰȨȕȞȎȔ-
ȒȎțȓȠȜ. ǻȎ țȓȑȜȐȖȠȓ ȟȠȞȎțȖȤȖ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȘȞȖȭȠ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ
ȕȎ ȥȖȟșȓțȜȟȠȠȎ Ȗ ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȎșțȜȠȜ ȞȎȕȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖȓ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓ-
țȖȓȠȜ (ȘȎȘȠȜ ȕȎ ȤȓșȖȭ ȞȓȑȖȜț, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ ȕȎ ȜȠȒȓșțȖ țȎȟȓșȓțȖ
ȚȓȟȠȎ), ȕȎ ȒȖțȎȚȖȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȜȠȖȥȎȧȖȠȓ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖ ȝȞȜȤȓ-
ȟȖ (țȎȗ-Ȑȓȥȓ ȕȎ ȕțȎȥȖȠȓșțȎȠȎ ȚȖȑȞȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȎȘȠȖȐțȜȟȠ țȎ ȠȜ-
ȑȎȐȎȦțȖȠȓ ȔȖȠȓșȖ), ȕȎ ȝȞȜȐȓȔȒȎțȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȟȠȞȎțȎ țȎ ȜȢȖȤȖ-
ȎșțȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȎ ȝȜșȖȠȖȘȎ, Ȗ ȝȞ. (Muchinov 2011;
Shterionov & Muchinov 2017, 41 – 50). ǰȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȜȠȥȓȠȓțȖȠȓ ȜȠ
ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ ȟșȎȏȜȟȠȖ țȎ ȠȜȕȖ ȐȖȒ ȖȕȐȜȞȜȐ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎș, țȓ-
ȑȜȐȜȠȜ ȒȓȠȎȗșțȜ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȓ ȝȜȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȜȚ ȖȕȐșȖȥȎțȓȠȜ Ȗ ȟȖȟ-
312
ȠȓȚȎȠȖȕȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȎțțȖȠȓ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȎȠȎ
ȝȞȜȏșȓȚȎȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȝȜȒșȎȑȎțȓ țȎ ȘȞȖȠȖȥȓț ȎțȎșȖȕ Ȗ
ȜȏȞȎȏȜȠȘȎ, e ȐȎȔțȜ ȡȟșȜȐȖȓ ȕȎ ȤȭșȜȟȠțȎȠȎ ȞȓȘȜțȟȠȞȡȘȤȖȭ țȎ
ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ Ȗ ȜȏȖȠȎȐȎȧȜȠȜ
ȑȖ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ.
ǻȎȝȞȎȐȓțȎȠȎ ȘȜțȟȠȎȠȎȤȖȭ ȐȎȔȖ Ȑ ȝȨșțȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț Ȗ ȝȜ ȜȠ-
țȜȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȡȞȏȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ
ȕȓȚȖ ȝȜȒ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎ ȐșȎȟȠ ȝȞȓȕ ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ. ǽȜȒ ȡȞȏȎțȖȕȎ-
ȤȖȭ Ȑ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȎȠȎ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȏȖȞȎ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȨȠ țȎ
țȎȞȎȟȠȐȎțȓ țȎ ȏȞȜȭ Ȗ ȑȜșȓȚȖțȎȠȎ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ Ȗ ȝȜȐȖȦȎȐȎ-
țȓ țȎ ȞȜșȭȠȎ ȖȚ ȐȨȐ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȟȢȓȞȖ țȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ
(Nikolov & Kolev 2011, 266 – 267; Shterionov 2012, 335 – 336).
ǶțȠȓȞȓȟ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȜȕȖ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ Ȑ țȎȟȓșȓ-
țȖȠȓ ȟ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ ȏȎșȘȎțȟȘȖ ȝȞȜȐȖțȤȖȖ țȎ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓ-
ȞȖȭ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ (ȒȜ 1878 ȑ.) – ȝȓȞȖȜȒ, ȝȞȓȕ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȡȞȏȎțȖȕȎ-
ȤȖȭȠȎ ȐȜȒȖ ȒȜ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ Ȑ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖȭ, ȟȜȤȖ-
ȎșțȜ-ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȖȭ Ȗ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȜ-ȒȡȣȜȐțȖȭ ȜȏșȖȘ țȎ ȜȏȖȠȎ-
ȐȎȧȜȠȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ Ȗ ȓ ȓȒțȎ ȜȠ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖ-
Ƞȓ ȝȞȓȒȝȜȟȠȎȐȘȖ ȕȎ țȎȟȠȨȝȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȚȜȒȓȞțȖȕȎȤȖȜțțȖ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖ
Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ (Muchinov 2015).
ȀȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȠȓȚȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȡȞȏȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȓ ȚțȜȑȜȎȟȝȓȘȠțȎ, Ȑ
țȎȟȠȜȭȧȎȠȎ ȟȠȎȠȖȭ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȟȘȖȠȓ ȡȟȖșȖȭ ȧȓ ȟȓ ȘȜțȤȓț-
ȠȞȖȞȎȠ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȜȠȞȎȕȭȐȎțȓȠȜ Ȑ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥțȖȭ ȝȓȥȎȠ țȎ ȒȐȎ
ȐȎȔțȖ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚȎ: 1) ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȡȝȞȎȐșȭ-
ȐȎȧȖ ȚȓȞȘȖ ȕȎ ȚȜȒȓȞțȖȕȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓ-
Ƞȓ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȞȓȕ ȠȞȓȠȎȠȎ ȥȓȠȐȨȞȠ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ Ȗ 2)
ȝȜșȖȠȖȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ ȕȎ ȡȐȓșȖȥȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȏȞȜȭ țȎ
ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ Ȗ ȕȎ ȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȓ țȎ țȜȐȖ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ Ȑ ȏȨș-
ȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ. ǵȎ ȤȓșȠȎ ȧȓ ȟȓ ȝȞȜȟșȓȒȖ Ȗ ȎțȎșȖȕȖȞȎ Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚȖ, ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎ-
țȎ Ȑ ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȖȭ ȝȞȓȕ 50-Ƞȓ – 70-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ ȏȨșȑȎȞ-
ȟȘȖ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥȓț ȝȓȥȎȠ, ȘȎȠȜ ȟȓ ȕȎȝȜȥțȓ ȜȠ „ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ Ȑȓȟ-
ȠțȖȘ“ Ȗ ȟȓ ȟȠȖȑțȓ ȒȜ ȖȕșȖȕȎșȖȠȓ țȓȝȜȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȓțȜ ȝȞȓȒȖ ǼȟȐȜ-
ȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȐȓȟȠțȖȤȖ Ȗ ȟȝȖȟȎțȖȭ. ǺȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖȠȓ
ȝȜ ȠȓȚȎȠȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎȠ țȎ ȟȠȞȎțȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ
ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȎ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȘȎ, ȧȓ ȟȓ ȟȨȝȜȟȠȎȐȭȠ ȟȨȟ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭȠȎ,
ȜȏțȎȞȜȒȐȎțȖ ȐȨȐ ȐȖșȎȓȠȟȘȖȠȓ ȜȢȖȤȖȜȕȖ (țȎȗ-Ȑȓȥȓ ȐȨȐ Ȑ.
„ǲȡțȎȐ“ / “Tuna” – ȜȢȖȤȖȎșȓț ȜȞȑȎț țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ),
313
ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ Ȑ ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȎȠȎ Ȑ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȟȠȜșȖȤȎ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ ȑȞȨȤ-
ȘȎ ȝȞȓȟȎ (țȎȗ-Ȑȓȥȓ Ȑ. „ƣǎǂǕǐǌǊǋǝǓ ƣǔǕƿǒ“ /„ǮțȎȠȜșȖȘȜȟ Ȏȟ-
ȠȖȞ“1).
ǻȎ ȝȨȞȐȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ Ȑ ȟȠȎȠȖȭȠȎ ȧȓ ȟȓ ȜȏȨȞțȓ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓ țȎ
ȜȠȞȎȕȭȐȎțȓȠȜ Ȑ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥțȖȭ ȝȓȥȎȠ țȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ
ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȐșȎȟȠȖ ȚȓȞȘȖ ȕȎ ȚȜȒȓȞțȖȕȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠ-
ȞȜȗȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ ȝȞȓȕ 50-Ƞȓ–70-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ –
ȚȓȞȘȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȜȒȜȏȞȭȐȎȠ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭȠȎ ȕȎ ȔȖȐȜȠ Ȑ ȠȜȕȖ ȠȖȝ ȟȓ-
șȖȧȎ Ȗ ȕȎȟȖșȐȎȠ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȎ țȎ ȡȞȏȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭ (Dumont 1999, 503
– 506). ǰȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȥȓ Ȝȧȓ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ ȟȎ
ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȠȖ ȜȝȖȠȖ ȕȎ ȚȜȒȓȞțȖȕȎȤȖȜțțȖ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȎȠȎ
ȟȞȓȒȎ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȟȠȜșȖȤȎ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ Ȗ țȭȘȜȖ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȑȜșȓ-
ȚȖ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓ, ȓȒȐȎ ȘȨȚ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ țȎ ȐȓȘȎ ȠȓȕȖ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ ȕȎȝȜȥȐȎȠ
ȒȎ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȐȎȠ ȝȜ-ȞȓȎșțȖ ȖȕȚȓȞȓțȖȭ2. ǯșȎȑȜȒȎȞȓțȖȓ țȎ Ȗȕ-
ȒȎȐȎțȖȭ Ȑ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȟȠȜșȖȤȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥȓț ȝȓȥȎȠ,
ȎȘȠȖȐȖȕȖȞȎșȖȠȓ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȕ 50-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ ȑȞȎȒȜȡȟȠ-
ȞȜȗȟȠȐȓțȖ ȚȓȞȜȝȞȖȭȠȖȭ Ȑ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ ȟȠȎȐȎȠ ȒȜȟȠȜȭțȖȓ Ȗ țȎ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȜȟȠ. ȀȎȘȎ țȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ ȝȞȓȕ ȚȎȗ 1856 ȑ.
„ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ“ ȟȨȜȏȧȎȐȎ, ȥȓ ȢȞȓțȟȘȖ ȖțȔȓțȓȞȖ ȟȎ
ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖșȖ țȎ ȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȓȒȖț ȝșȎț ȕȎ ȖȕȝȞȎȐȭțȓ țȎ
ȡșȖȤȖȠȓ Ȑ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ Ȗ țȎȟȠȖșȎțȓȠȜ ȖȚ ȟ ȘȎșȒȨȞȨȚ. Ȁȓ ȝȜșȡ-
ȥȎȐȎȠ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜȠȜ ȝȜȕȐȜșȓțȖȓ, Ȑ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠ țȎ ȘȜȓȠȜ „ȟȓȑȎ
ȚțȜȑȜ ȡșȖȤȖ ȟ ȚțȜȑȜ ȒȜȏȨȞ ȘȎșȒȨȞȨȚ ȝȜȟȠȖșȎȠ“3. ǽȞȓȕ șȭȠȜ-
ȠȜ țȎ ȟȨȧȎȠȎ ȑȜȒȖțȎ „ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ“ ȖțȢȜȞȚȖȞȎ ȕȎ
ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȘȐȎȞȠȎș ǮȘȟȎȞȎȗ Ȑ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ ȟșȓȒ ȑȜșȓȚȖȭ
ȝȜȔȎȞ ȟȝȜȞȓȒ țȜȐ ȝșȎț ȟ țȜȐȖ ȦȖȞȜȘȖ ȡșȖȤȖ țȎ ȚȭȟȠȜȠȜ țȎ
ȟȠȎȞȖȠȓ4. ǰ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȠȓșțȜȟȠ, ȝȞȓȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ǮȘȟȎȞȎȗ
ȟșȓȒ ȝȜȔȎȞȎ ȜȠ 1856 ȑ. ȟȓ ȟȥȖȠȎ ȕȎ ȓȒțȜ ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȞȎțțȖȠȓ ȐțȓȒ-
ȞȭȐȎțȖȭ Ȑ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȖȓȠȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȕ 1848 Ȗ 1849 ȑ. ȟȠȞȜ-
ȖȠȓșțȖ ȞȓȑȡșȎȤȖȖ Ȗ ȕȎ ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȚȎȧȎȏțȎ ȚȜȒȓȞțȖȕȎȤȖȜțțȎ
țȎȚȓȟȎ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȎȠȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ țȎ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ (Dumont 1999, 505;
Gençer & Çokuùraü 2016, 9 ௅ 10).
ǻȎ ȟȠȞȎțȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȖȭ ȜȠ ǮșȓȘȟȎțȒȨȞ ǳȘȕȎȞȣ
„ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ“ ȟȓ ȜȏțȎȞȜȒȐȎȠ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ȝȞȜțȖȘ-
ȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȖțȤȖȝȖȠȓ țȎ ȚȜȒȓȞțȖȭ ȡȞȏȎțȖȕȨȚ Ȗ ȐȨȐ ȐȨȠ-
ȞȓȦțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȐȖțȤȖȖ. ȀȎȘȎ țȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ ȝȞȓȕ
ȓȟȓțȠȎ țȎ 1856 ȑ. ȐȨȐ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘȎ ȓ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ,
ȥȓ ȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȓ ȖȕȝȞȎȠȖșȜ ȒȐȎȚȎ ȖȕȘȡȟțȖ ȖțȔȓțȓȞȖ
314
(ȚȓȣȓțȒȖȕȖ) Ȑ ǱȓȚșȓȘ5 ȟ ȓȒȖț ȚțȜȑȜ ȣȡȏȎȐ ȝșȎț, ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȘȜȗȠȜ
ȠȜȕȖ ȑȞȎȒ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȖ ȐȞȓȚȓ ȝȜȥȠȖ ȤȓșȖȭȠ ȖȕȑȜȞȭș, ȒȎ ȟȓ ȡȟ-
ȠȞȜȖ țȎțȜȐȜ. ǰȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȠȜȐȎ ȜȠ ȞȓȒȎȘȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥ-
țȜȠȜ ȖȕȒȎțȖȓ ȝȞȓȝȜȞȨȥȐȎȠ țȎ ȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ǵȎȎȞȎ (ǿȠȎȞȎ ǵȎ-
ȑȜȞȎ), ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȜȑȨțȭȠ ȟȨȧȜ ȝȞȖȥȖțȖș ȑȜșȭȚȜ ȞȎȕȜȞȓțȖȓ, „ȒȎ
ȝȜȖȟȘȎȠ ȖțȔȓțȓȞȖ ȕȎ ȓȒțȜ ȒȜȏȞȜ ȡȟȠȞȜȗȐȎțȓ țȎ ȠȜȕȖ ȑȞȎȒ“,
ȘȎȠȜ ȟȓ ȖȕȘȎȕȐȎ țȎȒȓȔȒȎȠȎ, ȥȓ ȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȧȓ ȡȒȜȐșȓȠ-
ȐȜȞȖ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȔȓșȎțȖȓ6. ǼȠ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȓ ȐȖȒțȜ,
ȥȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȎ ȖțȠȓșȖ-
ȑȓțȤȖȭ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȝȞȖȐȓȠȟȠȐȎȠ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȠȖȠȓ Ȑ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȟȠȜ-
șȖȤȎ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓ ȚȜȒȓȞțȖȕȎȤȖȜțțȖ ȚȓȞȜȝȞȖȭȠȖȭ, țȜ ȟȓ
ȕȎȟȠȨȝȐȎȠ Ȗ ȕȎ ȠȭȣțȎȠȎ ȞȓȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ-
Ƞȓ ȕȓȚȖ.
ǼȠ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ 60-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ ȟȓ ȜȠȥȖȠȎ ȎȘȠȖȐȖ-
ȕȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȚȓȞȜȝȞȖȭȠȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȖ Ȑ ȏȨș-
ȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖȠȓ
ȟȞȓȒȖȧȎ Ȑ ȏȎșȘȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȐȖțȤȖȖ țȎ ǶȚȝȓȞȖȭȠȎ. ǰȜȒȓȧȎ
ȞȜșȭ Ȑ ȠȜȐȎ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ ȖȕȖȑȞȎȐȎ ȏȨȒȓȧȖȭȠ ȑȜșȭȚ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ
ȞȓȢȜȞȚȎȠȜȞ ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ 1861 – 1864 ȑ.
ȓ ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓș țȎ ǻȖȦȘȖȭ ȓȭșȓȠ. ǻȎ ȟȠȞȎțȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ „ȄȎȞȖȑ-
ȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ“ ȟȓ ȎȒȚȖȞȖȞȎȠ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȭȠȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ǺȖȒȣȎȠ
ȝȎȦȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȎ ȐȓȒțȎȑȎ ȟșȓȒ ȐȟȠȨȝȐȎțȓȠȜ ȟȖ țȎ ȝȜȟȠȎ ȕȎ
ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȑȞ. ǻȖȦ Ȗ ȕȎ ȝȜȒȜȏȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȨȠțȎȠȎ
ȖțȢȞȎȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȎ Ȑ ȞȓȑȖȜțȎ – ȐȕȓȚȎȠ ȟȓ ȚȓȞȘȖ ȕȎ ȥȖȟȠȜȠȎȠȎ țȎ
ȑȞȎȒȎ, ȕȎ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȐȎ ȚȜȟȠȎ țȎȒ Ȟ. ǻȖȦȎȐȎ, ȕȎ
ȟȠȞȜȓȔȎ țȎ ȝȨȠȭ ȜȠ ǻȖȦ ȒȜ ȆȎȞȘȪȜȗ (ǽȖȞȜȠ) Ȗ ȒȞ.7 ǺȓȞȜȝ-
ȞȖȭȠȖȭ Ȑ ȠȎȕȖ țȎȟȜȘȎ ȕȎȝȜȥȐȎȠ Ȗ Ȑ ȑȞ. ǿȜȢȖȭ, ȟșȓȒ ȘȎȠȜ ȝȞȓȕ
1863 ȑ. ǿȜȢȖȗȟȘȖȭȠ ȟȎțȒȔȎȘ ȝȞȓȚȖțȎȐȎ ȝȜȒ ȘȜțȠȞȜșȎ țȎ
țȖȦȘȖȭ ȐȎșȖȭ ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ. ǰ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȝȞȓȟȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȥȖȠȎ,
ȥȓ ȝȜȒ ȞȨȘȜȐȜȒȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȟȜȢȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȚȬȠȓȟȎȞȖȢ ǮȣȚȓȒ ǾȎȟȖȚ
ȝȎȦȎ ȡșȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȎ ȟȎ țȎȟȠșȎțȖ ȟ ȣȡȏȎȐ ȘȎșȒȨȞȨȚ, ȝȜȝ-
ȞȎȐȓțȎ ȓ ȑȜșȭȚȎȠȎ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȎ ȥȎȞȦȖȭ, ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȎȠ ȟȓ ȚȓȞȘȖ
ȕȎ ȡȞȓȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ȝȨȠȖȧȎȠȎ Ȗ ȕȎ ȡșȓȟțȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȖȠȓ Ȗ
ȟȨȜȏȧȖȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȐȞȨȕȘȖ ȚȓȔȒȡ ǿȜȢȖȭ Ȗ ȜȘȜșțȖȠȓ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓ8.
ǼȠ ȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȖȠȓ Ȑ ȤȎȞȖȑȞȎȒȟȘȖȭ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȝȓȥȎȠ ȓ
ȐȖȒțȜ, ȥȓ ȝȜȒȜȏțȖ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȓțȖ ȚȓȞȜȝȞȖȭȠȖȭ ȟȎ ȝȞȓȒ-
ȝȞȖȓȠȖ Ȗ ȜȠ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȖ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ.
ǰ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȒȜȝȖȟȘȖ, ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȖ ȝȞȓȕ șȭȠȜȠȜ țȎ 1863 ȑ. ȐȨȐ
315
Ȑ. „ǿȨȐȓȠțȖȘ“, ȟȓ ȐȨȕȣȐȎșȭȐȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȭ țȎ
ǿȖșȖȟȠȞȓțȟȘȖȭ ȓȭșȓȠ ǮȞȖȢ ȝȎȦȎ, ȘȜȗȠȜ „ȟ ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȒȓȭȠȓș-
țȜȟȠ ȟȓ ȠȞȡȒȖ ȕȎ ȖȕȝȨșțȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ țȜȐȖȠȓ țȎȞȓȒȏȖ Ȗ ȕȎ ȡȘ-
ȞȎȦȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȑșȎȐțȖȠȓ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓ“ Ȑ ȠȎȕȖ ȝȞȜȐȖțȤȖȭ. ǮȞȖȢ
ȝȎȦȎ ȝȜșȎȑȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȖ ȡȟȖșȖȭ ȕȎ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȑȞ.
ǾȡȟȥȡȘ (Ǿȡȟȓ), ȘȜȗȠȜ ȘȨȚ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ ȝȜȟȠȓȝȓțțȜ Ȗȕ-
ȚȓȟȠȐȎ ǿȖșȖȟȠȞȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȤȓțȠȨȞ țȎ ȓȭșȓȠȎ: ȕȎ ȝȜȝȞȎȐȘȎ țȎ ȝȜ-
ȞȡȠȓțȖȠȓ ȒȔȎȚȖȖ, ȕȎ ȕȎȐȨȞȦȐȎțȓ țȎ ȐȓșȖȘȜșȓȝțȜȠȜ ȕȒȎțȖȓ
țȎ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȜȠȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ (ȚȓȘȠȓȏ ȞȡȔȒȖȓ), ȕȎ ȝȜȒȒȨȞ-
ȔȎțȓ țȎ ȥȖȟȠȜȠȎȠȎ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ, ȕȎ ȕȎȝȜȥȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ
țȎ țȜȐȖȭ ȑșȎȐȓț ȝȨȠ (ȦȜȟȓ) ȚȓȔȒȡ ǾȡȟȥȡȘ Ȗ ȆȡȚȓț, Ȗ ȒȞ.9
ǽȜȣȐȎșȖ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȝȞȓȟȎ ȝȜșȡȥȎȐȎȠ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ
ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȖ, ȘȎȠȜ ȠȨȞțȜȐȟȘȖȭ ȘȎȗȚȎȘȎȚȖț ǮșȖ ȏȓȗ, ȥȖȖȠȜ
ȟȠȎȞȎțȖȭ ȕȎ ȡȟȠȞȜȗȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȨȠȖȧȎȠȎ Ȗ ȕȎ ȝȜȝȞȎȐȭțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȠȨȞțȜȐȟȘȖȠȓ ȘȎșȒȨȞȨȚȖ Ȗ ȐȜȒȜȝȞȜȐȜȒȖ Țȡ ȒȜțȎȟȭȠ ȒȨșȏȜȘȎ-
ȠȎ ȝȞȖȕțȎȠȓșțȜȟȠ țȎ ȚȓȟȠțȖȠȓ ȔȖȠȓșȖ10.
ǻȎȗ-ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȖ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ Ȑ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥțȖȭ ȝȓȥȎȠ ȟȓ ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎȠ
ȕȎ ȝȜșȖȠȖȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ ȕȎ ȚȜȒȓȞțȖȕȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȏșȎȑȜ-
ȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ Ȑ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ, ȟșȓȒ ȘȎȠȜ ȝȞȓȕ
1864 ȑ. țȎȥȓșȜ țȎ ȠȎȕȖ țȜȐȜȟȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȎ ȝȞȜȐȖțȤȖȭ ȕȎȟȠȎȐȎ
ȒȜȠȜȑȎȐȎȦțȖȭȠ țȖȦȘȖ ȐȎșȖȭ ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ11. ǵȎ ȝȞȜȝȎȑȎț-
ȒȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȚȓȞȜȝȞȖȭȠȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȐȖșȎȓȠȟȘȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ Ȑ ȠȎȕȖ țȎ-
ȟȜȘȎ ȐȎȔțȎ ȞȜșȭ ȖȑȞȎȓ ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȖȭȠ Ȑ ǾȡȟȥȡȘ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ
1865 – 1877 ȑ. ȒȐȡȓȕȖȥȓț (țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȜȠȡȞȟȘȖ Ȗ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ)
Ȑ. „ǲȡțȎȐ“ / “Tuna”. ǻȎ țȓȑȜȐȖȠȓ ȟȠȞȎțȖȤȖ ȟȓ ȜȏțȎȞȜȒȐȎȠ ȚțȜ-
ȑȜȏȞȜȗțȖ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ ȕȎ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ țȜȐȎ Ȗ ȚȜȒȓȞțȎ
ȡșȖȥțȎ ȚȞȓȔȎ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ Ȑ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ, ȕȎ ȝȜȟȠȎȐȭțȓ-
ȠȜ țȎ ȘȎȚȓțțȎ țȎȟȠȖșȘȎ Ȗ țȎ ȢȓțȓȞȖ ȕȎ țȜȧțȜ ȜȟȐȓȠșȓțȖȓ ȝȜ
ȑșȎȐțȖȠȓ ȡșȖȤȖ Ȗ ȥȎȞȦȖȖȠȓ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ, ȕȎ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ
țȎ țȜȐȖ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖ Ȗ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖ ȟȑȞȎȒȖ, ȕȎ ȐȕȓȚȎțȓȠȜ
țȎ ȚȓȞȘȖ ȕȎ ȝȜȒȜȏȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȣȖȑȖȓțȎȠȎ, ȕȎ ȜȕȓșȓțȭȐȎțȓ Ȗ ȐȜ-
ȒȜȟțȎȏȒȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȓșȖȧȎȠȎ, ȕȎ ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎțȓ țȎ ȏȜșțȖȥțȖ ȕȎȐȓ-
ȒȓțȖȭ Ȗ ȟȖȞȜȝȖȠȎșȖȧȎ Ȑ ȝȜ-ȑȜșȓȚȖȠȓ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓ ȐȨȐ ȐȖșȎȓȠȎ.
ǽȜȟȜȥȓțȖȠȓ ȚȓȞȜȝȞȖȭȠȖȭ ȕȎ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜ Ȗ ȣȖȑȖȓțȖȕȖȞȎ-
țȓ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ Ȑ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ ȟȓ ȝȞȜȐȓȔȒȎȠ ȝȜȒ ȘȜțȠ-
ȞȜșȎ țȎ ȡȥȞȓȒȓțȖȠȓ ȝȜ ȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖ ȜȏȞȎȕȓȤ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȟȨȐȓȠȖ
(ȏȓșȓȒȖȓ ȚȓȒȔșȖȟȖ)12. ǻȎ ȟȠȞȎțȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ Ȑ. „ǲȡțȎȐ“ ȝȓȞȖȜ-
ȒȖȥțȜ ȟȓ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȖȕȐȨȞȦȓțȖȠȓ „ȜȏȧȜȝȜ-
316
șȓȕțȖ Ȗ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșțȖ ȞȎȏȜȠȖ“ Ȑ ȜȠȒȓșțȖȠȓ ȟȎțȒȔȎȤȖ țȎ ȐȖșȎȓ-
ȠȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȐȖșȎȓȠȟȘȖȭ ȜȢȖȤȖȜȕ ȟȓ ȜȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȭȐȎȠ ȟ ȒȜȏ-
ȞȜȐȜșțȖȭ ȠȞȡȒ Ȗ ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎ țȎ ȚȓȟȠțȖȠȓ ȔȖȠȓșȖ ȟșȓȒ „țȎȝȞȎȐȓ-
țȖȠȓ ȝȜȒȏȡȔȒȓțȖȭ ȜȠ ȟȠȞȎțȎ țȎ ȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ“13. ǽȞȓȒȝȞȖȓ-
ȠȖȠȓ ȚȓȞȘȖ ȕȎ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ Ȑ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖ-
șȎȓȠ Ȗ ȕȎ ȝȜȒȜȏȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȐȨȞȕȐȎȧȎȠȎ ȑȖ ȝȨȠțȎ ȖțȢȞȎȟȠȞȡȘ-
ȠȡȞȎ ȟȎ Ȗ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ ȜȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ ȎȘȤȓțȠȖ Ȑ ȜȏțȎȞȜȒȐȎțȖȠȓ ȞȓȥȖ țȎ
ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ Ȗ țȓȑȜȐȖȠȓ țȎȟșȓȒțȖȤȖ țȎ ȐȎșȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȝȜȟȠ,
ȝȞȜȖȕțȓȟȓțȖ ȝȞȓȒ ǼȏȧȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠȟȘȖ ȟȨȐȓȠ, ȘȜȖȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ
ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎȠ ȜȠȥȓȠȖ ȕȎ ȖȕȐȨȞȦȓțȖȠȓ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȓȔȓȑȜȒțȖȠȓ
ȟȐȖȘȐȎțȖȭ țȎ ȟȨȐȓȠȎ țȎȗ-ȕțȎȥȖȚȖ „ȜȏȧȜȝȜșȓȕțȖ“ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȖ Ȑ
ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ14.
ǼȠ ȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȖȠȓ ȐȨȐ Ȑ. „ǲȡțȎȐ“ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȖȕȐșȓȥȓ Ȗ
ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȘȎȘ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȓțȖȠȓ ȚȓȞȜȝȞȖȭȠȖȭ țȎ Ȝȟ-
ȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ ȟȠȖȚȡșȖȞȎȠ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȜȠȜ Ȗ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȜȠȜ
ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ Ȑ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ – ȝȞȖ ȠȜȐȎ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ
țȎ ȑȜșȓȚȖȠȓ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ ȘȎȠȜ ǾȡȟȥȡȘ, ǽșȓȐȓț, ǿȜȢȖȭ Ȗ
ȒȞ., țȜ Ȗ țȎ ȝȜ-ȚȎșȘȖȠȓ ȑȞȎȒȥȓȠȎ țȎ ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȐȖșȎȓȠȎ.
ǽȞȖȚȓȞ ȕȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȓ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȑȞ. ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȎȚȜ ȕȎ
țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȟȓ ȖȕȒȖȑȎ ȜȠ ȚȎșȨȘ ȑȞȎȒȓȤ ȒȜ ȤȓțȠȨȞ țȎ ȘȎȕȎ.
ǰȨȐ Ȑ. „ǲȡțȎȐ“ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ, ȥȓ ȟ ȝȜȚȜȧȠȎ țȎ ȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ ȚȓȟȠțȎ-
ȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȭȐȎ ȑȞȎȒȎ Ȗ ȑȜ ȝȞȓȐȞȨȧȎ Ȑ ȓȒțȜ „ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȜ
ȚȭȟȠȜ“, ȞȎȕȝȜșȎȑȎȧȜ ȟ ȝȜȠȓțȤȖȎș ȒȎ ȝȞȓȞȎȟțȓ Ȑ „ȓȒțȎ ȜȠ țȎȗ-
ȑȜșȓȚȖȠȓ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȖ ȟȘȓșȖ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȜȠȜ ȘȞȎȗȏȞȓȔȖȓ“. ǽȜȞȎ-
ȒȖ ȠȜȐȎ Ȑ ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț ȟȓ ȕȎȟȓșȐȎȠ ȒȜȟȠȎ ȣȜȞȎ ȜȠ ȜȘȜșțȜȟȠȖȠȓ Ȗ ȜȠ
800 – 900 ȘȨȧȖ Ȗ 150 ȒȬȘȭțȎ ȝȞȓȕ 1864 ȑ. ȑȞȎȒȨȠ țȎȞȎȟȠȐȎ țȎ
1 200 ȘȨȧȖ Ȗ 250 ȒȬȘȭțȎ ȘȨȚ șȭȠȜȠȜ țȎ 1866 ȑ. 15
ǽȜȒ ȐșȖȭțȖȓ țȎ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ
ȝȜșȖȠȖȘȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȚȜȒȓȞțȖȕȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ
ȕȎȝȜȥȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȖșȎȑȎ Ȗ Ȑ ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖȠȓ țȎȟȓșȓțȖ ȟ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ Ȝȟ-
ȚȎțȟȘȖ ȝȞȜȐȖțȤȖȖ țȎ ǯȎșȘȎțȖȠȓ. ǶțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȓ ȝȡȏ-
șȖȘȡȐȎțȎ țȎ ȟȠȞȎțȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖȠȓ ȐȖșȎȓȠȟȘȖ ȐȓȟȠțȖȤȖ,
ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȖ ȝȞȓȕ ȐȠȜȞȎȠȎ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎ țȎ 60-Ƞȓ Ȗ ȝȞȓȕ 70-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ
țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ – ȟȠȎȐȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟ ȕȎ ȐȓȟȠțȖȤȖȠȓ „ǳȒȖȞțȓ“ (“Edirne”),
ȜȞȑȎț țȎ ǼȒȞȖțȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ, Ȗ „ǿȜșȡț“ (“Selanik”), ȜȢȖȤȖȜȕ țȎ
ǿȜșȡțȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ16. ǵȎ ȟȨȔȎșȓțȖȓ, Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȖ
Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐȜȣȞȎțȖșȖȧȎ ȟȎ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȖ ȟȎȚȜ ȜȠȒȓșțȖ ȏȞȜȓȐȓ ȜȠ Ƞȓȥȓ-
țȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȠȓȕȖ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ, ȝȜȞȎȒȖ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ țȎșȎȑȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ
317
ȝȜ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟȡȐȎȧȎȠȎ țȖ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚȎȠȖȘȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȖȕȒȖȞȐȎ Ȑ ȒȞȡȑȖ
ȖȕșȖȕȎșȖ ȝȞȓȕ ȠȎȕȖ ȓȝȜȣȎ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥțȖ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ. ǼȟȜȏȓțȜ ȝȜșȓ-
ȕȓț Ȑ ȠȜȐȎ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ ȓ ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȖȭȠ Ȑ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ
1861 – 1877 ȑ. ȑȞȨȤȘȖ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ „ƣǎǂǕǐǌǊǋǝǓ ƣǔǕƿǒ“ („ǮțȎȠȜșȖ-
ȘȜȟ ȎȟȠȖȞ“), țȎ ȟȠȞȎțȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȓ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎ ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȎ
ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȠȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖȠȓ ȒȓȟȓȠȖșȓȠȖȭ
ȚȓȞȜȝȞȖȭȠȖȭ ȕȎ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ Ȑ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȖȭ
ȟȎțȒȔȎȘ Ȗ Ȑ ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖȠȓ ȞȎȗȜțȖ țȎ ǼȒȞȖțȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ. ǿȝȓȤȖ-
ȎșțȖ ȝȜȣȐȎșȖ ȜȠ ȘȜȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȠȎ țȎ Ȑ. „ƣǎǂǕǐǌǊǋǝǓ ƣǔǕƿǒ“ ȝȜ-
șȡȥȎȐȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȝșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȖȭ ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓș ǮȣȚȓȒ ǮȠȎ ȏȓȗ,
ȘȜȗȠȜ ȝȞȓȕ 1866 ȑ. ȝȜșȎȑȎ ȎȘȠȖȐțȖ ȡȟȖșȖȭ ȕȎ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜ-
ȠȜ țȎ ȑȞ. ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ Ȗ ȕȎ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȑșȎȐțȖȭ ȝȨȠ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȒȎ
ȟȐȨȞȕȐȎ ȑȞȎȒȎ ȟ ȐȖșȎȓȠȟȘȖȭ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ǼȒȞȖț17.
ȀȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȥȓȠȓ, ȥȓ ȒȎșȓȥ țȓ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȒȓȘșȎȞȖȞȎțȖ Ȑ
ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥțȖȭ ȝȓȥȎȠ ȚȓȞȜȝȞȖȭȠȖȭ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ Ȑ Ȝȏ-
șȎȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ Ȗ ȣȖȑȖȓțȖȕȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ
Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȟȎ ȞȓȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȖ Ȑ ȔȓșȎțȎȠȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț ȝȜȞȎ-
ȒȖ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚȖ ȜȠ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȜ, ȢȖțȎțȟȜȐȜ Ȗ ȝȞ.
ȓȟȠȓȟȠȐȜ. ǶțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȘȞȖȓ ȒȜȞȖ țȎ
ȟȠȞȎțȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ ȐȖșȎȓȠȟȘȖȠȓ ȜȢȖȤȖȜȕȖ. ȀȎȘȎ țȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ ȝȞȓȕ
ȎȝȞȖș 1869 ȑ. ȐȨȐ Ȑ. „ǲȡțȎȐ“ ȓ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȜ ȝȖȟȚȜ, Ȑ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ
ȘȞȖȠȖȘȡȐȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ǾȡȟȥȡȦȘȖȭ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȟȨȐȓȠ (ȏȓșȓȒȖȓ
ȚȓȒȔșȖȟȖ) ȜȠțȜȟțȜ ȥȖȟȠȜȠȎȠȎ Ȗ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȎ.
ǽȞȖȝȜȚțȭ ȟȓ, ȥȓ ȜȟȐȓț ȕȎ ȑȜșȓȚȖȠȓ ȡșȖȤȖ ȟȨȐȓȠȨȠ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ
ȝȜșȎȑȎ ȑȞȖȔȖ ȕȎ ȝȜȝȞȎȐȭțȓȠȜ Ȗ ȖȕȥȖȟȠȐȎțȓȠȜ Ȗ țȎ ȚȎșȘȖȠȓ
ȡșȖȤȖ Ȑ ȚȎȣȎșȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȠȨțȎȠ Ȑ ȚȞȨȟȜȠȖȭ Ȗ ȟȨȟ ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȟȚȞȎȒ
ȞȎȕȐȎșȭȠ ȥȖȟȠȜȠȎȠȎ țȎ ȐȨȕȒȡȣȎ Ȗ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȝȞȖȥȖțȭȠ ȑȜșȓȚȖ
ȧȓȠȖ țȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȜȠȜ ȕȒȞȎȐȓ ȝȞȓȕ țȎȏșȖȔȎȐȎȧȜȠȜ șȭȠȜ.
ǽȞȓȝȜȞȨȥȐȎ ȟȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȐȕȓȚȎȠ ȚȓȞȘȖ Ȗ ȟȞȓȧȡ ȟȐȜȏȜȒțȜȠȜ ȜȠȑ-
șȓȔȒȎțȓ ȝȜ ȡșȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ ȘȞȎȐȖ, ȏȖȐȜșȖȤȖ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȔȖȐȜȠțȖ,
ȘȜȖȠȜ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȒȜȝȞȖțȎȟȭȠ ȕȎ ȘȜțȟȠȎȠȖȞȎțȎȠȎ ȚȞȨȟȜȠȖȭ, țȜ Ȗ
ȥȓȟȠȜ ȝșȎȦȎȠ ȒȓȤȎȠȎ, ȔȓțȖȠȓ, ȏȜșțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȟȠȎȞȖȠȓ ȣȜȞȎ. ǼȠ Ȟȓ-
ȒȎȘȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ Ȑ. „ǲȡțȎȐ“ ȝȞȖȓȚȎȠ, ȥȓ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȖȠȓ Ȑ ȝȖȟȚȜȠȜ
„țȎȝȜȚțȭțȖȭ“ ȟȎ ȒȜȟȠȜȗțȖ ȕȎ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȝȞȖȕȜȐȎȐȎȠ ȚȓȟȠțȎ-
ȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ ȒȎ ȝȜșȜȔȖ ȟȠȎȞȎțȖȓ ȕȎ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȞȓȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȓ18.
Ǽȧȓ ȝȜ-ȟȓȞȖȜȕțȖ ȘȞȖȠȖȘȖ ȟȝȞȭȚȜ ȝȜșȖȠȖȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȜȟȚȎț-
ȟȘȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ ȝȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ
Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȟȓ ȜȠȝȞȎȐȭȠ țȎ ȟȠȞȎțȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ ȤȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ-
318
ȟȘȎȠȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȝȞȓȟȎ. ǰ ȓȒȖț ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎș, ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎț ȐȨȐ Ȑ.
„ǽȞȎȐȜ“ ȝȞȓȕ 1873 ȑ., ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ, ȥȓ țȎȗ-ȑȜșȓȚȖȭȠ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚ ȕȎ
ȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ ȓ șȖȝȟȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȖȠȓȗțȎ ȐȜȒȎ, Ȏ ȏȓșȓȒȖȓ-
ȠȜ (ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖȭȠ ȟȨȐȓȠ), ȐȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȥȓ ȞȎȕȝȜșȎȑȎ ȟ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȖȠȓ
ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎ, țȓ ȝȞȎȐȖ țȖȧȜ ȕȎ ȐȜȒȜȟțȎȏȒȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȎ.
ǽȞȜȭȐȎ țȎ ȏȡȒțȜ ȑȞȎȔȒȎțȟȘȜ ȟȨȕțȎțȖȓ ȓ ȟșȓȒțȖȭȠ ȐȨȝȞȜȟ țȎ
ȒȜȝȖȟțȖȘȎ: „ȀȜȑȎȐȎ țȓ ȓ șȖ țȓȑȜȐȎ ȒșȨȔțȜȟȠ [țȎ ȏȓșȓȒȖȓȠȜ]
ȒȎ ȟȭ ȝȜȑȞȖȔȖ ȕȎ ȠȜȐȎ țȓȧȜ (?) ȖșȖ ȎȘȜ ȟȖ țȓ ȕțȎȓ ȒșȨȔțȜȟȠ-
ȠȎ, ȠȜȑȎȐȎ ȐȠȜȞȎ ȒșȨȔțȜȟȠ ȓ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȜțȎȥȎșțȖȘȎ țȖ ȒȎ Țȡ ȭ
țȎȝȜȚțȖ, ȕȎȥȠȜȠȜ ȠȜȗ ȓ țȎȕțȎȥȓț ȒȎ ȏȒȖ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟȖȠȓ țȎ
țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ ȓ ȑșȎȐȎ țȎ ȚȓȟȠțȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ. Ƕ Ȑ ǳȐȞȜȝȎ ȖȚȎ
ȏȓșȓȒȖȓȠȎ, țȜ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ ȐȨȞȦȎȠ“19.
ǰ ȒȞȡȑ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎș, ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎț ȐȨȐ Ȑ. „ǶȕȠȜȥțȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ“
ȝȞȓȕ 1876 ȑ., ȟȓ ȖȕȠȨȘȐȎ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜȟȠȠȎ ȜȠ ȝȜȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșțȖ
ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȭ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖȭ ȟȨȐȓȠ ȕȎ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȭȐȎțȓ Ȗ ȣȖȑȖȓțȖ-
ȕȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȑȞ. ǿȠȎȞȎ ǵȎȑȜȞȎ. ǲȜȝȖȟțȖȘȨȠ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ, ȥȓ ȏȖ ȏȖșȜ
ȒȜȏȞȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȝȞȎȐȭȠ ȜȠțȜȐȜ ȡșȖȤȖȠȓ ȟ ȘȎșȒȨȞȨȚ Ȗ ȐȟȭȘȎ
ȟȓȒȚȖȤȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȖȕȒȎȐȎ ȕȎȝȜȐȓȒ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȚȓȠȓ Ȗ ȥȖȟȠȖ ȑȞȎȒȨȠ, „ȝȜ-
țȓȔȓ ȒȞȡȑȜ-ȭȥȓ ȏȓșȓȒȖȓȠȜ ȧȓ ȟȠȜȖ ȚȨȞȠȐȜ Ȑ ȒȓșȎȠȎ ȟȖ“20.
ǸȞȖȠȖȘȡȐȎ ȟȓ Ȗ șȜȦȎȠȎ ȝȜȒȒȞȨȔȘȎ țȎ ȝȨȠȖȧȎȠȎ Ȑ ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ.
ǽȞȖȚȓȞ ȕȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȓ ȦȜȟȓȠȜ ȜȠ ǿȠȎȞȎ ǵȎȑȜȞȎ ȒȜ ǳțȖ ǵȎȑȞȎ (Ȓț.
ǻȜȐȎ ǵȎȑȜȞȎ), țȎȝȞȎȐȎȠȎ țȎ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȓ ȘȜȟȠȐȎșȜ ȚțȜȑȜ ȠȞȡȒ Ȗ
ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎ țȎ ȚȓȟȠțȖȠȓ ȔȖȠȓșȖ. ǰȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȠȜȐȎ Ȑ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ țȎ 70-
Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ ȦȜȟȓȠȜ Ȑȓȥȓ ȓ țȎȝȨșțȜ ȕȎȝȡȟțȎȠȜ, Ȏ ȝȨ-
ȠȡȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȝȜ țȓȑȜ ȟȎ ȝȞȖțȡȒȓțȖ ȒȎ ȑȎȕȭȠ ȘȎș ȒȜ ȘȜșȓțȓ21.
ǼȟȐȓț ȕȎ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ, Ȑ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎ-
țȖȭ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥȓț ȝȓȥȎȠ ȟȓ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎ ȐȎȔțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȕȎ
ȝȜșȖȠȖȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭțȓ țȎ
ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȟȠȎȠȡȠ țȎ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȝȜ-ȕțȎȥȖȚȖ ȟȓșȖȧȎ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟ-
ȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȞȓȕ ȠȞȓȠȎȠȎ ȥȓȠȐȨȞȠ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ – ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ
țȎ ȑșȎȐțȖȠȓ ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȗȟȘȖ Ȗ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȖ ȟȞȓȒȖȧȎ Ȑ ǿȠȎȞȜȝ-
șȎțȖțȟȘȖȭ ȞȓȑȖȜț, ȝȜȒȏȎșȘȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȜșȓȠȎ Ȗ ǿȞȓȒțȜȑȜȞȖȓȠȜ,
ȘȎȠȜ ǱȎȏȞȜȐȜ, ȀȞȜȭț, ǲȞȭțȜȐȜ, ȀȞȭȐțȎ, ǳșȓțȎ, ǸȜȠȓș, ǽȎțȎ-
ȑȬȞȖȧȓ, ǸȜȝȞȖȐȧȖȤȎ Ȗ ȒȞ.22 ȃȞȜțȜșȜȑȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȟȨȏȖȠȖȭȠȎ,
ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭțȓȠȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȟȠȎȠȡȠ țȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟțȖȠȓ
ȟȓșȖȧȎ ȜȠ ȟȠȞȎțȎ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ, ȜȏȎȥȓ Ȑȟȓ Ȝȧȓ ȟȨȒȨȞ-
ȔȎ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ țȓȭȟțȜȠȖ. ǵȎ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȖȕȭȟțȭȐȎțȓ ȒȜȝȞȖțȎȟȭȠ
ȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȖȠȓ Ȑ ȠȜȑȎȐȎȦțȖȭ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥȓț ȝȓȥȎȠ.
319
ȀȎȘȎ țȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ ȟȨȏȖȠȖȭȠȎ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȟȠȎȠȡȠ țȎ ǱȎȏȞȜȐȜ ȝȞȓȕ 1860 ȑ., ȟȎ ȝȞȜȟșȓȒȓțȖ Ȑ ȝȜ-
ȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȒȜȝȖȟȘȖ, ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȖ țȎ ȟȠȞȎțȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȖȭ
ȜȠ ǲȞȎȑȎț ȄȎțȘȜȐ Ȑ. „ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ“. ǻȎ 20 ȎȝȞȖș 1860 ȑ. ȐȨȐ
ȐȓȟȠțȖȘȎ ȟȓ ȟȨȜȏȧȎȐȎ, ȥȓ ȝȜ ȕȎȝȜȐȓȒ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȖ-
ȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ǱȎȏȞȜȐȜ ȧȓ ȟȓ ȜȠȒȓșȖ ȕȎțȎȝȞȓȒ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȜ ȜȠ
ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ ȘȎȠȜ ȜȠȒȓșȓț ȑȞȎȒȓȤ Ȗ ȤȓțȠȨȞ țȎ ȘȎȕȎ, ȜȏȣȐȎȧȎȧȎ
18 ȜȘȜșțȖ ȘȜșȖȏȖ Ȗ ȟȓșȤȎ23. ǰ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȏȞȜȓȐȓ țȎ Ȑ. „ǯȨș-
ȑȎȞȖȭ“ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭȠ ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȖ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ȠȨȞȔȓȟȠȐȓțȜȠȜ
ȜȏȭȐȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ǱȎȏȞȜȐȜ ȕȎ ȑȞȎȒ Ȑ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ ȚȎȗ 1860 ȑ. Ȑ
ȝȞȖȟȨȟȠȐȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȞȡȟȥȡȦȘȖȭ (ȟȖșȖȟȠȞȓțȟȘȖȭ) ȐȎșȖȭ ǸȭȚȖș
ȝȎȦȎ Ȗ ȠȨȞțȜȐȟȘȖȭ ȘȎȗȚȎȘȎȚȖț ȂȓȣȖȚ ȝȎȦȎ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎ
ȘȎȘȐȜ ȑȜșȭȚȜ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ ȜȠȒȓșȭ țȎ ȠȜȕȖ ȎȘȠ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȎȒȚȖ-
țȖȟȠȞȎȤȖȭ. ǽȜȒ țȎȟȠȎȐșȓțȖȭȠȎ Ȗ ȘȜțȠȞȜșȎ țȎ ȒȐȎȚȎȠȎ ȐȖȟȜ-
ȘȜȝȜȟȠȎȐȓțȖ ȝȞȜȐȖțȤȖȎșțȖ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȖ Ȑ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ-
ȠȎ „ǿȐ. ȀȞȜȖȤȎ“ ȓ ȝȞȜȐȓȒȓțȜ ȟȨȏȞȎțȖȓ țȎ ȑȎȏȞȜȐȟȘȎȠȎ Ȝȏȧȓȟ-
ȠȐȓțȜȟȠ, țȎ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȎ ȖȕȏȞȎțȖ ȥșȓțȜȐȓ ȕȎ țȜȐȜȟȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȖȭ
ȚȓȒȔșȖȟ (ȟȨȐȓȠ, ȟȨȏȞȎțȖȓ), ȘȜȗȠȜ „ȒȎ ȡȝȞȎȐșȭȐȎ ȜȏȧȖȠȓ Ȗ
ȤȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȒȓșȎ“ Ȑ ȘȎȕȎȠȎ24.
ǺȎȘȎȞ Ȗ țȓ ȠȜșȘȜȐȎ ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȖ, Ȑ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥțȖȭ ȝȓȥȎȠ ȟȓ
ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎȠ ȐȎȔțȖ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭțȓȠȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȟȠȎ-
ȠȡȠ Ȗ țȎ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȕțȎȥȖȚȖ ȟȓșȖȧȎ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ. ȀȎȘȎ
țȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ Ȑ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ țȜȓȚȐȞȖ 1871 ȑ. ȐȨȐ Ȑ. „ǺȎȘȓȒȜțȖȭ“
ȓ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȎ ȒȜȝȖȟȘȎ, Ȑ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȓ ȖȕȐȓȟȠȭȐȎ, ȥȓ ȟȞȓȒțȜȑȜȞȟ-
ȘȜȠȜ ȟȓșȜ ǮȒȔȎȞ (Ȓț. ȟ. ǿȐȓȔȓț, ȜȏșȎȟȠ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ) „ȝȜțȓȔȓ ȟȓ
ȝȜȐȖȟȖșȜ ȝȜ ȑȞȎȔȒȎțȟȘȜ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ Ȗ ȟȠȎțȎșȜ Ȓțȓȟ ȘȎȟȎȏȎ,
ȝȜȟȠȎȞȎșȜ ȟȭ ȒȎ ȟȭ ȝȜȐȖȟȖ Ȗ Ȑ ȡȥȓȏțȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ“25. ǶțȢȜȞ-
ȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ Ȑ ȠȎȕȖ ȒȜȝȖȟȘȎ ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎ ȕȎ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȎȠȎ ȑȜȒȖ-
țȎ, Ȑ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ ȝȞȖȕțȎȐȎ ȟ. ǮȒȔȎȞ ȕȎ ȘȎȟȎȏȎ
(ȚȎșȨȘ ȑȞȎȒ, ȑȞȎȒȓȤ), ȤȓțȠȨȞ țȎ ȝșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȎȠȎ țȎȣȖȭ ǸȎȞȎ-
ȒȔȎ ȒȎȑ (ǿȨȞțȓțȎ ȑȜȞȎ)26.
ǰ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥțȖȭ ȝȓȥȎȠ ȟȓ ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎȠ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ Ȗ ȕȎ ȝȜșȖȠȖ-
ȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ ȕȎ ȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȓ țȎ țȜȐȖ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ
ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ, ȘȎȠȜ ǺȓȒȔȖȒȖȓ (Ȓț. ȑȞ. Ǻȓ-
ȒȔȖȒȖȭ Ȑ ǾȡȚȨțȖȭ) Ȗ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ (Ȓț. ǯȜȠȓȐȑȞȎȒ). ǰ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ
1857 ȑ. „ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ“ ȖțȢȜȞȚȖȞȎ ȥȖȠȎȠȓșȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȕȎ
ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓțȖȭ Ȑ ǲȜȏȞȡȒȔȎ ȝȞȓȕ ȓȟȓțȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȓȒȖȦțȎȠȎ ȑȜȒȖțȎ
țȜȐ ȑȞȎȒ, țȎȞȓȥȓț ǺȓȒȔȖȒȖȓ Ȑ ȥȓȟȠ țȎ ȡȝȞȎȐșȭȐȎȧȖȭ ȜȟȚȎț-
320
ȟȘȖ ȟȡșȠȎț ǮȏȒȡș ǺȓȒȔȖȒ (1839 – 1861). ǱȞȎȒȨȠ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ
ȝȜȟșȡȔȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ȕȎ ȚțȜȑȜȏȞȜȗțȖȠȓ ȠȎȠȎȞȟȘȖ ȝȜȟȓșȓțȖȭ Ȑ
ȠȎȕȖ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ, ȘȎȠȜ ȟȎȚȜ ȕȎ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȚȓȟȓȤȎ Ȑ
ǺȓȒȔȖȒȖȓ ȟȎ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȓțȖ țȎȒ 1 000 ȘȨȧȖ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȣȎțȜȐȓ, ȘȜȖ-
ȠȜ ȒȎ ȜȏȟșȡȔȐȎȠ ȝȜȟȓȧȎȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȝȎțȎȖȞȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ27.
ǽȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȖȠȓ Ȑ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥțȖȭ ȝȓȥȎȠ ȝȞȓȕ 60-Ƞȓ Ȗ 70-Ƞȓ
ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȟșȎȏȜȟȠȖ Ȑ ȝșȎțȖ-
ȞȎțȓȠȜ Ȗ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȎ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȘȜȞȖȑȖȞȎ țȎșȜȔȓțȜȠȜ
ȜȠ Ǹ. ǸȎȞȝȎȠ Ȑ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȜȑȞȎȢȖȭȠȎ ȚțȓțȖȓ, ȥȓ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ǺȓȒȔȖȒȖȓ Ȗ ȝȜȟșȓȒȐȎșȖȭȠ ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȖ Ȗ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖ
ȞȎȟȠȓȔ țȎ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎȠ ȕȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȎ
ȓȒȖț ȡȟȝȓȦȓț ȡȞȏȎțȖȕȎȤȖȜțȓț ȓȘȟȝȓȞȖȚȓțȠ28. ǰ ȝȞȓȟȎȠȎ țȓ-
ȘȜșȘȜȘȞȎȠțȜ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ, ȥȓ ȜȟțȜȐȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȎ Ȑ ȏșȎȠȖȟȠ
ȞȎȗȜț Ȑ ȘȜȚȏȖțȎȤȖȭ ȟ ȝȜȟșȓȒȐȎșȜȠȜ ȝȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșȟȠ-
ȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȔȓșȓȕȜȝȨȠțȎȠȎ șȖțȖȭ ǸȬȟȠȓțȒȔȎ – ȅȓȞțȎ ȐȜȒȎ ȕȎ-
ȟȖȝȐȎțȓ țȎ ȘȎțȎșȖȠȓ, ȝȞȓȕ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȜȠȠȖȥȎȠ ȐȜȒȖȠȓ țȎ ȏșȎȠȎ-
ȠȎ, ȓ ȝȞȖȥȖțȎ ȕȎ țȓȕȒȞȎȐȜȟșȜȐțȖȭ ȘșȖȚȎȠ Ȗ ȝȜȭȐȎȠȎ țȎ ȞȎȕ-
șȖȥțȖ ȏȜșȓȟȠȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȜȘȜȟȭȐȎȠ ȚȓȟȠțȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ
ȘȜțȟȠȎȠȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȐȖșȎȓȠȟȘȖȭ ȜȢȖȤȖȜȕ Ȑ. „ǲȡțȎȐ“ ȜȠ 1874 ȑ.
ȐȟȖȥȘȜ ȠȜȐȎ ȐȜȒȖ ȒȜ „ȜȝȞȜȝȎȟȠȭȐȎțȓȠȜ“ țȎ ǺȓȒȔȖȒȖȓ Ȗ ȒȜ
ȞȎȕȝȞȨȟȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ țȓȑȜȐȖȠȓ ȔȖȠȓșȖ. ǰȖșȎȓȠȟ-
ȘȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ ȓ ȝȞȖțȡȒȓțȎ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȓ ȚȓȞȘȖ ȕȎ ȝȜȒȜȏȞȭȐȎ-
țȓ țȎ ȝȜșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ ȝȜȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȜȚ ȝȞȜȘȜȝȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȘȎțȎș,
ȝȞȓȕ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȠȖȥȎ ȐȜȒȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȏșȎȠȎȠȎ, Ȗ ȕȎȟȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȣȖșȭȒȖ ȒȨȞȐȓȠȎ Ȑ ȞȎȗȜțȎ29.
ǰ ȑȜȒȖțȖȠȓ ȟșȓȒ ǸȞȖȚȟȘȎȠȎ ȐȜȗțȎ ȝȜ ȝȞȖȚȓȞȎ țȎ Ǻȓ-
ȒȔȖȒȖȓ ȟȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȠȖ ȜȝȖȠȖ ȕȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓ Ȗ țȎ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȑȞȎȒȟ-
ȘȖ ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ Ȑ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ, Ȑ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ țȎȟȠȎ-
țȓțȖ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȝȞȖȖȔȒȎȧȖȠȓ ȘȨȚ ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ ȚȬȟȬșȚȎțȟȘȖ ȏȓ-
ȔȎțȤȖ ȜȠ ǸȞȖȚ, ǸȡȏȎț Ȗ ǸȎȐȘȎȕ. ȀȎȘȎ țȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ Ȑ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ
1861 ȑ. Ȑ. „ƣǎǂǕǐǌǊǋǝǓ ƣǔǕƿǒ“ ȟȨȜȏȧȎȐȎ, ȥȓ Ȑ ȏșȖȕȜȟȠ ȒȜ ȑȞ.
ǹȜȚ, ȐȨȐ ǰȖȒȖțȟȘȖȭ ȝȎȦȎșȨȘ, ȟȓ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎ țȜȐ ȑȞȎȒ, țȜȟȓȧ
ȖȚȓȠȜ ǶȕȓȒȒȖț30 – Ȑ ȥȓȟȠ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȭ ȝȞȖțȤ ȌȟȡȢ ǶȕȓȒ-
ȒȖț, țȎȗ-ȑȜșȓȚȖȭ ȟȖț țȎ ȟȡșȠȎț ǮȏȒȡș ǮȕȖȟ (1861 – 1876).
ǽȞȓȒȐȖȔȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȟțȜȐțȎȠȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ țȓȑȜȐȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ ȒȎ ȏȨ-
ȒȎȠ ȝȞȓȣȐȨȞșȓțȖȠȓ Ȑ ǹȜȚȟȘȎ ȘȎȕȎ ȠȎȠȎȞȟȘȖ Ȗ ȥȓȞȘȓȕȘȖ ȘȜ-
șȜțȖȟȠȖ, țȜ ȝȞȓȕ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ ǶȕȓȒȒȖț ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ țȓ ȡȟ-
ȝȭȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȐȖȓ Ȑ ȟȓșȖȧȓ ȜȠ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȠȖȝ31.
321
ǲȎșȓȥ ȝȜ-ȡȟȝȓȦȓț ȡȞȏȎțȖȕȎȤȖȜțȓț ȝȞȜȓȘȠ ȓ ȝȞȓȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎ-
țȓȠȜ ȝȞȓȕ 1866 ȑ. ȝȜ ȖțȖȤȖȎȠȖȐȎ țȎ ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȭ țȎ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ
ȐȖșȎȓȠ ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ țȎ ȟ. ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȟȎț-
ȒȔȎȘ Ȑ ȘȎȟȎȏȎ ȝȜȒ ȖȚȓȠȜ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȤȓțȠȨȞ țȎ țȜ-
ȐȜȟȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȎȠȎ ǼȞȣȎțȖȗȟȘȎ ȘȎȕȎ – ȟȨȏȖȠȖȓ, ȕȎ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȜȠȘ-
ȞȖȐȎ ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ Ȑ ȠȜȑȎȐȎȦțȖȭ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥȓț ȝȓȥȎȠ,
ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ ȐȨȐ ȐȖșȎȓȠȟȘȖȭ ȜȢȖȤȖȜȕ Ȑ. „ǲȡțȎȐ“32. „ǻȜȐȜȟȨȟȠȎȐȓțȖ-
ȭȠ“ ȑȞȎȒ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ ȟȓ ȕȎȟȠȞȜȭȐȎ ȝȜ ȚȜȒȓȞȓț ȑȞȎȒȜȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȓț
ȝșȎț, ȘȎȠȜ ȟȓ ȜȢȜȞȚȭȠ ȝȞȎȐȖ ȡșȖȤȖ Ȗ ȤȓțȠȞȎșȓț ȝșȜȧȎȒ, țȎ
ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȎ ȖȕȒȖȑțȎȠȖ ȘȜțȎȘȨȠ țȎ ȘȎȗȚȎȘȎȚȖțȎ, ȥȎȟȜȐțȖȘȜȐȎȠȎ
ȘȡșȎ Ȗ ȒȔȎȚȖȭȠȎ. ǿȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ Ȗ ȝȜȟșȓȒȐȎșȜȠȜ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȭȐȎ-
țȓ țȎ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ ȓ ȝȜȐȜȒ ȕȎ ȑȜȞȒȜȟȠ țȎ ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ Ȗ ȐȖșȎȓȠȟ-
ȘȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ – țȓȟșȡȥȎȗțȜ ȐȨȐ Ȑ. „ǲȡțȎȐ“ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ, ȥȓ „ȑȞȎȒȨȠ Ȑ
țȎȝȞȎȐȎȠȎ ȟȖ ȓ ȟȨȜȏȞȎȕȓț ȟ ȑȓȜȚȓȠȞȖȥȓȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȞȎȐȖșȎ“ Ȗ ȥȓ
„ȠȜȗ ȕȎȟșȡȔȎȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȐȨȕȝȞȖȓȚȓ ȕȎ ȝȞȖȚȓȞ țȎ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ ȚȓȟȠȎ“33.
ȀȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȥȓȠȓ, ȥȓ ȝȜșȖȠȖȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ
ȕȎ ȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȓ țȎ țȜȐȖ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ
ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȐȎ ȝȞȜȠȖȐȜȞȓȥȖȐȖ țȎȟȠȞȜȓțȖȭ ȟȞȓȒ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ
ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȜȟȠ, țȎȗ-Ȑȓȥȓ ȝȜȞȎȒȖ ȜȝȎȟȓțȖȭȠȎ, ȥȓ ȠȓȕȖ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓ
ȧȓ ȖȑȞȎȭȠ ȞȜșȭȠȎ țȎ ȒȜȝȨșțȖȠȓșțȎ ȜȝȜȞȎ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȝȜ-
șȖȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȐșȖȭțȖȓ ȟȞȓȒ ȜȘȜșțȜȠȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ. Ƕȕ-
ȞȎȕȖȠȓș țȎ ȠȓȕȖ țȎȟȠȞȜȓțȖȭ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȖȭȠ Ȑ ǯȞȎȖșȎ Ȑ.
„ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȎ ȕȜȞȎ“, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȘȞȖȠȖȘȡȐȎ ȜȠȘȞȖȠȜ ȝȜșȖȠȖȘȎȠȎ țȎ
ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ ȒȎ ȝȞȖȚȎȚȖ ȝȞȨȟțȎȠȖȠȓ ȝȜ ǯȎșȘȎțȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ
ȘȜșȖȏȎȞȖ Ȑ „țȜȐȜȕȎȝȞȎȐȓțȖȭ ȑȞȎȒ ǼȞȣȎțȖȭ“, ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȠȡȞȟȘȎȠȎ
ȐșȎȟȠ „ȒȎ ȑȖ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎ țȎ ȑȞȎȔȒȎțȟȠȐȜ“. ȀȎȕȖ ȝȜșȖȠȖȘȎ ȟȝȜ-
ȞȓȒ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘȎ ȒȜȐȓȔȒȎ ȒȜ ȝȎȑȡȏțȖ ȕȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȟȓșȭțȖ
ȝȜȟșȓȒȖȤȖ, ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȝȜȞȎȒȖ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȝȞȜȟȠȜȒȡȦȖȓ Ƞȓ ȟȓ ȝȜȒȒȎ-
ȐȎȠ țȎ ȠȡȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȐșȖȭțȖȓ Ȗ Ȑ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠ țȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȚțȜȑȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞ-
ȟȘȖ ȚȜȚȖ Ȗ ȔȓțȖ ȟȓ ȝȜȠȡȞȥȐȎȠ34.
ǼȠ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖȠȓ Ȑ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȎȠȎ ȟȠȎȠȖȭ ȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȖ Ȑ
ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥțȖȭ ȝȓȥȎȠ ȓ ȐȖȒțȜ, ȥȓ ȠȓȚȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȚȜȒȓȞțȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ Ȗ
ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȝȜȒ Ȝȟ-
ȚȎțȟȘȎ ȐșȎȟȠ ȝȞȓȕ ȠȞȓȠȎȠȎ ȥȓȠȐȨȞȠ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ țȎȚȖȞȎ ȝȜȒȜ-
ȏȎȐȎȧȜ ȜȠȞȎȕȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȠȞȎțȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ ȠȜȑȎȐȎȦțȎȠȎ ȝȞȓȟȎ.
ǽȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȝȜ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȎ ȤȓșȖ
țȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȒȎ ȜȟȐȓȒȜȚȖ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȕȎ ȝșȎ-
țȖȞȎțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȞȓȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȖ ȡȞȏȎțȖȕȎȤȖȜțțȖ Ȗ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠ-
322
ȐȓțȖ ȖțȖȤȖȎȠȖȐȖ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ, țȜ Ȗ ȒȎ ȚȜȠȖȐȖȞȎ
ȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ Ȑȟȓ Ȝȧȓ țȓȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȓțȖȠȓ ȟȓșȖȧȎ ȒȎ ȖȕȖȟȘȎȠ
ȜȠ ȐșȎȟȠȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȎȘȠȖȐțȖ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȭ Ȑ ȠȎȕȖ țȎ-
ȟȜȘȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎ ȟȠȖȚȡșȖȞȎȠ ȝȜ-țȎȠȎȠȨȦțȜȠȜ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȜ Ȗ Ȓȓ-
ȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȜ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ țȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟțȖȠȓ ȟȓșȖȧȎ. ǿȨȝȜȟȠȎȐȘȎȠȎ țȎ
ȜȏțȎȞȜȒȐȎțȎȠȎ Ȑ ȜȢȖȤȖȎșțȖȠȓ ȐȖșȎȓȠȟȘȖ ȐȓȟȠțȖȤȖ ȖțȢȜȞ-
ȚȎȤȖȭ ȟ ȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȖȠȓ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ Ȗ ȑȞȨȤȘȎȠȎ ȝȞȓȟȎ ȒȜȝ-
ȞȖțȎȟȭ ȕȎ ȟȨȟȠȎȐȭțȓȠȜ țȎ ȓȒțȎ ȝȜ-ȝȨșțȎ Ȗ ȏșȖȕȘȎ ȒȜ ȒȓȗȟȠ-
ȐȖȠȓșțȜȟȠȠȎ ȘȎȞȠȖțȎ, Ȑ ȘȜȭȠȜ țȓȟȨȚțȓțȖȠȓ ȡȟȝȓȣȖ ȝȜ ȜȠțȜ-
ȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȚȜȒȓȞțȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ Ȗ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ
Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȐȨȞȐȭȠ ȞȎȚȜ ȒȜ ȞȎȚȜ ȟ țȓȒȜȐȨȞȦȓțȖȠȓ
țȎȥȖțȎțȖȭ Ȗ țȓȞȓȦȓțȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚȖ.
1. ǰȓȟȠțȖȘ „ƣǎǂǕǐǌǊǋǝǓ ƣǔǕƿǒ“ („ǮțȎȠȜșȖȘȜȟ ȎȟȠȖȞ“ – „ǶȕȠȜȥțȎ
ȕȐȓȕȒȎ“) ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎ ȓȒțȜ ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȒȨșȑȜȑȜȒȖȦțȖȠȓ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥțȖ
ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ, ȖȕșȖȕȎșȖ Ȑ ȟȠȜșȖȤȎȠȎ țȎ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ ȝȞȓȕ XIX
ȐȓȘ, ȘȜȓȠȜ țȎȚȖȞȎ ȦȖȞȜȘȜ ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓțȖȓ Ȗ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ
ȝȜȒ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎ ȐșȎȟȠ. ǽȜ-ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȜ ȕȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥțȜ ȖȕȒȎțȖȓ ȐȔ.:
Shterionov & Muchinov 2017, 103 Ȗ ȟș.
2. ǵȎ ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȕ ȓȝȜȣȎȠȎ țȎ ȀȎțȕȖȚȎȠȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȓțȖ
ȞȎȕȝȜȞȓȒȏȖ Ȗ ȕȎ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȝȞȖșȎȑȎțȓ Ȑ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖ ȥȎȟȠȖ ȜȠ ȄȎȞȖȑ-
ȞȎȒ (țȎȗ-Ȑȓȥȓ Ȑ Ƞ. țȎȞ. ȆȓȟȠȖ ȞȎȗȜț, ȐȘșȬȥȐȎȧ ȝȞȓȟȠȖȔțȖȠȓ ȘȐȎȞ-
ȠȎșȖ ǱȎșȎȠȎ Ȗ ǽȓȞȎ) ȐȔ. ȝȜ-ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȜ: Gençer & Çokuùraü 2016.
3. ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ, ȑ. VI, ȏȞ. 277, 19 ȚȎȗ 1856.
4. ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ, ȑ. VI, ȏȞ. 284, 7 ȬșȖ 1856.
5. ǻȎȗ-ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟ ȕȎ ȑȞ. ǱȓȚșȖȘ (ǸȖȜȟ țȎ ȑȞȨȤȘȖ) –
ȝȞȖȟȠȎțȖȧȓț ȑȞȎȒ țȎ ȚȎșȜȎȕȖȗȟȘȜȠȜ ȘȞȎȗȏȞȓȔȖȓ țȎ ǺȞȎȚȜȞțȜ
ȚȜȞȓ, țȓȒȎșȓȥ ȜȠ ǯȡȞȟȎ.
6. ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ, ȑ. VI, ȏȞ. 294, 15 ȟȓȝȠ. 1856.
7. ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ, ȑ. XI, ȏȞ. 30, 22 ȬșȖ 1861; ȑ. XII, ȏȞ. 40, 30
ȟȓȝȠ. 1861.
8. ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȝȥȓșȎ, ȑ. I, ȏȞ. 19, 4 ȜȘȠ. 1863; ǿȨȐȓȠțȖȘ, ȑ. II, ȏȞ. 4,
13 ȎȝȞ. 1864; ȏȞ. 21, 22 ȎȐȑ. 1864.
9. ǿȨȐȓȠțȖȘ, ȑ. I, ȏȞ. 14, 24 ȬțȖ 1863; ȏȞ. 16, 8 ȬșȖ 1863; ȏȞ. 23, 26
ȎȐȑ. 1863.
10. ǿȨȐȓȠțȖȘ, ȑ. I, ȏȞ. 17, 15 ȬșȖ 1863; ȏȞ. 18, 22 ȬșȖ 1863.
11. ǵȎ ȝȜșȖȠȖȘȎȠȎ țȎ ǺȖȒȣȎȠ ȝȎȦȎ Ȗ țȓȑȜȐȖȠȓ țȎȟșȓȒțȖȤȖ țȎ ȐȎ-
șȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȝȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȚȜȒȓȞțȖȕȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ Ȑ
ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ ȐȔ. ȝȜ-ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȜ: Pletnyov 1976, 38 – 85;
Bakardzhieva 2009, 78 – 102; Muchinov 2017, 123 – 130 Ȗ ȤȖȠȖȞȎ-
țȎȠȎ ȠȎȚ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎ.
323
12. ǻȎ ȟȠȞȎțȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ ȐȖșȎȓȠȟȘȖȭ ȜȢȖȤȖȜȕ ȓ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȎ ȝȜȒȞȜȏ-
țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȕȎȒȨșȔȓțȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȟȢȜȞȚȖȞȎȧȖȠȓ ȟȓ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ
ȟȨȐȓȠȖ ȜȠțȜȟțȜ ȏșȎȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ Ȑ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȭ ȐȖ-
șȎȓȠ. ǰȔ.: ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑ. I, ȏȞ. 42, 15 ȒȓȘ. 1865.
13. ǰȔ. țȎȝȞ. ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȜȠȜ ǶȕȐșȓȥȓțȖȓ ȕȎ ȜȏȧȜȝȜșȓȕțȖȠȓ Ȗ
ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȞȎȏȜȠȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ țȎȝȞȎȐȓțȖ Ȑ ȠȓȥȓțȖȓ țȎ ȠȞȖ ȚȓȟȓȤȎ
Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȟȎțȒȔȎȘ – ȕȎ ȟȠȞȜȓȔȎ țȎ ȝȨȠȖȧȎ Ȗ ȚȜȟȠȜȐȓ, ȕȎ ȏșȎ-
ȑȜȡȟȠȞȜȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓȠȓ Ȑ ȟȎțȒȔȎȘȎ Ȗ ȒȞ. (ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑ. II, ȏȞ. 99,
14 ȎȐȑ. 1866). ǽȞȓȕ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖȭ ȚȓȟȓȤ Ȑ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȝȜȞȓȒțȖ ȏȞȜȭ țȎ Ȑ.
„ǲȡțȎȐ“ ȓ ȜȏțȎȞȜȒȐȎțȜ țȜȐȜ ȒȓȐȓȠȚȓȟȓȥțȜ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȖȓ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖ-
ȓȠȖȠȓ ȜȏȧȜȝȜșȓȕțȖ Ȗ ȟȠȞȜȖȠȓșțȖ ȞȎȏȜȠȖ Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȟȎțȒȔȎȘ
(ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑ. II, ȏȞ. 111, 25 ȟȓȝȠ. 1866; ȏȞ. 112, 28 ȟȓȝȠ. 1866; ȏȞ. 113, 2
ȜȘȠ. 1866; ȏȞ. 114, 5 ȜȘȠ. 1866).
14. ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑ. II, ȏȞ. 58, 20 ȚȎȞȠ 1866; ȑ. III, ȏȞ. 215, 4 ȜȘȠ. 1867; ȑ.
IV, ȏȞ. 318, 9 ȜȘȠ. 1868; Ȗ ȒȞ.
15. ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑ. II, ȏȞ. 79, 5 ȬțȖ 1866; ȏȞ. 96, 3 ȎȐȑ. 1866; ȏȞ. 108, 14
ȟȓȝȠ. 1866.
16. ǰȓȟȠțȖȘ “Edirne” („ƣǅǒǊǂǎǐǖǑǐǌǊǓ“, „ǳȒȖȞțȓ“) ȟȓ ȖȕȒȎȐȎ ȜȠ 1867
ȑ. Ȑ ǼȒȞȖț ȘȎȠȜ ȜȢȖȤȖȎșȓț ȜȞȑȎț țȎ ǼȒȞȖțȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ Ȗ ȟȓ ȟȝȖȟ-
ȐȎ țȎ ȠȞȖȠȓ ȜȟțȜȐțȖ ȓȕȖȘȎ Ȑ ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ: ȜȟȚȎțȜȠȡȞȟȘȖ, ȑȞȨȤȘȖ Ȗ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ, Ȏ Ȑ. “Selanik” („ƪǆǔǔǂǌǐǎǀǋǈ“, „ǿȜșȡț“) ȕȎȝȜȥȐȎ ȒȎ
ȖȕșȖȕȎ ȝȞȓȕ 1869 ȑ. Ȑ ǿȜșȡț ȘȎȠȜ ȜȞȑȎț țȎ ǿȜșȡțȟȘȖȭ ȐȖșȎȓȠ Ȗ
ȝȨȞȐȜțȎȥȎșțȜ ȟȓ ȟȝȖȟȐȎ țȎ ȥȓȠȖȞȖ ȓȕȖȘȎ: ȜȟȚȎțȜȠȡȞȟȘȖ, ȑȞȨȤȘȖ,
șȎȒȖțȜ (ȖȟȝȎțȜ-ȓȐȞȓȗȟȘȖ) Ȗ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ.
17. ƣǎǂǕǐǌǊǋǝǓ ƣǔǕƿǒ, ȑ. V, ȏȞ. 369, 20 ȬțȖ 1866.
18. ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑ. V, ȏȞ. 370, 20 ȎȝȞ. 1869. ǰ ȏȞ. 372 țȎ Ȑ. „ǲȡțȎȐ“ ȓ ȝȡȏ-
șȖȘȡȐȎțȜ țȜȐȜ ȝȖȟȚȜ, Ȑ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȝȞȎȐȭȠ „țȭȘȜȖ țȎȝȜȚțȭțȖȭ Ȗ ȕȎ-
ȏȓșȓȔȘȖ“ ȜȠțȜȟțȜ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ǱȞȎȒȟȘȖȭ ȟȨȐȓȠ Ȑ ǾȡȟȥȡȘ. ǰȔ.: ǲȡ-
țȎȐ, ȑ. V, ȏȞ. 372, 30 ȎȝȞ. 1869.
19. ǽȞȎȐȜ, ȑ. VIII, ȏȞ. 31, 12 ȜȘȠ. 1873.
20. ǶȕȠȜȥțȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ, ȑ. III, ȏȞ. 13, 28 ȎȐȑ. 1876.
21. ǶȕȠȜȥțȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ, ȑ. II, ȏȞ. 6, 22 ȚȎȞȠ 1875.
22. ǽȜ-ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȜ ȕȎ ȝȜșȖȠȖȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ Ȑ ȠȎȕȖ țȎȟȜȘȎ
ȐȔ.: Muchinov 2017, 130 – 133; Muchinov 2020.
23. ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ, ȑ. II, ȏȞ. 57, 20 ȎȝȞ. 1860.
24. ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ, ȑ. II, ȏȞ. 61, 18 ȚȎȗ 1860.
25. ǺȎȘȓȒȜțȖȭ, ȑ. V, ȏȞ. 44, 2 țȜȓȚ. 1871.
26. ǵȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȘȜ-ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȜȠȜ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ țȎ ǮȒȔȎȞ ȝȞȓȕ ǰȨȕȞȎȔ-
ȒȎțȓȠȜ ȐȔ.: Muchinov 2019, 32 – 35.
27. ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ, ȑ. VII, ȏȞ. 317, 23 ȢȓȐȞ. 1857. ǵȎ ȟȨȕȒȎ-
ȐȎțȓȠȜ Ȗ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǺȓȒȔȖȒȖȓ ȐȔ. ȝȜ-ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȜ: Karpat 2002.
28. Karpat 2002, 228.
29. ǲȡțȎȐ, ȑ. X, ȏȞ. 24, 912, 29 ȟȓȝȠ. 1874.
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324
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ȕȎ ȒȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȜȠȜ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ țȎ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȖȭ ȟȎțȒȔȎȘ ȝȞȓȕ XIX
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ǯȎșȘȎțȜȠ ȝȜȒ ȜȟȚȎțșȖȟȘȎ ȐșȎȟȠ ȐȜ 19. Ȗ ȝȜȥȓȠȜȘȜȠ țȎ 20. ȐȓȘ.
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ȕȓȚȖ ȝȞȓȕ ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ (țȎ ȝȞȖȚȓȞȎ țȎ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ „ǮțȎȠȜșȖȘȜȟ
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THE PERIODICAL PRESS AS A SOURCE

OF THE STUDY OF THE URBANIZATION IN THE
BULGARIAN LANDS UNDER OTTOMAN RULE
IN THE THIRD QUARTER OF THE 19TH CENTURY
Abstract: The article focuses on the significance of the
periodicals published in the Ottoman Empire as a source revealing
the urbanization process in the Bulgarian lands under the Ottoman
rule during the period between the 1860s and 1870s. This
significance is underlined through analysis of publications dealing
with the following two topics: 1) the measures taken by the Ottoman
authorities to modernize and develop the cities in the Bulgarian
lands in the third quarter of the 19th century; 2) the Ottoman policy
towards establishing new urban centers in the Bulgarian lands.
Keywords: press, Ottoman Empire, Bulgarian lands,
urbanization, modernization.
Assoc. Prof. Ventsislav Muchinov, PhD
Institute for Population and Human Studies
Department of Demography,
BULGARIA, Sofia 1113,
Akad. G. Bonchev St, bl. 6
E-mail address: vencim_80@abv.bg
327
HOW THE OTTOMAN DEFAULT OF 1875
AND THE EASTERN QUESTION WERE
REPRESENTED IN THE BRITISH PRESS?
Dimitar Bozov, MA
London School of Economics
Abstract: The current paper aims to examine the question of how

the Ottoman default of 1875 influenced the Eastern Question. My
research is focused on the British press of the period in order to see if
the press, after the default was in force, expresses a more sympathetic
attitude towards the minorities of the Ottoman Empire. I calculate
also the yield of the Ottoman bonds before the default and juxtapose
the amount the Ottoman state owed to investors to that of other
countries of the period. This is done in order to check if the Ottoman
default of 1875 was of serious magnitude in the financial world. This
could provide a plausible explanation of the shifted opinion of the
press, from supportive one towards the Ottoman Empire to a very
critical one concerning the treatment of minorities and
mismanagement of resources. My findings show that the Ottoman
debt was not considered particularly risky and the Ottoman treasury
cannot be considered overleveraged when compared to that of other
economies from the period. This explains why investors were shocked
at the news of the default. Furthermore, going through the press I
observed a shift of opinions, as hypothesized at the time of the default,
with a lot of articles criticizing the mismanagement of the debt by the
Ottoman state. I conclude that the default was one of the factors that
could have had influence on the course of British foreign policy in the
region.
Keywords: Ottoman public debt, default, British press.
Introduction
Western capital started to penetrate the Ottoman Empire
after the Crimean War (1853 – 1856). Within the following 20
years the Ottoman government borrowed several loans from
328
French, British and Austrian bankers. The Ottoman Empire
relied heavily on refinancing its debt as it had access to the
international financial market with favorable interest rates.
Following a market downturn in 1873, the Sublime Porte was
not able to refinance its enormous debt, which led to a partial
repudiation in October 1875. It led to the creation of a
commission that administered the Ottoman debt through direct
raising of funds from taxes and fees, seriously damaging
Ottoman sovereignty. The spring of 1876 saw a few Christian
uprisings in the Balkans, the so-called April Uprising including,
which the Ottoman state repressed with force, committing
many atrocities. The British press as well as the British
opposition lead by William Gladstone (in opposition between
1874 and 1880) would react to these events, expressing criticism
to the British support of the Ottoman state.
In the current study I will try to examine the question of
how the British press responded to the Ottoman default of
1875. I argue that the default coupled together with the
atrocities of the April Uprising fueled and anti-Ottoman
sentiment with the British public. After the default, the British
public saw no reason to support the Sublime Porte, which was
also facilitated by the atrocities committed to the Christian
subjects of the Empire. All this contributed to the Bulgarian
liberation struggle, as the horrors committed against the
Christians in the Ottoman Empire became a popular topic in
the British press. The growing public discounted with the
British support of the Ottoman Empire was one of the factors
that would contribute to the shift in British geo-politics. Britain
would no longer be willing to support the Ottoman Empire, one
of the reasons being the repudiation on the Ottoman debt.
Firstly, I will review the current literature on the question
of the default and the British politics towards the Ottoman
Empire. Secondly, I will review British newspapers in order to
examine whether the default affected the public opinion in
Britain in favor of the Christian minorities in the Ottoman
Empire. Thirdly, using financial data from the period I will
juxtapose the amount and yield of the Ottoman bonds with
these of other countries. Based on the financial data it can be
329
seen that Ottoman bonds were far from being considered very
risky. Therefore, I argue that the repudiation of 1875 was a
surprise for the bondholders, which fueled further anger
towards the Ottoman authorities. This proved to be yet another
reason for the increase of negative stereotypes among the
British people towards the Ottomans, especially in the case of
the April Uprising.
Literature review
D. Blaisdell was the first scholar to study the Ottoman
default of 1875. He saw Ottoman debt as a tool in the hands of
western powers, France and Britain in particular (Blaisdell
1929, 208 – 233). Western imperialist policies are outside the
scope of the current research. However, in his work Blaisdell
provides some insights that are directly linked with my thesis.
For Blaisdell claims that since the loans were very much
political in nature Britain and France sought to keep the status
quo of the Ottoman Empire (Blaisdell 1929, 40 – 46). He also
notes that in the beginning the press was favorable towards the
loans. Furthermore, he gives details on how bondholders
pressured the French and British foreign offices in the Ottoman
Empire to secure the execution of the loan (Blaisdell 1929, 82 –
84). One of Blaisdell’s findings supports my claim in the
current research that the default of 1875 was an unexpected
and shocking event for the markets (Blaisdell 1929, 124 – 126).
Christopher Clay’s book Gold for the Sultan is the next
important study on the topic. The book describes in detail the
relationship between the Sublime Porte and western bankers
within the period 1850 – 1881. Clay’s research is based on
newspaper articles and the correspondence between the
shareholders of BIO (Banque Ottoman Imperial), both in
French and English. In the book, he pays no attention to the
geo-political and internal issues of the Ottoman Empire and
does not look for a link between the two. Clay has appended
comprehensive tables showing various Ottoman bonds which I
will use further in my current research (Clay 2000, 568 – 572).
Clay doesn’t see the Ottoman Empire as a victim of predatory
lending (Clay 2000, 1 – 13). Throughout the book, he mentions
330
many cases of “cut-throat” competition between western
bankers for the privilege to finance the empire. He provides
also quite many examples of how the Ottomans managed to
make the western investors compete with each other in order to
assure the best possible terms for the debt refinancing. Clay’s
work is highly descriptive, giving a broad and detailed overview
of Ottoman finance with minor comments or analyses.
There has also been some thorough discussion on the
geopolitical issues of the Ottoman loan but in the context of
Egypt (Yackley 2013). In any case, in his thesis Yackley
provides a plethora of quantitative data on the Ottoman debt
that includes effective interest rate of the Ottoman government
and statements of the Ottoman state, all of which will be used
in the quantitative part of the current research (Yackley 2013,
60, 61, 173, 193, 207, 213).
The Ottoman debt has been studied in light of its fiscal
capacity and long term effect on the ability of the state to
borrow. Edhem Eldem makes the point that the Ottoman
Empire was in a downward spiral of refinancing bad debts until
the 1875 default (Eldem 2005, 431 – 445). He sees the
Muharrem decree, delegating the control of Ottoman finance to
the BIO and the Debt Administration committee, as a positive
step that put Ottoman finance in order. Eldem speaks of the
Balkan crisis of 1876 together with the default of 1875 as a
catastrophe damaging both the Ottoman credit worthiness and
political standing at the same time (Eldem 2005, 440 – 443).
However, no in-depth analysis is provided regarding whether
the Bulgarian April Uprising and the later Russian
intervention resulted or were just facilitated by the Ottoman
default. Conte sees both the Ottoman and the Greek public
defaults of the 19th century as a tool used by the European
powers to impose western economic models in the Eastern
Mediterranean region, thus eroding the sovereignty of the
Greek and Ottoman states (Conte 2019; Giampaolo 2019, 111 –
123). As in the previously mentioned studies, the author pays
little attention to the way in which British foreign policy might
have been shifted in favor of the Christian subjects of the
Ottoman Empire due to the default. Tuncer makes a similar
331
observation to that of Conte, although he adds that the
methods of eroding the fiscal sovereignty were more refined in
the Ottoman case than that of Greece (Tuncer 2015). Tuncer
has two other publications concerning the Ottoman finance
system. However, his writings are concerned more with the
gold standard and loss of sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire
and some post-Ottoman states and not so much with the geo-
political shift that resulted from the Ottoman default.
Military intervention against defaulting countries was used
mainly against Caribbean countries and when it comes to the
Ottoman Empire direct control of the finances of the country
were handed over foreign powers (Mitchener & Weidenmier
2010, 26 – 27). There is some evidence which supports the claim
that bondholders were pretty well organized in order to protect
their interests (Esteves 1973, 1 – 94). Public opinion was an
influential factor in British foreign policy. In a comprehensive
study, McMullen points to the fact that it was the British public
opinion in favor of the Ottoman cause against the Russian
empire that drove the British government to intervene on the
side of Turkey in the Crimean war. She claims that the British
intervention on the side of the Ottomans was a matter of survival
for the British government, forcing military support for the
Ottomans only in order to appease the British public (McMullen
1973, 93). McMullen’s study shows how British public opinion
pushed the political class to support the Ottoman Empire in the
beginning of the 19th century. The current study presents how
following the repudiation the British public would shift its
opinion again, this time against the Ottoman government. A
popular movement, named The Bulgarian Agitation arose in
Britain. Exploring the reports in the press about the atrocities in
Bulgaria in the summer of 1876, Shannon claims that
throughout Britain there were more than 500 protests insisting
that the British foreign office should intervene (Shannon 1975,
22). Shannon sees the public discontent with the atrocities in
Bulgaria as the main reason for two resolutions to be passed
against the British support of the Ottoman Empire. The public
outcry would force trade-unionists and members of the British
parliament to call for a “full autonomy of the Christians in the
332
Ottoman Empire”. While McMullen’s work shows how public
opinion in Britain pushed for support of the Ottomans,
Shannon’s work shows how public opinion influenced British
politics in favor of the Christians in the empire. However,
Shannon sees this as “…a fusion of moral and political issues…”
(Shannon 1975, 47). He does not address the way the default
could have influenced British public opinion towards the
Ottomans. The bankruptcy of 1875 has been seen as a turning
point for the British policy with regard of the Ottoman Empire
(Geyikdagi 2017, 27). According to Geyikdagi, the default coupled
with the Balkan Crisis signaled the British of an internal
weakness in the Ottoman Empire. The British government was
concerned with protecting its holdings in India and following the
default used the weakness of the Ottoman state in order to seize
Cyprus and Egypt (Geyikdagi 2017, 41). Geyikdagi sees the
penetration of free trade and British capital in the Ottoman
Empire as conductive towards a broader British imperialist
policy. It will manifest itself in land grabbing following the
default of 1875. Suter blames the collapse of Ottoman finance on
the mix of unfavorable global economic conditions and purely
consumptive use of funds on the side of the Ottoman government
(Suter 1992, 161 – 185). He had reviewed publications of The
Economist and sees the highly critical tone of the press as
accurate concerning the mismanagement of funds by the
Ottoman state (Suter 1992, 166).
There were few other factors at play when it comes to the
British foreign policy towards the Ottomans. Platt claims that
Britain aimed to stabilize the Ottoman state, since that way it
could guarantee easy access to its Indian domains and curtail
Russian expansion (Platt 1968, 183). However, British financial
interests and humanitarian crises often came in the way of the
broader British geo-political interests. Platt acknowledges that
on some occasions Britain would turn its back on its board
geopolitical strategy in order to accommodate the interests of
British capital or to help Christian minorities in the Ottoman
empire (Platt 1968, 201). In the current research, I argue that
the default of 1875 and the Bulgarian Crisis were one of the
cases when the interests of British capitalists and minorities in
333
the Ottoman Empire overlapped. The study aims to examine
how British foreign policy might have been shaped by both of
these interest groups.
The idea that there can be a connection between the
Bulgarian liberation and the Ottoman public default has started
to gain traction in recent Bulgarian historiography. There has
been a very recent comprehensive study on the way the
Bulgarian press in the Ottoman Empire reported on the default.
A study of the reports on the default by the Bulgarian press from
the period 1874 – 1876 by Atanasov was published in December
2019. Atanasov reviewed all the available literature for the pe-
riod, pointing to two main narratives in the Bulgarian press
(Atanasov 2019, 80 – 93). The first one is expressed by the
revolutionary newspapers which use the default as a propaganda
tool, pointing to the fact that the weakened state of the empire
makes the time perfect for an uprising. The second one is to be
found in the more moderate newspapers which report on the
default in an impartial manner (Atanasov 2019, 92). There is
only one Bulgarian article that comes close to the topic of the
current research. However, it is not an academic article but an
informative article published in a popular political magazine.
Dimitar Sabev points to the fact that the public opinion in France
and Britain had shifted following the default and that made
western tax payers less willing to support the empire. His
evidence is based largely on interviews with historians such as
the aforementioned Atanasov who attests to the fact that the
case is underdeveloped within Bulgarian historiography. Sabev
claims that the Ottoman Debt Administration commission
caused serious trouble to the interest of Bulgarian textile
manufacturing. The Debt Administration raised taxes on cotton
trade in the empire, thus the Bulgarian textile industrialists
started funding radical revolutionary groups. The problem is that
these claims are not substantiated. There is no recording of the
interviews and I was unable to find out any similar claims made
in other Sabev’s publications. However, Sabev provides some
backing to his arguments by quoting Pamuk’s works on the Debt
Administration and provides an article in The Spectator as
evidence (Sabev 2014).
334
The general trend of the bond market in the period 1850–
1875 is not sufficiently studied. Vizcarra’s paper offers some
analysis of the bond markets, specifically the Latin American
bonds traded in the City of London and the impact of debt on
Latin American politics (Vizcarra 2009, 358 – 387). Carles and
Iglesias provide comprehensive research on the history of
Spanish debt starting from 1850 until 1995 but they do not
make any comparative analysis to the overall debt market for
the period 1850 – 1875 (Carles & Iglesias 2018, 2056 – 2069).
However, there is comprehensive research about the later
period. Accominotti and Flandraeu claim that the bonds of the
colonial states enjoyed low yields largely because they were
backed by the metropolitan government (Accominotti, Flandrau
& Rezzik 2011). This claim deserve attention since the
Ottoman debt was guaranteed by the British Crown.
The current research aims to bridge these gaps in the
literature. It aims to examine the geo-political consequences of
the Ottoman Default. Moreover, the current paper would
juxtapose the Ottoman debt with the general trends of the
sovereign bond markets in the era.
Methodology
Firstly, I will review the British press dating from 1875
and 1876. The reason to choose these dates is that the Ottoman
debt repudiation was proclaimed on 6 October 1875. I aim to
examine the comments of the press in the months following the
default and also examine those before it. 20 April 1876 is the
other important date as it is the day of the April Uprising in
Bulgaria. Although much smaller in scale than the ongoing
insurgence in Bosnia in the period 1875 – 1877, the western
press reports in detail the atrocities committed on Christian
civilians by Ottoman militia (baüıbozuk). I am looking for the
link between the way in which the British press treated the
default and the way in which it reported the suppression of the
revolt. My observation shows that the press fueled negative
sentiments among the British public. The press points out that
the Ottoman Empire is not only financially bankrupt, which
would come at the expense of British subjects, but it is also
335
morally bankrupt in its treatment of the raya (Christian
subjects in the Ottoman Empire). My method for examining the
press consists of two parts. The first part is quantitative. My
study is based on newspaper articles referring to the Ottoman
financial woes and articles related to Bulgarian insurgents. I
will quantify the number of articles on these topics as this will
show to what extent the Ottoman default and the Bulgarian
uprising were “hot topics”. The second part is qualitative. I will
examine the content of some articles and will try to provide a
summary and some major quotes that refer directly to the topic
of this research. This is done in order to understand the
sentiments that the press expressed about the said events. I
will review also the articles that appeared in the months
preceding the default in order to build up a proper picture of
the public sentiment before the default. In this way we can see
how exactly their tone had shifted. In any case, the press
coverage does not capture fully the public opinion. There is
evidence that opinions expressed in the press and the public
opinion tend to correlate (Baum & Potter 2008, 39 – 64).
Therefore, a close look at the press can give us an idea of the
way the public perceived these events. However, considering
the limitations of the current research I will not be able to
review other potential sources revealing the British public
opinion on financial and geopolitical issues of the time.
However, I will make a qualitative review of certain documents
that have not been paid much attention by other researchers
but provide some key information about the default issue.
Finally, I will compare the yield of the Ottoman bonds to
that of other countries from the period in order to see if the
then financial markets considered the Ottoman debt risky.
Bond yields are used to examine the price of borrowing and
bond risk, the higher the yield the higher the risk and the more
expensive it is to borrow. For this purpose, I will use some
quantitative data on the Ottoman finances and debt provided
by authors such as Clay and Yacley. However, I will use
primary sources to compute the Ottoman bond yields. I
compare the amount of Ottoman bond yield and outstanding
debt to that of other countries. This will tell us how disruptive
336
the Ottoman default was for the wider markets. If it was a
sufficiently significant event this will support my thesis that
western voters were financially affected by the event, thus
creating social discontent with the Ottoman authorities.
Quantitative analysis
In this section I aim to bring some scope in the analysis of
the Ottoman debt. None of the scholars working on the debt
have tried to perform a comparison between the prices of the
Ottoman bonds to that of other sovereign bonds from the
period. This is a key issue that will help us better understand
the impact that the repudiation had on the global markets. It
will help answer the question of how big the default was and
how affected the markets were from it. If the default was big in
nominal terms this will explain the growing negative public
opinion towards the Ottoman Empire. The main purpose of this
part of the current research is to answer the question “Did the
bondholders have good reason to be shocked and angry with the
repudiation of 1875?”
Yield analysis
In order to be able to put the Ottoman bonds into
perspective, I had to collect the bond yields of various sovereign
bonds over the period 1850 – 1875. My main source was Global
Financial Data. However, this online archive does not provide
sufficient information about its sources. The authors claim as
follows: “we have collected from print sources to generate
complete, unabridged data series. These original source
documents include academic journals, newspapers, periodicals,
books and numerous other archival sources that were once only
recorded by a quill pen” (Global Financial Times 2020).
Therefore, I will treat the numbers with some degree of
skepticism. The only alternative source on bond yield comes from
Sussman and Mauro. The problem is that Sussman’s work
provides data only on total debt outstanding and on the spreads
of bond yields (Mauro, Sussman & Yafeh 2006, 30). However, the
article provides information about debt as a percentage of GDP
and also provides estimates on the British bond yields (Mauro,
337
Sussman & Yafeh 2006, 11 – 12). The other limitation in using
Sussman and Mauro’s research is that the period in which they
base their calculations is after 1870, whereas I am trying to
examine the markets since 1850. This is because the Ottoman
Empire joined the debt markets in the early 1850s and I want to
examine how the markets treated Ottoman debt over the period.
Firstly, I downloaded inflation adjusted data on monthly yield of
ten-year duration bonds in separate Excel sheets for the next
countries: UK, France, Netherlands, Italy, Norway, Canada,
Greece, Sweden, Spain, US, Austria, Australia, Belgium and
Denmark. I was not able to find out any comprehensive data of
the Ottoman Empire in Global Financial data. However, in the
Bank of England archives I found a document that records the
opening and closing price of sovereign bonds on a monthly basis1.
While this source provides information about the price and
coupon rate of the security, it does not provide the maturity but
only the date that it was contracted. According to Clay, the
amortization of the 6% of the 1854 loan is 34 years (Clay 2000,
568 – 572). However, I will calculate the price with yield to
maturity for ten years to be comparable to the other bonds for
which I have data. The issue with this source is that it provides
data only for the loan of 1854, thus I have very limited data to
work with. It is the same for the bonds of other countries, the
ledger gives data only for specific loans, and not for all of them.
However, taking into account the limits of the current research,
the data seem sufficient to give a basic comparison of the way
markets priced Ottoman securities compared to that in other
countries. I understand that this approach is not comprehensive
as it does not include all Ottoman bonds but it can give us a
rough idea about the market price of Ottoman debt. Given the
lack of comprehensive data I would like to consider my
calculation of the yield to maturity as a “guesstimate”.
What can be seen from Figure 1 is that throughout the
period bond yields for most countries were between 6% and 4%.
The Ottoman bonds did trade with a risk premium of about a
percentage, although in almost all the time Spanish, Italian
and Australian bonds traded with a higher yield. Thus, one can
see that the markets did not see the Ottoman debt as being the
338
riskiest one; Spain and Italy were seen as riskier borrowers. On
the other hand, Great Britain seems to have enjoyed the status
of a secure borrower since its bonds had the lowest yield of
little over 3%. The current calculations are close to the data
provided by Sussman. According to his research the British
bonds were traded of little over 3% for that period (Mauro,
Sussman & Yafeh 2006, 12).
Based on the data of the sovereign bonds of fifteen
countries within the period 1850 – 1875, I calculate the average
yield to be 5.2% over the given period. Based on the same data
the standard deviation is 2.3 which makes the coefficient of
variation 0.45, reflecting of high price volatility throughout the
period (see figure 2). The high volatility can be attributed to the
Spanish, Australian and Italian bonds. Only UK bonds have
statistically significantly lower yield from the average. Despite
this, the UK bonds were less than –1 standard deviation away
from the average, as it can be seen in Figure 2. Thus, the UK
cannot be considered outliers. However, we have three outliers
with averages over the period of +1 standard deviation away
from the absolute mean. These countries were Spain, Australia
and Italy which all had average yield of a bit over 8%.
According to my data the Ottoman bonds were not outliers.
However, Ottoman bonds had higher yield than the market
average. This means that the repudiation was not something
that investors considered fully. If someone was to default it
would have been Spain or Italy.
This explains the shock of the bondholders when the
Ottoman government defaulted on its payments in early October
1875. The price of the bonds fell from 90 pounds in September
1875 to 42 pounds a year later. This is the price of more than a
half. This sheds light on the pejorative language used by the
press concerning the possibility of the bondholders to recoup
their money. Compared to the rest of the markets the Ottoman
debt was more than a standard deviation away from the poorest
market performers, such as Italy and Spain. I believe the reason
is that the various Ottoman loans were backed by various
payments such as: The Egyptian tribute, Custom Taxes, Excise
taxes, etc. (Clay 2000, 568 – 572). Therefore, investors were
339
likely furious when they learned about the default. The
statistical findings presented here fully support the narrative in
the press of that period. One more thing that should be
considered is that the low yields might have been due to the
British and French guarantee on the loan. As mentioned in the
literature review, there is evidence that such guarantees
provided British colonial states with cheap loans. Therefore, the
credibility of the guarantee deserves to be examined on its own
but this problem is outside the scope of the current research.
Outstanding debt analysis

In this section, I will compare the total Ottoman
outstanding debt as of 1875 to total sovereign outstanding debt
on the financial markets. In globalfiancnialdata.com I managed
to find out information about the outstanding debt, inflation
adjusted in livre sterling for the period 1850 – 1875 in the
following countries: UK, US, Japan, Norway, Sweden and
Spain. Based on Clay’s data, the outstanding Ottoman debt as
of 1875 was a total of 194,754,660 LS (Livre Sterling) (Clay
2000; 568 – 572). Yacley provides almost the same figure:
according to his calculations the total Ottoman outstanding
debt was 190,997,998 LS (Yackley 2013, 172). For the purpose
of this analysis, I will stick with Clay’s data. I mention Yacley’s
figures just to show that there is not any significant variance in
the academia when it comes to the outstanding debt. For the
other countries, I base my calculations on the data provided by
Global Financial Data.
The Ottoman debt was significant for the global sovereign
markets. As it can be seen in Figure 3 the Ottoman outstanding
debt was almost at par with the Spanish one, and was about
half of the debt of a developed country such as the USA or a
quarter that of the UK. However, as we can see from Figure 2,
the Spanish bonds were considered much riskier than the
Ottoman ones. Taking into account how large Ottoman debt
was in comparison to other developing countries such as Japan
and Sweden, we can understand the anxiety of the
bondholders. A default of such a scale, even if partial, would
normally seriously disgruntle many of the investors. Thus, it
340
comes as of no surprise that Great Britain shifted its politics
towards the Ottoman Empire.
I used IMF data for debt to GDP data for various countries
in order to juxtapose the Ottoman debt to GDP ratio with the
global trends of the time (International Monetary Fund, 2020).
For the Ottoman Empire I used the data provided by Yackley
(Yackley 2013, 192).
As shown in Figure 4, the Ottoman government cannot be
considered overleveraged by the standards of the time. This
comes, as no surprise, since as discussed above the Ottoman
bonds were not traded with particularly high risk premium.
This further supports the thesis that the default was something
unexpected that came as a shock to the investors. The shock
would be reflected by the press in terms of harsh criticism of
the Ottoman policies. The investors would use any possibility to
criticize the Ottomans authorities. Based on the above
presented quantitative analysis, it can be claimed that the
investors were within their right to be aggravated. The
Ottoman bonds were not considered as risky as other bonds,
and the Ottoman GDP per capita was relatively medium
compared to that of other countries.
In the current research only one main source on the
Ottoman bond prices is used, that being only to the bonds of the
1854 – 6% loan. A bigger sample is needed to have a more
thorough understanding of the magnitude that the debt
repudiation had on markets. Furthermore, the significant
slump in Ottoman bond prices should be further studied. Why
was the collapse of price so big if the debt was guaranteed by
the UK and French governments? Was the guarantee credible,
or was it speculators pushing the price down? These questions
deserve a separate study, since they are not directly linked
with the problem that the current research aims to examine.
The British press

In this section I will review the British press of the period
1875 – 1876 to examine how British public opinion towards the
Ottoman Empire worsened following the default of 1875. The
purpose is to examine whether this made the British public
341
more supportive of the Bulgarian calls for independence. Due to
limitations the current research addressed only two notable
British newspapers from the period in question. Other
European powers, such as France, were also stakeholders in
the Ottoman debt. Therefore, one needs more detailed research.
Most of the British newspapers together with most of the
French press needs to be examined in order to gain a more
thorough picture of western public opinion. In any case, the
press cannot be considered fully representative of public
opinion. Relying exclusively on western sources would be
biased. A thorough look into the Ottoman press would be very
beneficial to build up a proper picture of the events. However,
taken into account the limitation of the research I could not
employ other sources.
The Spectator
The Spectator was a British weekly magazine running
since 1828 and focusing on politics, current affairs and culture
(The Spectator, 2020). Using the application provided by
calculator.net2 I explored 39 weekly issues of the period
between 1st October 1875 and 30th June 1876. I have found out
41 articles, meaning that on average every weekly publication
had at least one article related to Bulgaria and the situation in
the Ottoman Empire. Prior to the default, from the beginning
to the year 1876 until April, I found only six articles dealing
with the Ottoman Empire. All this comes to signify that events
in the Ottoman realm were reported in detail and were major
points of discussion in the magazine.
Prior to the default

The Spectator expresses skepticism towards the Ottomans’
ability to pay before the default occurred. Concerning the
lighthouse receipts that guarantee for a new loan that the
Ottoman government provides, The Spectator writes: “When a
man has to borrow sixpence and has to pledge his spectacle for
money, his bond for a thousand pounds can scarcely be
considered first class security”3. However, prior to the default
we can see support expressed in the magazine towards the
342
Ottoman Empire. The magazine urges the British government
to support the Ottoman territorial integrity, as any losses of
Ottoman territory would be gains for the other Great powers,
and not for Britain4. Some journalists even express a very
positive opinion on Islam and even state that Christians have a
lot to learn from Islam5. I mention this because following the
Ottoman default the articles in The Spectator would be tainted
with a tone towards Islam that by today’s standards would be
qualified as hate speech. Apart from this I could find very scant
mentions of the Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Question
before 6th October. This comes to show how the default would
make the Ottoman Empire a “hot topic” in the press.
After the default

Firstly, The Spectator merely reports the partial
repudiation of the 6th October 18756. However, it is interesting
that directly under the article describing the default there is
another one concerning the Bosnian Insurgence “…unless it be
the Turkish decree repudiating half the debt and have
sustained one severe blow…”. A week later the magazine
dedicates a whole article to the question of Ottoman finance. In
the article, the author mentions that bondholders want to exert
external pressure on the Ottoman government7. The author
remarks “Who is to apply it? Will the clergymen and widows
bombard Constantinople…No one can apply it but a Great
Power”. The article continues by giving details about why the
Ottoman Empire is unable to pay. It should be noted that the
tone towards the “mohamedans” in the article is very harsh,
blaming the Ottoman government for not being willing to
respect any binding promises. The authors discredit any
possibility of the Ottoman government to be able to raise funds
internally through taxation or through the Egyptian tribute.
“The faith of Turkey is worthless and what else does she have
to offer to her bondholders” and any possibility of reform is
disregarded “what “reform” do bondholders hope for from such
men?”, the author of the article says referring to the ministers
of the Ottoman Empire. This article thus reflects a prevalent
mood in British society that the Ottomans are completely
343
incapable of paying and it is only a foreign intervention from a
Great Power that can possibly save the bondholders. The tone
of contempt and disbelief continues with an article about a
conference of the bondholder held a week later. The authors
claim that there is no purpose to attempt to squeeze the
Ottoman Empire as “The bondholders don’t know these
men…or that overpowering imperial selfishness which stifles
all that is good in Princes bred in the Harem…”8. The article is
filled with derogatory terms about the nature of Ottoman
officials and the repressive and lawless nature of the Ottoman
state. A month later the magazine discusses the possibility of
the Ottomans to pay. “The bondholders will not get a penny”,
the author claims after scrutinizing the Ottoman expenses9.
The Spectator grows even more critical towards the
Ottoman Empire by the spring of 1876. For example,
underneath an article that discusses the possible military
involvement of Russia in the Ottoman Empire there is an article
that discusses why there would be no full loan repayment10. The
timing and order of these articles is conspicuous. One might
surmise that the articles were purposely arranged in this order
for the purpose of souring of the British public opinion further.
This made the intention of launching a war against Turkey
more acceptable to the public. In the following month of April,
each issue of the magazine contained a lengthy article on the
geopolitical interplay between Britain, Austro-Hungary, Serbia,
Russia and the Ottoman Empire. These articles served to
suggest a potential military conflict between all these states. It
should be noted that most articles that appeared before April
were stating that there is no viable way in which the Ottomans
would be able to pay and that bondholder would remain
penniless. However, by April the articles become more and more
concerned with geopolitics and a potential spark that could
ignite a greater military conflict. On 15 April 1876 The
Spectator reported of a possible crash on the market if sovereign
debts with the price of the Egyptian, Ottoman, Peruvian and
Argentinian bonds collapse.
The reasons behind this crash and its magnitude are however
outside the scope of this research. By the middle of May, news of
344
the brutal repression of the Bulgarian insurgents had reached
Britain. The Spectator dedicated few articles which describe the
atrocities in vivid details. In the beginning of the month following
an article on the Egyptian debt there is an article on what
nowadays would be called “Islamic radicalism”. The article is
called “On Mohamedan Fanaticism” and describes at length the
higher willingness of the ulema to resort to violence than that of
other religious communities. The article pays a lot of attention to
the sorrows of the subjugated Christians in the Ottoman Empire
and Bulgaria explicitly11. In each of the following weeks The
Spectator includes articles on the events in the Ottoman realms.
An article that appeared on the 20 of May discussed the Christian
massacres in the empire12. In another article of 3rd of June The
Spectator expressed remarkable sympathy with the Bulgarian
rebels: “The mild and innocent character of the Bulgarian
peasent… one of the steadiest and most peaceful of
agriculturalists… The Government treats Bulgarians as a
population who might be safely oppressed to any extent...
Hundreds of villages have been given to the flames…The
Christians of Bulgaria had resolved at last to rise to arms.”13
In the following week The Spectator published an article on
the potential of war between the Ottomans and the Russians,
criticizing the British authorities for taking “the Mussulman
side”14. The trend of expressing sympathy for the Bulgarian
cause and criticism of the British foreign policy becomes even
stronger. On 24 June the magazine reported of 400 houses
burned by the Ottoman militia in Phillipopolis with “… girls as
young as 10 slaughtered…merely for being Christian and
rich…”15. In two subsequent articles published on 1 July, The
Spectator attacked again the British government and in
particular the Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli (in office
between 1874 and 1880) for his support for the Ottomans16. On
15 July the magazine wrote as follows: “The Turkish
Government has announced once more officially “the Service of
the Debt must be postponed”. The money of the English
bondholders is needed “to kill down the Bulgarians”17.
The Spectator continues to push the anti-Ottoman
narrative further. On 29 July the magazine published another
345
article condemning the British inaction and the policies of
tolerance towards the Ottomans supported by Lord Derby and
Prime Minister Disraeli18.
What can be observed within the editions of The Spectator
over the period 1875 – 1876? Firstly, the magazine expressed
skepticism about a potential reform in Ottoman finance. There
were published many articles reporting in detail about the
atrocities of the Bulgarian Christians and condemning the
inaction and open support that the British government offered
to the Ottoman authorities. All this speaks of a significant shift
in public opinion. The magazine blamed the Ottomans for their
unwillingness to pay their debts since “the money is needed to
kill down the Bulgarians”. The articles reporting on Ottoman
debt were often followed by articles describing the atrocities
that the Ottoman government committed. As argued in one of
the articles, only the intervention of a foreign power was
considered helpful for the bondholders with regard to their
hope to get their money. All this comes to show that the public
reversed its support from the policy of the British government
of backing the Ottomans. The detailed description of massacres
comes to show that the public was much more sympathetic
towards a military intervention against the Ottomans, as we
can see from the articles dating from the end of July 1876.
Given this, I believe that it was the default that made the
British public more critical towards the Ottoman treatment of
the Christian subjects. Investors had nothing to lose anymore,
they were aware that the Ottomans were not going to pay
unless there is an intervention from a Great Power. And the
massacres against the Bulgarians were the perfect cause for
Russia to declare war on the Ottoman Empire with the pretext
of saving the Christians from the hands of the Muslims.
The Times
The Times was a British newspaper that appeared since
1788 six days a week (The Times, 2020). Taking into account
the large number of its issues, I have limited myself to
scrutinizing all the issues for the following months: October
and November 1875, April, May, June and July 1876. This is
346
since I aim to see the press narrative following the default of
October 1875 until the Bulgarian uprising of April 1876 and
the discussion in the press in the following months. I have
found out 87 articles published in the abovementioned months
and referring directly to the default and to the Bulgarian
insurrection. In contrast, I came across 40 articles published
between 1 January and 5 October 1875, that is the date of the
default, and dealing with the Ottoman Empire. Based on this
numbers we can see that the number of the relevant articles
doubled after the default.
Prior to the default

In early 1875 the reports about the Ottoman Empire that
The Times published were largely concerned with the
Montenegrin insurrection. A certain support of Ottoman
integrity can be observed when it comes to the possibility of
Russian intervention “Mohamedan Fanaticism which has tis
center in Constantinople I less hostile than the Orthodox
fanaticism which has its center I the old City of Moscow…”19.
Some articles even praised a peaceful coexistence of
Muslims and Christians in the Ottoman Empire dismissing
claims of repression on religious basis. “Christian communities
in Turkey exercise freely their worship, manage as they like
their churches, cemeteries and schools, make their religious
processions openly through the streets by day and by night, as
the case may be, with their crosses, banners, and images...”20.
In the summer of 1875, the newspaper published quite a
few articles which dismissed the Ottoman financial problems.
Some articles even claim that the exorbitant expenditures
made by the Sultan are pure exaggerations serving only the
purpose of “…injuring the holders of Turkish Stock without in
any way benefiting the Turkish Government…”21
We can see also that while admitting that the Ottoman
Empire had financial troubles the newspaper did not consider
fully the possibility of default22. Some authors even called for
extending further financial support to the Ottoman Empire, as
it finded itself cut off from the ability to raise more funds from
the European markets23. As a whole, before the default The
347
Times rarely published articles about the Ottoman Empire. The
few published articles shared a very balanced view admitting
that there were financial troubles in the Ottoman Empire but
claiming that reforms could resolve them. Moreover, there were
published articles that downplayed the plight of Christians in
the empire largely because they could be used as a political tool
for the Russian interests.
After the default

During the first days of October, The Times reported
mainly on the ongoing Serbian-Ottoman conflict. During the
first week of October, the newspaper published an impartial
informative article on the default24. In the following week the
tone on the Ottoman repudiation shifted. Here is what The
Times wrote on 13 October about the public opinion in France:
“Public opinion here is far from looking recent financial events
calmly in the face…the small capitalist – he who has bought
the stock to increase his comfort – now finds his income
diminished by one half…financiers want the different
governments to interfere: not to force Turkey to pay what she
cannot pay but to do in Turkey what France did in Tunis.”25
The French response is not within the scope of the current
research. However, this report comes to show that it was not
only the British public that advocated for political intervention
as the analysis of The Spectator shows. France, as a Great
Power, was also badly hurt by the Ottoman default and the
public there was requesting intervention as well. The following
day The Times published an article dealing with the lack of
rights for the Christian subjects in the Ottoman Empire26.
Again, one can see negative press releases about Ottoman
internal policy after the default. During the rest of the month,
the newspaper keeps a neutral and informative tone in series of
articles “on the Ottoman Repudiation” albeit with some level of
skepticism on the Ottoman ability to pay27. Throughout the
month, the series of articles like those entitled “On the
Ottoman Repudiation”, “The State of Turkish Finance”, “The
Turkish Finance” continued to have a relatively neutral tone
although they often doubt that western bondholders would be
348
able to recoup their investment in full. However, next to the
articles discussing Ottoman debt one finds out a lot of articles
discussing the plight of the Christians in the empire. For
example, there are articles such as one entitled “Pan-slavonia”
which speak in positive light of the Russian support for the
Slavic Christian subjects of Turkey28. What is more, the
newspaper expresses support for a Russian intervention: “The
sacrifices made by the Russian nation are so great that Russia
justified for stepping forth with its sympathies before the whole
of Europe.”29 Another paper also thoroughly reports on the
Christian massacres in Bosnia30. All these cases can be seen as
an alternative that the press presents for an intervention of a
Great Power in the affairs of the Ottoman Empire.
As of November, one can see how intertwined the financial
and the geopolitical question became. This is what The Times
claimed with regard to the conference of the Ottoman
bondholders: “The financial question was so intimately bound
up with the political question-the Eastern question was not yet
laid: the various governments of the different holders could not
but take the case of the bondholders into their most earnest
consideration.”31
Things were not made better by the possibility of the French
and British taxpayers to cover a portion of the Ottoman debt. Both
countries provided guarantees in the contract of issuing of
Ottoman bonds32. In the following days the articles became increa-
singly more geopolitical in character. The newspaper gave a broad
platform to pro-Slavic and anti-Ottoman sentiments. In some
articles the journalists even expressed open support for a Russian
military intervention against the Ottomans. “The Turks came as
an army not as a nation: they conquered, ground and crushed the
subjugate races, but never governed them…their energies have
been exhausted by sloth and gross self-indulgence…any attempt
at reform is in the opinion of all sound-minded men, utterly
hopeless…They could stand no shock from abroad, least of all such
and onset as Russia an in every moment make upon them.”33
The article continues by condemning the Ottoman Empire
for the poor treatment of its Christian subjects and openly
advocating for a possible military intervention from the
349
European powers. The criticism and even mockery of the
Ottoman authorities continued in the following year. “As the
mother is so is the child to grow up: and it is the misfortune of
the Moslem of the better classes…in the harem…secluded from
social intercourse and shut up with slaves and as deprived from
all power to think…The Turk does not trade, he is no
merchant, he is no banker, he cannot count or calculate, he is
an absentee landlord, he is no farmer…all the available work is
done by the Greek, the Armenian or the Jew under him…”34
Comments such as these just came to show the growing social
contempt that the British society started having towards the
Ottoman Empire. But things were only to get from bad to worse
for the Ottoman publicity. The position that the Ottoman debt
is as much a financial problem as it is political “…but the
political question is mixed up with the financial, and, if was is
to be made, the difficulty arises as to where the money for it is
to come from...”35
The article further discusses the potential unwillingness of
investors to fund the Ottomans in a potential military conflict
following the repudiation of 1875. By 8 May the Bulgarian
uprising entered the pages of The Times, but the tone was quite
informative36. On top of these, the German and French
ambassadors were assassinated in Thessaloniki by Muslim
rioters: “…a crime which disgraces Turkey in the eyes of
Europe.”37 The softas (Islamic religious scholars) organized riots
in Istanbul attempting to remove the Grand Vizier from power
for his cooperation with the Western powers38. Although these
events are outside the scope of the current research as they are
not directly linked with the debt repudiation, I mention them in
order to show that while the debt repudiation caused a wave of
negative comments in the press, the situation was further
exacerbated by these events. In any case, some publications
were of a more balanced character but still made harsh criticism
of the Ottoman governance. For example: “As long as laws of
Turkey are on a theocratic principle, equality for all classes
cannot be attained…therefore unbelievers in the Koran are
degraded and despised race…No living Turk has the slightest
notion of book-keeping much less of the science of finance…”39
350
Moreover, The Times revealed that the Ottomans’ financial
problems were further exacerbated by the Bulgarian uprising:
“Large outlays will be required to pay in arrears…to keep up a
force sufficient to lay Bashi-Bazooks and Circassian demons
who have been conjured up in Bulgaria...”40 This comes to show
that the Bulgarian uprising put even more strain on the
Ottoman finance, which in turn deepened the Ottoman
problems. Not only the Sublime Porte did have to find a way to
pay as much as it could to the bondholders; it also had to
finance the quelling of the rebellion. The violent way in which
the Ottoman government suppressed the Bulgarian insurgence
would be presented in detail in the pages of The Times in a
series of articles under the name “Atrocities in Bulgaria”41. The
detailed description of these atrocities would again serve the
purpose of worsening public opinion towards the Ottoman
governance.
One can see that after the default the public opinion towards
the Ottomans soured. On top of this, the press followed closely
the humanitarian crisis of the Bulgarian uprising and took a
resolute anti-Ottoman stance. In some instances, we can even
see articles that openly supported a Russian intervention
against the Ottomans in face of the atrocities committed against
the Christian Slavs. As mentioned in the literature review, it
was the British public opinion that played a major role in
defying the policy of Britain to join the Crimean war. The press
provides an insight into what British voters felt about the
Middle East. However, it should be noted that many of the
accounts were exaggerated, since the belief in European
supremacy was very common in late Victorian Britain and
France. This can largely be attributed to the notion of
Orientalism in British and French societies. The Orientalist way
of thinking would view Eastern societies through either a lens of
romanticism or would view them as barbaric and irrational in
comparison to the West (Said 1978, 26 – 39). Further on the
default fueled the press’ negativity and stereotypes. It should be
admitted that the Orientalist narrative was the dominant way
in which westerners thought about the Ottoman Empire.
However, the reports on the atrocities were very much based on
351
real events, so was the default that soured the British public
opinion further. Orientalism, should not be used to undermine
the fact that the Ottoman Empire was facing both a financial
and a geopolitical crisis.
In any case, by contrasting the Christian versus the
Muslim subjects of the empire, often through exaggerations,
the British press influenced the public opinion by making it
more supportive of the plight of the Bulgarians.
Bulgarian horrors and the question of the East

This was the title of a short book published in 1876 by the
leader of the British opposition, William Gladstone. The
purpose of this work was to criticize the supportive policy of the
British government towards the Ottoman Empire in face of the
atrocities caused to the Christian population. However, I would
like to focus on the stance that Gladstone took regarding the
link between the Ottoman debt and the “crisis in the East”: “Of
the 200 million sterling borrowed from European Exchanges…a
large part has been spend on the military…The result if before
us…War with Servia…” (Gladstone 1876, 10 – 12).
Just as mentioned earlier in The Spectator, “the money is
used to kill down the Bulgarians”. Both these examples serve to
show that the money from the debt served to enhance the
Ottoman military and oppressive apparatus and not to invest
in policies that could recover and improve the economy. This
would be one of the factors that would cause the shift of British
public opinion towards the Ottomans. Gladstone defined the
British foreign policy towards the Empire following the
Crimean war as “twenty years of grace”. Taking into account
Gladstone’s position as a leader of the opposition, his opinion is
crucial, as it signifies a shift away from endorsing the
Ottomans, largely due to the humanitarian crisis in the empire.
In any case, as we can see that the Ottoman public debt was a
contributing factor to the shift of the British public opinion
towards the Ottoman Empire.
352
Conclusion
The Ottoman public default of 1875 fueled anger among the
British investors. This anger is quite visible on the pages of the
then British press. Together with the reports of atrocities
committed in the Balkans by Ottoman militia, the press began
to openly criticize British foreign policy towards the Ottomans.
The default of 1875 was detrimental to the British public
opinion and together with the horrors that took place in the
Balkans, the press began endorsing exaggerated negative
stereotypes about the Ottoman Empire. Prior to the default the
press was either neutral or almost silent about the affairs in
the Ottoman Empire. All this together with the movement
headed by Gladstone were some of the factors that exerted
significant impact on the British foreign policy. These factors
made the British public less willing to support the Ottoman
Empire in a potential war with Russia, contrasting strongly
with the support that the British public had for the Ottomans
during the Crimean war. Correlation doesn’t mean causation.
The fact that the Bulgarian insurrection of April 1876
succeeded the Ottoman default of 1875 does not necessarily
mean that these two events were directly linked. In any case,
the current research shows that the British press would shift
its language and tone following the default, one of the reasons
being to accommodate the dissatisfaction of the bondholders.
This allowed for more publicity on the plight of minorities in
the Ottoman Empire. British public opinion towards the
Ottomans shifted for the worse and the default played a
significant role in this shift.
353
Figures
Average 10y Yield
(1850-1875)
SP 8,45
AUS 8,27
IT 7,98
OT 6,20
US 5,30
CD 5,24
AU 4,99
SW 4,83
NR 4,66
DEN 4,60
BE 4,59
FR 4,57
NT 4,12
GR 4,11
UK 3,22
Figure 1. Source: (Global Financial data, 2019)
Figure 2. Source: (Global Financial Data, 2019);

(Bank of England Archives, 1705 – 1880)
354
Figure 3. Source: (Clay 2000; 568-572); (Yackley 2013, 172); (Global
Financial Data, 2019)
Figure 4. Source: (Historical Public Database 2020); (Yackley 2013, 192)
355
1. Bank of England Archives. (n.d.). Average price of funds 1705-
1888. [online] Available at: http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/Calm
View/Overview.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog.
2. See: https://www.calculator.net/
3. The Spectator, Vol. 48, Iss. 2470, October 30, 1875, “Ottoman
debt”.
4. The Spectator, Vol. 48, Iss. 2430, January 23, 1875, “The Cloud in
Montengro”.
5. The Spectator, Vol. 48, Iss. 2450, June 12, 1875, “Mohamed and
Mohamedanism”.
6. The Spectator, Vol. 48, Iss. 2467, October 9, 1875, “Turkish
Government”.
7. The Spectator, Vol. 48, Iss. 2468, October 16, 1875, “Topics of the
Day: The future of Turkish finance”.
8. The Spectator, Vol. 48, Iss. 2469, October 23, 1875, “The Meeting
of Turkish Bondholders”.
9. The Spectator, Vol. 48, Iss. 2472, November 13, 1875, “Ottomans
Leave Bondholders Penniless”.
10. The Spectator, Vol. 49, Iss. 2492, April 1, 1876, “Turkish
Government postponing payment”.
11. The Spectator, Vol. 49, Iss. 2498, May 13, 1876, “On Mohamedan
Fanaticism”.
12. The Spectator, Vol. 49, Iss. 2499, May 20, 1876, “Affairs in
Turkey”.
13. The Spectator, Vol 49, Iss. 2501, June 3, 1876, “The Bulgarian
Insurection”.
14. The Spectator, Vol 49, Iss. 2502, June 10, 1876, “Peace or war”.
15. The Spectator, Vol 49, Iss. 2504, June 24, 1876, “News from the
East”.
16. The Spectator, Vol. 49, Iss. 2505, July 1, 1876, “The Immidate
Policy of Great Britain”; The Spectator, Vol. 49, Iss. 2505, July 1,
1876, “The Weakness of our System of foreign affairs”.
17. The Spectator, Vol. 49, Iss. 2507, July 15, 1876, “The Turkish
Government”.
18. The Spectator, Vol. 49, Iss. 2509, July 29, 1876, “The Next Step in
the East”.
19. The Times, January 26, 1875, “Turkey and Montenegro”.
20. The Times, 1875 April 10, “The Evangelical aliance and the
porte”.
21. The Times, July 3, 1875, “Turkish finance”.
356
22. The Times, July 14, 1875, “The Turkish Budget”.
23. The Times, June 23, 1875, “The State of Turkey”.
24. The Times, October 5-11, 1875, “Latest Intelligence: Turkey”.
25. The Times, October 13, 1875, “Latest Intelligence: Turkey”.
26. The Times, October, 1875, “Turkish Judges”.
27. The Times, October 14, 1875, “On the Ottoman Repudiation”.
28. The Times, October 22, 1875, “Pan-Slavonia”.
29. The Times, October 29, 1875, “Turkey and the powers”.
30. The Times, October 27, 1875, “Turkey”.
31. The Times, November 2, 1875, “The Turkish Loans”.
32. The Times, November 5, 1875, “Turkish finance and English
legislation”.
33. The Times, November 30, 1875, “The Eastern Question”.
34. The Times, April 20, 1876, “The Turkish Governing class”.
35. The Times, May 5, 1876, “Turkey, Russia and Austria”.
36. The Times, May 9, 1876, “Turkey”.
37. The Times, May 11, 1876, “The Salonica Assassinations”.
38. The Times, May 18, 1876, “The Riot at Constantinople”.
39. The Times, June 6, 1876, “The Turk in Europe: To the Editior of
the Times”.
40. The Times, June 12, 1876, “The New Turkish Government”.
41. The Times, July 11-30, 1876, “Atrocities in Bulgaria”.
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the Administration of the Ottoman Public Debt. Columbia University
Press.
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– 2069.
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Eldem, E., 2005. Ottoman financial integration with Europe: foreign
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financial crises, and debt settlements, 1820 – 1990. Westview Press.
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The Middle East and the Balkans, 1870 – 1914. Palgrave Macmillan.
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360
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University of Chicago.
ǸǮǸ ǿǳ ǽǾǳǲǿȀǮǰȍȀ ǼǿǺǮǻǿǸǶȍȀ ȂǮǹǶȀ

ǼȀ 1875 Ǳ. Ƕ ǶǵȀǼȅǻǶȍȀ ǰȈǽǾǼǿ
ǰ ǯǾǶȀǮǻǿǸǮȀǮ ǽǾǳǿǮ?
ǾȓȕȬȚȓ: ǻȎȟȠȜȭȧȎȠȎ ȟȠȎȠȖȭ ȖȚȎ ȕȎ Ȥȓș ȒȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȎ
ȘȎȘ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȭȠ ȢȎșȖȠ ȜȠ 1875 ȑ. ȐșȖȭȓ țȎ ǶȕȠȜȥțȖȭ ȐȨȝȞȜȟ. ǰ
ȟȠȎȠȖȭȠȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȎȐȖ ȝȞȓȑșȓȒ țȎ ȏȞȖȠȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȝȞȓȟȎ ȜȠ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ, ȕȎ ȟȓ
ȝȞȜȟșȓȒȖ ȒȎșȖ ȟșȓȒ ȢȎșȖȠȎ ȏȞȖȠȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȐȓȟȠțȖȤȖ ȕȎȝȜȥȐȎȠ ȒȎ
ȝȞȜȭȐȭȐȎȠ ȝȜ-ȝȜșȜȔȖȠȓșțȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ ȘȨȚ ȚȎșȤȖțȟȠȐȎȠȎ Ȑ Ǽȟ-
ȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ. ǻȓȧȜ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ, ȖȕȥȖȟșȓțȎ ȓ ȒȜȣȜȒțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ Ȝȟ-
ȚȎțȟȘȖȠȓ ȜȏșȖȑȎȤȖȖ ȝȞȓȒȖ ȏȎțȘȞȡȠȎ Ȗ ȓ ȟȨȝȜȟȠȎȐȓțȎ ȟȡȚȎȠȎ, ȘȜȭ-
ȠȜ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȎ ȒȨșȔȖ țȎ ȖțȐȓȟȠȖȠȜȞȖȠȓ, ȟ ȠȎȕȖ țȎ ȒȞȡȑȖ
ȟȠȞȎțȖ ȜȠ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ. ȀȜȐȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȎȐȖ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȜȐȓȞȖ ȒȎșȖ ȜȟȚȎțȟ-
ȘȖȭȠ ȢȎșȖȠ ȜȠ 1875 ȑ. ȖȚȎ ȑșȜȏȎșțȜ ȜȠȞȎȔȓțȖȓ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȢȖțȎțȟȜȐȖȭ
ȟȐȭȠ Ȗ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȜ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟșȡȔȖ ȘȎȠȜ șȜȑȖȥțȜ ȜȏȭȟțȓțȖȓ ȕȎ ȝȞȜ-
ȚȭțȎȠȎ Ȑ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȓȟȎȠȎ ȘȨȚ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ: ȜȠ
ȝȜșȜȔȖȠȓșțȜ ȘȨȚ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ ȘȞȖȠȖȥțȜ ȝȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȟȠ-
ȐȓțȎȠȎ ȝȜșȖȠȖȘȎ ȘȨȚ ȚȎșȤȖțȟȠȐȎȠȎ Ȗ șȜȦȜȠȜ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ țȎ Ȟȓ-
ȟȡȞȟȖȠȓ. ǮȐȠȜȞȜȐȖȠȓ ȘȜțȟȠȎȠȎȤȖȖ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ, ȥȓ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖȭȠ ȒȨșȑ țȓ
ȓ ȏȖș ȟȥȖȠȎț ȕȎ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ ȞȖȟȘȜȐ Ȗ țȓ ȟșȓȒȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȥȖȠȎ, ȥȓ ȜȟȚȎțȟ-
ȘȎȠȎ ȣȎȕțȎ ȓ ȏȖșȎ ȟȐȞȨȣȕȎȒșȨȔțȭșȎ Ȑ ȟȞȎȐțȓțȖȓ ȟ ȠȎȕȖ țȎ ȒȞȡȑȖ
ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȘȖ ȜȠ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ. ȀȜȐȎ ȜȏȭȟțȭȐȎ ȕȎȧȜ ȖțȐȓȟȠȖȠȜȞȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȏȖșȖ
ȦȜȘȖȞȎțȖ ȜȠ țȜȐȖțȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȢȎșȖȠȎ. ǼȟȐȓț ȠȜȐȎ ȟȓ ȕȎȏȓșȭȕȎțȎ ȝȞȜ-
ȚȭțȎ Ȑ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȓȟȎȠȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ Ȑȟȓ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȘȞȖȠȖȘȡȐȎ șȜ-
ȦȜȠȜ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ țȎ ȒȨșȑȎ ȜȠ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȎ. ǿȠȖȑȎ ȟȓ ȒȜ
ȕȎȘșȬȥȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȥȓ ȢȎșȖȠȨȠ ȓ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ ȢȎȘȠȜȞȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȜȐșȖȭȐȎȠ
țȎ ȘȡȞȟȎ țȎ ȏȞȖȠȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȐȨțȦțȎ ȝȜșȖȠȖȘȎ Ȑ ȞȓȑȖȜțȎ.
ǸșȬȥȜȐȖ ȒȡȚȖ: ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȝȡȏșȖȥȓț ȒȨșȑ, ȢȎșȖȠ, ȏȞȖȠȎțȟȘȎ
ȝȞȓȟȎ.
Dimitar Bozov, MA
London School of Economics
E-mail address: mitkobozov@gmail.com
361
ǽǮǵǮǾǻǶ ǿȄǳǻǶ
ǰ ǯȈǹǱǮǾǿǸǮȀǮ ǴǶǰǼǽǶǿ
ǼȀ ǸǾǮȍ ǻǮ ȃǥȃ Ƕ ǻǮȅǮǹǼȀǼ ǻǮ ȃȃ ǰǳǸ
(ǵǮ ǳȀǻǼǱǾǮȂǶǵǺǮ ǰ ǮǸǮǲǳǺǶȅǻǶȍ ǿȀǶǹ)
ǽȞȜȢ. Ȓ.Ȗ.ț. ǹȬȏȜȚȖȞ ǺȖȘȜȐ
ǻȎȤȖȜțȎșțȎ ȣȡȒȜȔȓȟȠȐȓțȎ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȭ
ǾȓȕȬȚȓ: ǽȞȓȒȚȓȠ țȎ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎțȓ ȟȎ ȝȎȕȎȞțȖȠȓ ȟȤȓțȖ Ȑ ȏȨș-

ȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȔȖȐȜȝȖȟ ȜȠ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ XIX Ȗ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ ȃȃ ȐȓȘ. ǻȎȗ-
ȭȞȘȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ Ȗ ȜȟțȜȐȜȝȜșȜȔțȖȤȖ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȔȖȐȜ-
ȝȖȟ ȜȠ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖȭ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ ȟȎ ǶȐȎț ǺȨȞȘȐȖȥȘȎ (1856 – 1938), ȍȞȜȟ-
șȎȐ ǰȓȦȖț (1860 – 1915) Ȗ ǮțȠȜț ǺȖȠȜȐ (1862 – 1930). ǼȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎ
ȟȓ, ȥȓ țȖȘȜȑȎ ȝȜ-ȘȨȟțȜ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓȠȜ, ȘȜȓȠȜ țȎȦȖȠȓ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȤȖ ȜȠ-
ȒȓșȭȠ țȎ ȏȖȠȜȐȎȠȎ ȘȡșȠȡȞȎ, țȓ ȓ ȠȜșȘȜȐȎ ȤȓșȓțȎȟȜȥȓțȜ Ȗ ȚțȜȑȜȟȠ-
ȞȎțțȜ, ȘȎȘȐȜȠȜ ȓ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓȠȜ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȎ ȜȠȒȓșȖșȖ ȝȨȞȐȜȠȜ ȝȜȘȜșȓ-
țȖȓ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȤȖ ȘȨȚ țȓȭ Ȑ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȚȜȒȓȞțȎȠȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȔȖ-
ȐȜȝȖȟ. ǿȝȓȤȖȎșțȜ ȟȓ ȝȜȒȥȓȞȠȎȐȎ, ȥȓ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȓ ȒȨșȔȖ țȎ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥ-
țȖȭ ȟȠȖș Ȗ ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖȭ ȟ țȓȑȜ ȓȠțȜȑȞȎȢȖȕȨȚ Ȑ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜ.
ǸșȬȥȜȐȖ ȒȡȚȖ: ȝȎȕȎȞțȖ ȚȓȟȠȎ, ȔȖȐȜȝȖȟ, ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥȓț ȟȠȖș,
ȓȠțȜȑȞȎȢȖȕȨȚ.
ǿȞȓȒ ȚțȜȑȜȏȞȜȗțȖȠȓ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ Ȑ ȚșȎȒȎȠȎ ȏȨș-

ȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȎ ȟșȓȒ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ ȟȓ țȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎ Ȗ ȑȓțȓ-
ȞȎșțȎ ȝȞȜȚȭțȎ țȎ ȣȡȒȜȔȓȟȠȐȓțȖȠȓ ȤȓțțȜȟȠȖ Ȑ ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ țȎ
ȖȕȜȏȞȎȕȖȠȓșțȜȠȜ ȖȕȘȡȟȠȐȜ. ȀȜȐȎ ȓ ȐȞȓȚȓȠȜ, ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȜȠȜ
ȖȕȜȏȞȎȕȖȠȓșțȜ ȖȕȘȡȟȠȐȜ ȜȠȟȠȨȝȐȎ ȝȞȓȒ ȟȐȓȠȟȘȜȠȜ, ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȐȖ-
ȕȎțȠȖȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȣȡȒȜȔȓȟȠȐȓțȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȒȚȓțȭ ȜȠ ȕȎȝȎȒțȜȓȐ-
ȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȎȠȎ, ȘȜȑȎȠȜ Ȑ ȘȞȎȗțȎ ȟȚȓȠȘȎ ȟȠȎȞȖȭȠ ȣȡȒȜȔȓȟȠȐȓț ȚȜ-
Ȓȓș ȟȓ ȖȕȚȓȟȠȐȎ ȜȠ ȣȡȒȜȔȓȟȠȐȓțȖȭ ȚȜȒȓș țȎ țȜȐȜȠȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ.
ǻȎȗ-ȭȞȘȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ Ȗ ȜȟțȜȐȜȝȜșȜȔțȖȤȖ țȎ ȏȨș-
ȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȔȖȐȜȝȖȟ Ȑ ȘȞȎȭ XIX Ȗ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ XX ȐȓȘ ȟȎ ǶȐȎț
ǺȨȞȘȐȖȥȘȎ, ȍȞȜȟșȎȐ ǰȓȦȖț, ǮțȠȜț ǺȖȠȜȐ Ȗ ǶȐȎț ǮțȑȓșȜȐ
(1864 – 1924). ǻȓ ȝȜ-ȚȎșȘȜ ȕțȎȥȖȚȖ ȟȎ Ȗ ȠȐȜȞȏȖȠȓ țȎ ǿȠȓȢȎț
ǶȐȎțȜȐ [ǱȓȜȞȑȖȓȐ] (1875 – 1951), ǻȖȘȜșȎ ǺȎȞȖțȜȐ [ȃȞȖȟȠȜȐ]
(1879 – 1948), ǻȖȘȜșȎ ǽȓȠȞȜȐ [ǰȜȒțȭțȟȘȖ] (1881 – 1916) Ȗ ȒȞ.,
362
ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȨȧȜ ȟȓ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎȠ Ȑ ȞȓȒȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ ȞȎțțȜȠȜ ȝȜȘȜșȓțȖȓ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȤȖ.
ǴȖȐȜȝȖȟțȜȠȜ ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȠȓȕȖ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȤȖ ȕȎȐȓȧȎ-
ȐȎȠ, ȏȓșȓȔȖ țȎȗ-ȐȖȟȜȘȜ ȝȜȟȠȖȔȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȝȜȞȠȞȓȠ-
țȖȭ ȔȎțȞ Ȗ țȎ ȏȖȠȜȐȎȠȎ ȘȎȞȠȖțȎ, ȏȓȕ ȠȜȐȎ ȒȎ ȜȕțȎȥȎȐȎ ȝȜȒ-
ȤȓțȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖȠȓ (ȏȎȠȎșțȖȠȓ) ȖȚ ȝșȎȠțȎ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ
țȎ ȠȓȣțȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ țȎ ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȎ ȠȓȚȎȠȖȘȎ.
ǼȟțȜȐțȎȠȎ ȕȎȟșȡȑȎ țȎ ǶȐ. ǺȨȞȘȐȖȥȘȎ, ȍȞ. ǰȓȦȖț, Ǯț.
ǺȖȠȜȐ, ǶȐ. ǮțȑȓșȜȐ Ȗ ȒȞ. ȟȓ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎ Ȑ ȜȝȖȠȎ ȖȚ ȒȎ ȖȕȜȏȞȎ-
ȕȭȠ ȝȞȓȒȖ ȐȟȖȥȘȜ ȓȠțȜȘȡșȠȡȞțȎȠȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȘȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ.
ǿșȓȒȐȎȗȘȖ ȠȎȕȖ ȕȎȒȎȥȎ, Ƞȓ ȟȓ ȜȏȞȨȧȎȠ țȓ ȠȜșȘȜȐȎ ȘȨȚ ȖȟȠȜ-
ȞȖȭȠȎ, Ȏ ȝȜ-ȟȘȜȞȜ ȘȨȚ ȏȖȠȎ Ȗ ȠȞȎȒȖȤȖȖȠȓ, ȘȨȚ ȔȖȐȜȠȎ țȎ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȖțȎ, ȘȨȚ țȓȑȜȐȖȭ ȜȏȞȎȕ ȠȎȘȎ, ȘȎȘȠȜ ȓ ȐȖȒȭț Ȗ țȎȏșȬ-
ȒȎȐȎț ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ țȎ ȝȜșȓȠȜ, Ȑ ȘȞȨȥȚȎȠȎ, țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ, Ȑ ȑȞȜȏȖȧȎȠȎ,
țȎ ȚȓȑȒȎțȎ, ȝȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȟȐȎȠȏȎ.
ǲȜȟȓȑȎ ȔȖȐȜȝȖȟțȜȠȜ țȎȟșȓȒȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȝȨȞȐȜȠȜ ȝȜȘȜșȓțȖȓ ȏȨș-
ȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȤȖ ȓ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȜ ȥȎȟȠȖȥțȜ, ȐȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȥȓ țȓȜȠȒȎȐ-
țȎ ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ Ǯț. ǺȖȠȜȐ ȟȠȎțȎ ȝȞȓȒȚȓȠ țȎ ȚțȜȑȜ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ-
țȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ (Konuk 2000; Rodat Mitovi 2001; Ivanova 2003).
ǵȎȒȎȥȎȠȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȖ ȝȜȟȠȎȐȭȚ ȠȡȘ, ȓ ȒȎ ȜȏȨȞțȎ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓ
țȎ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ ȜȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ Ȗ Ȝȏȧ ȕȎ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖȠȓ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȤȖ ȝȞȓȒ-
ȚȓȠ țȎ ȖȕȜȏȞȎȕȭȐȎțȓ, ȘȎȘȨȐȠȜ ȕȎ Ƞȭȣ ȟȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȖȠȓ Ȑ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓ-
țȜȠȜ ȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȚșȎȒȎȠȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȎ.
ǰ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ ȃIȃ Ȗ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ ȃȃ ȐȓȘ ȝȎȕȎȞȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȓȒȖțȟȠ-
ȐȓțȜȠȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ, ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȟȐȜȏȜȒțȜ ȟȓ ȟȞȓȧȎȠ Ȗ Ȝȏȧȡ-
ȐȎȠ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ ȘȎȘȠȜ țȎ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȖ ȟșȜȓȐȓ, ȠȎȘȎ
Ȗ țȎ țȭȘȜȖ ȓȠțȜȘȜțȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȖ ȑȞȡȝȖ ȡ țȎȟ ȘȎȠȜ ȓȐȞȓȖ, ȠȡȞ-
ȤȖ, ȤȖȑȎțȖ. Ȁȓ ȟȎ ȚȭȟȠȜ ȘȎȘȠȜ ȕȎ ȟȎȚȜȝȜȘȎȕȐȎțȓ, ȕȎ ȟȓȏȓȖȕȭ-
ȐȎ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ ȚȭȟȠȜ ȕȎ ȟȎȚȜȐȑșȨȏȭȐȎțȓ, ȕȎ ȡȓȒȖțȓțȖȓ, ȕȎ ȞȎȕȚȖ-
ȟȨș, ȐȓșȖȘȜșȓȝȓț ȝȞȖȚȓȞ ȕȎ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȓ ȠȐȜȞȏȎȠȎ țȎ Ǯț. ǺȖȠȜȐ
„ǽȜȚțȓȠȓ ǿȖșȖȟȠȞȎ“ ȖșȖ „ǱȞȡȝȎ ȟȓșȭțȘȖ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ Ȑ ǿȖșȖȟ-
ȠȞȎ“ (1913). ǽȎȕȎȞȖȠȓ ȟȎ Ȗ ȓȒȖțȟȠȐȓțȜȠȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ, țȎ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȝȡȏ-
șȖȥțȜ ȟȓ ȚȎțȖȢȓȟȠȖȞȎȠ ȡȚȓțȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ Ȑ ȟȢȓȞȎȠȎ țȎ
ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȒȜȚȎȦțȜ ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜ Ȗ ȣȡȒȜȔȓȟȠȐȓțȖ ȕȎțȎȭȠȖ. ǵȎ ȓȒ-
țȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ ȕȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȟȓșȭțȖ
ȝȎȕȎȞȖȠȓ ȟȎ Ȗ ȜȟțȜȐȓț ȖȕȠȜȥțȖȘ țȎ ȒȜȣȜȒȖ. ǰ ȘȞȎȗțȎ ȟȚȓȠȘȎ
ȝȎȕȎȞȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȖțȒȖȘȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ ȖȚ ȟȨȟȠȜȭțȖȓ, ȕȎ
țȖȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȠȓȣțȖȭ ȔȖȕțȓț ȟȠȎțȒȎȞȠ.
363
ǳȒțȎ ȜȠ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠȖȠȓ țȎ ȝȨȞȐȖȠȓ țȖ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȤȖ ȟșȓȒ Ǽȟ-
ȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ ȓ ȠȭȣțȎȠȎ ȝȞȜȒȡȘȠȖȐțȜȟȠ, ȘȎȠȜ țȎȗ-ȜȠȘȞȜȭȐȎȧ
ȟȓ Ȑ ȠȜȐȎ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ ȓ Ǯț. ǺȖȠȜȐ. ǼȠ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȟȠȞȎțȎ, ȞȓȒȖȤȎ
ȠȐȜȞȏȖ țȎ ȠȓȕȖ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȤȖ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎȠ ȝȓȞȢȓȘȠțȎ ȣȡȒȜ-
ȔȓȟȠȐȓțȎ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȎȤȖȭ ȖȚȓțțȜ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞțȖȠȓ ȚȓȟȠȎ Ȗ țȎ ȝȎ-
ȕȎȞțȖȠȓ ȟȖȠȡȎȤȖȖ. ȀȐȨȞȒȓ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟțȖ ȟȎ Ȗ ȝșȎȠțȎȠȎ țȎ țȭȘȜȖ
ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ, ȖȕȜȏȞȎȕȭȐȎȧȖ ȜȠȒȓșțȖ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ. Ǯț. ǺȖȠȜȐ ȓ țȓȟ-
ȞȎȐțȖȚ Ȗ Ȑ ȠȜȐȎ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ, ȕȎȧȜȠȜ ȜȟȐȓț ȟ ȐȝȓȥȎȠșȭȐȎȧȖȭ
ȜȏȓȚ țȎ ȝȞȜȒȡȘȤȖȭȠȎ ȟȖ ȠȜȗ ȟȓ ȜȠșȖȥȎȐȎ Ȗ ȘȎȠȜ țȎȗ-ȖȕȭȐȓț
ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȘ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȖȠȓ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȔȖȐȜȝȖȟ. ǰ ȠȜȕȖ ȟȚȖ-
ȟȨș ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȘȎȔȓ, ȥȓ țȭȚȎ ȒȞȡȑ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȘ Ȑ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȔȖȐȜȝȖȟ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȒȎ ȓ ȝȜȘȎȕȎș ȠȎȘȎ ȚțȜȑȜȟȠȞȎțțȜ
ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȎȕȎȞȖ Ȗ ȖȕȜȏȧȜ ȝȎȕȎȞțȜȠȜ ȚțȜȑȜȜȏȞȎȕȖȓ, ȘȎȘȠȜ
ȠȜȐȎ ȓ țȎȝȞȎȐȖș ǮțȠȜț ǺȖȠȜȐ. ǲȜȘȎȠȜ ǶȐ. ǺȨȞȘȐȖȥȘȎ ȐȨ-
ȐȓȔȒȎ ȚțȜȑȜȢȖȑȡȞțȎȠȎ ȘȜȚȝȜȕȖȤȖȭ Ȑ țȜȐȎȠȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȔȖ-
ȐȜȝȖȟ (Protich 1955, 25), Ȏ ȍȞ. ǰȓȦȖț ȝȜȟȠȎȐȭ ȜȟțȜȐȖȠȓ țȎ
ȏȎȠȎșțȖȭ ȔȎțȞ (Rangelova 2001, 8), ȠȜ Ǯț. ǺȖȠȜȐ ȟȓ țȎșȎȑȎ
ȘȎȠȜ țȓțȎȒȚȖțȎȠ ȚȎȗȟȠȜȞ țȎ ȏȖȠȜȐȎȠȎ ȘȎȞȠȖțȎ, ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ ȟ
ȚțȜȑȜȏȞȜȗțȖȠȓ ȖȕȜȏȞȎȔȓțȖȭ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȎȕȎȞȖ.
ȄȭșȜȠȜ ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȝȨȞȐȖȠȓ ȟșȓȒȜȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȟȘȖ ȣȡ-
ȒȜȔțȖȤȖ ȓ ȞȓȦȓțȜ Ȑ țȎȗ-ȜȝȠȖȚȎșțȖȭ ȐȎȞȖȎțȠ țȎ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥ-
țȖȭ ȟȠȖș. ǰ ȟȠȎȠȖȭȠȎ ȟȖ „ǻȎȤȖȜțȎșțȜȠȜ Ȑ ȔȖȐȜȝȖȟȠȎ țȎ
ǺȨȞȘȐȖȥȘȎ Ȗ ǺȖȠȜȐ“ ǲ. ǮȐȞȎȚȜȐ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎ ȕȎ țȎȗ-ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞțȖ
ȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ ȥȓȞȠȖ țȎ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜ: „ȟȓșȟȘȎ ȠȓȚȎȠȖȘȎ,
ȜȏȓȘȠȖȐȓț țȎȠȡȞȎșȖȕȨȚ, ȢȜȠȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȕȨȚ Ȗ ȓȠ-
țȜȑȞȎȢȖȕȨȚ, ȝȞȓțȓȏȞȓȔȓțȖȓ ȖșȖ țȓȝȜȕțȎȐȎțȓ ȎȐȠȜțȜȚțȖȠȓ
ȟȬȑȔȓȟȠȖȐțȖ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ țȎ ȥȖȟȠȖȠȓ ȝșȎȟȠȖȥțȖ ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎ“
(Avramov 1969, 22 – 23). „ǶȕȜȏȧȜ, ȝȖȦȓ ȝȜ-țȎȠȎȠȨȘ ȎȐȠȜȞȨȠ,
țȎȦȖȠȓ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȤȖ ȜȠ ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȟșȓȒȜȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȟȘȎ ȑȓțȓȞȎ-
ȤȖȭ, ȡȥȓȗȘȖ ȟȓ ȜȠ ȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖȠȓ ȚȎȗȟȠȜȞȖ, ȡȟȐȜȭȐȎȠ Ȗ ȠȭȣțȎ-
ȠȎ ȓȟȠȓȠȖȘȎ ȕȎ ȏȡȘȐȎșțȜ, ȒȓȟȘȞȖȝȠȖȐțȜ ȝȞȓȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ țȎȠȡȞ-
țȎȠȎ ȐȖȒȖȚȜȟȠ“ (Avramov 1969, 27). Ǽȧȓ ȝȜ-țȎȠȎȠȨȘ ȠȜȗ ȜȠ-
ȏȓșȭȕȐȎ: „Ƕ ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȠȎȕȖ ȐȨțȦțȜ țȎȝȜȒȜȏȖȠȓșțȎ ȠȓȣțȖȘȎ ȓ
ȝȜȟȠȎȐȓțȎ Ȑ ȡȟșȡȑȎ țȎ ȎȚȏȖȤȖȭȠȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȠȖȑțȓ țȎȤȖȜțȎșȓț
ȟȠȖș ȥȞȓȕ ȖȕȜȏȞȎȕȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȓșȟȘȖȭ ȏȖȠ, șȜȑȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȟȓ ȟȠȖȑȎ
ȒȜȠȎȚ, ȥȓ țȎȤȖȜțȎșțȖȭȠ ȟȠȖș ȟȓ ȜȠȨȔȒȓȟȠȐȭȐȎ ȓȒȐȎ șȖ țȓ ȟ
ȓȠțȜȑȞȎȢȖȕȚȎ. ǲȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȘȎȔȓ ȓȒȖț ȜȏȞȓȒ ȖșȖ ȟȨȏȖȠȖȓ,
ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȜ ȟ ȔȖȐȜȠȎ țȎ țȎȞȜȒȎ, ȐȨȐ ȐȟȖȥȘȖȠȓ Țȡ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞțȖ
364
ȜȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠȖ, ȒȎ ȟȓ ȖȕȜȏȞȎȕȖ ȓȒȖț ȟȓșȭțȖț ȖșȖ ȟȓșȭțȘȎ Ȑ șȜ-
ȘȎșțȎȠȎ ȖȚ ȟȞȓȒȎ, ȟȨȟ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȥțȖȠȓ țȜȟȖȖ, ȘȞȜȗȘȖ, ȘȜșȜ-
ȞȖȠ, ȟ ȦȓȐȖȤȖȠȓ, ȜȞțȎȚȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȗ ȡȘȞȎȦȓțȖȭȠȎ ȝȜ Ƞȭȣ, ȒȎ ȟȓ
ȢȖȘȟȖȞȎ ȕȎȐȖțȎȑȖ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȝșȎȠțȜȠȜ ȒȓșȜȐȎȠȎ ȖșȖ ȦȡȚțȎ ȎȠ-
ȚȜȟȢȓȞȎ țȎ ȓȒȖț ȝȎȕȎȞ, ȘȎȠȜ ȟȓ ȝȜȘȎȔȎȠ ȘȜșȘȜȠȜ ȓ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜ
ȝȜ-ȠȜȥțȜ țȓȑȜȐȖȠȓ „ȑȓȞȜȖ“ – ȝȞȜȒȎȐȎȥȖ Ȗ ȘȡȝȡȐȎȥȖ, ȟ ȞȎȕțȜ-
ȜȏȞȎȕȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȓȣțȖȠȓ ȜȏșȓȘșȎ, ȔȓȟȠȜȐȓ Ȗ ȝȜȕȖ, ȟ ȏȜȑȎȠȟȠȐȜȠȜ
țȎ ȖȕșȎȑȎțȎȠȎ ȟȠȜȘȎ Ȗ ȝȞ. – ȓȠȜ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȑșȎȐțȎ ȕȎȒȎȥȎ țȎ
ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȘȎ – ȓȒțȎ ȕȎȒȎȥȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȜȠ ȒțȓȦțȜ ȑșȓȒȖȧȓ Ȑȟȓ Ȝȧȓ
ȟȠȜȖ țȎ țȖȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȓȠțȜȑȞȎȢȖȕȚȎ, ȏȓȕ ȒȎ ȓ ȡȟȝȭșȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ Ȗȕ-
ȒȖȑțȓ ȒȜ ȖȟȠȖțȟȘȜȠȜ ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜ“ (Avramov 1969, 27, ȝȜȒ-
ȥȓȞȠȎțȜȠȜ Ȑ ȘȡȞȟȖȐ ȜȠ Țȓț – ǹ. Ǻ.).
ȀȜȐȎ ȖȕȭȐșȓțȖȓ ȓ ȒȜȟȠȎ ȟȠȞȎțțȜ Ȗ ȝȜ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȜ ȟȝȓȘȡșȎ-
ȠȖȐțȜ, ȕȎȧȜȠȜ ȓȠțȜȑȞȎȢȖȕȚȨȠ ȓ ȐȨȠȞȓȦțȜ ȝȞȖȟȨȧ țȎ ȎȘȎȒȓ-
ȚȖȥțȖȭ ȟȠȖș. ǮȘȜ țȎ ǲ. ǮȐȞȎȚȜȐ țȓ ȟȎ Țȡ ȣȎȞȓȟȐȎșȖ ȟȠȎȞȖȠȓ
ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȖ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȤȖ, ȠȜȐȎ țȓ ȜȕțȎȥȎȐȎ, ȥȓ Ȓțȓȟ Ȗ Ȑ ȏȨȒȓ-
ȧȓ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȝȜȒȤȓțȭȐȎțȜ Ȗ ȒȜȞȖ
ȜȠȞȖȥȎțȜ. ǮȐȠȜȞȨȠ ȑȞȓȦȖ Ȗ ȝȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȟȓșȟȘȖȭ ȏȖȠ,
ȘȜȗȠȜ ȠȜȗ ȞȎȕȥȖȠȎ Ȑ ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ǶȐ. ǺȨȞȘȐȖȥȘȎ Ȗ Ǯț.
ǺȖȠȜȐ. ǰ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȠȓșțȜȟȠ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȒȜȚȖțȖȞȎȧ ȢȎȘȠȜȞ Ȑ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ
ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜ țȓ ȓ ȟȓșȟȘȖȭ ȏȖȠ, Ȏ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖȭȠ ȥȜȐȓȘ, ȑȞȎȒȟȘȎȠȎ
ȟȞȓȒȎ Ȗ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖȭ ȏȖȠ. ǼȟȜȏȓțȜ ȐȝȓȥȎȠșȭȐȎȧ ȢȎȘȠ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ
ȟ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȎ țȭȘȜȖ ȜȠȒȓșțȖ ȖȕȜȏȞȎȔȓțȖȭ țȎ ȔȓțȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȜȟȐȓț
ȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖ ȒȞȓȣȖ ȟȎ țȜȟȖșȖ Ȗ ȥȎȒȨȞ ȝȞȜȠȖȐ ȟșȨțȥȓȐȜ ȖȕȑȎ-
Ȟȭțȓ – ȓȒțȎ ȠȐȨȞȒȓ ȖȕȠȨțȥȓțȎ ȝȞȖȐȖȥȘȎ Ȑ ȓȔȓȒțȓȐȖȓȠȜ țȎ
ȟȜȢȖȗȟȘȖȠȓ ȒȎȚȖ, ȖȕȜȏȞȎȕȓțȎ Ȑ ȘȎȞȠȖțȎȠȎ țȎ Ǯț. ǺȖȠȜȐ
„ǿȜȢȖȗȟȘȖ ȝȎȕȎȞ“ (1905).
ǰȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȜȠȜ ȎȐȠȜȞȨȠ ȟȓ ȝȖȠȎ: „ȖȚȎȣȎ șȖ Ȗ
ȚȜȑȎȠ șȖ ȒȎ ȖȚȎȠ „ȟȠȖș“ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȤȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȚȭȠȎȠ ȕȎ ȕȎȐȨȞ-
ȦȓțȎ ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ ȓȒȐȎ ȟșȓȒ ȘȎȠȜ ȟȎ ȡȏȓȒȓțȖ, ȥȓ țȓ ȟȎ ȝȞȜ-
ȝȡȟțȎșȖ țȖȠȜ ȓȒțȎ ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȜȟȠ ȜȠ ȖȕȜȏȞȎȕȭȐȎțȖȭ ȝȞȓȒȚȓȠ,
ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȤȖ, ȥȖȖȠȜ ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȘȖ ȟȠȞȓȚȓȔȖ țȓ ȟȓ ȖȕȒȖȑȎȠ țȎȒ
ȎȚȏȖȤȖȭȠȎ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȒȎȒȎȠ ȢȜȠȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖ ȒȜȟȠȜȐȓȞțȜ ȐȨțȦțȖȭ
ȟȐȭȠ?“ (Avramov 1969, 33).
„ǿȠȖșȨȠ, ȝȜȭȟțȭȐȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȨȠ, ȜȕțȎȥȎȐȎ ȝȞȓȠȐȜȞȭȐȎțȓ,
ȠȞȎțȟȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȒȓȘȜȚȝȜȕȖȞȎțȓ țȎ țȎȠȡȞȎȠȎ Ȗ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓ
țȎ țȜȐȎ ȓȟȠȓȠȖȥȓȟȘȎ ȞȓȎșțȜȟȠ, ȞȜȒȓțȎ ȜȠ ȓȒțȎ ȣȡȒȜȔȓȟȠȐȓțȎ
ȖȒȓȭ; ȠȜȗ ȝȞȓȒȝȜșȎȑȎ ȖȕȏȜȞ, ȝȜȒȥȓȞȠȎȐȎțȓ, ȜȝȞȜȟȠȭȐȎțȓ,
365
ȝȞȓȚȎȣȐȎțȓ, ȝȞȓȡȐȓșȖȥȓțȖȭ, ȒȓȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȖ; ȠȜȗ ȓ ȝȞȓȥȡȝȐȎțȓ
țȎ ȐȨțȦțȜȠȜ ȝȞȓȕ ȐȨȠȞȓȦțȜȠȜ, țȎ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȠȓșțȜȟȠȠȎ ȝȞȓȕ
ȟȐȜȓȜȏȞȎȕȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȓȒțȎ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȥȓȟȘȎ ȖțȒȖȐȖȒȡȎșțȜȟȠ“
(Avramov 1969, 33).
ȄȖȠȖȞȎțȜȠȜ ȞȎȕȟȨȔȒȓțȖȓ ȕȎ ȟȠȖșȎ ȟȨȧȜ ȓ ȟȝȓȘȡșȎȠȖȐțȜ,
ȕȎȧȜȠȜ ȠȜȗ ȟȨȐȟȓȚ țȓ ȜȕțȎȥȎȐȎ ȟȎȚȜ ȠȜȐȎ, ȟ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȎȐȠȜȞȨȠ ȑȜ
ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞȖȕȖȞȎ. ǽȜȟȜȥȓțȖȠȓ ȜȠ țȓȑȜ ȎȠȞȖȏȡȠȖ țȎ ȟȠȖșȎ ȟȎ
ȐȟȨȧțȜȟȠ ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎ ȕȎ ȝȞȖȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ țȎȒțȎȤȖȜțȎșȓț, ȡțȖȐȓȞ-
ȟȎșȓț ȖșȖ ȘȜȟȚȜȝȜșȖȠȓț ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞ țȎ ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȘȖȭ ȎȘȠ, ȘȎȘȠȜ
Ȗ țȎ ȟȎȚȎȠȎ ȠȐȜȞȏȎ. ȇȜ ȟȓ ȜȠțȎȟȭ ȒȜ țȎȤȖȜțȎșțȖȭ ȟȠȖș,
ȐȎȔțȜ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȒȥȓȞȠȎȓ, ȥȓ ȠȜȗ ȖȕȖȟȘȐȎ ȕȎȒȨșȔȖȠȓșțȜ ȝȜșȕ-
ȐȎțȓ țȎ ȓȠțȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖȠȓ ȏȓșȓȕȖ țȎ ȖȕȜȏȞȎȕȭȐȎțȖȭ ȜȏȓȘȠ. Ȁȓ ȟȎ
țȡȔțȖ ȕȎ ȎȒȓȘȐȎȠțȜȠȜ ȞȎȕȝȜȕțȎȐȎțȓ țȎ țȓȑȜȐȖȭ ȓȠțȖȥȓț
(țȎȤȖȜțȎșȓț) ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞ. ǶțȎȥȓ ȘȎȕȎțȜ, ȏȓȕ ȓȠțȜȑȞȎȢȖȕȨȚ
țȭȚȎ ȓȠțȜȘȡșȠȡȞțȎ ȟȎȚȜȏȖȠțȜȟȠ, Ȏ ȏȓȕ ȠȎȘȎȐȎ ȟȎȚȜȏȖȠțȜȟȠ țȓ
ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȖȚȎ țȎȤȖȜțȎșȓț ȟȠȖș, țȭȚȎ Ȗ țȎȤȖȜțȎșțȎ ȟȝȓȤȖ-
ȢȖȘȎ ȝȞȖ ȖȕȜȏȞȎȕȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȥȡȔȒȎ ȓȠțȜȘȡșȠȡȞȎ. ǯșȎȑȜȒȎȞȓ-
țȖȓ țȎ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȖȭ ȟȠȖș ȖȕȘȡȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎțȖȠȓ ȣȡ-
ȒȜȔțȖȤȖ ȜȠȒȎȐțȎ ȟȓ ȓ ȝȞȓȐȨȞțȎșȜ Ȑ ȏȓȕȟȝȜȞȓț ȖȕȠȜȥțȖȘ țȎ
ȚțȜȑȜ ȐȎȔțȎ ȕȎ ȝȜȘȜșȓțȖȭȠȎ ȓȠțȜȘȡșȠȡȞțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȟȨ-
ȒȨȞȔȎȧȎ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȏȖȠȜȐȖ Ȗ ȖțȢȞȎȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞțȖ (ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ ȎȞ-
ȣȖȠȓȘȠȡȞțȖ) ȜȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠȖ, ȜȟțȜȐțȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ ȟȞȓȒ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȕȎȓȚȎ ȝȞȓ-
ȕȓțȠȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ țȎȞȜȒțȖȭ ȘȜȟȠȬȚ, țȎ ȜȏșȓȘșȜȠȜ țȎ țȎȞȜȒȎ,
ȝȞȖ ȠȜȐȎ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ. ǵȎȠȜȐȎ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎțȜȠȜ ȖȕȘȡȟ-
ȠȐȜ ȓ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖșȜ ȟȠȎȠȡȟ țȎ ȟȐȜȓȜȏȞȎȕȓț ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡ-
ȚȓțȠ, ȒȜȘȎȕȐȎȧ Ȑ ȘȞȎȗțȎ ȟȚȓȠȘȎ ȝȞȓȒȖ ȐȟȖȥȘȜ ȡȟȠȜȗȥȖȐȜȟȠȠȎ
Ȗ ȟȨȣȞȎțȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȞȜȒțȜ ȜȏșȓȘșȜ ȒȜ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ
XIX ȐȓȘ ȖșȖ ȟșȓȒ ȝȓȠȐȓȘȜȐțȜȠȜ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȜ ȐșȎȒȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ ȝȜ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ. ȀȜȕȖ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȜȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȢȎȘȠ ȓ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ
ȕȎȏȓșȓȔȖȠȓșȓț ȟȎȚ ȝȜ ȟȓȏȓ ȟȖ, țȜ ȓ Ȗ ȐȓșȖȘȜșȓȝțȜ ȖșȬȟȠȞȖ-
ȞȎț ȜȠ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȖȭ ȟȠȖș Ȗ Ȑ ȥȎȟȠțȜȟȠ ȜȠ ȓȠțȜȑȞȎȢȖȕȚȎ Ȑ
ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ țȎȦȖȠȓ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȤȖ ȟșȓȒ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ.
ǺțȜȑȜ ȠȜȥțȜ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȠȜȐȎ ȓ țȎȏșȬȒȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǯ. ǾȎțȑȓ-
șȜȐȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȝȖȦȓ: „ǿȠȞȓȚȓȔȨȠ ȕȎ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓ țȎ țȎȤȖȜțȎș-
țȜ ȝȜ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞȎ ȟȖ ȖȕȘȡȟȠȐȜ ȓ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ șȎȗȠȚȜȠȖȐȖȠȓ Ȑ țȎȦȎ-
ȠȎ țȜȐȎ ȣȡȒȜȔȓȟȠȐȓțȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ“ (Rangelova 2001, 9).
ǮȐȠȓțȠȖȥțȜȟȠȠȎ Ȗ ȟȎȚȜȏȖȠțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȟșȓȒȜȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȟȘȜȠȜ
ȔȖȐȜȝȖȟțȜ țȎȟșȓȒȟȠȐȜ ȟȓ ȝȜȠȐȨȞȔȒȎȐȎȠ Ȗ ȜȠ țȭȘȜȖ ȢȜȠȜȑȞȎ-
366
ȢȖȖ, ȥȖȭȠȜ „țȓȞȨȘȜȠȐȜȞțȎ“ ȢȓțȜȚȓțȎșțȜȟȠ (ȝȜ-ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȜ ȐȔ.
Gadzheva 2017, 293 – 307) ȟȓ ȟȐȓȔȒȎ ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ ȒȜ ȞȓȎșȖȕȚȎ
ȖșȖ ȒȜȟȠȜȐȓȞțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȖȕȜȏȞȎȕȓțȜȠȜ. ǽȜȞȎȒȖ ȠȜȐȎ, ȝȜȒȜȏțȜ țȎ
ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȎȠȎ ȔȖȐȜȝȖȟ, ȢȜȠȜȑȞȎȢȖȖȠȓ (ȟțȖȚȘȖȠȓ) Ȗ țȭȘȜȖ
ȘȎȞȠȖȥȘȖ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȐȞȨȧȎȠ Ȑ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȖ ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎ ȟ ȏȓȕȟ-
ȝȜȞțȎ ȒȜȟȠȜȐȓȞțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȎ ȟȠȜȗțȜȟȠ. ǿ ȠȎȘȨȐ ȟȠȎȠȡȟ ȟȎ
țȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ Ȗ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȢȜȠȜȑȞȎȢȖȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȖ ȝȜȒ
Ȝȏȧ ȖțȐȓțȠȎȞȓț țȜȚȓȞ 2149 Ȑ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȭ ȢȜțȒ țȎ ȜȠȒȓș ǻȜȐȎ
ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ ȘȨȚ ǾȓȑȖȜțȎșțȖȭ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖȭ Țȡȕȓȗ Ȑ ǾȎȕȑȞȎȒ Ȗ
ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎȠ ȕȎ ȜȏȜȟȜȏȓțȖ ȝȎȕȎȞțȖ ȚȓȟȠȎ ȜȘȜșȜ „ǶȏȞȎȣȖȚ
ȝȎȦȎ“ ȒȔȎȚȖȭ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȚȡȕȓȗțȖȠȓ ȟȨȠȞȡȒțȖȤȖ ȠȓȕȖ
ȢȜȠȜȑȞȎȢȖȖ ȟȎ țȎȝȞȎȐȓțȖ Ȑ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ 30-Ƞȓ ȖșȖ ȝȞȓȕ 40-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖ-
țȖ ȜȠ ȚȓȟȠțȖȭ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȘ Ǹ. ǽȓȠȞȜȐ. ǵȎ ȜȏȜȟȜȏȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞțȖ
ȚȓȟȠȎ ȜȘȜșȜ ȒȔȎȚȖȭȠȎ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȭȟțȜ țȎȗ-țȎȝȞȓȒ ȜȠ ȓȒțȎ ȟțȖȚȘȎ,
ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȎ ȜȠ Ǯ. ȍȐȎȦȜȐ (Yavashov 1930, 87, Ȗș. 66). ǼȠ țȓȭ
ȟȓ ȞȎȕȏȖȞȎ, ȥȓ ȝȞȓȒ ȬȑȜȖȕȠȜȥțȎ ȢȎȟȎȒțȎ ȟȠȓțȎ țȎ ȒȔȎȚȖȭȠȎ
ȖȚȎ ȟȓȞȑȖȖ, ȚȓȔȒȡ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȕȎȏȓșȭȕȐȎ Ȗ ȓȒȖț ȝȎȐȖșȖȜț.
ǼȠ ȟȨȣȞȎțȓțȖȠȓ ȟțȖȚȘȖ Ȑ ȎȞȣȖȐȎ țȎ ǾǶǺ Ȑ ǾȎȕȑȞȎȒ ȟȓ
ȐȖȔȒȎ, ȥȓ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ ȝȞȖ ȒȔȎȚȖȭȠȎ ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȖ Ȗ ȟȓșȭțȖ ȟȎ
ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎșȖ ȟȠȜȘȎȠȎ ȟȖ țȎ ȜȠȘȞȖȠȜ, ȘȜȭȠȜ Ȑ ȝȜȐȓȥȓȠȜ ȟșȡȥȎȖ ȓ
ȝȜȟȠȎȐȭțȎ țȎȝȞȎȐȜ țȎ ȕȓȚȭȠȎ. ǽȜțȭȘȜȑȎ, ȚȎȘȎȞ Ȗ ȞȭȒȘȜ, ȟȎ
ȝȜșȕȐȎțȖ Ȗ șȓȘȖ ȝȎȭțȠȜȐȖ ȟȓȞȑȖȖ.
ǻȎ ȒȐȓ ȜȠ ȟțȖȚȘȖȠȓ ȟȓ ȐȖȔȒȎ, ȥȓ ȝȞȓȒ ȝȞȓȒȒȐȓȞȖȓȠȜ țȎ
ȒȔȎȚȖȭȠȎ ȟȎ ȝȜȒȞȓȒȓțȖ ȕȎ ȝȞȜȒȎȐȎțȓ ȒȓȟȓȠȘȖ ȓȘȕȓȚȝșȭȞȖ
țȎ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȐȖȒȜȐȓ ȏȖȠȜȐȎ ȘȓȞȎȚȖȘȎ. ǶȕșȜȔȓțȖ ȟȎ țȎȝȞȖ-
ȚȓȞ ȝȎțȖȤȖ, ȟȠȜȚțȖ, ȑȨȞțȓȠȎ, ȟȎȘȟȖȖ, ȒȓșȐȖ Ȗ ȒȞ. ǱȜșȭȚȜȠȜ
Ȗ ȞȎȕțȜȜȏȞȎȕțȜ ȘȜșȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȠȎȕȖ ȟȠȜȘȎ ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎ, ȥȓ
ȝȞȓȕ ȐȠȜȞȎȠȎ ȥȓȠȐȨȞȠ țȎ ȃȃ ȐȓȘ ȑȞȨțȥȎȞȟȘȖȭȠ ȕȎțȎȭȠ Ȑ ȞȎ-
ȗȜțȎ ȓ ȏȖș Ȑ ȞȎȕȤȐȓȠȎ ȟȖ.
ǽȞȜȟȠȞȎțȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȝȞȓȒ ȝȞȓȒȒȐȓȞȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȔȎȚȖȭȠȎ ȓ ȝȜșȕ-
ȐȎțȜ Ȗ ȕȎ ȝȞȜȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȕȓșȓțȥȡȤȖ Ȗ ȝȜȒȝȞȎȐȘȖ. ǶȕȑșȓȔȒȎ
ȜȏȎȥȓ, ȥȓ ȜȏȖȥȎȗțȜȠȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ ȕȎ ȖȕșȎȑȎțȓ țȎ ȕȓșȓțȥȡȤȖ ȓ ȏȖșȜ
ȝȞȓȒ ȬȑȜȕȎȝȎȒțȎȠȎ ȢȎȟȎȒȎ țȎ ȒȔȎȚȖȭȠȎ, ȘȎȘȠȜ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȏȖȞȎ ȜȠ
ȒȞȡȑȖ ȟțȖȚȘȖ, țȎ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓșȭțȖ – ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ Ȗ ȠȡȞȤȖ, ȟȎ ȖȕșȜ-
ȔȖșȖ țȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȚȭȟȠȜ ȠȖȘȐȖ Ȗ ȘȜȦțȖȤȖ ȟ ȥȡȏȞȖȤȎ, țȎțȖȕȎț
ȟȡȣ ȥȓȟȨț Ȗ ȒȞ. ǼȏșȓȘșȜȠȜ țȎ ȕȎȟțȓȠȖȠȓ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ Ȗ ȘȡȝȡȐȎȥȖ
ȓ ȡȘȎȕȎțȖȓ ȕȎ ȠȭȣțȎȠȎ ȓȠțȜ-ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȎ ȝȞȖțȎȒșȓȔțȜȟȠ, ȘȎȘ-
ȠȜ Ȗ ȕȎ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȖȭ ȖȚ ȟȠȎȠȡȟ.
367
ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȢȜȠȜȑȞȎȢȖȖȠȓ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ Ȗ ȠȡȞȤȖ –
ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ ȟȓșȭțȖ. ȀȎȘȖȐȎ ȟȎ Ȗ ȘȡȝȡȐȎȥȖȠȓ, țȜ ȟȞȓȒ Ƞȭȣ ȖȚȎ Ȗ
ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ. ǿȞȓȒ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖȠȓ
ȖȚȎ Ȗ ȒȜȟȠȎ ȔȓțȖ ȟȓșȭțȘȖ – ȘȎȘȠȜ ȣȞȖȟȠȖȭțȘȖ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ ȚȬ-
ȟȬșȚȎțȘȖ.
ǿȨȕȒȎȒȓțȖȠȓ ȝȎȕȎȞțȖ ȚȓȟȠȎ ȝȞȖ „ǶȏȞȎȣȖȚ ȝȎȦȎ“ ȒȔȎ-
ȚȖȭ ȟȎ ȟȓ ȜȏȜȟȜȏȖșȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȟȐȜȓȜȏȞȎȕȓț ȟȜȤȖȜȘȡșȠȡȞȓț ȎȘȤȓțȠ
Ȑ ȤȓțȠȞȎșțȎȠȎ ȕȜțȎ țȎ ȑȞȎȒȎ. ǽȜșȕȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȓȕȖ ȝȎȕȎȞțȖ
ȚȓȟȠȎ ȜȠ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ Ȗ ȘȡȝȡȐȎȥȖ ȟ ȞȎȕșȖȥȓț ȟȜȤȖȎșȓț ȟȠȎȠȡȟ Ȗ ȟ
ȞȎȕșȖȥțȎ ȓȠțȜȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȎ ȝȞȖțȎȒșȓȔțȜȟȠ ȟȓ ȓ ȝȞȓȐȨȞțȎșȜ Ȑ
ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȜ ȕȎ ȐȒȖȑȎțȓ țȎ ȓȠțȜȟȜȤȖȎșțȖȠȓ ȏȎȞȖȓȞȖ ȟȞȓȒ ȚȓȟȠ-
țȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȕȎ ȝȞȜțȖȘȐȎțȓ Ȑ ȏȖȠȎ, ȠȞȎȒȖȤȖȖȠȓ Ȗ
ȘȡșȠȡȞȎȠȎ țȎ „ȒȞȡȑȖȭ“ (Mikov 2015, 96 – 97).
ǰȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȥȓ ȟȎ ȝȞȎȐȓțȖ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎ țȎ ȃȃ ȐȓȘ,
ȟțȖȚȘȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȞȎȕȑȞȎȒȟȘȖȭ Țȡȕȓȗ ȟȎ ȕȎȝȓȥȎȠȎșȖ ȝȎȕȎȞțȖ ȟȤȓțȖ,
ȟȖȠȡȎȤȖȖ Ȗ ȜȏȞȎȕȖ, ȘȎȘȐȖȠȜ ȝșȎȠțȎȠȎ țȎ ǶȐ. ǺȨȞȘȐȖȥȘȎ, ȍȞ.
ǰȓȦȖț Ȗ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ Ǯț. ǺȖȠȜȐ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȠ Ȑ ȖȕȜȏȖșȖȓ, ȟșȓȒȐȎȗȘȖ
ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȖȭ ȟȠȖș țȎ ȖȕȜȏȞȎȕȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȖȠȓ ȓȠțȜȘȡș-
ȠȡȞțȖ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȘȖ Ȗ ȠȞȎȒȖȤȖȖ Ȑ șȜțȜȠȜ țȎ ȓȠțȜȑȞȎȢȖȕȚȎ.
ǼȠ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȟȠȞȎțȎ ȜȏȎȥȓ, ȚȓȔȒȡ ȢȜȠȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȜȠȜ Ȗ ȎȘȎȒȓ-
ȚȖȥțȜȠȜ ȔȖȐȜȝȖȟțȜ ȖȕȜȏȞȎȔȓțȖȓ ȖȚȎ ȚțȜȑȜ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȓțȎ
ȞȎȕșȖȘȎ. ǲȜȘȎȠȜ ȢȜȠȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȜȠȜ ȖȕȜȏȞȎȔȓțȖȓ ȓ ȝȜ ȝȞȖțȤȖȝ
ȚȓȣȎțȖȥțȜ, ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓțȜ ȓ ȏȓȕ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȥȜȐȓȦȘȎȠȎ ȞȨȘȎ
(Gadzheva 2017, 293 – 307), ȔȖȐȜȝȖȟțȜȠȜ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȜ ȖȕȜȏ-
ȞȎȔȓțȖȓ ȓ ȒȓșȜ ȘȜșȘȜȠȜ țȎ ȞȨȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȠȐȜȞȓȤȎ, ȠȜșȘȜȐȎ Ȗ țȎ
țȓȑȜȐȜȠȜ ȟȡȏȓȘȠȖȐțȜ ȜȟȚȖȟșȭțȓ. ǽȜȞȎȒȖ ȠȜȐȎ ȔȖȐȜȝȖȟțȖȠȓ
ȝșȎȠțȎ Ȑ ȟȠȖșȖȟȠȖȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȕȚȎ ȟȎ ȚțȜȑȜ ȝȜ-
ȓȘȟȝȞȓȟȖȐțȖ Ȑ ȟȞȎȐțȓțȖȓ ȟȨȟ ȕȎȟȠȖțȎșȎȠȎ ȟȠȎȠȖȘȎ țȎ ȢȜȠȜȑ-
ȞȎȢȟȘȜȠȜ ȖȕȜȏȞȎȔȓțȖȓ. ǾȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎȗȘȖ ȞȜșȭȠȎ țȎ ȢȜȠȜȑȞȎ-
ȢȖȭȠȎ Ȑ ȔȖȐȜȝȖȟȠȎ, Ǿ. ǺȎȞȖțȟȘȎ ȝȖȦȓ: „ȆȖȞȜȘȜȠȜ ȖȕȝȜșȕ-
ȐȎțȓ țȎ ȢȜȠȜȑȞȎȢȖȭȠȎ Ȑ ȖȕȜȏȞȎȕȖȠȓșțȜȠȜ ȖȕȘȡȟȠȐȜ Ȝȧȓ ȜȠ
ȚȜȚȓțȠȎ țȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȑȜșȭȚȜ ȠȓȣțȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȖȕȜȏȞȓȠȓțȖȓ ȜȠȒȎȐțȎ țȓ
ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȐȎ țȓȑȎȠȖȐțȖ ȞȓȎȘȤȖȖ Ȗ ȓ ȝȞȖȓȠȜ ȘȎȠȜ ȓȒȖț ȝșȜ-
ȒȜȠȐȜȞȓț ȒȖȎșȜȑ țȎ ȒȐȎȠȎ ȐȖȕȡȎșțȖ ȓȕȖȘȎ“ (Marinska 2001,
17 – 18). ǼȘȎȕȐȎ ȟȓ ȜȏȎȥȓ, ȥȓ ȠȜȕȖ ȒȖȎșȜȑ țȓȐȖțȎȑȖ ȓ ȏȓȕȝ-
ȞȜȏșȓȚȓț, ȕȎȧȜȠȜ ȝȜțȭȘȜȑȎ ȢȜȠȜȑȞȎȢȖȭȠȎ ȜȧȓȠȭȐȎ ȔȖȐȜȝȖȟ-
ȠȎ. ǽȜȘȎȕȎȠȓșȓț ȝȞȖȚȓȞ Ȑ ȠȜȐȎ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ, ȞȎȕȑșȓȒȎț ȟȨȧȜ
ȜȠ Ǿ. ǺȎȞȖțȟȘȎ, ȓ ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ Ǯț. ǺȖȠȜȐ, Ȑ ȘȜȓȠȜ Ƞȭ ȜȠȘ-
368
ȞȖȐȎ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȘȜțȠȞȎȟȠțȖ ȏșȖȘȜȐȓ, ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞțȖ ȕȎ
ȢȜȠȜȑȞȎȢȖȭȠȎ, ȝȨșțȜ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠȟȠȐȖȓ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȔȖȐȜȝȖȟțȜȠȜ
ȖȕȜȏȞȎȔȓțȖȓ Ȗ ȕȎȝȓȥȎȠȎțȖȭ ȢȜȠȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖ „ȚȖȑ“ Ȗ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ
ȥȓȟȠȜ ȟȞȓȧȎțȜȠȜ ȘȎȒȞȖȞȎțȓ ȖșȖ ȢȜȠȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȜ ȜȠȟȖȥȎțȓ țȎ
ȘȜȚȝȜȕȖȤȖȭȠȎ (Marinska 2001, 19).
ǰ ȤȓțȠȞȎșțȎȠȎ ȥȎȟȠ țȎ ǾȎȕȑȞȎȒ ȓ ȖȚȎșȜ Ȝȧȓ ȓȒȖț ȟȜȤȖȜ-
ȘȡșȠȡȞȓț ȎȘȤȓțȠ, Ƞ.ȓ. Ȝȧȓ ȓȒțȜ ȝȎȕȎȞțȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȓ țȎȚȖ-
ȞȎșȜ ȝȞȖ ȥȎȟȜȐțȖȘȜȐȎȠȎ ȘȡșȎ. ȀȜȕȖ ȝȎȕȎȞ ȓ ȏȖș ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ ȕȓ-
șȓțȥȡȘȜȐ Ȗ ȟȓ ȓ ȜȠșȖȥȎȐȎș ȜȠ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ ȝȞȖ ȒȔȎȚȖȭȠȎ ȟ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȓ-
țȖȠȓ ȜȘȜșȜ ȘȡșȎȠȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȖ ȝȎȐȖșȖȜțȖ ȕȎ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȓ Ȗ
ȝȞȜȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȎȠȎ ȟȠȜȘȎ. ǵȎȏȓșȓȔȖȠȓșțȜȠȜ ȕȎ ȠȜȕȖ ȐȠȜ-
ȞȖ ȝȎȕȎȞ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ ȓ, ȥȓ ȠȜȗ ȥȓȟȠȜ ȓ ȝȞȓȐȞȨȧȎț Ȑ ȚȭȟȠȜ ȕȎ ȕȎȏȎȐ-
șȓțȖȓ. ǽȜ ȠȜȕȖ ȝȜȐȜȒ ȚȓȟȠțȖȭȠ ȘȞȎȓȐȓȒ ȃȞ. ǺȖțȒȜȐ ȝȖȦȓ:
„ǽȜțȭȘȜȑȎ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ ȕȎȕȐȡȥȎȐȎȦȓ ȦȎȞȚȎțȘȎ. ǳȒȖț ȥȜȐȓȘ ȟ ȦȖ-
ȞȜȘȜȝȜșȎ ȦȎȝȘȎ ȚȨȘțȓȦȓ ȦȎȞȚȎțȘȎȠȎ Ȗ ȐȨȞȠȓȦȓ ȒȞȨȔȘȎȠȎ ȖЉ;
ȦȎȞȚȎțȘȎȠȎ ȜȠȚȓȞȐȎȦȓ țȭȘȜȭ ȞȜȚȎțȠȖȥțȎ ȖȠȎșȖȎțȟȘȎ ȟȓȞȓ-
țȎȒȎ ȖșȖ ȟșȎȒȜȟȠțȜ șȬșȓȓȧ ȟȓ ȐȎșȟ. ǰȨȞȣȡ ȦȎȞȚȎțȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȎ-
Ȧȓ ȘȡȠȖȭ ȟ ȡȐȓșȖȥȖȠȓșțȖ ȟȠȨȘșȎ, Ȏ Ȑ ȘȡȠȖȭȠȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȣȎ
ȘȎȞȠȖțȖ… ȀȖȭ ȣȜȞȎ ȟ ȦȎȞȚȎțȘȖȠȓ șȬȒȓȠȓ ȑȖ țȎȞȖȥȎȣȎ „Ȗȕ-
ȝȎȒțȎșȖ ȑȓȞȚȎțȤȖ“, Ȏ Ȑ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȠȓșțȜȟȠ Ƞȓ ȏȭȣȎ ȏȓȒțȖ ȖȠȎșȖ-
ȎțȤȖ, ȝȞȓȣȐȨȞșȖșȖ ȚȜȞȓȠȜ Ȗ ȒȜȦșȖ ȡ țȎȟ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȝȞȖȝȓȥȓșȭȠ
țȭȘȜȭ ȝȎȞȎ“ (Mindov, 7 – 8). ǳȒȖțȟȠȐȓțȖȭȠ ȕȎȟȓȑȎ ȐȖȕȡȎșȓț Ȗȕ-
ȠȜȥțȖȘ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȠȜȕȖ ȘȜșȘȜȠȜ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȥȓț, ȠȜșȘȜȐȎ Ȗ
ȝȜȝȡșȭȞȓț ȝȓȞȟȜțȎȔ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ, ȟȓ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎ Ȑ ȓȒțȎ ȞȖȟȡțȘȎ țȎ
ȚȓȟȠțȖȭ ȞȎȕȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȘ Ȗ ȢȜȠȜȑȞȎȢ Ǹ. ǽȓȠȞȜȐ ȜȠ 1924 ȑ.,
ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȎ ȝȜ-ȘȨȟțȜ ȜȠ Ǯț. ȍȐȎȦȜȐ (Yavashov 1930, 150,
Ȗș. 84). ǲȐȎ ȝȓȞȟȜțȎȔȎ Ȑ ȠȎȕȖ ȞȖȟȡțȘȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȘȞȜȭȐȎȠ ȜȠ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ
ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖ ȝȞȖȟȨȟȠȐȎȧȖ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ. ȀȜȐȎ ȟȎ ȥȜȐȓȘȨȠ ȟ ȦȎȞȚȎț-
ȘȎȠȎ Ȗ ȓȒțȎ ȔȓțȎ, ȒȨȞȔȎȧȎ ȜȠȐȜȞȓț ȥȎȒȨȞ. ǵȎ ȥȜȐȓȘȎ ȟ „ȦȎȞ-
ȚȎțȘȎȠȎ“ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȐȎ Ȗ Ǿ. Ǯ. ǿȘȜȠ ǺȎȘȢȖȗ Ȑ ȜȝȖȟȎțȖȓȠȜ ȟȖ țȎ
ȝȎȕȎȞȎ Ȑ ǾȎȕȑȞȎȒ ȜȠ 1913 ȑ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȎȐȠȜȞȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȏȖșȜ „ȓȒȖț ȒȜ-
ȟȎȒȓț ȚȨȔ ȟ ȝȞȓțȜȟȖȚ ȣȎȞȚȜțȖȡȚ“, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȝȭș „ȏȓȕȘȞȎȗțȖ ȝȓȟ-
țȖ ȝȞȓȒ ȒȜȐȜșțȎȠȎ ȝȡȏșȖȘȎ“ (Skot Makfiy 2007, 115).
ǽȞȓȒȐȖȒ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȜȠȜ ȒȜȟȓȑȎ, ȟșȓȒȐȎȗȘȖ ȟȣȐȎȧȎțȓȠȜ ȟȖ ȕȎ
ȟȠȖșȎ, ǲ. ǮȐȞȎȚȜȐ ȝȜȒȤȓțȭȐȎ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ǶȐ.
ǺȨȞȘȐȖȥȘȎ Ȗ Ǯț. ǺȖȠȜȐ, țȜ Ȗ ȟȝȜȚȓțȎȠȜȠȜ ȜȠ țȓȑȜ ȝȜȟșȎțȖȓ
țȎ ǶȐ. ȆȖȦȚȎțȜȐ (Avramov 1969, 30) Ȑ ȕȎȏȓșȓȔȖȠȓșțȎȠȎ Țȡ
ȟȠȎȠȖȭ ȕȎ „ǵțȎȥȓțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ ȕȎȒȎȥȎȠȎ țȎ țȎȦȎȠȎ ȓȠțȜȑȞȎȢȖȭ“
369
(Shishmanov 1889, 1 – 64). ǮȘȜ ǲ. ǮȐȞȎȚȜȐ ȏȓȦȓ ȞȎȕȏȞȎș
ȒȜȘȞȎȗ ȝȜȟșȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǶȐ. ȆȖȦȚȎțȜȐ, ȧȓȦȓ ȒȎ ȕțȎȓ ȘȎȘȐȜ
ȜȑȞȜȚțȜ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ ȘȎȠȜ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȐȎȠ ȟ
ȐȞȓȚȓȠȜ ȠȐȜȞȏȖȠȓ țȎ țȎȦȖȠȓ ȟșȓȒȜȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȟȘȖ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȤȖ.
ȀȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȐȟȓȘȖ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ ȜȟțȜȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ țȜȐȎȠȎ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȔȖȐȜȝȖȟ ȝȞȖȠȓȔȎȐȎ Ȗ țȭȘȜȖ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠȖ. ǽȜ-
ȑȜșȭȚȎȠȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȟȓ ȕȎȏȓșȭȕȐȎȠ Ȗ Ȑ ȝȞȜȒȡȘȤȖȭȠȎ ȖȚ țȎ
ȠȓȚȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȖ. ǶȐ. ǺȨȞȘȐȖȥȘȎ țȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ ȜȠȒȓșȭ ȚțȜȑȜ ȝȜ-
ȑȜșȭȚȜ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓ țȎ ȠȖȝȎȔȖȠȓ, ȜȠȘȜșȘȜȠȜ țȎ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ, Ȑ ȘȜȭ-
ȠȜ ȟȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖ Ȗ ȟȖȠȡȖȞȎțȖ (Protich 1955, 31). ȍȞ. ǰȓȦȖț
ȝȨȘ ȝȞȜȭȐȭȐȎ ȝȜȒȥȓȞȠȎțȎ ȟȘșȜțțȜȟȠ ȘȨȚ ȖȕȜȏȞȎȕȭȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȘȜțȓ – ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ țȎ ȐȝȞȓȑțȎȠȖ Ȗ ȑȎșȜȝȖȞȎȧȖ ȘȜțȓ
(Tsoncheva 1955, 61). ǺțȜȑȜȢȖȑȡȞțȎ ȘȜȚȝȜȕȖȤȖȭ ȟ ȖȕȜȏȞȎ-
ȔȓțȖȭ țȎ ȘȜțȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎ Ȗ ȘȎȞȠȖțȎȠȎ „ǰȞȨȧȎțȓ ȜȠ ȝȎ-
ȕȎȞ“ (1898), ȘȜȭȠȜ ȓ ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȠȐȜȞȏȎ țȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȎ țȎ ȠȓȚȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȖ
(Tsoncheva 1955, 61). ȃȎȞȎȘȠȓȞțȜȠȜ ȕȎ Ǯț. ǺȖȠȜȐ ȓ ȝȞȓȒȖ
ȐȟȖȥȘȜ ȡȟȠȜȗȥȖȐȖȭȠ Țȡ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ ȘȨȚ ȝȎȕȎȞțȎȠȎ ȎȠȚȜȟȢȓȞȎ Ȗ
ȘȨȚ ȜȏȞȎȕȖȠȓ țȎ ȜȠȒȓșțȖ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ, ȘȨȚ ȝȎȕȎȞȖȠȓ Ȗ ȝȎȕȎȞ-
țȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ ȝȜ ȝȞȖțȤȖȝ, ȒȜȘȎȕȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ȕȎ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȎ țȎȒ 60-Ƞȓ
Țȡ ȠȐȜȞȏȖ țȎ ȠȎȕȖ ȠȓȚȎ. ǱȞȎȒȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȎȕȎȞȖ Ȑ țȓȑȜȐȜȠȜ ȠȐȜȞ-
ȥȓȟȠȐȜ ȖȚȎȠ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȠȞȎȗțȜ ȝȞȖȟȨȟȠȐȖȓ, țȜ ȟȎ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȚȓȠ țȎ
ȕȎȏȓșȓȔȖȠȓșțȜ ȣȡȒȜȔȓȟȠȐȓțȜ ȐȨȕȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȔȒȎțȓ Ȑ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ
țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȔȖȐȜȝȖȟ. ȀȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ǶȐ. ǮțȑȓșȜȐ ȝȨȘ
ȟȓ ȜȠșȖȥȎȐȎ ȜȠ ȠȜȐȎ țȎ ȝȞȓȒȣȜȔȒȎȧȖȠȓ ȑȜ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȤȖ ȟ Ȗȕ-
ȐȓȟȠțȖ ȚȜȒȓȞțȖȟȠȖȥțȖ ȠȓțȒȓțȤȖȖ.
ǼȟțȜȐȜȝȜșȜȔțȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ ȞȎțțȎȠȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȔȖȐȜȝȖȟ ȟȎ
ȐȘșȬȥȖșȖ Ȑ ȠȐȜȞȏȖȠȓ ȟȖ Ȗ ȥȡȔȒȜȓȠțȖȥțȖ ȜȏȞȎȕȖ. ǰȎȔțȎ
ȝȞȓȒȝȜȟȠȎȐȘȎ ȕȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȓ ȞȓȎșțȜ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȧȎȠȎ ȓȠțȖȥțȎ
ȝȨȟȠȞȜȠȎ ȟȞȓȒ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ Ȑ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȎȠȎ. ǼȠ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȟȠȞȎțȎ,
ȖțȠȓȞȓȟȨȠ ȖșȖ ȝȞȓȒȞȎȕȝȜșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȤȖȠȓ ȘȨȚ
ȖȕȜȏȞȎȕȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȠȡȞȤȖ, ȓȐȞȓȖ Ȗ ȤȖȑȎțȖ ȟȎ ȝȞȜȐȜȘȖȞȎțȖ Ȗ ȜȠ
ȐȨțȦțȖȠȓ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠȖ Ȗ ȏȓșȓȕȖ, ȟ ȘȜȖȠȜ Ƞȓ ȟȓ ȜȠșȖȥȎȐȎȠ.
ǰ ȟȞȎȐțȓțȖȓ ȟ ǶȐ. ǺȨȞȘȐȖȥȘȎ Ȗ ȍȞ. ǰȓȦȖț, Ǯț. ǺȖȠȜȐ
ȞȎȕȞȎȏȜȠȐȎ ȠȓȚȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȖȠȓ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȝȜ-ȒȓȠȎȗșțȜ, țȜ Ȗ ȝȜ-
ȚȎȧȎȏțȜ. ǰȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȠȜȐȎ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȘȎȔȓ, ȥȓ țȓȑȜȐȖȠȓ
ȏȖȠȜȐȖ ȘȎȞȠȖțȖ ȟȎ ȓȒțȎ ȟȐȜȓȜȏȞȎȕțȎ ȝȎțȜȞȎȚȎ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞțȎȠȎ
ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȠȓșțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȔȖȐȜȝȖȟ. ǰ ȠȓȕȖ
ȘȎȞȠȖțȖ ȟȎ ȐȘșȬȥȓțȖ ȜȏȞȎȕȖ țȎ ȚșȎȒȖ Ȗ ȟȠȎȞȖ, țȎ ȔȓțȖ Ȗ
370
ȚȨȔȓ, țȎ ȟȓșȭțȖ Ȑ ȠȞȎȒȖȤȖȜțțȖ ȘȜȟȠȬȚȖ, țȎ ȓȐȞȓȖ, ȠȡȞȤȖ,
ȤȖȑȎțȖ, ȑȎȑȎȡȕȖ, ȦȜȝȖ, țȎ ȑȞȎȔȒȎțȖ ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȖ: ȕșȎȠȎȞȖ,
ȑȞȨțȥȎȞȖ, ȣșȓȏȎȞȖ, ȘȓȏȎȝȥȖȖ, ȚȓȘȖȥȎȞȖ, ȣȎșȐȎȒȔȖȖ, șȖȚȜ-
țȎȒȎȒȔȖȖ, țȎ ȎȚȏȡșȎțȠțȖ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ. ǽȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓț ȓ ȒȜȞȖ Ȝȏ-
ȞȎȕȨȠ țȎ ȓȒȖț țȎȞȜȒȓț ȎȝȠȓȘȎȞ. ǻȓ ȝȜ-ȚȎșȘȜ ȓ Ȗ ȞȎȕțȜȜȏȞȎ-
ȕȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȜȒȎȐȎțȎȠȎ ȟȠȜȘȎ – ȝșȜȒȜȐȓ, ȕȓșȓțȥȡȤȖ, ȤȐȓȠȭ,
ȝȠȖȤȖ, ȒȜȚȎȦțȖ ȔȖȐȜȠțȖ, ȟȖȞȓțȓ, ȐȞȓȠȓțȎ, ȟȖȠȎ, ȑȞȨțȥȎȞȟȘȖ
ȖȕȒȓșȖȭ, ȒȜȚȎȦțȜȠȨȘȎțȖ ȝșȎȠțȎ, ȦȖȦȓțȤȎ ȟ șȓȘȎȞȟȠȐȎ, țȎ-
ȘȖȠȖ Ȗ ȒȞ. ǰȎȔțȜ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȒȥȓȞȠȎȓ, ȥȓ Ǯț. ǺȖȠȜȐ ȜȏȞȨȧȎ
ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓ Ȗ țȎ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ, Ȑ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȎ ȟȖȠȡȖȞȎțȖ ȝȎȕȎȞȖȠȓ, Ƞ.ȓ.
țȎ ȚȓȟȠȎȠȎ, ȘȨȒȓȠȜ Ƞȓ ȟȎ șȜȘȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȖ. ǰ ȠȜȕȖ ȟȚȖȟȨș ȖȕȜȏ-
ȞȎȕȓțȖȠȓ ȜȠ țȓȑȜ ȎȞȣȖȠȓȘȠȡȞțȖ ȜȏȓȘȠȖ, ȝȞȖ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȎȕȎȞȖȠȓ
ȟȎ ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎșȖ, țȓ ȟȎ ȢȜț, Ȏ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȝȎȕȎȞțȖȭ ȒȓȘȜȞ. ǼȟȐȓț
ȠȜȐȎ ȜȠ țȓȑȜȐȖȠȓ ȘȎȞȠȖțȖ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȭȟțȜ, ȥȓ țȭȘȜȑȎȦțȖȠȓ ȝȎȕȎȞȖ
ȟȎ ȏȖșȖ șȜȘȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȖ ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ ȝȞȖ ȝȜ-ȑȜșȓȚȖȠȓ ȒȔȎȚȖȖ –
țȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ ȝȞȖ ǯȎțȭ ȏȎȦȖ ȒȔȎȚȖȭ Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȭ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȝȞȖ țȓ-
ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȧȎȠȎ Ȑȓȥȓ ǯȎȗȞȎȘșȨ ȒȔȎȚȖȭ Ȑ ǿȖșȖȟȠȞȎ.
ǼȟțȜȐȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞțȖ ȚȓȟȠȎ ȝȞȖ ȒȔȎȚȖȖȠȓ ȓ ȦȖȞȜȘȜ
ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓțȎ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȎ ȠȞȎȒȖȤȖȭ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȎ ȟ ȠȭȣțȎȠȎ ȖȕȒ-
ȞȨȔȘȎ. ǵȎȠȜȐȎ țȭȘȜȖ ȜȠ ȝȜ-ȑȜșȓȚȖȠȓ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȖ Ȗ ȝȓȠȨȥțȖ
ȒȔȎȚȖȖ ȟȓ ȜȠșȖȥȎȐȎȠ ȟ țȎȞȜȥțȜ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȖȞȎțȖ Ȗ ȖȕȑȞȎȒȓțȖ
ȐȨțȦțȖ ȘȜșȜțȎȒȖ, ȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȝȜȒ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȓ ȝȞȓȒțȎȕțȎȥȓ-
țȜ ȕȎ ȝȎȕȎȞțȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ țȎ ȐȟȭȘȎȘȐȖ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ, ȘȎȠȜ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ Ƞȓȣ-
țȖȠȓ ȒȜȣȜȒȖ ȟȎ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭțȖ ȕȎ ȖȕȒȞȨȔȘȎ țȎ ȒȔȎȚȖȖȠȓ.
ǰȨȕȝȞȖȓȚȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȎȕȖ ȠȞȎȒȖȤȖȭ ȜȠ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ
ȟȓ ȒȨșȔȖ țȎ ȖȕȐȓȟȠȓț ȜȞȖȓțȠȎșȖȕȨȚ ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȑ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȭ
ȚȎțȠȎșȖȠȓȠ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ Ȑ ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ țȎȦȖȠȓ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȤȖ
ȟșȓȒ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ. ȀȐȨȞȒȓ ȝȜȘȎȕȎȠȓșȓț ȝȞȖȚȓȞ Ȑ ȠȜȐȎ ȜȠ-
țȜȦȓțȖȓ ȓ ȝȎȕȎȞțȜȠȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȓ ȡȠȐȨȞȒȖșȜ „ȘȎȠȜ ȜȟȜ-
ȏȓț ȠȜȝȜȟ țȎ ȞȎȕȏȖȞȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȠȜȐȎ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȝȞȖȝȜȕțȎ-
ȐȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȟȐȜȓ, Ȗ ȥȡȔȒȜȠȜ Ȑ șȖȤȓȠȜ țȎ ȏșȖȕȘȖȭ ǲȞȡȑ“ (Iliev
2018, 16).
ǵȎ ȞȎȕșȖȘȎ ȜȠ ǶȐ. ǺȨȞȘȐȖȥȘȎ Ȗ ȍȞ. ǰȓȦȖț, Ǯț. ǺȖȠȜȐ
țȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȞȎȕȦȖȞȭȐȎ ȠȓȚȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȖȠȓ, țȜ Ȗ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎ ȞȎȕȐȖ-
ȠȖȓ Ȑ țȎȥȖțȎ țȎ țȓȗțȜȠȜ ȠȞȓȠȖȞȎțȓ. ǿ ȠȓȥȓțȖȓ țȎ ȐȞȓȚȓȠȜ
țȓȑȜȐȖȠȓ ȜȏȞȎȕȖ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȐȎȠ ȝȜ-ȝșȨȠȓț ȝȟȖȣȜșȜȑȖȕȨȚ Ȗ ȝȜ-
ȭȞȘȎ ȖȕȞȎȕȖȠȓșțȜȟȠ, Ȏ ȒȓȠȎȗșȖȠȓ țȓ ȟȎ ȠȎȘȎ ȟȎȚȜȤȓșțȖ, ȘȎȘ-
ȠȜ Ȑ ȝȜ-ȞȎțțȖȠȓ Țȡ ȝșȎȠțȎ.
371
ǰ ȕȎȘșȬȥȓțȖȓ ȏȖȣ ȖȟȘȎș ȒȎ ȜȠȏȓșȓȔȎ, ȥȓ țȖȘȜȑȎ ȝȜ-
ȘȨȟțȜ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓȠȜ, ȘȜȓȠȜ țȎȦȖȠȓ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȤȖ ȜȠȒȓșȭȠ țȎ ȏȖ-
ȠȜȐȎȠȎ ȘȡșȠȡȞȎ, țȓ ȓ ȠȜșȘȜȐȎ ȤȓșȓțȎȟȜȥȓțȜ Ȗ ȚțȜȑȜȟȠȞȎțțȜ,
ȘȎȘȐȜȠȜ ȓ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓȠȜ ȘȨȚ țȓȭ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȎ ȜȠȒȓșȖșȖ ȝȨȞȐȜȠȜ
ȝȜȘȜșȓțȖȓ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȤȖ Ȑ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȚȜȒȓȞțȎȠȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ
ȔȖȐȜȝȖȟ.
Ƕ Ȝȧȓ țȓȧȜ. ǽȞȎȐȖ ȐȝȓȥȎȠșȓțȖȓ, ȥȓ țȖȠȜ ȓȒȖț ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎ-
ȐȖȠȓș țȎ ȓȠțȜȘȜțȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȖȠȓ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠȖ Ȑ ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ
ǶȐ. ǺȨȞȘȐȖȥȘȎ, ȍȞ. ǰȓȦȖț, Ǯț. ǺȖȠȜȐ Ȗ ǶȐ. ǮțȑȓșȜȐ țȓ ȓ
ȖȕȜȏȞȎȕȓț ȘȎȠȜ ȜȠȞȖȤȎȠȓșȓț ȜȏȞȎȕ. ǿ ȠȜȐȎ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜ-
ȠȜ ȟȓ ȞȎȕșȖȥȎȐȎ ȜȠ ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȤȖȠȓ ȟșȓȒ 1912 ȑ.,
Ƞ.ȓ. ȝȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȐȜȗțȖȠȓ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȒȓȟȓȠȖșȓȠȖȭ ȝȜ-
ȘȨȟțȜ. ȀȜȑȎȐȎ, ȘȎȘȠȜ ȓ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȜ, ȟȓ ȝȜȭȐȭȐȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȎȠȎ
ȔȖȐȜȝȖȟ, Ȑ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȨȠ țȎ țȓȏȨșȑȎȞȖțȎ – ȑșȎȐțȜ țȎ ȠȡȞȥȖ-
țȎ, ȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓț ȕȎȒȨșȔȖȠȓșțȜ ȘȎȠȜ ȐȞȎȑ. ȀȜȐȎ ȓ ȓȒȖț ȖȕȘ-
șȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟȓț ȢȎȘȠ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȕȎȟȓȑȎ țȓ ȓ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎț Ȗ
ȘȜȗȠȜ, ȞȎȕȏȖȞȎ ȟȓ, țȭȚȎ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȎ ȕȎ ȠȜșȓȞȎțȠțȜȟȠȠȎ
ȖșȖ țȓȠȜșȓȞȎțȠțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȖȠȓ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȤȖ.
372
ǼȝȖȟ țȎ ȝȜ-ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȠȓȚȎ „ǽȎȕȎȞțȖ

ȟȤȓțȖ“ Ȑ ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ǶȐ. ǺȨȞȘȐȖȥȘȎ, ȍȞ. ǰȓȦȖț, Ǯț.
ǺȖȠȜȐ, ǶȐ. ǮțȑȓșȜȐ, ǿȠȓȢȎț ǶȐȎțȜȐ [ǱȓȜȞȑȖȓȐ], ǻȖȘȜșȎ
ǺȎȞȖțȜȐ [ȃȞȖȟȠȜȐ] Ȗ ǻȖȘȜșȎ ǽȓȠȞȜȐ [ǰȜȒțȭțȟȘȖ]
ǶȐȎț ǺȨȞȘȐȖȥȘȎ (1856 – 1938):

– 1882 ȑ.: „ǽȎȕȎȞ“ ȖșȖ „ǺȎșȘȖȭȠ ȝșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȖ ȝȎȕȎȞ“,
ȚȎȟșȓțȖ ȏȜȖ – ȝȜ-țȎȠȎȠȨȘ: Ț. ȏ.;
– 1887 ȑ.: „ǽȠȖȤȓȝȞȜȒȎȐȓȤ“ (ȓȠȬȒ ȘȨȚ ȝșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȎ-
ȕȎȞȖ), Ț. ȏ.;
– 1887 ȑ.: „ǿȎȘȎȒȔȖȖ“ (ǰȜȒȜȝȞȜȒȎȐȎȥȖ țȎșȖȐȎȠ Ȑ ȟȎȘȜȐȓ
ȐȜȒȎ ȜȠ ȞȓȘȎ ǺȎȞȖȤȎ), Ț. ȏ.;
– 1888 ȑ.: „ǽșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȖ ȝȎȕȎȞ“ ȖșȖ „ǱȜșȓȚȖȭȠ ȝșȜȐȒȖȐȟ-
ȘȖ ȝȎȕȎȞ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1895 ȑ.: „ǿȤȓțȎ ȜȠ ȟȜȢȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȝȎȕȎȞ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– *1 „ǿȓșȭțȖ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞ (ǿȜȢȖȗȟȘȜ)“, Ț. ȏ.;
– * „ǿȓșȭțȘȎ țȎ ȝȨȠ ȕȎ ȝȎȕȎȞ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– * „ǻȎ ȝȎȕȎȞ ȝȞȓȕ ȕȖȚȎȠȎ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– * „ǳȐȞȓȖț – ȝșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȖ șȖȚȜțȎȒȎȒȔȖȭ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– * „ǰȓȥȓȞ ȝȞȓȒȖ ȝȎȕȎȞ Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȭ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– * „ǺȜȠȖȐ ȜȠ ȟȜȢȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȝȎȕȎȞ“, ȎȘȐȎȞȓș.
ȍȞȜȟșȎȐ ǰȓȦȖț (1860 – 1915):

– 1898 ȑ.: „ǰȞȨȧȎțȓ ȜȠ ȝȎȕȎȞ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1899 ȑ.: „ǽȎȕȎȞ“ ȖșȖ „ǽȞȓȒ ȝȎȕȎȞ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1899 ȑ.: „ǿȤȓțȎ ȜȠ ȝȎȕȎȞ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1899 ȑ.: „ǸȜțȟȘȖ ȝȎȕȎȞ Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȭ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1899 ȑ.: „ǲȜȏȨȞ ȝȎȕȎȞ“2 ȖșȖ „ǽȎȕȎȞ Ȑ ǼȒȞȖț“, Ț. ȏ.;
– ȜȘȜșȜ 1899 ȑ.: „ǻȎ ȝȎȕȎȞ“, Ț. ȏ.
– 1899 ȑ.: „ǽȞȓȒ ȣȎțȎ“, ȎȘȐȎȞȓș. ǿȚȭȠȎ ȟȓ ȕȎ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȐȖȠȓ-
șȓț ȓȠȬȒ ȘȨȚ ȘȎȞȠȖțȎȠȎ „ǽȎȕȎȞ“ ȖșȖ „ǽȞȓȒ ȝȎȕȎȞ“ (Tson-
cheva 1955: 60).
373
– ȜȘȜșȜ 1900 ȑ.: „ǻȎ ȝȎȕȎȞ“, ȞȖȟȡțȘȎ ȟ ȚȜșȖȐ;
– ȜȘȜșȜ 1900 ȑ.: „ǻȎ ȝȎȕȎȞ“, ȞȖȟȡțȘȎ ȟ ȚȜșȖȐ;
– ȜȘȜșȜ 1900 ȑ.: „ǽȎȕȎȞ“, ȞȖȟȡțȘȎ ȟ ȚȜșȖȐ;
ǮțȠȜț ǺȖȠȜȐ (1862 – 1930):

– 1888 ȑ.: „ǯȎȏá ȍțȖ“ (ȎȚȏȡșȎțȠȓț ȝȞȜȒȎȐȎȥ țȎ ȣșȭȏ), Ț. ȏ.;
– 1894 ȑ.: „ǽȎȕȎȞ țȎ ȑȞȜȕȒȓ Ȑ ǳȐȘȟȖțȜȑȞȎȒ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1896 ȑ.: „ǿȜȢȖȗȟȘȖ ȝȎȕȎȞ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1896 ȑ.: „ǰȎȞțȓțȟȘȖ ȝȎȕȎȞ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1896 ȑ.: „ǽȞȜȒȎȐȎȥ țȎ ȭȏȨșȘȖ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1896 ȑ.: „ȃȎșȐȎȒȔȖȭ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1898 ȑ.: „ǵșȎȠȎȞ țȎ ȟȜȢȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȝȎȕȎȞ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1899 ȑ.: „Ƕȕ ȟȜȢȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȝȎȕȎȞ“ ȖșȖ „ǳȐȞȓȖț țȎ ȝȎȕȎ-
ȞȎ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1900 ȑ.: „ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȝȎȕȎȞ“, Ț.ȏ.;
– 1901 ȑ.: „ǿȓșȭțȖț ȝȞȜȒȎȐȎ ȘȜȘȜȦȘȖ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1901 ȑ.: „ǺȎȗȘȎ Ȗ ȒȨȧȓȞȭ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȭ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1901 ȖșȖ 1903 ȑ.: „ǿȓșȭțȘȎ ȟ ȑȨȟȘȖ“ ȖșȖ „ǽȞȜȒȎȐȎȥȘȎ
țȎ ȑȨȟȘȖ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1903 ȑ.: „ǿțȎȣȎ Ȗ ȟȐȓȘȨȞȐȎ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ Ȑ Ǿȡȟȓ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1903 ȖșȖ 1904 ȑ.: „ǿȤȓțȎ ȜȠ ȟȜȢȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȝȎȕȎȞ“ ȖșȖ
„ǱȞȡȝȎ ȟȓșȭțȘȖ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȭ“, Ț. ȏ.
– 1903 ȖșȖ 1906 ȑ.: „ǲȐȓ ȟȐȎȠȖ (ǿȖșȖȟȠȞȎ)“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1904 ȑ.: „ǻȎȞȜȒȓț ȎȝȠȓȘȎȞ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1904 ȑ.: „ǺȜȚȖ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ Ȑ ǿȖșȖȟȠȞȎ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1904 ȑ.: „ǽȎȕȎȞ Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȭ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1904 ȑ.: „ǿȓșȭțȖț ȝȞȜȒȎȐȎ ȟȖȞȓțȓ țȎ ȟȜȢȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȝȎ-
ȕȎȞ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1904 ȑ.: „ǴȓțȎ țȎ ȟȖșȖȟȠȞȓțȟȘȖȭ ȝȎȕȎȞ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1904 ȑ.: „ȄȖȑȎțȘȖ ȝȞȜȒȎȐȎȠ ȟȖȠȎ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1904 ȑ.: „ȃșȓȏȎȞȖ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1904 ȑ.: „ȃșȓȏȎȞȖ“ – ȐȠȜȞȎ ȘȎȞȠȖțȎ, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1904 ȑ.: „ǽȎȕȎȞȓț Ȓȓț Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȭ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1905 ȑ.: „ǺȜȠȖȐ ȜȠ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȭ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1905 ȑ.: „ǿȜȢȖȗȟȘȖ ȝȎȕȎȞ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1906 ȑ.: „ǸȓȏȎȝȥȖȗțȖȤȎ Ȑ ǿȠȎȞȎ ǵȎȑȜȞȎ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1906 ȑ.: „ǽȞȜȒȎȐȎȠ ȟȖȠȎ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1907 ȑ.: „ȀȡȞȥȖț ȟ ȚȎȑȎȞȓ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ“, Ț. ȏ.;
374
– 1907 ȑ.: „ǺȎȗȘȎ Ȗ ȟțȎȣȎ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȭ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1908 ȑ.: „ǹȖȚȜțȎȒȎȒȔȖȭ țȎ ȟȠȎȞȜȕȎȑȜȞȟȘȖȭ ȝȎȕȎȞ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1908 ȑ.: „ǽȞȜȒȎșȖ ȔȖȠȜȠȜ Ȑ ǯȡȞȑȎȟ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1908 ȑ.: „ǰ ǯȡȞȑȎȟ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1908 ȑ.: „ǺȎȗȘȎ Ȗ ȒȨȧȓȞȭ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȭ“ Ț. ȏ.;
– 1908 ȑ.: „ǿȓșȭțȘȖ ȟȓ ȥȓȞȝȭȠ ȟ șȖȚȜțȎȒȎ țȎ ȟȠȎȞȜȕȎȑȜȞ-
ȟȘȖȭ ȝȎȕȎȞ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1913 ȑ.: „ǽȎȕȎȞ Ȑ ǿȖșȖȟȠȞȎ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1913 ȑ.: „ǽȜȚțȓȠȓ ǿȖșȖȟȠȞȎ“ ȖșȖ „ǱȞȡȝȎ ȟȓșȭțȘȖ țȎ
ȝȎȕȎȞȎ Ȑ ǿȖșȖȟȠȞȎ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1915 ȑ.: „ǿȓșȭțȘȖ țȎ ȟȜȢȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȝȎȕȎȞ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1916 ȑ.: „ǺȓȘȖȥȎȞȖ Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȭ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1916 ȑ.: „ǽȎȕȎȞțȎ ȟȤȓțȎ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1917 ȑ.: „ǽȎȕȎȞ țȎ ȕȓșȓțȥȡȤȖ Ȗ ȑȞȨțȤȖ Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȭ“ ȖșȖ
„ǱȞȨțȥȎȞȟȘȖ ȝȎȕȎȞ Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȭ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1918 ȑ.: „ǻȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ Ȑ ǿȠȎȞȎ ǵȎȑȜȞȎ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1918 ȑ.: „ȆȜȝȘȖțȖ ȕȎȘȡȟȐȎȠ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1919 ȑ.: „ȄȖȑȎțȘȖ țȎ ȟȜȢȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȝȎȕȎȞ“ (ȝȞȜȒȎȐȎȠ ȤȐȓ-
Ƞȭ), Ț. ȏ.;
– 1919 ȑ.: „ǿșȎȒȘȖ ȝȞȖȘȎȕȘȖ“ (țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ), Ț. ȏ.;
– 1919 ȑ.: „ȆȜȝ ȚȓȞȖ ȥȡȦȘȖ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1919 ȑ.: „ǼȠȖȐȎ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞ, ǽȜȞȒȖȚȟȘȜ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1919 ȑ.: „ȃȡȏȎȐȖ ȕȓșȘȖ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1920 ȑ.: „ǰȓȟȓșȎ ȘȜțȢȓȞȓțȤȖȭ“ ȖșȖ „ǽȎȕȎȞ țȎ ȕȓșȓțȥȡ-
ȤȖ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1920 ȑ.: „ȃȡȏȎȐȖ ȒȜȚȎȠȖ“,Ț. ȏ.;
– 1920 ȑ.: „ȃȡȏȎȐȖ ȒȜȚȎȠȖ“ – ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜ ȝȜȐȠȜȞȓțȖȓ, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1920 ȑ.: „ǻȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ Ȑ ǽșȓȐȓț – ȝȞȜȒȎȐȎȠ ȝȎȠȖȤȖ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1920 ȑ.: „ȆȜȝ ȟȓ ȐȞȨȧȎ ȜȠ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1920 ȑ.: „ǺȎȗȘȎ Ȗ ȟȖț țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ ȕȎ ȒȨȞȐȎ Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȭ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1920 ȑ.: „ǽȞȜȒȎȐȎȥȖ țȎ ȟȐȖțȓ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1920 ȑ.: „ǽȞȜȒȎȐȎȥȘȖ țȎ ȝșȎȠțȜ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1921 ȑ.: „ǳȟȘȖȕ ȜȠ ȟȖșȖȟȠȞȓțȟȘȖȭ ȝȎȕȎȞ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1921 ȑ.: „ǽȞȜȒȎȐȎȥȘȎ țȎ ȐȞȓȠȓțȎ, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1921 ȑ.: „ǽȞȖ ȒȔȎȚȖȭȠȎ Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȭ“, Ț. ȏ.;
– 1923 ȑ.: „ǽȞȜȒȎȐȎȥȘȎ“, Ț. ȏ.
375
ǶȐȎț ǮțȑȓșȜȐ (1864 – 1924):
– * „ȄȖȑȎțȖ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞ“, Ț. ȏ.
ǿȠȓȢȎț ǶȐȎțȜȐ [ǱȓȜȞȑȖȓȐ] (1875 – 1951):

– 1907 ȑ.: „ǵșȎȠȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȡșȖȤȎ Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȭ“ („ǳȒȖț ȘȨȠ ȜȠ
ȟȠȎȞȎ ǿȜȢȖȭ“), Ț. ȏ.
ǻȖȘȜșȎ ǺȎȞȖțȜȐ [ȃȞȖȟȠȜȐ] (1879 – 1948):

– ȘȨȚ 1921 ȑ.: „ǿȓșȭțȘȖ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞ“, ȎȘȐȎȞȓș.
ǻȖȘȜșȎ ǽȓȠȞȜȐ [ǰȜȒțȭțȟȘȖ] (1881 – 1916):

– ȘȨȚ 1911 ȑ.: „ǯȎțȟȘȖȭȠ ȝșȜȧȎȒ – ǿȜȢȖȭ“ („ǽȎȕȎȞ țȎ
ȘȖșȖȚȖ“), ȑȐȎȦ țȎ ȣȎȞȠȖȭ.
376
ǶȐ. ǺȨȞȘȐȖȥȘȎ: „ǽȎȕȎȞ“ ȖșȖ „ǺȎșȘȖȭȠ ȝșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȖ ȝȎȕȎȞ“ – 1882
ǶȐ. ǺȨȞȘȐȖȥȘȎ: „ǽșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȖ ȝȎȕȎȞ“

ȖșȖ „ǱȜșȓȚȖȭȠ ȝșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȖ ȝȎȕȎȞ“ – 1888
377
ǶȐ. ǺȨȞȘȐȖȥȘȎ: „ǽȠȖȤȓȝȞȜȒȎȐȓȤ“ ǶȐ. ǺȨȞȘȐȖȥȘȎ: „ǳȐȞȓȖț – ȝșȜȐ-
(ȓȠȬȒ ȘȨȚ ȝșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȎȕȎȞȖ) – 1887 ȒȖȐȟȘȖ șȖȚȜțȎȒȎȒȔȖȭ“ – ?
Ǯț. ǺȖȠȜȐ:
„ǽȜȚțȓȠȓ ǿȖșȖȟȠȞȎ“ – 1913
378
Ǯț. ǺȖȠȜȐ: „ǿȜȢȖȗȟȘȖ ȝȎȕȎȞ“ – 1905
Ǯț. ǺȖȠȜȐ: „ ǽȎȕȎȞ țȎ ȑȞȜȕȒȓ Ȑ ǳȐȘȟȖțȜȑȞȎȒ“ – 1894
379
Ǯț. ǺȖȠȜȐ: „ǰȓȟȓșȎ ȘȜțȢȓȞȓțȤȖȭ“ ȖșȖ „ǽȎȕȎȞ țȎ ȕȓșȓțȥȡȤȖ“ – 1920
Ǯț. ǺȖȠȜȐ: „ǽȞȜȒȎȐȎȥȖ țȎ ȟȐȖțȓ“ – 1920
380
ǽȎȕȎȞ ȝȞȖ „ǶȏȞȎȣȖȚ ȝȎȦȎ“ ȒȔȎȚȖȭ Ȑ ǾȎȕȑȞȎȒ
381
382
ȀȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȖ ȝȎȐȖșȖȜțȖ ȜȘȜșȜ ǽȎȕȎȞ ȝȞȖ ȥȎȟȜȐțȖȘȜȐȎȠȎ ȘȡșȎ Ȑ
ȥȎȟȜȐțȖȘȜȐȎȠȎ ȘȡșȎ Ȑ ǾȎȕȑȞȎȒ ǾȎȕȑȞȎȒ (ȎȐȠȜȞ Ǹ. ǽȓȠȞȜȐ, 1924, ȝȜ
(ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎ țȎ ȃȃ ȐȓȘ) Yavashov 1930, 150, 84)
1. ȀȐȜȞȏȖȠȓ, ȜȏȜȕțȎȥȓțȖ ȟȨȟ ȕȐȓȕȒȖȥȘȎ, țȭȚȎȠ ȠȜȥțȎ ȒȎȠȖȞȜȐȘȎ.
2. ǶȕȑșȓȔȒȎ, ȥȓ ȟȤȓțȎȠȎ Ȑ ȠȎȕȖ ȘȎȞȠȖțȎ, țȎȞȓȥȓțȎ țȓȟșȡȥȎȗțȜ
„ǲȜȏȨȞ ȝȎȕȎȞ“, ȖȕȜȏȞȎȕȭȐȎ ȘȡȝȡȐȎțȓ țȎ ȏȡșȘȎ.
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ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȖȕȘȡȟȠȐȜ ȟșȓȒ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ. – ǰ: ǾȜȒȨȠ ǺȖȠȜȐȖ Ȑ
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ǾȜȒȨȠ ǺȖȠȜȐȖ 2001. ǾȜȒȨȠ ǺȖȠȜȐȖ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȖȕȘȡȟȠȐȜ. ǸȎ-
ȠȎșȜȑ, ȝȜȒȑȜȠȐȓț ȝȜ ȖȒȓȭ Ȗ ȝȜȒ ȜȏȧȎ țȎȡȥțȎ ȞȓȒȎȘȤȖȭ țȎ Ǿ. ǺȎ-
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ǿȘȜȠ ǺȎȘȢȖȗ, Ǿ. Ǯ., 2007. ǿȞȓȒ ȤȖȑȎțȖȠȓ Ȑ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ. ǲțȓȐțȖȘ țȎ
ȓȒțȜ ȝȨȠȡȐȎțȓ ȝȞȓȕ 1913 ȑ. ǿȨȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜ Ȗ ȏȓșȓȔȘȖ Ȁ. Ǳ. ǮȦȝ-
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ȄȜțȥȓȐȎ, Ǻ., 1955. ȍȞȜȟșȎȐ ǰȓȦȖț. ǴȖȐȜȠ Ȗ ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜ. ǿȜȢȖȭ.
ȆȖȦȚȎțȜȐ, ǶȐ., 1889. ǵțȎȥȓțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ ȕȎȒȎȥȎȠȎ țȎ țȎȦȎȠȎ ȓȠțȜȑ-
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SCENES OF MARKET PLACES IN

LATE 19TH- AND EARLY 20TH-CENTURY
BULGARIAN PAINTING
(ON ETHNOGRAPHY IN ACADEMICISM)
Abstract: The article deals with scenes of market places
depicted by some late 19th- and early 20th-century Bulgarian
painters such as Ivan Markvichka (1856 – 1938), Yaroslav Veshin
(1860 – 1915) and Anton Mitov (1862 – 1930). It is noted that the
first generation of artists who worked immediately after Bulgaria’s
liberation in 1878 paid much more attention to domestic culture. The
author explains this peculiarity with the academicism that these
painters followed and that strengthened the ethnographical aspect of
their artistic work.
Keywords: market places, painting, academicism, ethnography.
Prof. DSc Lyubomir Mikov
National Academy of Art
1 Shipka Street, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
E-mail address: lubo_mikov@abv.bg
386
ǲȭș ȀȞȓȠȖ/Part Three
ǮǾȃǶǰǻǶ ǸǼǹǳǸȄǶǶ Ƕ ǼǯȁȅǳǻǶǳ
ARCHIVAL COLLECTIONS AND EDUCATION

ǲǼǸȁǺǳǻȀǶ ǵǮ ǯȈǹǱǮǾǿǸǼȀǼ
ǰȈǵǾǮǴǲǮǻǳ, ǿȈȃǾǮǻȍǰǮǻǶ
ǰ ǯȈǹǱǮǾǿǸǶȍ ǶǿȀǼǾǶȅǳǿǸǶ ǮǾȃǶǰ
ǽǾǶ ǻǮȄǶǼǻǮǹǻǮȀǮ ǯǶǯǹǶǼȀǳǸǮ
„ǿǰ. ǿǰ. ǸǶǾǶǹ Ƕ ǺǳȀǼǲǶǷ“
ǲ-Ȟ ǾȡȟșȎț ǶȐȎțȜȐ
ǻȎȤȖȜțȎșțȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ „ǿȐ. ȟȐ. ǸȖȞȖș Ȗ ǺȓȠȜȒȖȗ“
ǾȓȕȬȚȓ: ǿȠȎȠȖȭȠȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ ȜȏȓȚȎ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ-

Ƞȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȖ Ȑ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȎȞȣȖȐ Ȗ ȜȠȞȎȕȭ-
ȐȎȧȖ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖȠȓ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ Ȑ ȝȞȓȣȜȒȎ ȜȠ ǿȞȓȒțȜȐȓȘȜȐȖȓ
ȘȨȚ ǻȜȐȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ, ȜȠ ȠȞȎȒȖȤȖȜțțȜ ȘȨȚ ȚȜȒȓȞțȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ. ǽȜȘȎȕȎțȎ ȓ
ȟȣȓȚȎȠȎ, ȝȜ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȓ ȘșȎȟȖȞȎȠ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȚȓȠȖȕȖȞȎȠ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȎȞ-
ȣȖȐțȖȠȓ ȢȜțȒȜȐȓ, ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȎțȎ ȓ Ȗ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȜ-
ȠȜ țȎȟșȓȒȟȠȐȜ Ȗ ȐȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ țȎ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖȠȓ ȜțșȎȗț.
ǸșȬȥȜȐȖ ȒȡȚȖ: ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȎȞȣȖȐ, ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓ, ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ,
ȝȞȜȟȐȓȠȖȠȓșȖ, ȞȓȐȜșȬȤȖȜțȓȞȖ.
ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȎȞȣȖȐ (ǯǶǮ) ȓ ȓȒțȜ ȜȠ ȝȨȞȐȖȠȓ

ȎȞȣȖȐȜȣȞȎțȖșȖȧȎ, ȐȨȕțȖȘțȎșȖ ȟșȓȒ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ
ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ (1878), ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȧȖ Ȗ ȒȜȟȓȑȎ. ǿ ȡȥȞȓȒȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ǻȎȞȜȒțȎȠȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȭ ȝȞȓȕ 1878 ȑ. ȕȎȝȜȥȐȎ Ȗ
ȜȢȜȞȚȭțȓȠȜ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȐțȎ ȟȏȖȞȘȎ ȘȨȚ țȓȭ. Ȁȭ ȐȨȕțȖȘȐȎ ȘȎȠȜ
ȜȠȘșȖȘ țȎ ȔȓșȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ ȟșȓȒ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ ȒȎ
ȟȨȏȖȞȎȠ Ȗ ȝȎȕȭȠ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ, ȜȠȞȎȕȭȐȎȧȖ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ țȎ ǰȨȕ-
ȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ. ǽȜȟȠȓȝȓțțȜ țȓȗțȎȠȎ ȞȜșȭ țȎȞȎȟȠȐȎ, ȘȎȠȜ Ȑ ȑȜȒȖ-
țȖȠȓ ȒȜ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ǲȨȞȔȎȐȓț ȎȞȣȖȐȓț ȢȜțȒ (ǲǮȂ), Ƞ.ȓ.
ȒȜ 1951 ȑ., Ƞȭ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȐȎ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ țȎȤȖȜțȎșȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ.
ǼȠ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ țȎ XX ȐȓȘ ǯǶǮ ȓ ȟȨȟ ȟȠȎȠȡȠ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȐȜȣȞȎțȖșȖȧȓ
țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓ Ȗ ȜȟȐȜȏȜȒȖȠȓșțȖ-
Ƞȓ ȏȜȞȏȖ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ Ȑ ǺȎȘȓȒȜțȖȭ Ȗ ǼȒȞȖțȟȘȜ ȒȜ 1912 ȑ. ǰ
ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȓțȖȓ țȎ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȜȠ ȓȒȖț ȐȓȘ ȞȎȏȜȠȓȧȖȠȓ Ȑ ȜȠȒȓșȎ
ȒȜȝȞȖțȎȟȭȠ ȕȎ ȜȏȜȑȎȠȭȐȎțȓȠȜ Ȗ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ Țȡ (Yordanov
1930; Trashlieva 2000, 31 – 58).
389
ǽȜțȎȟȠȜȭȧȓȚ Ȑ ǯǶǮ ȟȓ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎȠ ȜȘȜșȜ 1 200 000 ȒȜ-
ȘȡȚȓțȠȎ, ȜȏȜȟȜȏȓțȖ Ȑ țȎȒ 800 șȖȥțȖ Ȗ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖ ȢȜțȒȎ,
ȜȘȜșȜ 90 ȘȜșȓȘȤȖȖ Ȗ ȟȠȜȠȖȤȖ ȓȒȖțȖȥțȖ ȝȜȟȠȨȝșȓțȖȭ. ǼȏȞȎ-
ȏȜȠȓțȖ Ȗ ȐșȓȕșȖ Ȑ țȎȡȥțȜ ȜȏȞȎȧȓțȖȓ ȟȎ țȎȒ 1 150 000 ȒȜȘȡ-
ȚȓțȠȎ, ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖ Ȑ ȜȝȖȟȖ Ȗ ȘȎȞȠȜȠȓȘȖ.
ǻȎȗ-ȚțȜȑȜȏȞȜȗțȖ ȟȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȟ ȣȞȜțȜșȜȑȖȥȓț ȜȏȣȐȎȠ
ȜȠ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ țȎ XIX ȒȜ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ țȎ XX ȐȓȘ. Ȁȓ ȝȞȖțȎȒșȓȔȎȠ țȎ
ȖȕȠȨȘțȎȠȖ ȝȜșȖȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ, ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖ Ȗ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȖ ȒȓȗȤȖ țȎ
ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓ Ȗ țȎ ȒȨȞȔȎȐțȖȤȖ, ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȤȖ Ȗ
ȘȡșȠȡȞțȖ ȒȓȭȠȓșȖ, ȠȐȜȞȖșȖ ȟșȓȒ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ.
ǽȜȟȠȨȝȐȎȧȖȠȓ Ȑ ȒțȓȦțȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ ȟȓ
ȝȜȒșȎȑȎȠ țȎ țȎȡȥțȎ ȓȘȟȝȓȞȠȖȕȎ, ȥȖȭȠȜ Ȥȓș ȓ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȎȐȠȓțȠȖȥțȜȟȠȠȎ Ȗ țȎȡȥțȎȠȎ ȖȚ ȟȠȜȗțȜȟȠ. ǵȎ ȤȓșȠȎ ȓ țȓȜȏȣȜ-
ȒȖȚȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȕțȎȐȎȠ ȒȜȏȞȓ ȓȝȜȣȎȠȎ, ȜȠ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȝȞȜȖȕȣȜȔȒȎȠ
ȝȞȓȒșȜȔȓțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȎȠȎ ȕțȎȥȖȚȜȟȠ Ȗ Ȓȓȗ-
țȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȢȜțȒȜȜȏȎȞȕȡȐȎȠȓșȭ Ȗ țȓ țȎ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ ȎȞȣȖȐ-
țȖȭȠ ȢȜțȒ țȎ ǯǶǮ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȤȓțȖ ȒȎșȖ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖȠȓ ȚȜ-
ȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȕȎȝȨșțȭȠ ȝȞȎȕțȖțȖ ȐȨȐ ȢȜțȒȎ.
ǽȞȖ ȓȘȟȝȓȞȠȖȕȎȠȎ ȟȓ ȜȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȭȐȎ ȘșȎȟȖȢȖȘȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ
ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖȠȓ ȝȜ ȢȜțȒȜȐȓ, ȘȜșȓȘȤȖȖ Ȗ ȓȒȖțȖȥțȖ ȝȜȟȠȨȝșȓ-
țȖȭ. ǿșȓȒ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȖȚ Ƞȓ ȟȓ ȝȜȒȝȓȥȎȠȐȎȠ Ȗ ȟȓ ȝȞȖȟȠȨȝ-
ȐȎ ȘȨȚ ȘșȎȟȖȢȖȘȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȚȓȠȖȕȎȤȖȭ. ȀȜȐȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȎȐȖ ȟ Ȥȓș
ȝȨșțȜȠȜ ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓȠȜ ȖȚ, ȥȞȓȕ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ
ȜȟȐȓȠșȖ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȢȜțȒȜȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎȠȓșȭ, țȜ Ȗ ȖȘȜ-
țȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ, ȝȜșȖȠȖȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ Ȗ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȜȠȜ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ țȎ ȓȝȜ-
ȣȎȠȎ. ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȝȞȓȒȓșȭȠ ȐȨȕ ȜȟțȜȐȎ țȎ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȟȨ-
ȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ ȝȜ ȒȭșȜȐȓ.
I Ȓȭș. ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȖ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ ȟ ȏȖȜȑȞȎȢȖȥțȖ ȒȎțțȖ
ȕȎ ȢȜțȒȜȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎȠȓșȭ:
1. ǮȐȠȜȏȖȜȑȞȎȢȖȥțȖ – ȜȥȓȞȤȖ, ȏȓșȓȔȘȖ, ȒțȓȐțȖȤȖ, ȠȓȢ-
ȠȓȞȥȓȠȎ Ȗ ȒȞ.;
2. ǯȖȜȑȞȎȢȖȥțȖ – ȏȖȜȑȞȎȢȖȖ, ȘȞȨȧȓșțȖ, ȡȥȖșȖȧțȖ
ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎ, ȒȖȝșȜȚȖ Ȗ ȒȞ.;
3. ǵȎ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșțȜȠȜ ȟȨȟȠȜȭțȖȓ – ȥȎȟȠțȖ ȒȜȑȜȐȜȞȖ, ȡȒȜȟȠȜȐȓ-
ȞȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșțȜȠȜ ȝȜșȜȔȓțȖȓ, țȜȠȎȞȖȎșțȖ ȎȘȠȜȐȓ Ȗ ȒȞ.;
4. ǯȖȏșȖȜȑȞȎȢȖȥțȖ – ȜȏȧȖ ȏȖȏșȖȜȑȞȎȢȖȖ Ȗ ȏȖȏșȖȜȑȞȎ-
ȢȖȥțȖ ȏȓșȓȔȘȖ ȜȠ ȢȜțȒȜȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎȠȓșȭ Ȗ ȜȠ ȒȞȡȑȖ șȖȤȎ ȕȎ
ȔȖȐȜȠȎ Ȗ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ Țȡ.
390
II Ȓȭș. ǸȜȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȤȖȭ:
1. ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȜȠ ȢȜțȒȜȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎȠȓșȭ;
2. ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȒȜ ȢȜțȒȜȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎȠȓșȭ;
III Ȓȭș. ǲȓȗțȜȟȠ:
ǰ ȠȜȕȖ Ȓȭș ȟȓ ȟȨȏȖȞȎȠ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȟȐȨȞ-
ȕȎțȖ ȟȨȟ ȟșȡȔȓȏțȎȠȎ Ȗ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ țȎ ȢȜțȒȜȜȏȞȎȕȡ-
ȐȎȠȓșȭ.
IV Ȓȭș. ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȖ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ ȟ ȜȏȧȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ:
ȀȡȘ ȟȎ ȟȨȏȞȎțȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ țȓ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȠțȓȟȎȠ
ȘȨȚ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ ȒȭșȜȐȓ ȜȠ ȟȣȓȚȎȠȎ – ȖșȬȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ,
ȘțȖȑȖ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȝȓȥȎȠțȖ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ.
V Ȓȭș. ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȖ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ ȜȠ, ȒȜ Ȗ ȕȎ ȥșȓțȜȐȓ ȜȠ
ȟȓȚȓȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȢȜțȒȜȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎȠȓșȭ:
ǰșȖȕȎȠ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȖ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȜȠțȎȟȭȠ ȒȜ
ȥșȓțȜȐȓ ȜȠ ȟȓȚȓȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȢȜțȒȜȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎȠȓșȭ.
VI Ȓȭș. ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȖ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ ȜȠ, ȒȜ Ȗ ȕȎ ȒȞȡȑȖ șȖȤȎ:
ǰ ȠȜȕȖ Ȓȭș ȟȎ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖȠȓ, ȝȜȝȎȒțȎșȖ ȝȜ țȓȖȕȐȓȟȠȓț
ȝȨȠ ȐȨȐ ȢȜțȒȎ (Panayotov 1956, 218 – 298).
ǻȎȞȓȒ ȟ ȑȜșȓȚȖȭ ȏȞȜȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȑ ǯǶǮ ȟȓ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎȠ Ȗ
ȚțȜȔȓȟȠȐȜ ȢȜȠȜȑȞȎȢȖȖ, ȜȏȜȟȜȏȓțȖ Ȑ ȟȏȖȞȘȎȠȎ „ǽȜȞȠȞȓȠȖ Ȗ
ȟțȖȚȘȖ“. ǿțȖȚȘȖȠȓ ȟȨȧȜ ȟȝȜȚȎȑȎȠ ȕȎ ȞȓȘȜțȟȠȞȡȖȞȎțȓ țȎ
ȚȖțȎșȜȠȜ. Ȁȓ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭȠ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȠȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȐȖȒȖ ȎȐȠȓț-
ȠȖȥțȖȭȠ ȜȏȞȎȕ țȎ șȖȤȎ Ȗ ȚȓȟȠȎ, ȒȎ ȟȓ ȡȟȓȠȖ ȎȠȚȜȟȢȓȞȎȠȎ țȎ
ȚȖțȎșȜȠȜ. ǻȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ ȟȏȖȞȘȎȠȎ ȓ ȝȜȟȠȎȐȓțȜ ȝȞȓȕ 1879 ȑ.,
ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȕȎȓȒțȜ ȟ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ ȢȜțȒȜȐȓ Ȗ țȭȘȜȖ ȟȎȚȜȟȠȜȭȠȓșțȖ
ȝȜȟȠȨȝșȓțȖȭ ȕȎȝȜȥȐȎ ȟȨȏȖȞȎțȓȠȜ Ȗ țȎ ȢȜȠȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖ ȚȎȠȓȞȖ-
ȎșȖ ȟ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ. ǽȞȓȕ 1948 ȑ. Ȑ ǯȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎȠȎ ȟȓ
ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȓț ȜȠȒȓș „ǽȜȞȠȞȓȠȖ Ȗ ȟțȖȚȘȖ“, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȝȜȟȠȎ-
Ȑȭ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȝȜ ȞȜȒȎ ȟȖ ȜȏȜȟȜȏȓțȎ ȟțȖȚȘȜȐȎ ȟȏȖȞ-
ȘȎ Ȑ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ, ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȖȞȎțȎ Ȗ ȝȜȒȞȓȒȓțȎ ȟȨȜȏȞȎȕțȜ ȟȨȐȞȓ-
ȚȓțțȖȠȓ ȖȕȖȟȘȐȎțȖȭ ȕȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ ȟ ȢȜȠȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ. ǼȠ
1970 ȑ. ȟȏȖȞȘȎȠȎ ȓ ȝȞȓȣȐȨȞșȓțȎ ȘȨȚ ǯǶǮ. ǺȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖȠȓ ȜȠ
țȓȭ – ȜȞȖȑȖțȎșȖ, ȢȜȠȜȘȜȝȖȭ Ȗ ȝȜȧȓțȟȘȖ ȘȎȞȠȖȥȘȖ – ȟȓ ȝȞȓ-
ȒȜȟȠȎȐȭȠ Ȑ ȘȎȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȟȖ țȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȖȕȐȜȞȖ Ȗ ȟȨȧȓȐȞȓ-
ȚȓțțȜ ȘȎȠȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȤȖ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ Ȗ ȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȢȜȠȜȑ-
ȞȎȢȖȭ. ǼȏȣȐȎȧȎȠ ȐȞȓȚȓȠȜ ȜȠ 60-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȒȜ 90-Ƞȓ
ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XX ȐȓȘ. ǵȎ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ ȜȠ ȝȞȓȒȖ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ ȝȜ-
ȐȓȥȓȠȜ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȟȎ ȒȓșȜ țȎ ȥȡȔȒȓțȤȖ Ȗ ȟȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓțȖ ȖȕȐȨț
391
ȒțȓȦțȖȠȓ ȑȞȎțȖȤȖ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȎ – ǯȓșȑȞȎȒ, ǯȡ-
ȘȡȞȓȧ, ǯȞȎȖșȎ, ǱȬȞȑȓȐȜ, ǿȎțȘȠ ǽȓȠȓȞȏȡȞȑ, ǸȖȦȖțȓȐ, ǺȜȟȘ-
ȐȎ, ǼȒȓȟȎ, ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ, ǽȞȎȑȎ, ǯȡȒȎȝȓȧȎ, ǰȖȓțȎ. ǶȕȘșȬȥȖ-
ȠȓșțȜ ȤȓțțȖ ȟȎ ȝȜȞȠȞȓȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȓȒțȖ ȜȠ ȝȨȞȐȖȠȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ
ȢȜȠȜȑȞȎȢȖ – ǮțȎȟȠȎȟ ǸȎȞȎȟȠȜȭțȜȐ, ȟȖțȜȐȓȠȓ Țȡ ǶȐȎț Ȗ ǲȖ-
ȚȖȠȨȞ ǸȎȞȎȟȠȜȭțȜȐȖ, ȀȜȚȎ ȃȖȠȞȜȐ, ǱȓȜȞȑȖ ǲȎțȥȜȐ – ǵȜȑȞȎ-
ȢȖțȎ Ȗ ȒȞ. ǻȎȞȓȒ ȟ Ƞȭȣ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓ ȕȎȟșȡȔȎȐȎȠ Ȗ ȢȜȠȜȑȞȎȢȖȖ-
Ƞȓ țȎ țȭȘȜȖ ȥȡȔȒȓțȤȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎȠ ȟȐȜȖ ȎȠȓșȖȓȠȎ Ȗ ȞȎȏȜ-
ȠȭȠ Ȑ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ ȟșȓȒ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ – ȂȞȎțȟȜȎ ǯȎȡȓȞ, ǼțȜ-
ȞȖȜ ǺȎȞȘȜșȓȟȘȜ (Popsavova 1975 – 1989).
ǼȠ 2006 ȑ. ȕȎȝȜȥȐȎ Ȗ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȘțȖȔȜȐțȜȠȜ țȎȟ-
șȓȒȟȠȐȜ, ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȜ Ȑ ǻȎȤȖȜțȎșțȎȠȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ. ǸȨȚ
ȒțȓȦțȎ ȒȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșțȎȠȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ țȎ ǻǯǸǺ ȟȐȜȏȜȒțȜ
ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜșȕȐȎȠ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȟțȖȚȘȖ ȜȠ ǯǶǮ,
ȝȜȒȞȓȒȓțȖ ȠȓȚȎȠȖȥțȜ Ȑ ȜȠȒȓșțȖ ȘȎȏȖțȓȠȖ – ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȖȟȠȜ-
ȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȎȞȣȖȐ – ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȗ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȎȞȣȖȐ
– ȂȜȠȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȎ ȘȜșȓȘȤȖȭ.
ǽȓȞȖȜȒȨȠ XVIII – ȠȞȓȠȎȠȎ ȥȓȠȐȨȞȠ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ Ȑ ȞȜȒțȎȠȎ
ȖȟȠȜȞȖȜȝȖȟ ȓ ȖȕȐȓȟȠȓț ȘȎȠȜ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓ. ǻȎȕȜȐȎ-
țȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȟȐȜȖȠȓ ȟȜȏȟȠȐȓțȖ ȡȚȜȐȓ ȓȝȜȣȎ ȓ ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȎ ȟ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖȠȓ
țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ ȜȠ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ XVIII
ȐȓȘ ȒȜ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ (1878). ǰȨȕȝȞȖȓȠȜ ȓ ȠȜȕȖ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ ȒȎ ȟȓ
ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭ ȘȎȠȜ ȝȞȓȣȜȒ ȜȠ ǿȞȓȒțȜȐȓȘȜȐȖȓȠȜ ȘȨȚ ǻȜȐȜȠȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ,
ȜȠ ȠȞȎȒȖȤȖȜțțȜ ȘȨȚ ȚȜȒȓȞțȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ. ǰ ȜȥȓȞȠȎțȖȠȓ ȣȞȜțȜ-
șȜȑȖȥțȖ ȞȎȚȘȖ țȎȟȠȨȝȐȎȠ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ Ȑ ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȎȠȎ, ȟȜȤȖ-
ȎșțȎȠȎ, ȒȡȣȜȐțȎȠȎ ȜȏșȎȟȠ ȕȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ. ǰȨȕȝȜșȕȐȎȗȘȖ ȟȓ ȜȠ
ȞȓȢȜȞȚȖȠȓ Ȑ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ, Ƞȓ ȝȜȓȚȎȠ ȝȨȠȭ ȘȨȚ ǻȜ-
ȐȜȠȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ, ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎȠ ȟȜȏȟȠȐȓțȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎ, ȝȓȥȎ-
ȠȎȠ ȟȐȜȖ ȐȓȟȠțȖȤȖ Ȗ ȘțȖȑȖ, ȝȜȒȓȚȎȠ ȏȜȞȏȎ ȕȎ ȜȠȣȐȨȞșȭțȓ țȎ
ȥȡȔȒȎȠȎ ȐșȎȟȠ. ǿȨȕȒȎȐȎȠ Ȗ ȞȨȘȜȐȜȒȭȠ ȟȐȜȖ ȝȜșȖȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȜȞ-
ȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȖ (Boneva 2005, 10 – 13; Genchev 1995, 10 – 14;
Gandev 1976; Mitev 1999, 5 – 10).
ǽȞȓȕ ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎ țȎ XVIII ȐȓȘ ȟȓ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎȠ ȝȞȓȒ-
ȝȜȟȠȎȐȘȖ ȕȎ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ Ȑ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ. ǻȎȟ-
ȠȨȝȐȎ ȜȔȖȐșȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȓșȟȘȜȠȜ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȠȐȜ Ȗ ȕȎ-
țȎȭȠȥȖȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ. ǾȎȕȝȎȒȎ ȟȓ ȠȖȚȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎ Ȗ ȟȓ ȕȎȞȎȔ-
ȒȎȠ ȥȎȟȠțȜȟȜȏȟȠȐȓțȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȭ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȟȓșȜ.
ǻȎȞȎȟȠȐȎ ȘȜșȖȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȠȓ ȕȨȞțȓțȖ ȣȞȎțȖ Ȗ
392
ȠȓȣțȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȘȡșȠȡȞȖ. ǼȏȜȟȜȏȭȐȎȠ ȟȓ ȞȎȗȜțȖ, ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȖ
Ȑ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȜȒȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȎ ȝȞȜȒȡȘȤȖȭ (ȕȨȞțȓțȖ ȣȞȎțȖ,
ȝȎȚȡȘ, ȘȜȝȞȖțȎ, ȠȬȠȬț). ǰȟȓ ȝȜ-ȜȠȥȓȠșȖȐȜ ȟȓ ȕȎȏȓșȭȕȐȎ Ȗ ȝȎ-
ȕȎȞțȎȠȎ ȜȞȖȓțȠȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȎȑȞȎȞțȜȠȜ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȜȒȟȠȐȜ. ȁȐȓșȖȥȎȐȎ
ȟȓ ȏȞȜȭȠ țȎ ȥȖȢșȖȦȘȖȠȓ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȠȐȎ, ȥȖȭȠȜ ȝȞȜȒȡȘȤȖȭ Ȑȓȥȓ
țȓ ȓ ȝȞȓȒțȎȕțȎȥȓțȎ ȟȎȚȜ ȕȎ Ƞȭȣ (Gandev 1976, 314 – 320;
Mitev 1999, 20 – 21).
ǽȜ-ȕțȎȥȖȠȓșțȖ ȟȎ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖȠȓ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȜȠȜ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȠȐȜ.
ǵȎțȎȭȠȖȠȓ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȖȕȔȖȐȭȐȎȠ ȟȐȜȭ ȝȜȒȓȚ, ȟȐȨȞ-
ȕȎț ȟ ȝȜȭȐȎȠȎ țȎ țȜȐȖ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȜȒȟȠȐȎ, ȐȨȕȝȞȖȓȚȎțȓȠȜ țȎ țȜȐȖ
ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ Ȗ ȢȜȞȚȖ țȎ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭ ȝȞȖ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖȠȓ Ȗ ȕȎțȎ-
ȭȠȥȖȖȠȓ.
ǾȎȕȞȎȟȠȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȖȭȠȎ țȎ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ ȟ
ȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖȠȓ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȖ ȖȑȞȎȓ ȐȎȔțȎ ȞȜșȭ ȕȎ ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȖȭ
ȝȞȜȟȝȓȞȖȠȓȠ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓ. ǽȜ-ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȥȖȐȖȠȓ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ ȟȓ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎȠ Ȑ ȝȜȟȞȓȒțȖȥȓȟȘȎȠȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȖȭ Ȗ țȎȠȞȡȝ-
ȐȎȠ ȕțȎȥȖȠȓșțȖ ȝȎȞȖȥțȖ ȟȡȚȖ. ǻȭȘȜȖ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎȠ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȖ
ȟȒȞȡȔȓțȖȭ Ȗ ȜȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȭȐȎȠ ȘȜțȠȎȘȠȖ ȖȕȐȨț ȝȞȓȒȓșȖȠȓ țȎ
ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ.
ǻȎȟȠȨȝȐȎȠ ȖȕȚȓțȓțȖȭ Ȗ Ȑ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȖȠȓ
ȟȒȓșȘȖ. ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ ȐȨȕȝȞȖȓȚȎȠ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȓșȓȚȓțȠȖ
ȜȠ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȖȭ. ǿȨȕȒȎȐȎȠ ȟȓ
ȟȒȞȡȔȓțȖȭ, ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎ ȟȓ ȘȞȓȒȖȠ (Paskaleva 1957, 121).
ǽȞȜȖȕȐȜȒȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȟȨȧȜ țȓ ȜȟȠȎȐȎ ȐȟȠȞȎțȖ ȜȠ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖȠȓ.
ǻȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎ ȟȓ ȒȖȢȓȞȓțȤȖȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȕȎțȎȭȠȖ-
Ƞȓ. ǼȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȭȐȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȗȜțȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȖȕȞȎȏȜȠȓțȖ Ȗ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓ-
țȖ ȟȠȜȘȖ ȝȜ ȑȓȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖ ȝȞȖțȤȖȝ. ǼȢȜȞȚȭȠ ȟȓ ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȗȟȘȖ
ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ Ȑ ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȎȏȎȒȔȖȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ, ȘȜȔȡȣȎȞȟȠȐȜȠȜ, Ȕȓ-
șȓȕȜȒȜȏȖȐȎ Ȗ ȜȏȞȎȏȜȠȘȎ țȎ ȔȓșȭȕȜ Ȗ ȒȞ. ǰ ȠȓȘȟȠȖșțȜȠȜ ȝȞȜ-
ȖȕȐȜȒȟȠȐȜ ȟȓ ȝȜȭȐȭȐȎȠ Ȗ ȝȨȞȐȖȠȓ ȚȎțȖȢȎȘȠȡȞȖ.
ǹȖȥțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖ ȢȜțȒȜȐȓ Ȗ ȓȟțȎȢȟȘȖ ȘȜțȒȖȘȖ,
ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȖ Ȑ ǯǶǮ ȜȠȞȎȕȭȐȎȠ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȠȓȕȖ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ Ȑ ȟȠȜ-
ȝȎțȟȘȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ. ǶȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȏȜȑȎȠȖ ȟȎ ȎȞȣȖ-
ȐȖȠȓ țȎ ȏȞȎȠȭ ǳȐșȜȑȖ Ȗ ȃȞȖȟȠȜ ǱȓȜȞȑȖȓȐȖ, ȏȞȎȠȭ ǾȜȏȓȐȖ,
ȀȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȎ ȘȨȧȎ „ȃȞ. ǽ. ȀȨȝȥȖșȓȧȜȐ“ Ȑ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ, ȏȞȎȠȭ
ǸȞȨȟȠȖȥ, ǾȡȟȘȜ ǺȖȞȘȜȐȖȥ, ǲȖȚȖȠȞȎȘȖ ȃȎȒȔȖȠȜȦȓȐ Ȗ ȒȞ. ǱȜ-
șȓȚȖȭȠ ȏȞȜȗ ȝȖȟȚȎ, ȒȜȑȜȐȜȞȖ, ȟȚȓȠȘȖ, ȞȎȕȝȖȟȘȖ, ȏȓșȓȔȘȖ,
ȘȜȝȖȞțȖ ȘțȖȑȖ, ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȖ ȠȓȢȠȓȞȖ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ, ȑȞȨȤȘȖ,
393
ȠȡȞȟȘȖ, ȢȞȓțȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎȠ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖȠȓ,
ȜȥȓȞȠȎȐȎȠ ȑȓȜȑȞȎȢȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȠȭȣțȎȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ, ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ ȐȕȎȖȚȜ-
ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȭȠȎ ȝȜȚȓȔȒȡ ȖȚ. ȀȎȘȎ țȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ ȃȞȖȟȠȜ ȀȨȝȥȖșȓ-
ȧȜȐ ȝȜșȡȥȎȐȎ ȚȎȟșȜ ȜȠ ǽȖȞȜȠ ȝȞȓȕ ǹȜȚ. ǰȎȔțȖ ȒȓșȜȐȖ ȐȞȨȕ-
ȘȖ ȖȚȎ Ȑ ǼȒȞȖț ȝȜ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȖȭ ȟ ȔȖȠȜ, ȟȡȟȎȚ, ȦȎȭȤȖ Ȗ ȒȞ. ǰ
ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ ȟȎ ȘȜțȠȎȘȠȖȠȓ Țȡ ȜȠțȜȟțȜ țȎȏȎȐȭțȓȠȜ țȎ ȐȨșțȎ Ȗ
ȞȜȕȜȐȜ ȚȎȟșȜ, Ȏ Ȑ Ǿȡȟȓ ȖȕȝȞȎȧȎ ȚȎȟșȖțȖ, ȝȜȞȠȜȘȎșȖ, șȖȚȜțȖ,
șȓȦțȖȤȖ, ȘȎȢȓ, ȢȞȓțȟȘȖ ȟȐȓȧȖ. ǶȕȒȨșȔȖȠȓșțȖ ȝȖȟȚȎ Ȗ ȒȜ-
ȑȜȐȜȞȖ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȭ Ȑ ȜȠȘȡȝȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȎțȨȤȖ Ȗ Ȓȓȟȭ-
ȠȨȘ. ǼȠ ǯșȖȕȘȖȭ ǶȕȠȜȘ ȟȓ ȒȜȟȠȎȐȭȠ ȢȡȞȚȖ, ȝȎȚȡȘ, ȜȠ ǿȓȐȓȞțȎ
ǮȢȞȖȘȎ – ȞȜȕȜȐȎ ȓȟȓțȤȖȭ Ȗ ȘȜȝȞȖțȎ (Vasileva 2019). ǼȠ ǰȖȓ-
țȎ ȝȞȖȟȠȖȑȎȠ ȏȎȘȨȞ, ȔȓșȓȕȎȞȖȭ, ȘȜȟȖ. ǵȎ ǼȒȓȟȎ ȟȓ ȖȕȝȞȎȧȎȠ
șȜȗ, ȒȨȞȐȎ ȟȡȘțȜ, ȘȨȚ ǲȡțȎȐȟȘȖȠȓ ȘțȭȔȓȟȠȐȎ ȝȨȠȡȐȎȠ ȏȎȒȓ-
ȚȜȐȖ ȭȒȘȖ, ȎțȎȒȜșȟȘȖ ȎțȎȟȜț, ȚȎȟșȜ, ȝȎȚȡȘ, ȜȞȖȕ (Vazvazova-
Karateodorova 1963, 41 – 58).
ǰȨȐ ȢȜțȒȎ țȎ ȏȞȎȠȭ ǱȓȜȞȑȖȓȐȖ ȓ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȎ ȘȜȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓț-
ȤȖȭ ȟ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ Ȗ ȥȡȔȒȓțȤȖ. ǰ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ
ȘȜțȠȎȘȠȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȖȚ ȟ Ǿȡȟȓ, ǿȐȖȧȜȐ, ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ, ǸȎȞșȜȐȜ, ǿȜȢȖȭ,
ǽșȓȐȓț, Ȏ Ȑ ȥȡȔȏȖțȎ – ǱȎșȎȤ, ǯȞȎȖșȎ, ǸȞȎȗȜȐȎ, ǹȜțȒȜț,
ǺȎțȥȓȟȠȨȞ, ǺȎȞȟȖșȖȭ, ǯȓȞșȖț, ǰȖȓțȎ, ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ. ǲȜȘȡȚȓț-
ȠȖȠȓ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȠ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȜȠțȜȟțȜ ȝșȎȧȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȚȖȠȜ, ȞȎȕȣȜ-
ȒȖ ȝȜ ȠȞȎțȟȝȜȞȠȎ, ȐȖȒȜȐȓȠȓ ȟȠȜȘȖ (Vasileva 2019).
ǿȞȓȒ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ ȖȚȎ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ Ȗ ȕȎ ȏȎțȘȓȞȟ-
ȘȎȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ țȎ ȏȞȎȠȭ ǱȓȜȞȑȖȓȐȖ. Ȁȓ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȠ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ
ȕȎ ȜȠȝȡȟȘȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȕȎȓȚȖ, ȑȎȞȎțȠȖȞȎțȖ ȟ ȖȚȜȠȖȠȓ ȖșȖ ȟȠȜȘȎȠȎ
țȎ ȒșȨȔțȖȤȖȠȓ Ȗ ȖȕȝșȎȧȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȨșȑȜȐȓȠȓ, ȟȠȜȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ
ȎȘȤȖȖ Ȗ ȖȕȝșȎȧȎțȓ țȎ ȒȖȐȖȒȓțȠȖ, ȜȠȝȡȟȘȎțȓ țȎ ȘȞȓȒȖȠȖ
(Vazvazova-Karateodorova 1963, 65 – 67).
ǶȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ
ȝȞȓȒȖ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȒȜȘȜȟțȎȠ ȥȞȓȕ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ-
Ƞȓ Ȑ ǯǶǮ Ȗ ȒȜ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ țȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȖȠȓ ȟȒȞȡȔȓțȖȭ. ǰȨȐ ȢȜț-
ȒȎ țȎ ǾȡȟȘȜ ǺȖȞȘȜȐȖȥ ȟȓ ȟȞȓȧȎȠ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ ȕȎ ȟȒȞȡȔȓțȖȓȠȜ
„Ǿ. ǺȖȞȘȜȐȖȥ Ȗ ȟ-Ȗȓ“. ǼȠ Ƞȭȣ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȭȟțȜ ȝȞȖ ȘȎȘȐȖ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭ
ȟȓ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎ ȒȞȡȔȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ, ȜȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ ȘȎȝȖȠȎșȜȐșȜȔȓțȖȭ, ȞȎȕȝ-
ȞȓȒȓșȭțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȓȥȎșȏȖȠȓ1.
ǽȞȓȕ ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȜȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȭȐȎ ȝȞȓȣȜȒȨȠ ȜȠ ȘȖșȖȗ-
țȜȠȜ ȘȨȚ ȟȐȓȠȟȘȜȠȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ. ǿȨȕȒȎȐȎȠ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȝȜȟȠȎȐȘȖ
ȕȎ ȝȜȭȐȎ țȎ ȟȐȓȠȟȘȖ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ. ǰ ȒȡȣȜȐțȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ țȎ ǼȟȚȎțȟ-
394
ȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ ȟȓ ȒȜșȎȐȭ ȐșȖȭțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǳȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȜȟȐȓ-
ȧȓțȖȓ. ȅȞȓȕ ȝȨȠȓȦȓȟȠȐȓțȖȤȖ, ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ, ȒȖȝșȜȚȎȠȖ Ȗ ȒȞ.
ȝȞȜțȖȘȐȎȠ ȖȒȓȖȠȓ țȎ ǻȜȐȜȠȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȠȖȚȡșȖȞȎȠ ȟȞȓȒ
ȝȜȒȐșȎȟȠțȖȠȓ țȎȞȜȒȖ ȟȠȞȓȚȓȔ ȘȨȚ ȜȏțȜȐȎ.
ǽȞȜȚȓțȖ ȟȓ ȕȎȏȓșȭȕȐȎȠ Ȗ Ȑ ȒȡȣȜȐțȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ țȎ ȑȨȞȤȖ Ȗ
ȟȨȞȏȖ. ǰ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȑȞȎȒȜȐȓ țȎ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ ȑȞȨȤȘȖ
ȝȞȜȟȐȓȠȖȠȓșȖ ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎȠ ȚȜȒȓȞțȖ ȟȐȓȠȟȘȖ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ, Ȑ ȘȜȖȠȜ
ȡȥȓȏțȖȤȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȝȜ ȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖ ȜȏȞȎȕȓȤ.
ǰȟȖȥȘȖȠȓ ȠȓȕȖ ȢȎȘȠȜȞȖ ȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ ȏșȎȑȜȠȐȜȞțȜ ȐșȖȭțȖȓ Ȗ
ȐȨȞȣȡ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ. ǻȭȘȜȖ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȥȓȞȝȭȠ ȕțȎțȖȭ Ȑ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȖ
ȑȞȨȤȘȖ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ Ȑ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ, ǼȒȞȖț, ǯȡȘȡȞȓȧ. ȀȡȘ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ
ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȎȠ ȖȚȓțȎȠȎ țȎ ȓȒțȖ ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȖȕȭȐȓțȖȠȓ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓț-
ȟȘȖ ȒȓȗȤȖ – ǰȎȟȖș ǮȝȞȖșȜȐ, ǽȓȠȨȞ ǯȓȞȜț, ǶȐȎț ǿȓșȖȚȖțȟ-
ȘȖ, ǱȓȜȞȑȖ ǾȎȘȜȐȟȘȖ, ǿȎȐȎ ǲȜȏȞȜȝșȜȒțȖ, ǶșȎȞȖȜț ǺȎȘȎȞȖȜ-
ȝȜșȟȘȖ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ.
ǿ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșțȎȠȎ ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȎ țȎ ȝȜ-ȕȎȚȜȔțȖȠȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ ȟȓ
ȞȎȕȐȖȐȎ ȜȏȧȜȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜ ȒȐȖȔȓțȖȓ ȕȎ țȎȤȖȜțȎșțȎ ȝȞȜȟȐȓȠȎ.
ǽȨȞȐȖȠȓ Țȡ ȝȞȜȭȐȖ ȟȎ ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȓșȖțȜ-
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ. ǾȎȕȚȎȣ ȒȐȖȔȓțȖȓȠȜ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȐȎ ȝȞȓȕ
30-Ƞȓ – 40-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ. ǽȞȓȕ ȠȓȕȖ ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȝȜ ȖțȖȤȖ-
ȎȠȖȐȎ țȎ ȕȎȚȜȔțȖ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖ Ȑ ǱȎȏȞȜȐȜ ȓ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȖȞȎțȜ ȝȨȞȐȜ-
ȠȜ ȐȕȎȖȚțȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ. ǶȒȓȭȠȎ ȕȎ ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎțȓ ȖȒȐȎ ȜȠ ǰȎȟȖș
ǮȝȞȖșȜȐ. ǿ ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȐȕȎȖȚțȖȠȓ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ ȕȎ-
ȝȜȥȐȎ Ȗ ȝȓȥȎȠȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȡȥȓȏțȖȤȖ Ȗ ȝȜȟȜȏȖȭ. ǵȎȝȜȥȐȎ ȟȠȞȜȖ-
ȠȓșȟȠȐȜ țȎ țȜȐȖ ȡȥȖșȖȧțȖ ȟȑȞȎȒȖ. ǽȞȓȕ 1840 ȑ. Ȑ ǽșȓȐȓț ȓ
ȜȠȘȞȖȠȜ ȒȓȐȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ, Ȏ ȝȞȓȕ 1846 ȑ. Ȑ ǸȜȝȞȖȐȧȖȤȎ
ȘșȎȟțȜ. ǽȜ-ȘȨȟțȜ ȟȓ ȝȜȭȐȭȐȎȠ Ȗ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȖ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ –
ȕȎ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȜȐȘȎ țȎ ȡȥȖȠȓșȖ, ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ. ǲȜ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔ-
ȒȓțȖȓȠȜ ȐȨȕțȖȘȐȎȠ Ȗ ȝȨȞȐȖȠȓ ȠȞȖ ȑȖȚțȎȕȖȖ – ǯȜșȑȞȎȒ (ǯȓ-
ȟȎȞȎȏȖȭ), ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ, ǱȎȏȞȜȐȜ.
ǽȜ-ȐȖȟȜȘȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ ȝȜșȡȥȎȐȎȠ ȓȒȖțȟȠȐȓțȜ
Ȑ ȥȡȔȏȖțȎ. ǽȞȓȕ ȤȓșȖȭ XIX ȐȓȘ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȚșȎȒȓȔȖ ȝȞȓȚȖțȎ-
ȐȎȠ ȝȞȓȕ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȖȠȓ Ȑ ǳȐȞȜȝȎ Ȗ ǾȡȟȖȭ – ǽȎȞȖȔ, ǺȬț-
ȣȓț, ǾȖȚ, ȃȎȗȒȓșȏȓȞȑ, ǰȖȓțȎ, ǺȜȟȘȐȎ, ǽȓȠȓȞȏȡȞȑ Ȗ ȒȞ. ǲȞȡȑȎ
ȥȎȟȠ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȎȐȎȠ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ ȟȖ Ȑ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ,
ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȟȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓțȖ șȖȤȓȖ, Ȑ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȜȟȨȧȓȟȠ-
ȐȭȐȎ ȝȜ ȡȠȐȨȞȒȓțȖ Ȑ ǵȎȝȎȒțȎ ǳȐȞȜȝȎ ȝȓȒȎȑȜȑȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȟȖȟȠȓ-
ȚȖ. ǿȞȓȒ țȎȗ-ȔȓșȎțȖȠȓ ȟȎ ǾȜȏȨȞȠ ȘȜșȓȔ Ȗ ȢȞȓțȟȘȖȭȠ șȖȤȓȗ
395
ǱȎșȎȠȎ (Boneva 2005, 158 – 181; Mitev 1999, 57 – 64).
ǺțȜȑȜȏȞȜȗțȖ ȟȎ ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎȠȎ Ȑ ǯǶǮ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȕȎȟȭȑȎȠ
ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȜ-ȝȞȜȟȐȓȠțȜȠȜ ȒȓșȜ. ǶȕȜȏȖșȟȠȐȎȠ ȚȎ-
ȠȓȞȖȎșȖ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ Ȑ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ
ȟȓșȖȧȎ, ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȡȥȖșȖȧțȖ țȎȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȎ, ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭ-
țȓ țȎ ȡȥȓȏțȖ ȝȜȟȜȏȖȭ, ȠȨȞȟȓțȓ Ȗ țȎȕțȎȥȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȡȥȖȠȓșȖ.
ǶȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ, ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ Ȗ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ǱȎȏȞȜȐȟȘȜȠȜ ȡȥȖ-
șȖȧȓ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȜȡȥȎȠ ȜȠ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ ȐȨȐ ȢȜț-
ȒȎ țȎ ȡȥȓȏțȜȠȜ ȕȎȐȓȒȓțȖȓ. ȀȡȘ ȓ ȠȓȢȠȓȞȨȠ, ȕȎȝȜȥțȎȠ ȜȠ ǰȎȟȖș
ǮȝȞȖșȜȐ Ȗ ǻȖȘȜșȎȗ ǽȎșȎȡȕȜȐ țȎ 20 ȬțȖ 1832 ȑ. Ȑ ǼȒȓȟȎ, Ȑ
ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎ ȞȨȘȜȝȖȟȨȠ țȎ ȜȏȞȨȧȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȐȎȚȎȠȎ ȘȨȚ
ȟȨȑȞȎȔȒȎțȖȠȓ ȖȚ ȕȎ ȒȜȏȞȜȐȜșțȎ ȝȜȚȜȧ ȕȎ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓ țȎ
ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ Ȑ ǱȎȏȞȜȐȜ. ǿȞȓȒ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȖȚȎ Ȗ ȜȠȥȓȠ țȎ ȁȥȖ-
șȖȧțȜȠȜ țȎȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ȕȎ ȖȕȞȎȕȣȜȒȐȎțȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȕ ȜȠȒȓșțȖȠȓ
ȡȥȓȏțȖ ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȝȎȞȖ, ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȗȘȎȠȎ țȎ țȜȐȎ ȡȥȖ-
șȖȧțȎ ȟȑȞȎȒȎ, ȝȞȎȐȖșțȖȘ ȕȎ ȡȥȓțȖȤȖȠȓ ȜȠ ǱȎȏȞȜȐȟȘȜȠȜ ȡȥȖ-
șȖȧȓ, ȜȏȞȎȕȓȤ țȎ ȡȥȓțȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȜ2.
ǶțȠȓȞȓȟțȖ ȟȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜ ȝȓȥȎȠȎȞȟȘȜ
ȒȞȡȔȓȟȠȐȜ „ǽȞȜȚȖȦșȓțȖȓ“. ǼȠ ȡȟȠȎȐȎ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȭȟțȎ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎ-
ȤȖȜțțȎȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ3, ȟȞȓȒ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȖȚȎ ȞȎȕȝȖȟȘȖ ȕȎ Țȓ-
ȟȓȥțȖ ȐțȜȟȘȖ țȎ ȥșȓțȜȐȓ; ȘțȖȑȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎ ȝȨșțȖȠȓ ȖȚ
ȖȚȓțȎ, ȞȜȒțȖ ȚȓȟȠȎ, ȚȓȟȓȥțȖ ȐțȜȟȘȖ, ȝȎȞȖȥțȖ ȐȕȎȖȚȜȜȠțȜ-
ȦȓțȖȭ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȒȞȡȔȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ Ȗ ȥșȓțȜȐȓȠȓ.
ǸȜȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȤȖȭȠȎ ȒȎȐȎ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓțȖȓȠȜ
țȎ ȘțȖȑȖ, ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȖ Ȑ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ, ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓțȖȓȠȜ Ȑ ȜȟȚȎț-
ȟȘȎȠȎ ȟȠȜșȖȤȎ țȎ ȘțȖȑȖ țȎ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ „ȃȞ. Ǳ. ǲȎțȜȐ“ Ȗ ȜȠ-
țȜȦȓțȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȟ ȒȞȡȔȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ; ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓțȖ-
ȓȠȜ țȎ ȘțȖȑȖȠȓ țȎ ǲ. ǺȎțȥȜȐ Ȗ ǶȐȎț ǺȜȚȥȖșȜȐ4, Ȏ ȝȖȟȚȎȠȎ
țȎ ǻ. ǽȎȐșȜȐȖȥ ȟȎ Ȥȓțȓț ȖȕȐȜȞ ȕȎ ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȘȎȞ-
ȠȖțȖȠȓ Țȡ, ȤȓțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭȠȎ ȝȜ ȝșȎȟȖȞȎțȓȠȜ ȖȚ ȜȠ ȒȞȡȔȓȟ-
ȠȐȜȠȜ5. ǿȞȓȧȎȠ ȟȓ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȘȎȟȎȭȠ ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ Ȗ ȞȎȕȝ-
ȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥțȖ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ: ȟȝ. „ǵțȎțȖȓ“, ȟȝ.
„ȁȥȖșȖȧȓ“, ȟȝ. „ȅȖȠȎșȖȧȓ“, Ȑ. „ǽȞȎȐȜ“, „ǹȓȠȜȟȠȞȡȗ“ Ȗ ȒȞ.6
ǽȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ Ȑ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȓțȖȓ țȎ ȥȓȠȖȞȖ ȒȓȟȓȠȖșȓȠȖȭ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ ȞȎȕȑȞȨȧȎȠ ȚȎȟȜȐȜ ȒȐȖȔȓțȖȓ ȕȎ ȟȎȚȜȟȠȜȭȠȓșțȎ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ. ǰ țȓȑȜ ȒȓȗțȜ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ ȐȕȓȚȎȠ ȒȡȣȜȐțȖ șȖ-
ȤȎ, ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ, ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȖ. ǿȞȓȒ Ƞȭȣ ȟȎ ǲȖȚȖȠȞȎȘȖ ȃȎȒȔȖȠȜ-
ȦȓȐ, ǻȓȜȢȖȠ ǯȜȕȐȓșȖ, ǶșȎȞȖȜț ǺȎȘȎȞȖȜȝȜșȟȘȖ, ǮșȓȘȟȎț-
396
ȒȨȞ ǳȘȕȎȞȣ, ǻȖȘȜșȎ ǿȎȝȡțȜȐ, ǿȠȓȢȎț ǯȜȑȜȞȖȒȖ, ǽȓȠȘȜ ǿșȎ-
ȐȓȗȘȜȐ, ǲȞȎȑȎț ȄȎțȘȜȐ, ǮțȠȖȚ I, ȃȞȖȟȠȜ ȀȨȝȥȖșȧȜȐ Ȗ ȒȞ.
ǰȨȐ ȢȜțȒȎ țȎ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȖȭ ȟȎ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȖ ȕțȎȥȖȠȓșȓț ȏȞȜȗ
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȠȎȕȖ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚȎȠȖȘȎ. ǿȞȓȒ Ƞȭȣ ȓ ȓȒțȜ
„ǾȓȦȓțȖȓ“ ȜȠ 1850 ȑ. țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȨȞȐȓțȤȖ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ Ȗ
ȓȟțȎȢȟȘȖ ȡȟȠȎȏȎȦȖȖ ȜȠțȜȟțȜ ȖȕȏȜȞȎ țȎ țȎȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȜ țȎ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ „ǿȐ. ǿȠȓȢȎț“ Ȑ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȕȎȒȎȥȖȠȓ țȎ
ȠȜȐȎ țȎȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȜ7. ǰ ȝȖȟȚȎ ȟȎ ȜȝȖȟȎțȖ ȑȜțȓțȖȭȠȎ ȟȞȓȧȡ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ Ȑ ǼȒȞȖțȟȘȜ, ǹȜȕȓțȑȞȎȒȟȘȜ, ǻȓȐȞȜȘȜȝȟȘȜ8.
ǰȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȖȭ ȐȨȝȞȜȟ ȝȖȟȚȎ ȒȜ ȃȞȖȟȠȜ ȀȨȝȥȖ-
șȓȧȜȐ ȝȖȦȎȠ ǮȐȘȟȓțȠȖȗ ǰȓșȓȦȘȖ, ǶșȎȞȖȜț ǹȜȐȥȎțȟȘȖ,
ǶșȎȞȖȜț ǺȎȘȎȞȖȜȝȜșȟȘȖ, ǽȎȖȟȖȗ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐȟȘȖ Ȗ ȒȞ.9
ǮȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ ȢȜțȒȜȐȓ țȎ ȝȜ-ȚȎșȘȜ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȖ ȡȥȎȟȠțȖȤȖ Ȑ
ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȎȠȎ ȏȜȞȏȎ ȟȨȧȜ ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎȠ ȚȜȚȓțȠȖ ȜȠ ȠȎȕȖ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȏȨș-
ȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ. ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȟȐȓȠșȭȐȎȠ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚȖ ȜȘȜșȜ Ȗȕ-
ȞȎȏȜȠȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȜȡȟȠȎȐȎ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȓȘȕȎȞȣȖȭ Ȗ ȜȠ-
țȜȦȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȜȏȧȖțȖȠȓ ȘȨȚ țȓȑȜ10. ȀȡȘ ȓ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȎȠȎ țȎ Ȁȡș-
ȥȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧȖțȎ ȕȎ ȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ11,
ȝȞȎȐȖșțȖȘ țȎ ȝȨȞȐȖȭ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ țȎȞȜȒțȜ-ȤȨȞȘȜȐȓț ȟȨȏȜȞ,
ȜȕȎȑșȎȐȓț „ǽȞȎȐȖșțȖȘ țȎ ȝȨȞȐȖȭ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ țȎȞȜȒțȜ-ȤȨȞȘȜȐȓț
ȟȨȏȜȞ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȠȎȐȎ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȜȒȜȏȞȖ țȎȥȓȞȠȎțȖȭ ȜȠ ǿȚȓȟȓțȖȭ ȟȨȐȓȠ
ȡȟȠȎȐ Ȗ ȡȥȞȓȒȖ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȓȘȕȎȞȣȖȭ ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ȟȨȟ-
ȠȎȐȭțȓȠȜ ȖЉ ȐȖȟȜȘ ȤȎȞȟȘȖ ȢȓȞȚȎț Ȗ ȟȨȑșȎȟțȜ ȟȨȟ ȟȐȓȧȓțȖȠȓ
ȝȞȎȐȖșȎ țȎ ȝȞȎȐȜȟșȎȐțȎȠȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ“12 (ȟȨȧȜ Ȗ: Vasilev 1966, 22).
ǼȠ ȐȠȜȞȎȠȎ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ
ȟȓ țȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎ Ȗ ȕȎȟȖșȓțȎ ȝȜșȖȠȖȥȓȟȘȎ ȎȘȠȖȐțȜȟȠ. ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ
ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎȠ „ȠȎȗțȖ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȎ“, țȎȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȎ, ȘȜȚȖȠȓȠȖ, ȜȞȑȎ-
țȖȕȖȞȎȠ ȥȓȠȖ, ȥȖȭȠȜ Ȥȓș ȓ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȜȐȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȐȟȓțȎȞȜȒțȜ ȐȨȟ-
ȠȎțȖȓ. ǿȞȓȒ țȎȗ-ȎȘȠȖȐțȖȠȓ ȟȎ ǱȓȜȞȑȖ ǾȎȘȜȐȟȘȖ, ǶȐȎț ǸȎȟȎ-
ȏȜȐ, ǶȐȎț ǸȖȦȓșȟȘȖ, ǰȎȟȖș ǹȓȐȟȘȖ, ǹȬȏȓț ǸȎȞȎȐȓșȜȐ,
ȃȞȖȟȠȜ ǯȜȠȓȐ, ǽȎțȎȗȜȠ ȃȖȠȜȐ, ȂȖșȖȝ ȀȜȠȬ, ȃȎȒȔȖ ǲȖȚȖ-
ȠȨȞ, ǿȠȓȢȎț ǸȎȞȎȒȔȎ.
ȂȜțȒȨȠ țȎ Ǳ. ǾȎȘȜȐȟȘȖ ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎ țȓȑȜȐȎȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ ȘȎȠȜ
ȓȠțȜȑȞȎȢ, ȖȟȠȜȞȖȘ, ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȘ, ȝȖȟȎȠȓș, ȞȓȐȜșȬȤȖȜțȓȞ, Ȟȓ-
ȒȎȘȠȜȞ. ǿȞȓȒ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȜȠȞȎȕȭȐȎȠ ȏȜȞȏȎȠȎ țȎ ȏȨș-
ȑȎȞȟȘȖȭ țȎȞȜȒ ȕȎ ȜȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓ ȟȎ: „ǽșȎț ȕȎ ȜȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ
țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ ȜȠ 1861 ȑ.“13; „ǿȠȎȠȡȠ ȕȎ ȓȒțȜ ȝȞȖȐȞȓȚȓțțȜ ȏȨș-
ȑȎȞȟȘȜ țȎȥȎșȟȠȐȜ Ȑ ǯȓșȑȞȎȒ“ ȜȠ 15 ȬțȖ 1861 ȑ., ȝȜȒȝȖȟȎț ȜȠ Ǳ.
397
ǾȎȘȜȐȟȘȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȟȓȒȎȠȓș14; „ǽȜȕȖȐ ȘȨȚ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȭ țȎȞȜȒ
ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȐȭțȜȠȜ ȐȨȟȠȎțȖȓ“15; „ǽȞȖȐȞȓȚȓțȓț ȕȎȘȜț
ȕȎ țȎȞȜȒțȖȠȓ ȑȜȞȟȘȖ ȥȓȠȖ ȕȎ 1867 șȓȠȜ“16 Ȗ ȒȞ. ǺțȜȑȜȏȞȜȗțȖ
ȟȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȖȞȎțȓȠȜ, ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ Ȗ
ȞȎȕȝȡȟȘȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ǽȨȞȐȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ șȓȑȖȭ17. ǿȞȓȒ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ
ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ ȖȚȎ Ȗ ȠȎȘȖȐȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȠ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ȥȓȠȎȠȎ
țȎ ǽ. ȃȖȠȜȐ18 (Vazvazova-Karateodorova 1963, 17).
ǲȞȡȑ ȎȞȣȖȐȓț ȢȜțȒ, Ȑ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȖȚȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȟȠȞȓȚȓ-
ȔȖȠȓ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ ȒȎ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȖȞȎȠ ȐȨȟȠȎțȖȓ Ȗ țȓȑȜȐȎȠȎ ȜȞ-
ȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭ, ȓ ȠȜȕȖ țȎ ǶȐȎț ǸȖȦȓșȟȘȖ. ǾȨȘȜȝȖȟȖȠȓ țȎ ȏȨș-
ȑȎȞȟȘȖ Ȗ ȞȡȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ ȕȎȟȭȑȎȠ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȒȞȡȔȓȟȠȐȎ Ȑ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ ȘȎȠȜ ȟȓ ȜȥȓȞȠȎȐȎȠ Ȗ ȠȓȣțȖȠȓ ȤȓșȖ Ȗ
ȕȎȒȎȥȖ. ǰȖȔȒȎ ȟȓ, ȥȓ ȡȟȝȜȞȓȒțȜ ȟ Ǳ. ǾȎȘȜȐȟȘȖ Ȗ ǶȐȎț ǸȖ-
ȦȓșȟȘȖ ȟȨȟȠȎȐȭ ȝșȎț ȕȎ ȜȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓ. ǶȒȓȖȠȓ Țȡ ȟȎ ȖȕșȜ-
ȔȓțȖ Ȑ „ǾȨȘȜȐȜȒȟȠȐȜ ȕȎ ȡȟȝȓȦȓț ȏȜȗ ȟ ȠȡȞȤȖȠȓ“, „ǽȞȖȐȞȓȚȓ-
țȓț ȝȞȜȓȘȠ ȕȎ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȐȨȟȠȎțȖȓȠȜ Ȑ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ ȕȎ
ȝȨșțȎ ȟȐȜȏȜȒȎ Ȗ ȟȎȚȜȟȠȜȭȠȓșțȜȟȠ“ Ȗ „ǽȞȖȐȞȓȚȓțțȎ ȜȞȑȎțȖ-
ȕȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȥȓȠȖ ȕȎ ȡȟȝȓȣ țȎ ȐȜȗțȎȠȎ ȟȞȓȧȡ ȠȡȞ-
ȤȖȠȓ“19 (Vazvazova-Karateodorova 1963, 26 – 27).
ǾȓȐȜșȬȤȖȜțțȎȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ ȓ ȕȎȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠ-
ȐȎțȎ Ȗ Ȑ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȟȨȣȞȎțȓțȖ ȢȜțȒȜȐȓ țȎ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȖ
ȘȎȠȜ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȭ ȞȓȐȜșȬȤȖȜțȓț ȤȓțȠȞȎșȓț ȘȜȚȖȠȓȠ (ǯǾȄǸ)
Ȗ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜ ȤȓțȠȞȎșțȜ ȏșȎȑȜȠȐȜȞȖȠȓșțȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ (ǯȄǯǼ).
ǶȒȓȜșȜȑȖȭȠȎ țȎ ǯǾȄǸ ȓ ȜȠȞȎȕȓțȎ Ȑ „ǻȎȞȓȒȎ țȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȖȤȖȠȓ
ȕȎ ȜȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȭ țȎȞȜȒ“20. ǰȨȐ ȢȜțȒȎ ȓ ȕȎ-
ȝȎȕȓț Ȗ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜș ȜȠ ȟȨȏȞȎțȖȓȠȜ ȜȠ 12 ȎȐȑȡȟȠ 1875 ȑ. ǼȠ țȓȑȜ
ȟȠȎȐȎȠ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȖ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖȠȓ Ȑ ȟȨȟȠȎȐȎ țȎ ǯǾȄǸ, Ȑ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȐșȖ-
ȕȎȠ ȃȞ. ǯȜȠȓȐ, ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ ȄȓțȜȐȖȥ Ȗ ȐȕȓȠȖȠȓ ȞȓȦȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ȐȒȖ-
ȑȎțȓ țȎ ȐȨȟȠȎțȖȓ Ȑ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ, ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȥȓȠȖ, Ȝȝ-
ȞȓȒȓșȭțȓ țȎ ȎȝȜȟȠȜșȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȚȖțȎȠ Ȑ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ21. ǵȎ-
ȝȎȕȓțȎ ȓ Ȗ ȥȓȞțȜȐȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȨșțȜȚȜȧțȜȠȜ ȜȠ 16/28 ȬțȖ 1872 ȑ.,
ȟ ȘȜȓȠȜ ǯǾȄǸ ȡȝȨșțȜȚȜȧȎȐȎ ǰȎȟȖș ǹȓȐȟȘȖ ȒȎ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȎ Ȑ
ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ ȜȠ ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ǯǾȄǸ Ȑ ǯȡȘȡȞȓȧ22.
ǼȠ ȘȜȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ǯǾȄǸ ȓ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȎ ȚȎșȘȎ ȥȎȟȠ. ǰ
ȝȖȟȚȎ țȎ ǲȎțȎȖș ǽȜȝȜȐ ȖȚȎ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ǮȞȎȏȎȘȜțȎȦȘȖȭ
ȜȏȖȞ, ȝȜȘȎȕȎțȖȭȠȎ țȎ ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ ǼȏȧȖ, ȝȜȟșȓȒȐȎșȖȠȓ ȎȞȓȟȠȖ,
ȞȎȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȜȏȖȞȎ, ȡȟȖșȓțȜȠȜ ȠȨȞȟȓțȓ țȎ ǰȎȟȖș ǹȓȐȟȘȖ
ȜȠ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȟȠȐȜ23.
398
ǼȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȓȚȖȑȞȎȤȖȭ Ȑ ǾȡȚȨțȖȭ,
ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȖȠȓș țȎ ȒȓșȜȠȜ țȎ ǯǾȄǸ, ȓ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȤȓțȠȞȎșțȜ
ȏșȎȑȜȠȐȜȞȖȠȓșțȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ (ǯȄǯǼ). ǻȭȘȜșȘȜ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚțȖ ȒȜ-
ȘȡȚȓțȠȎ ȕȎȟȭȑȎȠ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ǯȄǯǼ. ǿȞȓȒ Ƞȭȣ ȟȎ „ǽȞȜȑȞȎȚȎ
țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȖȟȘȎțȖȭ“ ȜȠ 19 țȜȓȚȐȞȖ 187624, „ȁȟȠȎȐ țȎ
ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȥȜȐȓȘȜșȬȏȖȐȜ țȎȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȜ“25, ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜșȖȠȓ ȜȠ
ȕȎȟȓȒȎțȖȭȠȎ26. ǼȠ Ƞȭȣ țȎȡȥȎȐȎȚȓ ȕȎ ȖȕȞȎȏȜȠȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȡȟȠȎȐ,
ȝȞȖȓȚȎțȓȠȜ țȎ țȜȐȖ ȥșȓțȜȐȓ, ȖȕȏȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ǼșȖȚȝȖȗ ǽȎțȜȐ
ȕȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȓȒȎȠȓș țȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ, ȖȕȝȞȎȧȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȜȏȞȜȐȜșȤȖ
ȕȎ ǿȞȨȏȟȘȜ-ȠȡȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȐȜȗțȎ. ǰ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜșȖȠȓ ȖȚȎ Ȗ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȖ
ȒȎțțȖ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ǯȄǯǼ, Ȏ ȟȨȧȜ ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ ȕȎ
ȝȞȓȘȞȎȠȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ ȟ ȜȏȭȐȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȒȖȠȓș-
țȎȠȎ ȐȜȗțȎ țȎ 12/24 ȎȝȞȖș 1877 ȑ. (Vasilev 1966, 107 – 108).
ǰ șȖȥțȖ ȢȜțȒȜȐȓ ȟȓ ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎȠ ȟȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ǾȡȟȘȜ-
ȠȡȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȐȜȗțȎ (1877 – 1878) – ȟțȎȏȒȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȞȡȟȘȖȠȓ
ȐȜȗȟȘȖ ȟ ȣȞȎțȖȠȓșțȖ ȝȞȜȒȡȘȠȖ, ȝȜșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȭ
țȎȞȜȒ ȝȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȐȜȗțȎȠȎ27, ȝȞȓȚȖțȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȞȡȟȘȖȠȓ
ȐȜȗȟȘȖ țȎ Ȟ. ǽȞȡȠ Ȗ țȎȐșȖȕȎțȓȠȜ ȖȚ Ȑ ǾȡȚȨțȖȭ, ȟȢȜȞȚȖȞȎ-
țȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȜȝȨșȥȓțȖȓ Ȑ ǽșȜȓȧ28.
ǿȨȟ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȞȎȕțȜȜȏȞȎȕȖȓ Ȗ ȏȞȜȗ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȜȠ XIX ȐȓȘ
ǯǶǮ ȟȓ ȡȠȐȨȞȔȒȎȐȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȓȒțȜ ȜȠ ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȑȜșȓȚȖȠȓ Ȗ ȕțȎȥȖȚȖ
ȎȞȣȖȐȜȣȞȎțȖșȖȧȎ Ȑ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ ȕȎ ȠȜȕȖ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ ȜȠ țȓȗțȜȠȜ
ȚȖțȎșȜ. ǰ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȎ ȥȖȠȎșțȭ „ǺȎȞȖț ǲȞȖțȜȐ“ ȝȜȘȜ-
șȓțȖȭ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȖ țȎ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȎȠȎ, ȘȡșȠȡȞțȎ Ȗ ȝȜșȖȠȖ-
ȥȓȟȘȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ ȜȠ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ ȝȞȓȒȖ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ ȝȜșȕȐȎȠ
ȟȨȣȞȎțȓțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȜȏȞȎȏȜȠȓțȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȕȎ țȡȔȒȖȠȓ țȎ ȟȐȜȖȠȓ
țȎȡȥțȖ ȠȞȡȒȜȐȓ.
399
1. ǽȜȞȠȞȓȠ țȎ ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ ǸȎȞȎȟȠȜȭțȜȐ

ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, ǿ 1636
2. ǽȖȟȚȜ ȜȠ ȃȞȖȟȠȜ ȀȨȝȥȖșȓȧȜȐ Ȑ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ

ȒȜ ǻȖȘȜșȎ ǽȡșȖȓȐ Ȑ ǸȎȞșȜȐȜ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟȨȟ ȕȎȘȡȝȡȐȎțȓ țȎ ȘȨȧȎ, 1864 ȑ.
ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȣ. 183, Ȏ. ȓ. 25, ș. 1
400
3. ǿȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȜ țȎ ǻȖȘȜșȎ ǺȖȣȜȐ,
ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȜ ȜȠ ǮȝȞȖșȜȐȟȘȎȠȎ ȑȖȚțȎȕȖȭ Ȑ ȑȞ. ǱȎȏȞȜȐȜ, 29 ȬțȖ 1893 ȑ.
ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȣ. 627, Ȏ. ȓ. 2, ș. 1
401
4. ǽȞȜȠȜȘȜș țȎ ǯǾȄǸ, ǯȡȘȡȞȓȧ, 12 ȎȐȑȡȟȠ 1875 ȑ.
ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, II ǲ 996
1. ǻȎȤȖȜțȎșțȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ „ǿȐ. ȟȐ. ǸȖȞȖș Ȗ ǺȓȠȜȒȖȗ“ (ǻǯǸǺ), Ȃ.
169, Ȏ.ȓ. 55 – ǲȜȑȜȐȜȞȖ ȕȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȒȞȡȔȓȟȠȐȎ ȕȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȖȭ.
2. ǻǯǸǺ–ǯǶǮ, ǸȜș. 25, Ȏ.ȓ. 33 (II A 7792) – ȀȓȢȠȓȞ țȎ ǱȎȏȞȜȐȟȘȜȠȜ
ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ, Ȑ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎ ȞȨȘȜȝȖȟȨȠ țȎ ȜȏȞȨȧȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǰȎȟȖș
ǮȝȞȖșȜȐ Ȗ ǻȖȘȜșȎȗ ǽȎșȎȡȕȜȐ ȘȨȚ ȟȨȑȞȎȔȒȎțȖȠȓ ȖȚ ȕȎ ȒȜȏȞȜȐȜșțȎ
ȝȜȚȜȧ ȕȎ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ Ȑ ǱȎȏȞȜȐȜ; ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, II A 5801
– ǽȖȟȚȜ ȜȠ ȖȕȝȨșțȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȕȎȐȓȧȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǰȎȟȖș ǮȝȞȖșȜȐ ȒȜ
402
ǱȎȏȞȜȐȟȘȜȠȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧțȜ țȎȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ȜȠțȜȟțȜ ȖȕȒȞȨȔȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȡȥȖ-
șȖȧȓȠȜ Ȗ ȝȜȟȠȞȜȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ țȜȐȎ ȟȑȞȎȒȎ, ǼȒȓȟȎ, 1872 ȑ.; ǻǯǸǺ-
ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 69 (II A 5821) – ǼȠȥȓȠ ȕȎ ȐȟȖȥȘȖȠȓ ȚȨȔȘȖ Ȗ ȒȓȐȖȥȓȟȘȖ
ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ Ȑ ǱȎȏȞȜȐȜ ȕȎ 1873 – 1874 ȑ.
ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 69 (II A 7255) – ǼȏȞȎȕȓȤ țȎ ȡȥȓțȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟ-
ȠȐȜ ȜȠ ǱȎȏȞȜȐȟȘȜȠȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ, 1874 ȑ.
3. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 246 (II ǰ1662) – ȁȟȠȎȐ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȓȥȎȠȎȞ-
ȟȘȜ ȒȞȡȔȓȟȠȐȜ „ǽȞȜȚȖȦșȓțȖȓ“, ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ, 1870.
4. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 246 (II ǲ 1776 – 1986).
5. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 246 ( II ǲ 2257).
6. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 246 (II ǲ 1776 – 2271).
7. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 6 (I Ǯ 1) .
8. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ,Ȃ. 6 (I Ǯ 127 – 160).
9. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 6 (I Ǯ 227 – 318).
10. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 31, Ȏ.ȓ. 4, ș. 30 – 31.
11. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 6, Ȏ.ȓ. 4, ș. 36 – 37.
12. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 31, Ȏ.ȓ. 4, ș. 51 – 51.
13. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ.1 (I ǯ 668).
14. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 154, Ȏ.ȓ. 12, ș. 5 (II ǰ 2074).
15. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 1 (I ǯ 660).
16. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 1 (I ǯ 761).
17. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 1 (I ǯ 736) – ǿȝȖȟȨȘ țȎ ȡȥȎȟȠțȖȤȖ Ȑ ǽȨȞȐȎ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ șȓȑȖȭ. ǯȓșȑȞȎȒ, 1862 ȑ.; ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 1 (I ǯ 666) –
ǶȕșȜȔȓțȖȓ ȒȜ Șțȭȕ ǺȖȣȎȖș ǼȏȞȓțȜȐȖȥ. ǯȓșȑȞȎȒ, 1862; ǻǯǸǺ-
ǯǶǮ, Ȃ.1 (I ǯ 665) – ǾȎȝȜȞȠ ȒȜ ǰȜȓțțȜȠȜ ȚȖțȖȟȠȓȞȟȠȐȜ. ǯȓșȑȞȎȒ,
1862.
18. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 1 (I ǯ 554) – ǽȖȟȚȜ ȜȠ ǽȎțȎȗȜȠ ȃȖȠȜȐ, ǸțȭȔȓ-
ȐȎȤ ȒȜ ǱȓȜȞȑȖ ǾȎȘȜȐȟȘȖ, 1867 ȑ., ȟ ȘȜȓȠȜ Țȡ ȟȨȜȏȧȎȐȎ, ȥȓ ȓ ȝȞȖȟ-
ȠȖȑțȎș ȟ ȥȓȠȎȠȎ ȟȖ ȜȠ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ.
19. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 3, Ȏ.ȓ.2, ș. 82 – 93.
20. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, II A 8107.
21. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 78 (II ǲ 996).
22. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 78 (II Ǯ 9174Ȏ).
23. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 78 (II Ǯ 8627, II Ǯ 8628).
24. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 56 (II ǲ 1021).
25. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 56 (II ǲ 1020).
26. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 56 (II Ǯ 2524), ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 56, (II ǰ 1664),
Ȃ. 56 (II ǲ 997 – 997Ȏ).
27. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 7, Ȏ.ȓ. 1242, 1243 – ǽȖȟȚȎ ȜȠ ǶȐ. ǿȖȚȓȜțȜȐ,
403
ǮșȓȘȟȎțȒȞȖȭ, ǵȖȚțȖȥ, ȀȡȞțȡ ǺȨȑȡȞȓșȓ, Ǿȡȟȓ ȒȜ ǳ. ǱȓȜȞȑȖȓȐ, ǯȡ-
ȘȡȞȓȧ, 1877 ȑ.
28. ǻǯǸǺ-ǯǶǮ, Ȃ. 12, Ȏ.ȓ. 57, ș. 157 – 189.
ǯȜțȓȐȎ, ǰ., 2005. ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓ: ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ Ȗ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ Ȑ ȝȞȓȣȜȒ
ȘȨȚ ǻȜȐȜȠȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ. ȆȡȚȓț: ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȜ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ „ǳȝȖȟȘȜȝ
ǸȜțȟȠȎțȠȖț ǽȞȓȟșȎȐȟȘȖ“.
ǰȎȟȖșȓȐ, Ǹ., (ȞȓȒ.). 1966. ǼȏȕȜȞ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ ȢȜțȒȜȐȓ, ȘȜșȓȘȤȖȖ
Ȗ ȓȒȖțȖȥțȖ ȝȜȟȠȨȝșȓțȖȭ, ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȖ Ȑ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ
ȎȞȣȖȐ. ȀȜȚ 2, ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǻȎȡȘȎ Ȗ ȖȕȘȡȟȠȐȜ.
ǰȎȟȖșȓȐȎ, ǰ., 2019. ǼȝȖȟ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ
țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ, ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȖ Ȑ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȭ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȎȞȣȖȐ țȎ ǻȎȤȖȜ-
țȎșțȎȠȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ „ǿȐ. ȟȐ. ǸȖȞȖș Ȗ ǺȓȠȜȒȖȗ“. ȅȎȟȠ 1, 1648 –
1879. ǿȜȢȖȭ : ǻȎȤȖȜțȎșțȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ „ǿȐ. ȟȐ. ǸȖȞȖș Ȗ ǺȓȠȜȒȖȗ“.
ǰȨȕȐȨȕȜȐȎ-ǸȎȞȎȠȓȜȒȜȞȜȐȎ, Ǹ., (ȟȨȟȠ.). 1963. ǼȏȕȜȞ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ
ȢȜțȒȜȐȓ, ȘȜșȓȘȤȖȖ Ȗ ȓȒȖțȖȥțȖ ȝȜȟȠȨȝșȓțȖȭ, ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȖ Ȑ ǯȨș-
ȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȎȞȣȖȐ. ȀȜȚ 1, ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǻȎȡȘȎ Ȗ ȖȕȘȡȟȠȐȜ.
ǱȎțȒȓȐ, ȃ., 1976. ǽȞȜȏșȓȚȖ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓ. ǿȜȢȖȭ:
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ǱȓțȥȓȐ, ǻ., 1995. ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǶȐȎț ǰȎȕȜȐ.
ǷȜȞȒȎțȜȐ, ǰ., 1930. ǶȟȠȜȞȖȭ țȎ ǻȎȞȜȒțȎȠȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ Ȑ ǿȜȢȖȭ. ǽȜ
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ǺȖȠȓȐ, ǽ., 1999. ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓ: ǹȓȘȤȖȜțȓț ȘȡȞȟ. ǿȜ-
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ǽȎțȎȗȜȠȜȐ, ǶȐ., 1956. ǽȞȎȐȖșȎ ȕȎ ȘȜȚȝșȓȘȠȡȐȎțȓ, ȜȏȞȎȏȜȠȘȎ, ȕȎ-
ȝȎȕȐȎțȓ Ȗ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȖȠȓ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ ȜȠ șȖȥțȖȠȓ,
ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȢȜțȒȜȐȓ Ȗ ȘȜșȓȘȤȖȖ ȜȠ XIX – XX Ȑ. (Ƕȕ ȜȝȖȠȎ
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ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ ǰȎȟȖș ǸȜșȎȞȜȐ ȕȎ 1954, 218 – 298.
ǽȎȟȘȎșȓȐȎ, ǰ., 1957. ǶȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȜțȖȘȐȎțȓ țȎ ǮȐȟȠȞȖȭ (ǮȐ-
ȟȠȞȜ-ȁțȑȎȞȖȭ) Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȓȚȖ ȜȠ ǸȞȖȚȟȘȎȠȎ ȐȜȗțȎ ȒȜ ǼȟȐȜ-
ȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ. ǶȕȐȓȟȠȖȭ țȎ ǶțȟȠȖȠȡȠȎ ȕȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ, Șț.
7, 113 – 162.
ǽȜȝȟȎȐȜȐȎ, ǲ., (ȟȨȟȠ). 1975 – 1989. ǼȝȖȟ țȎ ǿȏȖȞȘȎȠȎ „ǽȜȞȠȞȓȠȖ
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3, ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǻȎȞȜȒțȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ „ǸȖȞȖș Ȗ ǺȓȠȜȒȖȗ“.
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ȠȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ „ǿȐ. ǿȐ. ǸȖȞȖș Ȗ ǺȓȠȜȒȖȗ“ – ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ Ȗ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓț-
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404
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DOCUMENTS ABOUT THE BULGARIAN REVIVAL
PRESERVED IN THE BULGARIAN HISTORICAL
ARCHIVES OF THE NATIONAL LIBRARY
“ST. ST. CYRIL AND METHODIUS”
Abstract: The article presents the content and volume of
archival documents stored in the Bulgarian Historical Archives
which highlighted the changes in Bulgarian society during the
transition from the Middle Ages to the New Age, from traditional to
modern society. The scheme according to which the documents from
the archive funds are classified and objectified is shown, the
digitization of the documentary heritage and the possibilities of using
the materials online are also noted.
Keywords: documents, archive, Bulgarian Revival, traders,
educators, revolutionaries.
Ruslan Ivanov, PhD
National Library “St. St. Cyril and Methodius”
Vassil Levski Bul. 88, Sofia, 1504
Department “Bulgarian Historical Archive”
Phone number: 0897999766
E-mail address: ruslaniv77@gmail.com
406
ǸǼǹǳǸȄǶȍ ǿȀǮǾǼǽǳȅǮȀǻǶ ǸǻǶǱǶ
ǼȀ ȀǾȍǰǻǮ
ǲ-Ȟ ǶȞȖțȎ ǲȖȚȖȠȞȜȐȎ
ǿȝȓȤȖȎșȖȕȖȞȎț Țȡȕȓȗ ȕȎ ȞȓȕȏȎȞȟȘȜ Ȗ ȕȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȜ ȖȕȘȡȟȠȐȜ –

ȀȞȭȐțȎ
ǾȓȕȬȚȓ: ǸȜșȓȘȤȖȭȠȎ ȜȠ ȟȠȎȞȜȝȓȥȎȠțȖ ȘțȖȑȖ Ȑ ȀȞȭȐțȎ ȟȨ-

ȒȨȞȔȎ ȜȏȧȜ 256 ȠȜȚȎ, ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȖ ȐȨȐ ȢȜțȒȜȐȓȠȓ țȎ ǿȝȓȤȖȎșȖ-
ȕȖȞȎț Țȡȕȓȗ – ȀȞȭȐțȎ, ǻȎȞȜȒțȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǽȓțȥȜ ǿșȎȐȓȗȘȜȐ
1871“, ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ǮȞȣ. ǺȖȣȎȖș“ Ȗ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ǱȓȜȞȑȖ ǽȜȏȓ-
ȒȜțȜȟȓȤ“. ǽȜșȡȥȓțȖ ȟȎ ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ ȥȞȓȕ ȒȎȞȓțȖȭ ȜȠ ȟȠȎȞȖ ȠȞȓȐțȓțȟ-
ȘȖ ȢȎȚȖșȖȖ ȖșȖ ȟȎ ȕȎȘȡȝȓțȖ ȕȎ țȡȔȒȖȠȓ țȎ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡ-
ȤȖȖ. ȅȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȘțȖȑȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȜȠ șȖȥțȖȠȓ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȖ țȎ șȓȠȜȝȖȟȓȤȎ țȎ
ȀȞȭȐțȎ – ȝȜȝ ǷȜȐȥȜ, ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȎȠȎ ȠȞȓȐțȓțȟȘȎ ȢȎȚȖșȖȭ ǲȎȟȘȎșȜȐȖ,
șȖȥțȜ ȝȞȖȠȓȔȎțȖȓ țȎ ȜȝȨșȥȓțȓȤȎ ȕȜȑȞȎȢ ȄȎțȪȜ ǵȎȣȎȞȖȓȐ, ȎȞȣȖ-
ȚȎțȒȞȖȠ ǸȓȟȎȞȖȗ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȚȎțȒȞȖȠ ǸȜțȟȠȎțȠȖț ǰȖȠȎțȜȐ. ȄȭșȜȟȠțȎ-
ȠȎ ȟȏȖȞȘȎ ȟȓ ȟȨȟȠȜȖ ȜȠ ȡȥȓȏțȖȤȖ, ȟȐȓȠȟȘȎ Ȗ ȏȜȑȜȟșȡȔȓȏțȎ șȖȠȓȞȎ-
ȠȡȞȎ. ȃȞȜțȜșȜȑȖȥțȜ ȜȏȣȐȎȧȎ ȐȞȓȚȓȠȜ ȜȠ 1759 ȒȜ 1878 ȑ. ǿȞȓȒ țȎȗ-
ȤȓțțȖȠȓ ȘțȖȑȖ ȟȎ Ƞ.ț. ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒȟȘȎ ǯȖȏșȖȭ ȜȠ 1871 ȑ.; ȡȥȓȏțȖȤȖȠȓ
ȝȜ ȢȖȕȖȘȎ Ȗ ȣȖȚȖȭ, ǾȖȏțȖȭȠ ȏȡȘȐȎȞ, ǱȓȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖ ȎȠșȎȟ ȜȠ 1833 ȑ.,
ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȘțȖȑȖ țȎ ǽȓȠȘȜ ǿșȎȐȓȗȘȜȐ, ǸȨțȥȜ ǸȓȟȎȞȓȐ, ȌȞȖȗ ǰȓțȓ-
șȖț, ǰȎȟȖș ǮȝȞȖșȜȐ Ȗ ȒȞ. ǰ ȚțȜȑȜ ȜȠ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭȠȎ ȟȎ ȐȝȖȟȎțȖ ȟȝȜ-
ȚȜȧȓȟȠȐȜȐȎȠȓșȖ Ȗ ȝȞȖȝȖȟȘȖ ȟ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ. ǻȎȗ-ȑȜșȭȚ ȓ
ȝȞȜȤȓțȠȨȠ țȎ ȞȓșȖȑȖȜȕțȎȠȎ Ȗ țȞȎȐȟȠȐȓțȜ-ȝȜȡȥȖȠȓșțȎȠȎ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡ-
ȞȎ, ȟșȓȒȐȎț ȜȠ ȟȐȓȠȟȘȖ ȘțȖȑȖ Ȗ ȡȥȓȏțȖȤȖ. ǿȞȓȒ ȘȜșȓȘȤȖȭȠȎ ȖȚȎ
ȘțȖȑȖ țȎ ȞȡȟȘȖ Ȗ ȑȞȨȤȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ. ǻȎȗ-ȚțȜȑȜ ȟȎ ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȖȠȓ Ȑ ǾȡȟȖȭ,
ȟșȓȒȐȎțȖ ȜȠ ȠȓȕȖ, ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȖ Ȑ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ, ǯȡȘȡȞȓȧ Ȗ ǯȓșȑȞȎȒ.
ǸȜșȓȘȤȖȭȠȎ ȜȠ ȟȠȎȞȜȝȓȥȎȠțȖ ȘțȖȑȖ țȎ ȀȞȭȐțȎ ȓ ȝȜȘȎȕȎȠȓșȓț
ȝȞȖȚȓȞ ȕȎ ȒȡȣȜȐțȜ-ȝȞȜȟȐȓȠțȖȠȓ țȡȔȒȖ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ
ȜȠ XIX ȐȓȘ.
ǸșȬȥȜȐȖ ȒȡȚȖ: ȟȠȎȞȜȝȓȥȎȠțȖ ȘțȖȑȖ, Țȡȕȓȗ, ȤȨȞȘȐȎ, ȥȖȠȎ-
șȖȧȓ.
ǽȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ ȀȞȭȐțȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȐȖȐȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȗȟȘȖ Ȥȓț-

ȠȨȞ. ǰ ȝȞȜȟȐȓȠțȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ ȕȎȒȜȐȜșȭȐȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎ-
ȠȓșțȖȠȓ țȡȔȒȖ țȎ ȚȓȟȠțȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ Ȗ ȠȜȐȎ țȎ ȜȘȜșțȖȠȓ ȘȜ-
407
șȖȏȖ. ǱȜșȭȚȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȜȠȜ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȜ țȎȟșȓȒȟȠȐȜ ȓ
ȒȜȘȎȕȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ȕȎ ȟȠȞȓȚȓȔȎ țȎ ȠȞȓȐțȓțȤȖ ȘȨȚ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ Ȗ
țȎȡȘȎ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȕȎ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȚȓȟȠțȖȠȓ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȖ ȠȞȎȒȖ-
ȤȖȖ Ȗ țȎ ȝȎȚȓȠȠȎ ȕȎ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȖ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȟȨȏȖȠȖȭ. ǺȎȘȎȞ
Ȗ ȚȎșȘȎ ȝȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ Ȗ ȟȘȞȖȠȎ ȒȨșȏȜȘȜ Ȑ ȝȎȕȐȖȠȓ țȎ ǿȞȓȒțȎ
ǿȠȎȞȎ ȝșȎțȖțȎ, ȀȞȭȐțȎ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎ ȟȐȜȗ ȜȏȞȎȕ țȎ ȤȓțȠȨȞ țȎ
ȕȎțȎȭȠȖ, ȠȨȞȑȜȐȖȭ Ȗ țȓ țȎ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ – ȟȓșȖȧȓ ȟ ȒȜȏȞȓ
ȡȞȓȒȓțȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȜ ȒȓșȜ. ǽȜȚȖțȨȘȨȠ țȎ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȘȎȘ-
ȠȜ Ȗ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜȟȠȠȎ ȜȠ ȠȨȞȟȓțȓ țȎ țȜȐȖ ȝȎȕȎȞȖ ȕȎ ȝșȎȟȖȞȎțȓ
țȎ ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȝȞȜȒȡȘȤȖȭȠȎ, ȏșȖȕȜȟȠȠȎ ȒȜ ȝȞȜȟȐȓȠțȖ Ȥȓț-
ȠȞȜȐȓ ȘȎȠȜ ǱȎȏȞȜȐȜ Ȗ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ țȎȞȎȟȠȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȜȏȞȎȕȜ-
ȐȎȠȓșțȖ ȖȕȖȟȘȐȎțȖȭ țȎ ȢȜȞȚȖȞȎșȖȭȠ ȟȓ Ȑȓȥȓ „ȓșȖȠ“, ȝȞȓȒȜȝ-
ȞȓȒȓșȭȠ ȟȠȞȓȚȓȔȎ ȘȨȚ ȝȜ-ȐȖȟȜȘȖ ȢȜȞȚȖ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȜȟȠ. Ȁȓ
ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȡȒȜȐșȓȠȐȜȞȭȐȎȠ ȝȨșțȜȤȓțțȜȠȜ ȜȏȧȡȐȎțȓ ȟ „ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ“
Ȑ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖȠȓ ȟȢȓȞȖ țȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȭ, ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖȭ Ȗ ȘȡșȠȡȞȓț
ȔȖȐȜȠ Ȑ ǳȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖȭ ȟȐȭȠ. ȀȞȭȐțȎ ȓ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȠȜȐȎ ȜȏȧȜȏȨșȑȎȞ-
ȟȘȜ ȭȐșȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ. Ǽȧȓ ȝȞȓȕ 1836 ȑ. Ȑ ȟȓșȖ-
ȧȓȠȜ ȕȎȝȜȥȐȎ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȓȒțȜ ȜȠ ȝȨȞȐȖȠȓ ȟȐȓȠȟȘȖ ȡȥȖ-
șȖȧȎ. ǾȎȕȏȖȞȎ ȟȓ ȝȨȞȐȜțȎȥȎșțȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȟȐȓȠțȖ ȐȨȔȒȓșȓțȖȭ ȟȎ
ȡȒȜȐșȓȠȐȜȞȭȐȎțȖ ȜȠ ȘȖșȖȗțȖȠȓ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ. ǵȎȠȜȐȎ Ȗ ȒȡȣȜȐȓțȟ-
ȠȐȜȠȜ, țȎȞȓȒ ȟȨȟ ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȗȟȘȜȠȜ ȟȨȟșȜȐȖȓ ȜȟȠȎȐȭȠ Ȗ țȎȗ-
ȞȎțțȖȠȓ ȟșȓȒȖ ȕȎ ȝȞȜȟȐȓȠțȜȠȜ ȒȓșȜ Ȑ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ. ǵȎ Ƞȭȣ țȖ Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȖȞȎ ǯȜȑȜȚȖș ǲȎȟȘȎșȜȐ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎ țȎșȖȥȖȓȠȜ țȎ
„ȒȎȟȘȎșȖ“ Ȝȧȓ Ȑ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ XVI Ȗ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ XVII ȐȓȘ. ǶțȢȜȞ-
ȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȕȎ „ȒȎȟȘȎș ǿȠȜȭț ȜȠ ǿȓșȜ ȀȞȭȐțȎ“, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȝȞȓȕ 1580 ȑ.
ȝȜȒȐȨȞȕȐȎ ȓȒțȜ ȓȐȎțȑȓșȖȓ, Ȏ ȝȜ-ȘȨȟțȜ, Ȑ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ XVII ȐȓȘ
„ȖȕȝȖȟȐȎ“ ȓȒȖț ȒȎȚȎȟȘȖț, ȟȠȎțȎș ȖȕȐȓȟȠȓț ȘȎȠȜ „ȀȞȓȐțȓțȟȘȖ“
(Pletnyov 1982, 86; Daskalov 1939, 7), ȒȎȐȎ ȜȟțȜȐȎțȖȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ
ȟȚȭȠȎ, ȥȓ ȝȨȞȐȜțȎȥȎșțȎ ȑȞȎȚȜȠțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȀȞȭȐțȎ ȓ Ȑȓȥȓ țȎșȖȤȓ
ȝȞȓȕ XVI – XVII ȐȓȘ. ȅȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȠȞȓȐțȓțȟȘȜȠȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ ȕȎȝȜȥȐȎ
ȒȎ ȠȨȞȟȖ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ ȖȕȐȨț ȝȞȓȒȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȒțȓȦțȖȠȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟ-
ȘȖ ȕȓȚȖ. ǹȓȠȜȝȖȟȓȤȨȠ țȎ ȀȞȭȐțȎ – ȝȜȝ ǷȜȐȥȜ (1786 – 1855)
Ȝȧȓ ȝȞȓȕ 1800 ȑȜȒȖțȎ ȜȠȖȐȎ ȒȎ ȖȕȡȥȎȐȎ ȑȞȨȤȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ Ȑ ǯȡȘȡ-
Ȟȓȧ, Ȏ ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȟȓ ȐȞȨȧȎ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ ȒȐȖȑȎȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȠȞȓȐ-
țȓțȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ. ǽȜșȕȐȎ ȟȓ ȟ ȑȜșȭȚ ȎȐȠȜȞȖȠȓȠ ȟȞȓȒ ȣȜȞȎȠȎ.
ǰșȎȒȓȓ ȞȡȟȘȖ, ȑȞȨȤȘȖ, ȐșȎȦȘȖ, șȎȠȖțȟȘȖ, ȠȡȞȟȘȖ Ȗ ȖȠȎșȖȎț-
ȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ. ȀȜȗ ȓ ȟȞȓȒ ȖțȖȤȖȎȠȜȞȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȞȓȐ-
țȓțȟȘȜȠȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ, ȕȎȝȖȟȐȎȗȘȖ ȟȓ ȝȞȨȐ ȟȞȓȒ ȒȎȞȖȠȓșȖȠȓ Țȡ.
408
ǽȜȝ ǷȜȐȥȜ ȓ ȟȞȓȒ ȟȝȜȚȜȧȓȟȠȐȜȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȘțȖȑȖ ȜȠ ǽȓȠȘȜ
ǿșȎȐȓȗȘȜȐ, ȃȞȖȟȠȎȘȖ ǽȎȐșȜȐȖȥ, ǻȓȜȢȖȠ ȃȖșȓțȒȎȞȟȘȖ – ǯȜȕ-
ȐȓșȖ Ȗ ȒȞ. ǳȒțȎ ȜȠ țȓȑȜȐȖȠȓ țȎȗ-ȑȜșȓȚȖ ȕȎȟșȡȑȖ ȕȎ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ
ȓ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȞȓȐțȓțȟȘȎȠȎ ȘțȖȑȜȣȞȎțȖȠȓșțȖȤȎ ȝȞȓȕ 1847
ȑ. (Hristova 2004, 5 – 20). ǵȎ țȓȭ ǰȎȟȖș ǮȝȞȖșȜȐ ȖȕȝȞȎȧȎ
ȘțȖȑȖ, ȕȎȝȖȟȎțȖ Ȑ ȟȝȖȟȨȘȎ țȎ ȁȥȖșȖȧțȎȠȎ ȘȜțȒȖȘȎ (1835 –
1864)1. ǽȜșȕȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȘțȖȑȖȠȓ ȓ ȞȓȑșȎȚȓțȠȖȞȎțȜ ȟȨȟ ǵȎȘȜț.
ǿȝȜȞȓȒ țȓȑȜ țȖȘȜȗ țȭȚȎ „ȐșȎȟȠ ȒȎ ȕȓȚȎ ȘțȖȑȖ …ȎȘȜ ȜȏȖȥȎ ȒȎ
ȥȓȠȓ ȒȎ ȒȜȒȖ Ȑ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓȠȜ Ȑ ȘȜȗȠȜ Ȓȓț ȜȏȖȥȎ Ȗ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȘțȖȑȎ
ȎȞȓȟȎ țȓȭ ȒȎ ȥȓȠȓ“ (Daskalov 1927, 10 – 14).
ǸțȖȑȖ, ȖȕȝȞȎȠȓțȖ ȜȠ ǵȎȘȜț țȎ ȀȞȓȐțȓțȟȘȎȠȎ

ǰ. ǮȝȞȖșȜȐ, ȐȝȖȟȎțȖ ȘțȖȑȜȣȞȎțȖȠȓșțȖȤȎ, ȟ ȡȘȎȕȎțȖȭ
Ȑ ȁȥȖșȖȧțȎȠȎ ȘȜțȒȖȘȎ ȕȎ ȝȜșȕȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȘțȖȑȖȠȓ
(1835 – 1864)
ǸȜșȓȘȤȖȭȠȎ ȜȠ ȟȠȎȞȜȝȓȥȎȠțȖ ȘțȖȑȖ Ȑ ȀȞȭȐțȎ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎ

256 ȠȜȚȎ – ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȖ ȐȨȐ ȢȜțȒȜȐȓȠȓ țȎ ǿȝȓȤȖȎșȖȕȖȞȎ-
țȖȭ Țȡȕȓȗ – ȀȞȭȐțȎ, ǻȎȞȜȒțȜȠȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǽȓțȥȜ ǿșȎȐȓȗ-
ȘȜȐ 1871“, Ȑ ȤȨȞȘȐȖȠȓ „ǿȐ. ǮȞȣ. ǺȖȣȎȖș“ (1819) Ȗ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ
„ǿȐ. ǰȚȥ. ǱȓȜȞȑȖ ǽȜȏȓȒȜțȜȟȓȤ“ (1848/52). ǸțȖȑȖȠȓ, ȜȝȖȟȎțȖ Ȑ
Țȡȕȓȭ ȟȎ ȜȏȧȜ 123 ȏȞȜȭ, Ȑ Ƞ. ȥ. ȏȜȑȜȟșȡȔȓȏțȎ, ȟȐȓȠȟȘȎ Ȗ ȡȥȓȏ-
țȖȘȎȞȟȘȎ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎ. ȅȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ ȝȞȖȠȓȔȎȐȎ 29 ȘțȖȑȖ –
409
ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ ȟȨȟ ȟȐȓȠȟȘȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ, Ȏ ȒȐȓȠȓ ȤȨȞȘȐȖ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭ-
ȐȎȠ ȜȏȧȜ – 104 ȠȜȚȎ ȏȜȑȜȟșȡȔȓȏțȎ ȘțȖȔțȖțȎ. ǰȟȖȥȘȖ Ƞȓ ȟȎ
ȓȒțȜ ȏȜȑȎȠȟȠȐȜ ȜȠ ȒȐȖȔȖȚȖ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȖ ȤȓțțȜȟȠȖ, ȕȎȝȎȕȖșȖ
ȟȝȜȚȓțȎ ȕȎ ȏȖȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ țȭȘȜȑȎȦțȖȠȓ țȖ ȝȞȓȒȤȖ.
ǸțȖȑȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ǮȞȣȎțȑȓș ǺȖȣȎȖș“

ȄȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ ȓ ȐȨȕȟȠȎțȜȐȓțȎ ȟșȓȒ ȘȨȞȒȔȎșȖȗȟȘȖȠȓ țȎȝȎȒȓ-
țȖȭ Ȑ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ XVIII ȐȓȘ Ȗ Ȑ ȟȓȑȎȦțȖȭ ȟȖ ȐȖȒ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎ ȜȠ
1819 ȑ. ǼȏȧȜ ȠȡȘ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȖȕȏȞȜȭȠ 36 ȘțȖȔțȖ ȠȓșȎ. Ȁȓ ȟȎ
ȏȖșȖ ȝȞȖȠȓȔȎțȖȓ țȎ ȟȐȓȧȓțȖȤȖ, ȟșȡȔȖșȖ Ȑ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ, Ȏ
ȐȨȞȣȡ ȟȠȞȎțȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ țȭȘȜȖ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȓ ȕȎȝȖȟȎțȜ: „Ƕȕ ȘțȖȑȖȠȓ
țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ ǿȐ. ǮȞȣȎțȑȓș ǺȖȣȎȖș“. ǿȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎȠ ȟȓ Ȑ ȒȜȏȞȓ
ȡȟȠȞȜȓțȜ ȝȜȚȓȧȓțȖȓ, ȕȎ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȔȒȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȐȨȞțȓ Ȑ
ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ ȘȨȚ ȣȞȎȚȎ. ǰȟȖȥȘȖ ȘțȖȑȖ ȟȎ ȥȡȒȓȟțȜ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȖ Ȗ
ȝȜȒȞȓȒȓțȖ, Ȏ ȜȠȝȓȥȎȠȨȤȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȝȞȓșȖȟȠȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȠȞȎțȖȤȖȠȓ
ȝȞȓȕ ȑȜȒȖțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȟșȓȒȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȟȐȓȧȖ, ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓșȟȠȐȎȠ ȕȎ ȥȓȟȠȜȠȎ-
ȠȎ țȎ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓȠȜ ȖȚ. ǻȎȗ-ȟȠȎȞȎȠȎ ȘțȖȑȎ Ȑ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ ȓ
ȀȞȓȏțȖȘ ȜȠ 1759 ȑ., ȖȕȒȎȒȓț Ȑ ǺȜȟȘȐȎ. ȀȡȘ ȓ ȕȎȝȎȕȓțȜ Ȗ Ȥȭ-
șȜȟȠțȜ ȠȓȥȓțȖȓ țȎ ǺȖțȓȖ ȟȨȟ ȟșȡȔȏȎ ȕȎ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ 12 ȚȓȟȓȤȎ ȜȠ
ȑȜȒȖțȎȠȎ. ǲȓȟȓȠ ȜȠ ȘțȖȑȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȖ ȝȞȓȕ 1766 ȑ. Ȑ ǺȜȟȘ-
ȐȎ, Ȏ ȟșȡȔȏȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȚȓȟȓȤȖȠȓ ȭțȡȎȞȖ Ȗ ȎȝȞȖș ȟȎ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȜ ȜȠ
1793 ȑ. Ȗ 1869 ȑ. ǰȨȞȣȡ țȎȥȎșțȎȠȎ ȟȠȞȎțȖȤȎ țȎ țȭȘȜȖ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ
ȓ ȡȘȎȕȎțȜ, ȥȓ ȜȠȝȓȥȎȠȐȎțȓȠȜ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȝȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓȠȜ
țȎ ȞȡȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȎȠȞȖȤȎ ǳȘȎȠȓȞȖțȎ (1762 – 1796). ǶțȠȓȞȓȟ
ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎ ȘțȖȑȎȠȎ: „ǵȎȧȖȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȎȐȜȟșȎȐȖȓȠȜ țȎȝȎȒțȎ-
ȠȜ ȜȠ ȝȞȜȠȓȟȠȎțȠȖȠȓ ȚȖȟȖȜțȓȞȖ ȟ ȞȎȕțȖ ȏȞȜȦȡȞȖ“, ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȎ Ȑ
Ǿȡȟȓ ȝȞȓȕ 1870 ȑ. ǹȬȏȜȝȖȠțȜ ȓ, ȝȞȖȟȨȟȠȐȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȎȕȖ ȘțȖȑȎ
ȖȚȓțțȜ Ȑ ȀȞȭȐțȎ, ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒ ȢȎȘȠȎ, ȥȓ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ Ȑ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ
ȓ ȘȜȚȝȎȘȠțȜ ȟ ȖȕȠȜȥțȜ-ȝȞȎȐȜȟșȎȐțȜ ȐȓȞȜȖȕȝȜȐȓȒȎțȖȓ. ǽȞȓȒ-
ȝȜșȎȑȎȚ Ƞȭ ȓ ȝȜȝȎȒțȎșȎ ȟșȡȥȎȗțȜ Ȗ ȓȒȐȎ șȖ ȓ ȜȘȎȕȎșȎ ȟȨ-
ȧȓȟȠȐȓț ȝȞȖțȜȟ Ȑ ȏȜȑȜȟșȡȔȓțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ ȟȐȓȧȓțȖȥȓȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȝȜ-
ȐȓȒȖ2. ǰȟȖȥȘȖ ȏȜȑȜȟșȡȔȓȏțȖ ȠȜȚȜȐȓ ȟȎ ȞȡȟȘȖ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ, ȟ ȖȕȘ-
șȬȥȓțȖȓ țȎ „ȄȨȞȘȜȐȓț ȤȐȓȠțȖȘ“ (ȖȕȒȎȒȓț Ȑ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ, 1869);
„ǻȎȝȞȓȟȠȜșțȜ ǿȐȓȠȜ ǳȐȎțȑȓșȖȓ“ (ǰȖȓțȎ, 1850) Ȗ „ǻȜȐ ȕȎȐȓȠ“
(ǻȬ ǷȜȞȘ, 1867). ǰȨȞȣȡ ȟȠȞȎțȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȘțȖȑȖȠȓ ȟȓ
ȟȞȓȧȎȠ Ȗ ȝȞȖȝȖȟȘȖ – țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ Ȗ ȑȞȨȤȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ. ǰ ȝȜ-
ȑȜșȭȚȎȠȎ ȟȖ ȥȎȟȠ Ƞȓ ȟȎ ȟ ȏȜȑȜȟșȜȐȟȘȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȟȓ ȜȠțȎ-
ȟȭȠ ȒȜ ȝȞȜȐȓȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȖ ȟșȡȔȏȖ Ȗ ȚȜ-
410
șȖȠȐȖ. ǶȚȎ Ȗ ȠȎȘȖȐȎ, Ȑ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȓ ȡȘȎȕȎțȜ, ȥȓ ȟȎ ȕȎȘȡȝȓțȖ ȟ
„ȝȞȓȒȟȠȜȭțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǽ. ȃȞȖȟȠȎ, ǽ. ǸȎȕȎȟȜȐ, Ǳ. ǱȓțȥȎ Ȗ Ǹ. ǿȎ-
ȣȎȠȥȖ“3. ǽȞȖȝȖȟȘȖȠȓ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȠ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȞȨȘȜȝȜșȎȑȎ-
țȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȐȓȧȓțȖȤȖ, ȕȎ ȟȜȏȟȠȐȓțȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ ȘțȖȑȖȠȓ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȕȎ
ȟȨȏȖȠȖȭ ȜȠțȎȟȭȧȖ ȟȓ ȒȜ ǮȝȞȖșȟȘȜȠȜ ȐȨȟȠȎțȖȓ: „1876 ǮȝȞ.29
țȎȐșȭȕȜȣȎ ȏȡțȠȜȐțȖȤȖ [țȓȞȎȕȥȓȠȓț ȠȓȘȟȠ] ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞȎ
ȎȑȖȜȟ ǮȞȣȎțȑȓșȜȟ ȜȠ ǲȞȭțȜȐȜ“4. ǲȞȡȑȎ ȝȞȖȝȖȟȘȎ ȒȎȐȎ ȟȐȓȒȓ-
țȖȭ ȕȎ ȝȜȟșȓȒȐȎșȎȠȎ ǾȡȟȘȜ-ȠȡȞȟȘȎ ȐȜȗțȎ: „ǲȎ ȟȎ ȕțȎȗ ȘȜȑȎȠȜ
ȝȞȜȐȜȒȖ ȐșȎȦȘȖȭ ȤȎȞ ȎȟȘȓȞ ȒȎ ȟȎ ȏȖȗ ȟ ȠȡȞȥȖțȎ Ȗ ȒȜȒȓ Ȗȟ-
ȘȎȞȎȣȎ ȏȜȭ ȖȕȏȖȣȎ 40 000 ȠȡȞȤȖ Ȁȡȗ ȏȓȦȓ țȎ 18 [77 /78 ȑ.]“ 5.
ǸțȖȑȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ „ǿȐ. ǱȓȜȞȑȖ ǽȜȏȓȒȜțȜȟȓȤ“

(1848/1852)
ȀȓȕȖ ȘțȖȑȖ ȟȎ țȎȒșȓȔțȜ ȝȞȜȡȥȓțȖ Ȗ ȜȝȖȟȎțȖ ȜȠ ǰȓȞȎ
ȃȞȖȟȠȜȐȎ (Hristova 2002, 55 – 62)6. ǰȟȖȥȘȖȠȓ 68 ȠȜȚȎ ȟȎ ȟ ȏȜ-
ȑȜȟșȡȔȓȏțȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ. ȃȞȜțȜșȜȑȖȥțȜ ȜȏȣȐȎȧȎȠ ȐȞȓȚȓȠȜ ȜȠ
1825 ȑ. ȒȜ 1877 ȑ. ǶȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȘȎȠȎ țȎȚȖȞȎ ȒȐȓ ȝȨșțȖ Ƞȓȥȓ-
țȖȭ țȎ ǺȖțȓȖ. Ȁȓ ȟȎ ȕȎȘȡȝȓțȖ ȟȨȟ ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȎȝȡȘȥȖȗȟ-
ȘȖȭ Ȗ ȠȓȞȕȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȓȟțȎȢ Ȑ ȀȞȭȐțȎ. ǳȒțȜȠȜ ȓ ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȜ Ȑ ǺȜȟ-
ȘȐȎ ȜȘȜșȜ 1847 ȑ., Ȏ ȒȞȡȑȜȠȜ Ȑ ǸȖȓȐ ȝȞȓȕ 1869 ȑ. ǰ ȘțȖȑȖȠȓ
ȖȚȎ ȕȎȝȖȟȎțȖ ȖȚȓțȎȠȎ țȎ ȠȓȣțȖȠȓ ȝȞȖȠȓȔȎȠȓșȖ, țȎ ȣȜȞȎȠȎ,
ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȑȖ ȝȜȒȎȞȖșȖ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎȠȎ, ȖȚȎ ȕȎȝȖȟȘȖ ȜȠțȜȟțȜ ȞȨ-
ȘȜȝȜșȎȑȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȐȓȧȓțȖȤȖ Ȗ ȏȖȜȑȞȎȢȖȥțȖ ȒȎțțȖ ȕȎ țȭȘȜȖ
ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ. ǰ ȓȒțȎ ȜȠ ȘțȖȑȖȠȓ ȟȓ ȥȓȠȎȠ ȖȚȓțȎȠȎ țȎ ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȖȠȓ
ȓȝȖȠȞȜȝȖ – „ǸȜȟȠȎȒȖț ǽȓțȥȓȐ Ȗ ǿȠȜȭț ǲȓțȬȐ, ȕȎȘȡȝȖșȖ
ȘțȖȑȎȠȎ ȕȎ 72 ȑȞȜȦȎ ȝȞȓȕ 1875 ȑ.“ ǽȜ-ȑȜșȭȚȎȠȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȝȞȖ-
ȝȖȟȘȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȐȝȖȟȎțȖ ȟșȓȒ ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ. ȅȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȘțȖȑȖȠȓ ȟȎ
ȏȖșȖ ȝȞȖȠȓȔȎțȖȓ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȚȎțȒȞȖȠ ǸȓȟȎȞȖȗ7, Ȏ „ǽȞȎȐȜȟșȎȐ-
țȜȓ ȡȥȓțȖȓ“ ȜȠ 1844 ȑ. ȓ „Ƕȕ ȘțȖȑȖȠȓ țȎ ȝȜȝ ǸȜȬ ǰȖȠȎțȜȐ“8.
ǸțȖȑȖ ȜȠ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ „ǽȓțȥȜ ǿșȎȐȓȗȘȜȐ 1871“

ǸȜșȓȘȤȖȭȠȎ țȎȏȞȜȭȐȎ 29 ȠȜȚȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ. ǱȞȖȔ-
șȖȐȜ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȖ Ȑ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȖ ȢȜțȒȜȣȞȎțȖșȖȧȎ ȟ ȝȜȒȣȜ-
ȒȭȧȖ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭ. ǼȝȖȟȎțȖ ȟȎ ȘȨȚ ȜȏȧȎȠȎ ȘțȖȔțȎ ȘȜșȓȘȤȖȭ,
țȜ ȟȎ ȖȚ ȒȜȏȎȐȓțȖ Ȗ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠȟȠȐȎȧȖȠȓ țȜȚȓȞȎ Ȗ ȝȜ ȘȎȠȎșȜȑȎ
țȎ ǺȎțȬ ǿȠȜȭțȜȐ. ǼȏȜȟȜȏȓțȖ ȟȎ Ȑ ȜȠȒȓșțȎ ȘȎȞȠȜȠȓȘȎ „ǿȠȎ-
ȞȜȝȓȥȎȠțȖ ȘțȖȑȖ“. ǿȞȓȒ Ƞȭȣ țȎȗ-ȚțȜȑȜȏȞȜȗțȖ ȟȎ ȘțȖȑȖȠȓ
ȟȨȟ ȟȐȓȠȟȘȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ. ǻȎȗ-ȞȎțțȜ ȒȎȠȖȞȎțȎȠȎ ȘțȖȑȎ ȓ
411
„ǳșȖțȜ-ȞȜȟȟȖȗȟȘȜ ȢȞȎțȤȡȕȘȖ șȓȘȟȖȘȜț“, ȖȕȒȎȒȓț Ȑ ǺȜȟȘȐȎ
ȝȞȓȕ 1811 ȑ., Ȏ ȜȠ 1878 ȑ. țȎȚȖȞȎȚȓ ȥȓȠȖȞȖ ȠȜȚȎ, ȚȓȔȒȡ ȘȜȖ-
ȠȜ ȓ Ȗ ȝȨȞȐȜȠȜ ȖȕȒȎțȖȓ țȎ ȟȨȥȖțȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ Ƕș. ǯșȨȟȘȜȐ
„ǴȎșȓț ȟȝȜȚȓț ȕȎ șȬȠȖȠȓ ȞȎțȖ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ ȝȞȓȕ ȑȜȒȖțȎȠȎ
1876“. ǿȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎ ȟȓ ȝȨȞȐȖȭȠ ȁȟȠȎȐ țȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ, țȎȞȓ-
ȥȓțȜ ȝȞȖ ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎțȓȠȜ ȟȖ ȝȞȓȕ 1872 ȑ. „ȀȞȡȒȜșȬȏȖȓ“. ǼȠȝȓ-
ȥȎȠȎț ȓ Ȑ ȝȓȥȎȠțȖȤȎȠȎ țȎ Ȑ. „ǺȎȘȓȒȜțȖȭ“ ȟȨȟ ȟȨȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȓȠȜ
țȎ ǽȓȠȘȜ ǿșȎȐȓȗȘȜȐ. ǿȞȓȒ ȘțȖȑȖȠȓ Ȑ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ Ȑ ȀȞȭȐțȎ
ȟȎ ȐȝȖȟȎțȖ Ȗ ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȕ 1871 ȑ. Ȑ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ „ǽȨșțȜ
ȟȜȏȞȎțȖȓ țȎ ȒȨȞȔȎȐțȖȠȓ ȕȎȘȜțȖ, ȡȟȠȎȐȖ, țȎȟȠȎȐșȓțȖȭ Ȗ ȐȖ-
ȟȜȘȖ ȕȎȝȜȐȓȒȖ țȎ ǼȟȚȎțȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȭ ȟ ȝȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ țȎ
ȟȘșȬȥȓțȖȠȓ ȟ ȥȡȔȒȖȠȓ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȖ ȠȞȎȘȠȎȠȖ Ȗ ȝȞȜȠȜȘȜșȖ; țȎ
ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȖȠȓ ȖȚȝȓȞȎȠȜȞȟȘȖ ȢȓȞȚȎțȖ ȕȎ ȝȜȒȐșȎȟȠțȖȠȓ țȎ ȖȚ-
ȝȓȞȖȭȠȎ ȘțȭȔȓȟȠȐȎ; țȎ ȝȜȠȞȓȏțȖȠȓ ȞȎȕȭȟțȓțȖȭ Ȗ țȎ Ȏȕȏȡȥȓț
ȡȘȎȕȎȠȓș: Ȁ.1 – 3. ǽȞȓȐȓȒȓțȖ ȜȠ ȠȡȞȟȘȖ. ǶȕȒȎȐȎ ȟȓ ȜȠ ȃȞȖȟȠȎ
ǮȞțȎȡȒȜȐȎ. 1871 –1873 ȑ.“. ǻȜȟȖ ȝȓȥȎȠȎ țȎ ȠȞȓȐțȓțȟȘȎȠȎ
„ǼȏȧȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ „ǽȜȕțȎȗ ȟȓȏȓ ȟȖ“9 Ȗ ȓ ȒȎȞȓțȖȓ ȜȠ Ȁ. ǶȘȜ-
țȜȚȜȐ ȝȞȓȕ 1891 ȑ. ǻȎșȖȥȓț ȓ Ȗ „ǼȏȞȎȕ țȎ ȤȎȞȟȘȖȭ ȢȓȞȚȎț
ȕȎ ȞȓȦȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȭ ȐȨȝȞȜȟ (ȝȜ ȠȡȞȟȘȖ, ȝȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟ-
ȘȖ Ȗ ȝȜ ȑȞȨȤȘȖ). 1870“. ǽȞȖȝȖȟȘȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȥȓȟȠȜ ȟȞȓȧȎțȖ, ȚȎ-
ȘȎȞ ȒȎ țȓ țȜȟȭȠ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȓțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ – Ƞȓ ȟȎ ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ
ȞȖȟȡțȘȖ Ȗ ȖȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȥȜȐȓȘȎ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȝȜȒȎȞȭȐȎ ȘțȖȑȎȠȎ. ǳȒțȜ
ȜȠ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟțȖȠȓ ȐȝȖȟȐȎțȖȭ ȓ Ȑ ȘțȖȑȎȠȎ țȎ ǰ. ǮȝȞȖșȜȐ „ǯȨș-
ȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȘțȖȔȖȤȖ ȖșȖ țȎ ȘȜȓ ȟșȜȐȓțȟȘȜ ȝșȓȚȓ ȟȜȏȟȠȐȓțȜ
ȝȞȖțȎȒșȓȔȖ ȘȖȞȖșȜȐȟȘȎ ȎȕȏȡȘȎ“ (ǼȒȓȟȎ, 1841). ǽȞȖȝȖȟȘȎȠȎ
ȑșȎȟȖ: „ǽȞȖ ȖȟȝȖȠȎțȖȓȠȜ ȝȜȒȎȞȭȐȎ ȟȓ țȎ ǽȓțȥȎ ȀȜȚȜȐ ȜȠ
ǱȎȏȞȜȐȟȘȜȠȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ 1860 ȬșȖȭ 17 –ȠȜȑȜ. ǰȕȎȖȚȓț ȡȥȖ-
Ƞȓș ȄȐȭȠȘȜ ǻȓȒȓȐ.“ ǰȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ǽȓțȥȜ ȀȜȚȜȐ ȓ ȏȖș ȡȥȓțȖȘ Ȑ
ǱȎȏȞȜȐȟȘȜȠȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ Ȗ ȝȞȖ ȝȜȘȎȕȎțȖ ȒȜȏȞȖ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠȖ ȝȜ
ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȑȜȒȖȦțȜȠȜ ȖȕȝȖȠȎțȖȓ, ȘțȖȑȎȠȎ Țȡ ȓ ȝȜȒȎȞȓțȎ ȜȠ
ȡȥȖȠȓșȭ. ǿȞȓȒ ȘțȖȑȖȠȓ ȖȚȎ ȒȎȞȓțȖȭ ȜȠ ȠȞȓȐțȓțȟȘȖ ȢȎȚȖ-
șȖȖ Ȗ ȜȠȒȓșțȖ șȖȥțȜȟȠȖ. ȍȐțȜ țȎ ȑȜșȭȚ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ ȟȓ ȞȎȒȐȎ Ȗ
ȘțȖȑȎȠȎ „ǲȐȓ ȟȜȐȓȠȜȐȎȠȓșțȖ ȟșȜȐȎ ǽșȡȠȎȞȣȎ ȃȓȞȜțȓȭ Ȝ ȐȜȟ-
ȝȖȠȎțȖȖ ȒȓȠȓȗ Ȗ ǶȟȜȘȞȎȠȎ ǾȖȠȜȞȎ Ȝ ȏșȎȑȜțȞȎȐȖȖ ȬțȜȟȠȖ“.
ǵȎ țȓȭ ȟȎ ȕȎȝȖȟȎțȖ 16 ȒȡȦȖ ȕȎ ȜȏȧȜ 20 ȘțȖȔȘȖ. ǿȞȓȒ ȖȚȓ-
țȎȠȎ țȎ ȟȝȜȚȜȧȓȟȠȐȜȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȥșȓțȜȐȓ țȎ ȢȎȚȖșȖȭ ǲȎȟ-
ȘȎșȜȐȖ, ȟȐȓȧȓțȖȤȖ, ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ, ȡȥȖȠȓșȖ. ǵȎ ȘțȖȑȎȠȎ țȎ
ȌȞȖȗ ǰȓțȓșȖț: „ǸȞȖȠȖȥȓȟȘȩ ȖȕȒȩȞȐȎțȖȭ ȕȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ
412
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ: ǼȠ ȝȞȜȣȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȀȞȎȘȩȗȟȘȖȗ
ȝȜșȡȜȟȠȞȜȐ ȒȜ 968 ȑ. Șțȭȕ ȞȡȟȘȖȗ ǿȐȓȠȜȟșȎȐȎ“ (ǵȓȚȡț ȝȞȓȕ
1853), ȟȨȧȜ ȟȎ ȐȝȖȟȎțȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȟȝȜȚȜȧȓȟȠȐȜȐȎȠȓșȖ 11 ȠȞȓȐ-
țȓțȤȖ, ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȐȓȧȓțȖȤȖ. ǿȞȓȒ ȣȜȞȎȠȎ, ȝȜ-
ȚȜȑțȎșȖ ȕȎ ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ ȟȎ ȒȐȎȚȎ ȡȥȖȠȓșȖ, ȟȞȓȒ Ƞȭȣ ǽȓȠȘȜ
ǿșȎȐȓȗȘȜȐ, Ȏ ȟȨȧȜ ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ ȓȒȖț șȓȘȎȞ.
ǸțȖȑȖ ȜȠ ȢȜțȒȎ țȎ ǿȝȓȤȖȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȖȭ Țȡȕȓȗ ȕȎ

ȞȓȕȏȎȞȟȘȜ Ȗ ȕȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȜ ȖȕȘȡȟȠȐȜ – ȀȞȭȐțȎ
Ȁȓ ȟȎ ȝȜșȡȥȓțȖ ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ ȥȞȓȕ ȒȎȞȓțȖȭ ȜȠ ȟȠȎȞȖ ȠȞȓȐțȓț-
ȟȘȖ ȢȎȚȖșȖȖ. ǸțȖȑȖȠȓ ȟȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ, ȞȡȟȘȖ Ȗ ȑȞȨȤȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ
Ȗ ȟȎ ȐȝȖȟȎțȖ ȘȎȘȠȜ ȐȨȐ ȢȜțȒȎ țȎ ȜȠȒȓș ǼȟțȜȐȓț ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ,
ȠȎȘȎ ȟȨȧȜ Ȗ Ȑ ǻȎȡȥțȜ-ȟȝȜȚȎȑȎȠȓșȓț ȢȜțȒ. ȅȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȘțȖȑȖȠȓ ȟȎ
ȜȠ șȖȥțȖȠȓ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȖ țȎ șȓȠȜȝȖȟȓȤȎ țȎ ȀȞȭȐțȎ – ȝȜȝ ǷȜȐȥȜ,
ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȎȠȎ ȠȞȓȐțȓțȟȘȎ ȢȎȚȖșȖȭ ǲȎȟȘȎșȜȐȖ, ȝȞȖȠȓȔȎțȖȓ țȎ
ȓȒȖț ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȘȜșȜȞȖȠțȖȠȓ ȟȐȓȧȓțȖȤȖ Ȗ ȝȞȖȭȠȓș țȎ ǽ. ǿșȎ-
ȐȓȗȘȜȐ – ȝȜȝ ǸȜȬ ǰȖȠȎțȜȐ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ șȖȥțȜ ȝȞȖȠȓȔȎțȖȓ țȎ
ȜȝȨșȥȓțȓȤȎ ȕȜȑȞȎȢ ȄȎțȪȜ ǵȎȣȎȞȖȓȐ. ǿȞȓȒ ȘțȖȑȖȠȓ ȖȚȎ Ȗ ȠȎ-
ȘȖȐȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȏȖșȖ ȟȜȏȟȠȐȓțȜȟȠ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȚȎțȒȞȖȠ ǸȓȟȎȞȖȗ.
ǿȏȖȞȘȎȠȎ ȟȓ ȟȨȟȠȜȖ ȜȠ ȡȥȓȏțȖȤȖ, ȟȐȓȠȟȘȎ Ȗ ȏȜȑȜȟșȡȔȓȏțȎ șȖ-
ȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎ Ȗ ȣȞȜțȜșȜȑȖȥțȜ ȜȏȣȐȎȧȎ ȑȜȒȖțȖȠȓ ȜȠ 1798 ȒȜ 1878 ȑ.
ȀȡȘ ȝȞȖȓȚȎȚ ȟȠȎțȜȐȖȧȓȠȜ țȎ ǻȖȘȜșȎȗ ȀȓȜȒȜȟȖȓȐ Ȗ ȝȞȖȥȖȟ-
șȭȐȎȚ ȘțȖȑȖȠȓ ȜȠ 1878 ȑ. ȟȨȧȜ ȘȨȚ ȟȠȎȞȜȝȓȥȎȠțȖȠȓ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ
(Teodosiev 2007, 7). ǻȎȗ-ȟȠȎȞȎȠȎ ȘțȖȑȎ ȓ „ǻȜȐȓȗȦȖȭ ȖȕȐȓȟȠȖȭ
Ȝ ȠȡȞȓȤȘȜȗ ȖȚȝȓȞȖȖ“ (ǿȎțȘȠ ǽȓȠȓȞȏȡȞȑ, 1789), ȘȜȭȠȜ ȓ țȎ Ȟȡȟ-
ȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ. ǸțȖȑȎȠȎ ȓ ȝȞȖțȎȒșȓȔȎșȎ țȎ ȠȞȓȐțȓțȓȤȎ ǻȖȘȜșȎ
ǶȘȜțȜȚȜȐ – ȝȞȎ-ȝȞȎ ȐțȡȘ țȎ șȓȠȜȝȖȟȓȤȎ ȝȜȝ ǷȜȐȥȜ. Ȁȭ țȓ
ȝȞȖȟȨȟȠȐȎ Ȑ „ǾȓȝȓȞȠȜȎȞȎ“ țȎ ǺȎțȪȜ ǿȠȜȭțȜȐ (Stoyanov 1957),
ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ Ȑ ǸȎȠȎșȜȑȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȓȥȎȠțȖ ȘțȖȑȖ țȎ ǻȖȘȜ-
șȎȗ ȀȓȜȒȜȟȖȓȐ (Teodosiev 2007). ǿșȓȒȐȎȧȎȠȎ ȝȜ ȣȞȜțȜșȜȑȖȭ
ȘțȖȑȎ ȓ „ǳȐȣȜșȜȑȖȭ“ (țȎ ȑȞȨȤȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ). ǼȠȝȓȥȎȠȎțȎ ȓ ȐȨȐ ǰȓ-
țȓȤȖȭ ȝȞȓȕ 1806 ȑ. Ȁȭ ȓ ȜȠ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎȠȎ țȎ șȓȠȜȝȖȟȓȤȎ ȝȜȝ
ǷȜȐȥȜ. ǽȞȖțȎȒșȓȔȎșȎ ȓ țȎ ȏȎȧȎ Țȡ – ȝȜȝ ǻȖȘȜșȎ – ȓȒȖț ȜȠ
țȎȗ-ȟȠȎȞȖȠȓ ȘȖșȖȗțȖ ȡȥȖȠȓșȖ Ȗ ȘțȖȔȜȐțȖȤȖ Ȑ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ. ǮȘȜ
ȟȓ ȟȨȜȏȞȎȕȭ ȟȨȟ ȟȠȎțȜȐȖȧȓȠȜ țȎ Ǻ. ǿȠȜȭțȜȐ, ȠȜ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖȠȓ ȒȐȓ
ȘțȖȑȖ, țȓ ȏȖ ȠȞȭȏȐȎșȜ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ ȚȖ, ȝȜ-
ȞȎȒȖ ȢȎȘȠȎ,ȥȓ „țȓ ȟȎ ȝȖȟȎțȖ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ Ȗ ȟȎ ȐȨț ȜȠ
ȜȏȟȓȑȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȎ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȠȓșțȜȟȠ“
413
(Stoyanov 1978, 106), țȜ ȟ ȜȑșȓȒ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭțȓ țȎ ȤȭșȜȟȠțȎȠȎ
ȘȜșȓȘȤȖȭ ȜȠ ȘțȖȑȖ ȒȜ 1878 ȑ. ȐȘș. Ȗ țȎȗ-ȐȎȔțȜȠȜ ȝȞȖțȎȒșȓȔ-
țȜȟȠȠȎ ȖȚ ȘȨȚ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȎȠȎ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ Ȑ ȞȓȑȖȜțȎșȓț, țȜ Ȗ Ȑ țȎȤȖ-
ȜțȎșȓț ȚȎȧȎȏ șȖȥțȜȟȠ țȎ ȝȜȝ ǷȜȐȥȜ, ȟȖ ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎȚ ȒȎ ȑȖ
ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭ Ȑ ȠȓȘȟȠȎ. ǳȒțȜ ȜȠ ȤȓțțȖȠȓ ȝȞȖȠȓȔȎțȖȭ țȎ ȘȜșȓȘ-
ȤȖȭȠȎ ȓ ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȎȠȎ Ȑ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ ȝȞȓȕ 1871 ȑ. „ǯȖȏșȖȭ, ȟȖȞȓȥ
ǿȐȓȧȓțȜ-ȠȜ ȝȖȟȎțȖȓ țȎ ǰȓȠȣȖȗ Ȗ ǻȜȐȖȗ ȕȎȐȓȠ“, ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȎ Ȝȧȓ
ȘȎȠȜ „ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒȟȘȎ“ ȖșȖ „ǿșȎȐȓȗȘȜȐȎ“ ǯȖȏșȖȭ. ǻȓ ȏȓȕ ȕțȎȥȓ-
țȖȓ ȓ, ȥȓ ȠȎȕȖ ȘțȖȑȎ ȓ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȚȎțȒȞȖȠ
ǸȜțȟȠȎțȠȖț ǰȖȠȎțȜȐ – ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȐȓȞțȖȠȓ ȝȞȖȭȠȓșȖ Ȗ ȒȜȐȓȞȓțȖ
ȣȜȞȎ țȎ ǽȓȠȘȜ ǿșȎȐȓȗȘȜȐ Ȑ ȀȞȭȐțȎ.
ǵȎ țȖȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ Ȑ ȟȓșȖȧȓȠȜ ȏȖȣȚȓ ȚȜȑșȖ ȒȎ
ȟȨȒȖȚ ȝȜ țȎșȖȥțȖȠȓ ȡȥȓȏțȖȤȖ, ȟȨȣȞȎțȓțȖ ȐȨȐ ȢȜțȒȜȐȓȠȓ țȎ
Țȡȕȓȭ.
Ȁȓ ȟȎ ȞȎȕțȜȜȏȞȎȕțȖ Ȗ ȝȜȘȞȖȐȎȠ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȒȭșȜȐȓ ȜȠ țȎȡ-
ȘȎȠȎ. ǿȨȐȟȓȚ ȓȟȠȓȟȠȐȓțȜ ȓ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȝȞȓȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ, ȘȜȓȠȜ
ȝȞȓȒȝȜșȎȑȎȚ ȓ ȟȠȎȐȎșȜ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ Ȑ ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ țȎ ȟȓȚȓȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ, țȜ
Ȗ Ȑ ȞȜȒȎ. ǾȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎȗȘȖ ȟȝȖȟȨȘȎ ȟ ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȖȠȓ ȡȥȓȏțȖȤȖ ȕȎ
ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ 1824 – 1878 ȑ., ȖȕȑȜȠȐȓț ȜȠ ȝȞȜȢ. ǰ. ǯȜțȓȐȎ (Boneva
2005, 180) ȧȓ ȘȎȔȎ, ȥȓ Ȑ ȀȞȭȐțȎ ȟȎ țȎșȖȥțȖ ȝȜȥȠȖ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ
ȜȟțȜȐțȖ ȡȥȓȏțȖ ȘțȖȑȖ: ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ (ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ Ȗ ȐȟȓȜȏȧȎ), ǯȡȘ-
ȐȎȞȎ țȎ ǽ. ǯȓȞȜț (ȠȞȓȠȜ ȖȕȒȎțȖȓ ȜȠ 1847), ȑȞȎȚȎȠȖȘȎ, ȑȓȜȑ-
ȞȎȢȖȭ, ȥȖȟșȖȠȓșțȖȤȎ Ȗ ȡȥȓȏțȖȘ ȝȜ ȥȡȔȒ ȓȕȖȘ (Ȑ ȟșȡȥȎȭ –
ȢȞȓțȟȘȖ). ȇȜ ȟȓ ȜȠțȎȟȭ ȒȜ ȖȕȡȥȎȐȎțȓȠȜ Țȡ, ȐȨȐ ȢȜțȒȎ țȎ Țȡ-
ȕȓȭ Ȑ ȀȞȭȐțȎ ȟȓ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎ ȏȎȕȖȟțȎȠȎ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎ ȕȎ ȖȕȡȥȎ-
ȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȓȕȖȘ – ȑȞȎȚȎȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȞȓȥțȖȘ. ȁȟȐȜȭȐȎțȓȠȜ Țȡ ȖȚȎ
ȥȖȟȠȜ ȝȞȎȑȚȎȠȖȥțȜ ȜȏȭȟțȓțȖȓ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȜ ȟȨȟ ȟȠȞȓȚȓȔȎ țȎ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȖțȎ ȕȎ ȝȞȖȜȏȧȎȐȎțȓ ȘȨȚ ȕȎȝȎȒțȖȭ ȚȜȒȓȞȓț ȟȐȭȠ, ȠȨȞ-
ȑȜȐȟȘȖȠȓ ȘȜțȠȎȘȠȖ țȎ ȠȞȓȐțȓțȤȖ, Ȏ ȟșȓȒ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ
ȢȞȓțȟȘȖȭȠ ȓȕȖȘ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȜ ȖȚȎ ȝȞȓȖȚȡȧȓȟȠȐȜ ȝȞȓȒ ȜȟȠȎțȎ-
șȖȠȓ. ǽȞȓȕ 1855 ȑ. ȡȥȖȠȓșȭȠ ǱȓțȘȜ ǵȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖ ȕȎ ȝȨȞȐȖ ȝȨȠ
ȑȜ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎ ȕȎ ȖȕȡȥȎȐȎțȓ Ȑ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȎȠȎ țȎ ȠȞȓȐțȓțȟȘȜȠȜ
ȦȘȜșȜ. ǿ ȞȎȕȦȖȞȭȐȎțȓȠȜ Ȗ ȞȎȕțȜȜȏȞȎȕȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȡȥȓȏțȖȠȓ
ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȖ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȦȖȞȭȐȎ Ȗ ȚȖȞȜȑșȓȒȨȠ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖțȎ. ȀȜȐȎ ȜȠ
ȟȐȜȭ ȟȠȞȎțȎ ȐȜȒȖ Ȗ ȒȜ ȝȜȭȐȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȓȒȚȓȠȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȢȖȕȖȘȎ Ȗ
ȣȖȚȖȭ Ȑ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓȠȜ ȘȨȒȓȠȜ ȝȞȖȟȨȟȠȐȎ Ȗ ȟȥȖȠȎțȖȭȠ ȕȎ ȝȞȨȐ
ȡȥȓȏțȖȘ ȝȜ ȢȖȕȖȘȎ țȎ ǻȎȗȒȓț ǱȓȞȜȐ ȜȠ 1849 ȑ. – „ǶȕȐȜȒ ȜȠ
ȢȖȕȖȘȎȠȎ“. ǻȎșȖȥțȜ ȓ Ȗ „ǾȨȘȜȐȜȒȟȠȐȜ ȝȜ ȢȖȕȖȘȎ“ țȎ Ƕ. ǱȬ-
414
ȕȓșȓȐ ȜȠ 1874 ȑ., ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ „ȂȖȕȖȘȎ ȕȎ ȑșȎȐțȖȠȓ țȎȞȜȒțȖ ȡȥȖ-
șȖȧȎ“; ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȎ ȐȨȐ ǰȖȓțȎ Ȗ ȝȞȓȐȓȒȓțȎ ȜȠ ǷȜȎȘȖȚ ǱȞȡȓȐ
ȝȞȓȕ 1872 ȑ. ȀȞȓȐțȓțȟȘȖȠȓ ȡȥȓțȖȤȖ ȖȚȎȠ ȒȜȟȠȎȠȨȥțȜ ȎȘȠȡȎș-
țȖ ȝȜȚȎȑȎșȎ, ȟ țȎȗ-țȜȐȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȐȞȓȚȓȠȜ ȟȖ ȢȖȕȖȥțȖ ȖȒȓȖ Ȗ Ƞȓ-
ȜȞȖȖ (Tacheva 2021, 211). ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ǳȐȒȜȘȖȭ ǳȚȎțȡȖșȜȐȎ
ȡȥȓȏțȖȘȨȠ „ǶȕȐȜȒ ȜȠ ȢȖȕȖȘȎȠȎ“ țȎȚȖȞȎ ȒȜȏȨȞ ȝȞȖȓȚ ȟȞȓȒ
ȠȜȑȎȐȎȦțȎȠȎ țȖ ȐȨȕȞȜȔȒȓțȟȘȎ ȖțȠȓșȖȑȓțȤȖȭ (Emanuilova
1995, 89 – 90). ǻȎȞȓȒ ȟ țȎșȖȥțȖȠȓ ȡȥȓȏțȖȤȖ ȝȜ ȢȖȕȖȘȎ, Ȑ Țȡ-
ȕȓȗțȎȠȎ ȟȏȖȞȘȎ ȝȞȖȟȨȟȠȐȎ Ȗ „ȃȖȚȖȭ ȕȎ ȑșȎȐțȖȠȓ țȎȞȜȒțȖ
ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ“ (1872), țȎ ǿȠȜȭț ǰȓȔȓțȜȐ. ǽȞȓȕ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖȭ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ
ȖȚȎ ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȖ 4 ȡȥȓȏțȖȘȎ ȝȜ ȢȖȕȖȘȎ – Ȑ ȀȞȭȐțȎ ȖȚȎ ȠȞȖ ȜȠ
Ƞȭȣ (ȒȐȎ ȜȠ ȢȜțȒȎ țȎ Țȡȕȓȭ Ȗ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓȠȜ). ȇȜ ȟȓ ȜȠ-
țȎȟȭ ȒȜ ȡȥȓȏțȖȤȖȠȓ ȝȜ ȣȖȚȖȭ, ȜȠ ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȖ ȒȐȎ ȡȥȓȏțȖȘȎ,
ȀȞȓȐțȓțȟȘȜȠȜ ȦȘȜșȜ ȓ ȝȞȖȠȓȔȎȐȎșȜ ȓȒȖțȖȭȠ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ. ǻȎȗ-
ȑȜșȭȚ ȓ ȏȞȜȭȠ țȎ ȡȥȓȏțȖȤȖȠȓ ȝȜ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ, ȏȓȕ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ ȘȜȗ
Ȓȭș ȜȏȣȐȎȧȎȠ – ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȖșȖ ȟȐȓȠȜȐțȎ. ǽȞȓȒȐȖȒ ȥȓȟȠȖȠȓ
ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȖ ȝȨȠȡȐȎțȖȭ țȎ ȠȞȓȐțȓțȤȖ ȟȓ țȎșȎȑȎ ȖȕȡȥȎȐȎțȓȠȜ
țȎ ȑȓȜȑȞȎȢȖȭ Ȗ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȑȓȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖȭ ȎȠșȎȟ ȘȎȠȜ ȝȜ-
ȟȜȏȖȓ ȕȎ ȜȝȜȕțȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȐȓȠȎ Ȗ ȖȕȡȥȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȖȞȜȒțȖȠȓ
ȜȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠȖ țȎ ȞȓȑȖȜțȖȠȓ. ǵȎȠȜȐȎ țȓ ȓ ȖȕțȓțȎȒȐȎȧȜ, ȥȓ țȎȗ-
ȟȠȎȞȜȠȜ ȡȥȓȏțȜ ȝȜȚȎȑȎșȜ ȓ ǱȓȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖ ȎȠșȎȟ ȜȠ 1833 ȑ., ȒȜțȓ-
ȟȓț ȜȠ ȡȥȖȠȓșȭ ǱȓțȘȜ ǸȞȨȟȠȓȐ ȜȠ ȂȞȎțȤȖȭ, Ȏ ȖȕȡȥȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȑȓȜȑȞȎȢȖȭ ȓ ȕȎȟȠȨȝȓțȜ Ȗ Ȑ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȖȠȓ țȎ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓȠȜ. ǰ ȘȜ-
șȓȘȤȖȭȠȎ ȜȠ ȟȠȎȞȜȝȓȥȎȠțȎ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎ ȟȓ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎ Ȗ „ȁȥȓȏ-
țȖȘ ȝȜ ȑȓȜȑȞȎȢȖȭȠȎ ȕȎ ǮȕȖȭ, ǮȢȞȖȘȎ, ǮȚȓȞȖȘȎ, ǮȐȟȠȞȎșȖȭ Ȗ
ǳȐȞȜȝȎ“ (ǰȖȓțȎ 1874) ȟȨȟȠȎȐȓț ȜȠ Ǹ. ǿȚȖȞțȜȐ.
„ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȟȚȓȠțȖȤȎ“ țȎ Ǹ. ǸȓȟȎȞȜȐ ȜȥȓȐȖȒțȜ ȓ ȝȜșȡ-
ȥȖșȎ ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȝȜȝȡșȭȞțȜȟȠ ȟȞȓȒ ȚȓȟȠțȜȠȜ țȎȟȓșȓțȖȓ, ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒ
ȢȎȘȠȎ, ȥȓ Ȑ ȘȜșȓȘȤȖȭȠȎ țȖ ȟȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖ ȠȞȖ ȓȘȕȓȚȝșȭȞȎ.
ǰȓȞȜȭȠțȜ Ȗ ȡȥȖȠȓșȟȠȐȎțȓȠȜ Țȡ Ȑ ȀȞȭȐțȎ ȟșȓȒ 1858 ȑ. ȓ ȒȜȝ-
ȞȖțȓȟșȜ ȕȎ ȝȜȝȡșȭȞțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟțȖȭ ȡȥȓȏțȖȘ. ǿȞȓȒ țȎ-
șȖȥțȖȠȓ ȡȥȓȏțȖȤȖ ȟȎ Ȗ ȒȐȓ ȜȠ ȘțȖȑȖȠȓ, ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȖ ȜȠ ȠȞȓȐțȓ-
țȓȤȎ ǾȎșȖ ǸȎȕȎȟȜȐ. ǻȓȑȜȐȎȠȎ „ǿȨȘȞȎȠȓțȎ ȟȐȓȧȓțțȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ“
ȓ Ȗ ȡȥȓȏțȖȘ, țȎ ȥȖȭȠȜ ȕȎȒțȎ ȘȜȞȖȤȎ ȓ ȕȎȝȖȟȎțȜ, ȥȓ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȝ-
ȞȜȟȠȞȎțȭȐȎ Ȑ ȀȞȭȐțȎ, ǳșȓțȎ Ȗ ǯȡȘȡȞȓȧ Ȗ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȝȜȞȨȥȐȎ „ȕȎ
ȝȜșȕȎ țȎ ȚșȎȒȜȞȎȟșȖȠȓ ȬțȜȦȖ“10. ȅȎȟȠ ȜȠ țȎșȖȥțȖȠȓ țȖ
ȘțȖȑȖ Ȑ ȟȏȖȞȘȎȠȎ ȟȎ ȝȓȥȎȠȎțȖ ȟ ȜȒȜȏȞȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ „ȤȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ
ȤȓțȕȡȞȎ“.
415
ǿȞȓȒ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭȠȎ ȟȨȟ ȟȐȓȠȟȘȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ ȧȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȎ
ȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ: „ǻȎ ȟȖșȎ ȜȔȓțȐȎțȓ“ (ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ 1873), „ǽȎȞȖȔȘȖȠȓ
ȝȜȠȎȗțȜȟȠȖ“ (ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ 1869) „ǼȠȘȞȖȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ǮȚȓȞȖȘȎ“
(1875), ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȝȞȓȐȓȒȓțȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȢȞȓțȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ ȘțȖȑȎ țȎ ǳ.
ǯȞȬȓȞ – „ǸșȬȥȨȠ țȎ țȎȡȘȎȠȎ“, ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȎ ȟ ȝȜȚȜȧȠȎ țȎ „ȡȥȓ-
țȜșȬȏȖȐȖȠȓ ȝȜȒȝȖȟțȖȤȖ ȜȠ ȀȞȭȐțȎ ǱȓȜȞȑȖ ǾȎȗȘȜȐ Ȗ ǽȓȠȘȜ
ǿșȎȐȓȗȘȜȐ“.
ǯȜȑȜȟșȡȔȓȏțȎȠȎ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎ ȟȓ ȟȨȟȠȜȖ ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ ȜȠ ǯȖȏ-
șȖȖ, ǽȟȎșȠȖȞȖ, ǺȖțȓȖ, ȅȎȟȜȟșȜȐȖ. ȅȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȠȓȕȖ ȘțȖȑȖ ȟȎ ȏȖ-
șȖ ȝȞȖȠȓȔȎțȖȓ țȎ ȟȐȓȧȓțȖȤȖ Ȗ ȟȎ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȖ ȕȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ Ȑ
ȘȖșȖȗțȜȠȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ (Polimirova 2012, 326). ǵȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȝȜȒȟȘȎȕ-
ȐȎ Ȗ ȝȞȖȝȖȟȘȎ Ȑ ȓȒȖț ǽȟȎșȠȖȞ ȜȠ 1828 ȑ., ȝȞȖȠȓȔȎțȖȓ țȎ ȝȜȝ
ǻȖȘȜșȎ ȝȜȝ ǷȜȐȥȓȐ: „ȀȜȕȖ ȝȟȎșȠȖȞ țȎ ǾȎȗȘȎ ǸȜșȬȐȎ ȘȜȗȠȜ
ȑȜ ȕȨȚȖ ȦȎ ȓȒȓ ȏȜȗ ȝȜ ȘȞȎȘȎȠȎ ȟȜȟ ȢȎșȎțȑȎȠȎ“11. Ǯ Ȑ. „ȁȠ-
ȞȖțțȖ Ȗ ȐȓȥȓȞțȖ ȏȜȑȜȟșȡȔȓțȖȭ țȎ ȐȓȥȓȞțȖȭ ȝȓȠȨȘ“ (ȏȓȕ ȕȎȑ-
șȎȐțȎ ȟȠȞȎțȖȤȎ) ȓ ȕȎȝȖȟȎțȎ ȟȚȨȞȠȠȎ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȚȎțȒȞȖȠ ǸȜȟȠȎ-
ȒȖț ǰȖȠȎțȜȐ – ȓȒȖț ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȐȎȔțȖȠȓ ȥșȓțȜȐȓ țȎ ȠȜȑȎȐȎȦțȜȠȜ
ȠȞȓȐțȓțȟȘȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ: „1891 14 ȚȎȗ ȝȜȥȖțȎ ȎȞȣȖȚ. ǸȜȟȠȎȒȖț
ǰȖȠȎțȜȐ“12.
ǽȞȓȕ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ țȎ ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ Ȑ ȀȞȭȐțȎ ȟȓ ȝȜșȡȥȎȐȎȠ
50 ȐȖȒȎ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ – ȝȜ ȝȨȠȭ țȎ ȟȝȜȚȜȧȓȟȠȐȜȐȎȠȓșȖ ȖșȖ ȒȎȞȓ-
țȖȓ ȜȠ ȎȐȠȜȞȎ ȖșȖ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȭ. ǸțȖȑȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȖȒȐȎȠ Ȑ ȀȞȭȐțȎ
ȝȜ șȖțȖȭ țȎ ȟȝȜȚȜȧȓȟȠȐȜȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ, ȟȎ 36 ȕȎȑșȎȐȖȭ Ȗ țȎȏȞȜȭ-
ȐȎȠ 622 ȏȞȜȭ, Ȏ ȘȎȠȜ ȒȎȞȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȭ ȖșȖ ȎȐȠȜȞȎ țȎ ȘțȖ-
ȑȎȠȎ – 14 ȕȎȑșȎȐȖȭ, țȎȏȞȜȭȐȎȧȖ 176 ȏȞ. ȜȠȒȓșțȖ ȠȜȚȎ. ȄȭșȜ-
ȠȜ ȏȜȑȎȠȟȠȐȜ ȜȠ ȘțȖȑȖ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ țȎ ǰȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ Ȑ
ȀȞȭȐțȎ ȐȨȕșȖȕȎ țȎ 798 ȏȞȜȭ. ȀȎȕȖ ȤȖȢȞȎ ȕȎ ȟȓșȖȧȓ ȟ țȎȟȓ-
șȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ ȜȘȜșȜ 2670 ȒȡȦȖ13 ȑȜȐȜȞȖ ȕȎ ȓȒțȎ
ȒȜȟȠȎ ȒȜȏȞȎ ȑȞȎȚȜȠțȜȟȠ. ǽȞȓȜȏșȎȒȎȐȎ ȏȜȑȜȟșȜȐȟȘȎȠȎ Ȗ ȏȜȑȜȟ-
șȡȔȓȏțȎ ȘțȖȔțȖțȎ. Ȁȭ ȓ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜ ȡȟșȜȐȖȓ ȕȎ ȖȕȐȨȞȦȐȎțȓ
țȎ ȤȨȞȘȜȐțȖȠȓ ȏȜȑȜȟșȡȔȓțȖȭ Ȑ ȣȞȎȚȜȐȓȠȓ. ǻȭȘȜȖ ȎȐȠȜȞȖ ȟȎ
țȎ ȚțȓțȖȓ, ȥȓ țȎȞȎȟȠȐȎȧȖȭȠ ȏȞȜȗ țȎ ȟȐȓȧȓțȖȤȖ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȎ ȓ
ȜȏȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ȝȜȞȜȒȓțȜ ȜȠ ȒȓȞȐȓțȠȒȔȖȗȟȘȖȭ ȟȠȎȠȡȠ14 țȎ ȟȓ-
șȖȧȓȠȜ. ǶȚȓțțȜ ȠȜȗ ȝȜȞȎȔȒȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȜȏȞȖ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭ
ȕȎ ȔȖȐȓȓțȓ Ȗ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȠȎ ȕȎ ȟȠȞȜȓȔ Ȗ ȝȜȒȒȞȨȔȘȎ țȎ ȣȞȎ-
ȚȜȐȓ. ǰȓȞȜȭȠțȜ Ȗ ȟ ȠȎȕȖ Ȥȓș ȏȜȑȜȟșȡȔȓȏțȎȠȎ ȘțȖȔțȖțȎ ȓ
ȝȞȓȜȏșȎȒȎȐȎȧȎ (Georgieva, 2018, 652 – 660).
416
ǼȠ ȘțȖȑȖȠȓ, ȕȎ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȕȎȝșȎȧȎȠ țȎȗ-ȑȜșȭȚ ȓ ȝȞȜȤȓțȠȨȠ
țȎ ȟȐȓȠȟȘȎȠȎ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎ, ȟșȓȒȐȎțȎ ȜȠ ȏȜȑȜȟșȡȔȓȏțȎȠȎ, Ȏ țȎȗ-
ȚȎșȨȘ ȓ ȒȓșȨȠ țȎ ȡȥȓȏțȖȤȖȠȓ. ǽȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ țȎ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎ-
ȠȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȓ ȝȜȒȎȞȓțȎ ȜȠ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȖ Ȗ ȎȐȠȜȞȖ, ȟȐȓȠȟȘȎȠȎ ȘțȖȔ-
țȖțȎ Ȗ ȡȥȓȏțȖȤȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȟ ȞȎȐȓț Ȓȭș, Ȏ ȝȜ-ȚȎșȘȜ ȟȎ ȠȜȚȜȐȓȠȓ
ȏȜȑȜȟșȡȔȓȏțȎ ȘțȖȔțȖțȎ. ǼȠ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȏȖșȖ
ȝȜșȡȥȎȐȎțȖ Ȑ ȀȞȭȐțȎ, ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȞȓȝȓȞȠȜȎȞȎ țȎ Ǻ. ǿȠȜȭțȜȐ, țȎ-
șȖȥțȖ Ȑ țȎȦȎȠȎ ȘȜșȓȘȤȖȭ ȟȎ 6 ȓȘȕȓȚȝșȭȞȎ: „ǺȓȟȓȤȜȟșȜȐ ȖșȖ
ǸȎșȓțȒȎȞ ȐȓȥțȖȗ“ (1840); „ǲȐȓ ȟȜȐȓȠȜȐȎȠȓșțȖ ȟșȜȐȎ ǽșȡȠȎȞ-
ȣȎ“ (1845); „ǽȖȟȚȓțȖȤȎ țȎ ȟșȎȐȭțȟȘȖ ȓȕȖȘ“ țȎ ǶȐ. ǺȜȚȥȖșȜȐ
(1847); „ǳȕȜȝȜȐȖ ȏȎȟțȖ, ȝȞȓȐȜȒ țȎ ǽ. ǿșȎȐȓȗȘȜȐ“ (1852);
„ǸȞȖȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȖȕȒȖȞȭțȖȭ ȕȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ“ ȜȠ ȌȞȖȗ
ǰȓțȓșȖț (1853); „ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖ ȘțȖȔȖȤȖ ȖșȖ țȎ ȘȜȓ ȟșȜȐȓțȟȘȜ
ȝșȓȚȓ ȟȜȏȟȠȐȓțȜ ȝȞȖțȎȒșȓȔȖ ȘȖȞȖșȜȐȟȘȎ ȎȕȏȡȘȎ, ȟȜȥȖțȓțȖ
ȜȠ ǰȎȟȖșȖȗ ǮȝȞȖșȜȐ“ (1841). ǿȖȑȡȞȓț ȏȓșȓȑ ȕȎ țȎȏȖȞȎțȓ țȎ
ȟȝȜȚȜȧȓȟȠȐȜȐȎȠȓșȖ ȓ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȎ – ȠȎȘȎ țȎȝȞȖ-
ȚȓȞ „ȠȞȓȐțȓțȤȖȠȓ“ – ǽȓȠȘȜ ǿșȎȐȓȗȘȜȐ, ǸȨțȥȜ ǸȓȟȎȞȜȐ ȡȟȝȭ-
ȐȎȠ ȒȎ ȟȖ ȟȝȓȥȓșȭȠ ȑȜșȭȚ ȏȞȜȗ ȒȎȞȖȠȓșȖ. ǯȞȜȭȠ țȎ ȟȝȜȚȜ-
ȧȓȟȠȐȜȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ ȟȓ ȡȐȓșȖȥȎȐȎ ȟ ȑȜȒȖțȖȠȓ, ȘȎȠȜ țȎȗ-ȚțȜȑȜ ȟȎ
ȝȞȓȕ 70–Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ XIX ȐȓȘ. ǿȝȜȚȜȧȓȟȠȐȜȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ ȖȚȎȠ
ȞȎȕșȖȥȓț ȟȜȤȖȎșȓț ȟȠȎȠȡȟ – ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ țȎ ȐșȎȟȠȠȎ, ȡȥȖ-
ȠȓșȖ Ȗ ȡȥȓțȖȤȖ, ȠȨȞȑȜȐȤȖ, ȕȎțȎȭȠȥȖȖ, ȘȎȠȜ ȥȓȟȠȜ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ
ȟȎ ȕȎȝȖȟȎțȖ ȟȨȟ ȕȎțȎȭȠȎ ȟȖ – ȠȓȞȕȖ (ȦȖȐȎȥ), „ȔȖȐȜȝȖȟ“ (Ȑȓ-
ȞȜȭȠțȜ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȒȡȚȎ ȕȎ ȖȘȜțȜȝȖȟȓȤ), „ȘȎȕȎȟ“ (ȣȡȒȜȔȓȟȠȐȓț ȕȎ-
țȎȭȠ, ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȡȐȎț Ȑ ǼȒȞȖț Ȗ ȀȞȭȐțȎ. ǸȎȕȎȟȖȠȓ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎȠ
ȘȜȝȞȖțȓțȎ, șȓțȓțȎ Ȗ ȢȖțȎ ȐȨșțȓțȎ țȖȦȘȎ, ȕȎ țȎȝȞȎȐȎȠȎ țȎ
417
ȘȜțȟȘȎ ȎȚȡțȖȤȖȭ, ȘȜșȎțȖ, ȝȖȟȘȬșȖ Ȗ ȝȜȒȐȞȨȕȘȖ ȕȎ ȘȜțȓ,
ȝȖȟȘȬșȖ ȕȎ ȢȓȟȜȐȓ, ȘȜȝȞȖțȓțȖ ȘȜȞȒȜțȖ, ȓȘȟȓșȏȎțȠȖ Ȗ ȒȞ.),
„ȑȞȨțȥȎȞ“ ( Goranova 2009, 29, 34 – 37; Slaveykov 1852, 165 –
167).
ǻȎȗ-ȚțȜȑȜ ȟȎ ȘțȖȑȖȠȓ ȖȕȒȎȒȓțȖ Ȑ ǺȜȟȘȐȎ (17), ȟșȓȒȐȎțȖ
ȜȠ ȝȓȥȎȠȎțȖȠȓ Ȑ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ (16), ǯȡȘȡȞȓȧ (13), ǿȎțȘȠ ǽȓȠȓȞ-
ȏȡȞȑ (9), ǰȖȓțȎ (7) Ȗ ǯȓșȑȞȎȒ (4). ǰ ȘȜșȓȘȤȖȭȠȎ ȖȚȎ ȘțȖȑȖ ȜȠ
ȝȓȥȎȠțȖȤȖȠȓ Ȑ ǵȓȚȡț, ǹȜțȒȜț, ȀȡșȥȎ, ǵȎȑȞȓȏ, ǱȬȞȑȓȐȜ Ȗ ȒȞ.
ȅȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭȠȎ ȟȎ ȓȘȟȝȜțȖȞȎțȖ Ȑ ȕȎșȖȠȓ țȎ Țȡȕȓȭ, Ȏ ȒȞȡ-
ȑȖ ȟȓ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎȠ ȐȨȐ ȢȜțȒȜȣȞȎțȖșȖȧȎ.
ǸȜșȓȘȤȖȭȠȎ ȜȠ ȟȠȎȞȜȝȓȥȎȠțȖ ȘțȖȑȖ țȎ ȀȞȭȐțȎ ȓ ȠȖȝȖȥȓț
ȝȞȖȚȓȞ ȕȎ ȒȡȣȜȐțȜ-ȝȞȜȟȐȓȠțȖȠȓ țȡȔȒȖ țȎ ȚȎșȘȜȠȜ ȠȞȓȐțȓțȟ-
ȘȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟȨȟ ȟȠȞȓȚȓȔȎ ȘȨȚ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȜȟȠ, ȘȜȭȠȜ
ȟȠȎȐȎ ȜȟțȜȐțȜ ȖȕȖȟȘȐȎțȓ Ȗ ȘȨȚ ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȖȭ ȝȞȜȟȝȓȞȖȠȓȠ
țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȖțȎ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ. ǿȏȖȞȘȎȠȎ ȓ ȝȜȘȎȕȎȠȓșțȎ Ȗ ȕȎ
țȞȎȐȟȠȐȓțȖȭ ȜȏșȖȘ țȎ ȣȜȞȎȠȎ, ȠȨȞȟȓȧȖ ȜȏȧȡȐȎțȓ ȟ ȘțȖȑȖȠȓ,
Ȗ ȠȓȣțȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȖ Ȗ ȔȎțȞȜȐȖ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟȖ.
ǯǹǮǱǼǲǮǾǻǼǿȀǶ: ǶȕȘȎȕȐȎȚ ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȏșȎȑȜȒȎȞțȜȟȠ

ȘȨȚ ȎȞȣȖȓȞȓȗȟȘȖȭ țȎȚȓȟȠțȖȘ țȎ ȠȞȓȐțȓțȟȘȎ ȒȡȣȜȐțȎ ȜȘȜșȖȭ
Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȟȓȒȎȠȓș țȎ ȣȞȎȚ „ǿȐ. ǮȞȣ. ǺȖȣȎȖș“ Ȑ ȀȞȭȐțȎ – ȜȠȓȤ
ǻȖȘȜșȎȗ ǻȖȘȜșȎȓȐ, ȕȎ ȜȘȎȕȎțȜȠȜ ȟȨȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȓ ȝȞȖ ȜȝȖȟȎțȖȓȠȜ
țȎ ȟȠȎȞȜȝȓȥȎȠțȖȠȓ ȏȜȑȜȟșȡȔȓȏțȖ ȘțȖȑȖ. ǯșȎȑȜȒȎȞȭ Ȗ țȎ ǺȎ-
ȞȖȎțȎ ǱȓȜȞȑȖȓȐȎ ȜȠ ǻȅ „ǽȓțȥȜ ǿșȎȐȓȗȘȜȐ 1871“ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȒȜȟ-
ȠȎȐȭțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȠȎȞȜȝȓȥȎȠțȎȠȎ ȘȜșȓȘȤȖȭ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ țȓȗțȜȠȜ
ȐȘșȬȥȐȎțȓ ȘȨȚ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȖȭ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎș.
1. ǻǯǸǺ–ǯǶǮ, Ȣ. 129, Ȏ. ȓ.3, ș. 49 – 50. ǸȟȓȞȜȘȜȝȖȓ țȎ ȁȥȖșȖȧ-
țȎȠȎ ȘȜțȒȖȘȎ ȓ ȕȎȐȓȒȓțȜ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȎȠȎ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧțȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ
„ǽȓțȥȜ.ǽ. ǿșȎȐȓȗȘȜȐ 1871“ ȝȜȒ Ɋ 76651/75.
2. ǺȎȞȖȭ ǽȜșȖȚȖȞȜȐȎ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎ ȠȜȕȖ ȠȖȝ ȏȜȑȜȟșȡȔȓȏțȎ ȘțȖȔțȖ-
țȎ Ȑ ȟȠȎȠȖȭȠȎ ȟȖ ȕȎ ȟȠȎȞȜȝȓȥȎȠțȎȠȎ ȘȜșȓȤȖȭ ȜȠ ǿȎȚȜȘȜȐȟȘȖȭ Țȡ-
ȕȓȗ. ǰȔ: ȤȖȠȖȞȎțȎȠȎ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎ.
3. ȀȞȖȜȒ ȄȐȓȠȓț ȜȠ 1855 ȑ., ǺȜȟȘȐȎ.
4. ǱșȓȒȎșȜ ȞȎȒȖ ȟșȎȐȭțȜȏȜșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ țȖțȓ țȜȐȜțȎȝȓȥȎȠȎțȎ ȝȟȎșȠȖȘȎ,
ǯȡȘȡȞȓȧ, 1848 ȑ. ǻȎ 29 ȎȝȞȖș 1876 ȑ. ȥȓȠȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȜȝ ȃȎȞȖȠȜț Ȗ ǯȎȥȜ
ǸȖȞȜ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȒȜȟȠȖȑȎ ȒȜ ǲȞȭțȜȐȟȘȖ ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞ ȓ ȞȎȕȏȖȠȎ ȜȠ ȐȜȗȟȘȖȠȓ țȎ
ȂȎȕșȨ ȝȎȦȎ, Ȏ ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȐȨȟȠȎțȖȤȖȠȓ țȎȚȖȞȎȠ ȟȚȨȞȠȠȎ ȟȖ.
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5. ǰȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȟȓ ȜȠțȎȟȭ ȒȜ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǾȡȚȨțȖȭ Ȑ ǾȡȟȘȜ-ȠȡȞȟȘȎȠȎ
ȐȜȗțȎ Ȗ ȏȜȓȐȓȠȓ ȝȞȖ ǽșȓȐȓț. ǽȞȖȝȖȟȘȎȠȎ ȓ Ȑ ȏȜȑȜȟșȡȔȓȏțȎ ȘțȖȑȎ
ȏȓȕ țȎȥȎșțȎ ȟȠȞȎțȖȤȎ.
6. ǰȔ. Hristova 2002, 55 – 62.
7. ǵȎ ȝȞȨȐ ȝȨȠ ǰȓȞȎ ȃȞȖȟȠȜȐȎ ȝȞȖȐȓȔȒȎ Ȑ țȎȡȥțȜ ȜȏȞȎȧȓțȖȓ ȘȜ-
șȓȘȤȖȭȠȎ Țȡ ȜȠ ȘțȖȑȖ. ȀȜȐȎ ȟȎ ȜȏȧȜ 13 ȘțȖȑȖ, ȘȨȚ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȥȖȟșȖ
Ȗ ȠȓȥȓțȖȓȠȜ ǺȖțȓȖ ȜȠ 1869 ȑ. ǮȞȣȖȚȎțȒȞȖȠ ǸȓȟȎȞȖȗ (ǸȨțȥȜ ǸȨț-
ȥȓȐ ǲȎȟȘȎșȜȐ) ȞȜȒȓț Ȑ ȀȞȭȐțȎ ȝȞȓȕ 1833 ȑ. Ȑ ȠȞȓȐțȓțȟȘȖ ȕȜȑȞȎȢȟ-
ȘȖ ȞȜȒ. ǿȐȓȧȓțȖȘ ȜȠ 1860 ȑ. ǼȠ 1862 ȑ. ȓ ȖȕȝȞȎȠȓț ȘȎȠȜ ȠȎȘȟȖȒȖȜȠ
Ȑ ǸȜȝȞȖȐȧȖȤȎ Ȗ e ȝȞȓȒȟȓȒȎȠȓș țȎ ȠȎȚȜȦțȖȭ ȞȓȐȜșȬȤȖȜțȓț ȘȜȚȖ-
ȠȓȠ. ǽȞȓȕ 1874 ȑ. ȓ ȞȨȘȜȝȜșȜȔȓț ȕȎ ȎȞȣȖȚȎțȒȞȖȠ, Ȏ ȝȞȓȕ 1875 ȑ. ȓ
țȎȟȠȜȭȠȓș țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȤȨȞȘȐȎ „ǿȐ. ǿȠȓȢȎț“ Ȑ ȄȎȞȖȑȞȎȒ. ǽȞȓȕ
1878 ȑ. ȓ ȡȝȞȎȐȖȠȓș țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧȖțȎ Ȑ ǼȒȞȖț, Ȏ ȜȠ 1879 ȑ. ȓ
țȎȚȓȟȠțȖȘ țȎ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ ǿȖțȓȟȖȗ Ȑ ǹȜȕȓțȑȞȎȒ. ǽȞȓȕ 1894 ȑ. ȓ
ȖȑȡȚȓț țȎ ǾȖșȟȘȖȭ ȚȎțȎȟȠȖȞ. ȁȚȖȞȎ Ȑ ȀȞȭȐțȎ ȝȞȓȕ 1910 ȑ. ǿșȓȒ
ǼȟȐȜȏȜȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ ȓ țȎȑȞȎȒȓț ȟ ǼȞȒȓț ȕȎ ȣȞȎȏȞȜȟȠ IV ȟȠ.
8. ǮȞȣȖȚȎțȒȞȖȠ ǸȜțȟȠȎțȠȖț ǰȖȠȎțȜȐ (1821 – 1891), ȖȕȐȓȟȠȓț Ȝȧȓ
ȘȎȠȜ ȝȜȝ ǸȜȬ ǰȖȠȎțȜȐ, ȓ ȠȞȓȐțȓțȟȘȖ ȞȓȕȏȎȞ, ȡȥȖȠȓș, ȟȐȓȧȓțȖȘ,
ȝȞȜȠȜȟȖțȑȓș țȎ ȠȨȞțȜȐȟȘȖȭ ȚȖȠȞȜȝȜșȖȠ ǶșȎȞȖȜț. ǿȨȞȎȠțȖȘ ȓ țȎ
ǰ. ǹȓȐȟȘȖ, ȓȒȖț ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȒȜȐȓȞȓțȖȠȓ ȣȜȞȎ Ȗ ȝȞȖȭȠȓș țȎ ǽȓȠȘȜ ǿșȎ-
ȐȓȗȘȜȐ. ȀȜȗ ȓ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȐȎȔțȎ șȖȥțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȭ Ȗ Șȡș-
ȠȡȞȓț ȔȖȐȜȠ țȎ ȀȞȭȐțȎ ȝȞȓȕ XIX ȐȓȘ.
9. ǰ ȑȜȒȖțȖȠȓ țȎ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎțȓȠȜ ȟȖ ȠȞȓȐțȓțȟȘȜȠȜ ȥȖȠȎșȖȧȓ ȚțȜ-
ȑȜȘȞȎȠțȜ ȟȚȓțȭ ȖȚȓȠȜ ȟȖ. ǽȞȓȕ 1888 ȑ. ȠȜ ȟȓ țȎȞȖȥȎ ǼȏȧȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜ-
ȠȓȘȎ „ǽȜȕțȎȗ ȟȓȏȓ ȟȖ“.
10. ǸȎȕȎȟȜȐ, Ǿ. ǿȨȘȞȎȠȓțȎ ȟȐȓȧȓțțȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ ȖȕȐȓȒȓțȎ ȜȠ ȐȓȣȠȖȭ Ȗ
țȜȐȖȭ ȕȎȐȓȠ, ȕȎ ȚșȎȒȜȞȎȟșȖȠȓ ȬțȜȦȖ ȟ ȝȞȖȏȎȐȓț ȘȞȎȠȨȘ ȘȎȠȓȣȖ-
ȕȖȟ ȜȠ ȝȜȝ ǻȖȘȜșȎ Ǹ. ǱȞȨțȥȎȞȜȐ. ǶȕȒȎțȖȓ ȠȞȓȠȜ ȟȎȚ ȖȕȒȎȠȓș ǾȎș-
șȖȓ ǽ. ǸȎȕșȎȟȖȒȓȟ. ǶȕȒȎȒȓțȎ Ȑ ǯȡȘȡȞȓȧ, 1858 ȑ. ǿǺǾǵǶ – ȀȞȭȐ-
țȎ, ǼȖȟȠ Ɋ 39.
11. ǽȟȎșȠȖȞ. 1823. ǺȜȟȘȐȎ. ǼȠ ȏȖȏȖșȜȠȓȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȜȝ ǷȜȐȥȜ. ǽȞȖțȎȒ-
șȓȔȎșȎ ȓ țȎ ȏȎȧȎ Țȡ – ȝȜȝ ǻȖȘȜșȎ. ǿǺǾǵǶ – ȀȞȭȐțȎ. ǼȖȟȠ Ɋ 1503.
12. ȁȠȞȖțțȖ Ȗ ȐȓȥȓȞțȖ ȏȜȑȜȟșȡȔȓțȖȭ țȎ ȐȓȥȓȞțȖȭ ȝȓȠȨȘ. ǿǺǾǵǶ
– ȀȞȭȐțȎ. ǼȖȟȠ Ɋ 913.
13. ǸțȖȑȎ ȕȎ ȕȎȝȖȟȐȎțȓȠȜ ȝȜ ȟȓȚȓȗȟȠȐȎ țȎ ȐȟȖȥȘȖȠȓ ȔȖȠȓșȖ țȎ
ȀȞȓȐțȓțȟȘȎȠȎ ȑȞȎȒȟȘȎ ȜȏȧȖțȎ ȕȎ 1888 ȑ. ǿǺǾǵǶ – ȀȞȭȐțȎ. ǼȖȟȠ
Ɋ 449.
14. Ǽȧȓ ȟ ȐȨȕțȖȘȐȎțȓȠȜ ȟȖ ȝȞȓȕ 1565 ȑ. ȀȞȭȐțȎ ȟȓ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎ ȘȎȠȜ
ȒȓȞȐȓțȠȒȔȖȗȟȘȜ ȟȓșȖȧȓ. ǻȎȟȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ ȖȚȎ ȕȎȒȎȥȎ ȒȎ ȝȎȕȖ ȝȞȜȣȜ-
ȒȖȠȓ ( ȒȓȞȐȓțȠ – ȜȠ ȠȡȞ. ȝȞȜȣȜȒ), Ȑ ȕȎȚȭțȎ țȎ ȒȎțȨȥțȖ ȜȏșȓȘȥȓțȖȭ.
419
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ǶȕȐȓȟȠȖȭ țȎ ǿȝȓȤȖȎșȖȕȖȞȎț Țȡȕȓȗ ȕȎ ȞȓȕȏȎȞȟȘȜ Ȗ ȕȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȜ Ȗȕ-
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ȥȓȟȘȖ Țȡȕȓȗ – ǿȎȚȜȘȜȐ (ǽȞȓȒȐȎȞȖȠȓșțȖ ȏȓșȓȔȘȖ)“. ǱȜȒȖȦțȖȘ țȎ
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ǿșȎȐȭțȜ-ȐȖȕȎțȠȖȗȟȘȖ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȖȭ „ǶȐȎț ǲȡȗȥȓȐ“. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ȁțȖ-
ȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȜ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ǿȐ. ǸșȖȚȓțȠ ǼȣȞȖȒȟȘȖ.
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ȠȖȥȓț ȞȓȝȓȞȠȜȎȞ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȘțȖȑȖ Ȗ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥțȖ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ
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1508–1878 ȑ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȜ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ǿȐ. ǸșȖȚȓțȠ
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THE COLLECTION OF “OLD PRINTED BOOKS”
FROM TRYǮVNA
Abstract: The collection of old printed books preserved in the
town of Tryavna comprise a total of 256 volumes, stored in the funds
of the Museum of Wood Carving and Icon Painting in Tryavna,
Community Center “Pencho Slaveykov 1871”, and the churches
“Arch. Michael” and “St. George the Victorious”. They were mainly
obtained through donations from local families or purchased for the
two churches. Some of the books were part of the private libraries of
Tryavna’s chronicler Pop Yovcho, the famous Tryavna family
Daskalovi, archimandrite Kesarius and archimandrite Konstantin
Vitanov. The collection includes textbooks, secular and religious
literature, printed between 1759 and 1878. Among the most valuable
books are the so-called “Constantinople Bible of 1871”; the textbooks
on physics and chemistry, the so-called “Fish Primer”, “Geographical
Atlas” from 1833, as well as books by Petko Slaveykov, Kancho
Kesarev, Yuri Venelin, Vasil Aprilov, etc.
The religious literature is prevailing, followed by secular books
and textbooks. The books are in Bulgarian, Russian and Greek and
most of them were published in Russia, as well as in Constantinople,
Bucharest and Belgrade.
In terms of topic and language the collection of old printed books
in Tryavna reflects the spiritual and educational needs of the
Bulgarian population during the 19th century.
Keywords: old printed books, museum, church, community
center (chitalishte).
Irina Dimitrova, PhD
City Museums – Tryavna
7, Kapitan Dyado Nikola Sq. 5350 Tryavna
Phone number: 0897 933020
E-mail address: irina_3@abv.bg
422
ǼǯǾǮǵǼǰǮǻǶǳȀǼ ǽǼ ǮǾȃǶǰǶǿȀǶǸǮ
Ƕ ǲǼǸȁǺǳǻȀǮǹǶǿȀǶǸǮ ǰ ȁǻǶǯǶȀ:
ǮǿǽǳǸȀǶ ǻǮ ǿȀȁǲǳǻȀǿǸǼȀǼ ǺǻǳǻǶǳ
ǽȞȜȢ. Ȓ.ț. ȀȎțȭ ȀȜȒȜȞȜȐȎ, ȒȜȤ. Ȓ-Ȟ ȃȞȖȟȠȖȭț ǮȠȎțȎȟȜȐ,

ȑș. Ȏȟ. Ȓ-Ȟ ǿȨȏȖțȎ ǳȢȠȖȚȜȐȎ,
ȒȜȤ. Ȓ-Ȟ ǺȎȑȒȎșȓțȎ ǱȎȞȐȎțȜȐȎ, ǮțȎ ǺȖșȖȥ

ǵȎȑȞȓȏȟȘȖ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠ
ǾȓȕȬȚȓ: ǲȜȘșȎȒȨȠ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠȖ ȜȠ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȓ țȎ Ƞȓ-

ȚȎ „ǼȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ ȝȜ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȑ ȟȨȐȞȓ-
ȚȓțțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ“, ȝȞȜȐȓȒȓțȜ ȟȞȓȒ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȑ
ǼǸǿ „ǯȎȘȎșȎȐȨȞ“ țȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ „ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎ-
șȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ ȘȨȚ ȂȎȘȡșȠȓȠȎ ȝȜ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȜȕțȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȜ țȎȟșȓȒ-
ȟȠȐȜ ȝȞȖ ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȎ ȝȜ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȜȕțȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖ
ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ (ȁțȖǯǶȀ). ǰ ȎțȘȓȠțȜȠȜ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȓ ȓȢȓȘȠȖȐțȜ ȟȓ
ȐȘșȬȥȐȎȠ 84 ȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȠȖ. ȀȜȐȎ ȓ 91,3 % ȜȠ ȜȏȧȖȭ ȏȞȜȗ ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȧȖ
ȟȓ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȝȞȖȒȎȐȎ țȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓȠȜ ȐȖȟȜȘȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșțȜȟȠ. ǰ
ȒȜȘșȎȒȎ ȟȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖ ȖȕȐȜȒȖ ȜȠțȜȟțȜ țȎȑșȎȟȎȠȎ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ
ȘȨȚ ȝȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖȠȓ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖ Ȗ ȘȜȚȡțȖ-
ȘȎȤȖȜțțȖ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ (ǶǸȀ) Ȑ ȡȥȓȏțȖȭ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ Ȑ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȖ ȟȝȓ-
ȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȖ ȜȠ ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎȠȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎȠȎ;
ȠȭȣțȎȠȎ ȜȟȐȓȒȜȚȓțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȝȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǶǸȀ Ȗ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ-
ȠȎ Ȑ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ; ȚțȓțȖȓȠȜ ȖȚ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȒșȎ-
ȑȎțȖȠȓ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ Ȑ ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȎ ȕȎ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ Ȑ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȖ, ȡȥȓȏțȖ
ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ Ȗ ȟȠȎȔȜȐȓ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȕȎ ȏȨȒȓȧȎȠȎ ȖȚ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎ ȜȞȖ-
ȓțȠȎȤȖȭ.
ǸșȬȥȜȐȖ ȒȡȚȖ: ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ, ǶǸȀ,
ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ, ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎ ȞȓȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ, ȎțȘȓȠțȜ
ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȓ, ȁțȖǯǶȀ.
ǰȨȐȓȒȓțȖȓ
ǽȞȓȕ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ ȒȓȟȓȠȖșȓȠȖȭ ȥȜȐȓȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȝȞȓȚȖțȎȐȎ
ȝȞȓȕ ȕțȎȥȖȚȖ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȥțȖ, ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȖ, ȟȜȤȖȎșțȖ Ȗ ȒȞȡ-
423
ȑȖ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ. ǿȐȖȒȓȠȓșȖ ȟȚȓ țȎ ȏȨȞȕȜȠȜ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞ-
ȚȎȤȖȜțțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȜțțȖ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ, Ȑ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠ țȎ
ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎȠ țȜȐȖ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ ȕȎ ȠȞȎțȟȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ țȎ
ȕțȎȥȖȚȖ ȎȟȝȓȘȠȖ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ ȘȎȠȜ ȡȥȓȏȓț ȝȞȜȤȓȟ, Țȓ-
ȠȜȒȖȘȎ țȎ ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎțȓ, ȠȞȎțȟȢȓȞ țȎ ȕțȎțȖȭ. ǻȎȟȠȨȝȐȎȠ ȟȨ-
ȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ Ȑ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȨ-
ȜȏȞȎȕȭȐȎȠ ȟ țȜȐȖ ȞȓȎșțȜȟȠȖ Ȗ ȒȎ ȞȓȦȎȐȎȠ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖ ȝȞȜȏ-
șȓȚȖ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȎȠȓșȟȠȐȎ (Stoyanova, Peteva & Denchev
2016).
ǶțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȐȞȨȧȎ Ȑ ȜȟțȜȐȓț ȞȓȟȡȞȟ ȕȎ ȚțȜȑȜ-
ȎȟȝȓȘȠțȜ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ Ȗ ȒȜȟȠȨȝȨȠ Ȗ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȟ țȓȭ ȖȕȖȟȘȐȎȠ
ȠȞȎțȟȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ Ȑ ȞȎȏȜȠțȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖ Ȗ ȤȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡ-
ȤȖȖȠȓ țȎ ȕțȎțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ ȝȎȚȓȠȠȎ (ȎȞȣȖȐȖ, ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȖ, ȚȡȕȓȖ Ȗ
Ƞ.ț.). ȀȜȐȎ ȐȎȔȖ Ȑ ȝȨșțȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț Ȗ ȕȎ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȖȠȓ. ǶȕȝȜș-
ȕȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ǶǸȀ Ȑȓȥȓ ȓ țȓȞȎȕȒȓșțȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖȭ ȎȘȎ-
ȒȓȚȖȥȓț ȡȥȓȏȓț ȝȞȜȤȓȟ. ǸȎȠȜ ȝȜȠȞȓȏȖȠȓșȖ țȎ ȠȓȕȖ ȠȓȣțȜșȜ-
ȑȖȖ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȕ XXI ȐȓȘ ȝȞȓȒȝȜȥȖȠȎȠ ȒȎ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȐȎȠ
ȕțȎțȖȭ Ȗ ȒȎ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎȠ țȎȡȥțȖ ȝȞȜȒȡȘȠȖ Ȗ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ Ȑ ȒȖ-
ȑȖȠȎșțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ. ȁȐȓșȖȥȎȐȎ ȟȓ ȏȞȜȭȠ țȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭȠȎ Ȑ ȟȐȓ-
ȠȜȐȓț ȚȎȧȎȏ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȜȠȘȞȜȭȐȎȠ ȔȓșȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȑȟȓ
ȝȜ-ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȡȥȓȏțȜȠȜ ȐȕȎȖȚȜȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȓ ȒȎ ȓ ȝȜȒȝȜȚȜȑțȎ-
ȠȜ ȖșȖ țȎȝȨșțȜ ȜȏȓȕȝȓȥȓțȜ ȝȜȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȜȚ ǶǸȀ.
ǰ ǽȎȞȖȔȘȜȠȜ ȘȜȚȬțȖȘȓ ȜȠ 25 ȚȎȗ 2018 ȑ. ȚȖțȖȟȠȞȖȠȓ,
ȜȠȑȜȐȎȞȭȧȖ ȕȎ ǳȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȟȠȐȜ ȕȎ ȐȖȟȦȓ ȜȏȞȎȕȜ-
ȐȎțȖȓ (ǳǽǰǼ), ȝȞȖȓȚȎȠ, ȥȓ: „ǲȖȑȖȠȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȖȑȞȎȓ ȞȜșȭ
ȐȨȐ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȜȏșȎȟȠȖ țȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȜȠȜ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ Ȗ țȖȓ ȝȞȖȕțȎ-
ȐȎȚȓ țȓȗțȖȭ ȝȜȠȓțȤȖȎș ȒȎ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ țȎȥȖțȎ, ȝȜ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȓ
ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭ ȐȖȟȦȓȠȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ Ȑ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȟȠȓȝȓțȖ Ȗ
Ȑ ȜȠȒȓșțȖȠȓ ȓȠȎȝȖ ȜȠ ȔȖȐȜȠȎ țȎ ȣȜȞȎȠȎ“. ǮȝȓșȨȠ ȘȨȚ ȐȖȟȦȖ-
Ƞȓ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȠȖȑțȓ ȝȜ-ȒȜȏȞȜ ȝȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ țȎ ȤȖȢ-
ȞȜȐȜȠȜ Ȗ ȟȚȓȟȓțȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ ȝȞȖ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖ-
ȚȜȠȜ ȘȎȥȓȟȠȐȜ ȟ Ȥȓș ȝȜȒȜȏȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȑȨȐ-
ȘȎȐȜ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎțȓ țȎ ȡȥȓțȓ ȝȞȓȕ ȤȓșȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ, țȎȟȨȞȥȎȐȎțȓ
țȎ ȤȖȢȞȜȐȖȠȓ ȡȚȓțȖȭ Ȗ ȘȜȚȝȓȠȓțȤȖȖ, ȝȜȒȜȏȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȎțȎ-
șȖȕȎ țȎ ȒȎțțȖȠȓ, ȟȠȖȚȡșȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȖȕȟșȓȒ-
ȐȎțȖȭ Ȗ ȝȞȓȚȎȣȐȎțȓ țȎ ȞȓȑȡșȎȠȜȞțȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȥȘȖ ȝȞȓȒ ȝȞȓȒȜȟ-
ȠȎȐȭțȓȠȜ țȎ ȜȠȐȜȞȓțȜ Ȗ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșțȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ (Paris
Communiqué 2018).
424
ǰ ǿȠȞȎȠȓȑȖȭȠȎ ȕȎ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ țȎ ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȎ ȝȜ ȏȖȏșȖȜ-
ȠȓȘȜȕțȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ ȝȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ
ǶǸȀ Ȗ țȎ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșțȖ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖ ȞȓȟȡȞȟȖ Ȗ ȚȓȠȜȒȖ Ȑ
ȡȥȓȏțȖȭ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ ȟȨȟ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȖ
țȎȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȭ ȓ ȭȟțȜ ȎȒȞȓȟȖȞȎțȜ. ǽȜȟȠȖȔȓțȖȭȠȎ Ȑ ȠȎȕȖ ȝȜȟȜ-
ȘȎ ȟȎ țȎșȖȤȓ, țȜ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȖȭȠ ȟȨȟȠȎȐ ȓ ȎȘȠȖȐȓț Ȗ Ȑ ȘȜȚȡ-
țȖȘȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȝȜ ȞȓȒȖȤȎȠȎ ȒȖȟȘȡȟȖȜțțȖ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȖ, ȕȎȟȭȑȎȧȖ
ȚȭȟȠȜȠȜ țȎ ǶǸȀ, ȒȖȑȖȠȎșțȜȠȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ Ȗ ȜȠȐȜȞȓțȖȠȓ ȜȏȞȎȕȜ-
ȐȎȠȓșțȖ ȞȓȟȡȞȟȖ ȐȨȐ ȐȖȟȦȓȠȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ. ȀȓȚȎȠȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȘȞȜȖ
ȘȎȠȜ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ ȎȘȠȡȎșțȎ Ȗ ȕțȎȥȖȚȎ ȝȞȓȕ 2020 ȑ. Ȑ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭȠȎ țȎ
ȖȕȐȨțȞȓȒțȖȠȓ ȜȏȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȎ, ȝȜȞȜȒȓțȖ ȜȠ ȝȎțȒȓȚȖȭȠȎ ȜȠ ǸȜ-
ȐȖȒ-19. ǻȎșȜȔȓțȎȠȎ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȎ ȖȕȜșȎȤȖȭ ȝȞȓȕ șȓȠțȖȭ ȟȓȚȓȟ-
ȠȨȞ țȎ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȎȠȎ ȑȜȒȖțȎ 2019/2020 Ȗ ȝȞȓȕ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȎȠȎ
ȑȜȒȖțȎ 2021/2022 ȒȜȐȓȒȓ ȒȜ ȞȓȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓș-
țȖȠȓ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ, ȝȞȖ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșțȜȠȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ ȒȓȚȜțȟ-
ȠȞȖȞȎ ȟȐȜȭ ȝȜȠȓțȤȖȎș ȒȎ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȖ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎ-
ȐȎțȓ Ȗ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ. ǽȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ țȎ țȜȐȖ ȝȜȒȣȜ-
ȒȖ Ȗ ȚȓȠȜȒȖ Ȑ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ ȖȕȝȞȎȐȖ ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎȠȓșȟȘȖȭ
ȟȨȟȠȎȐ, ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ ȜȠ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȖȠȓ
Ȗ ȣȡȚȎțȖȠȎȞțȖ țȎȡȘȖ, ȝȞȓȒ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚȖ ȜȠ ȠȓȣțȖȥȓȟȘȜ, ȟȜȤȖ-
ȎșțȜ-ȝȟȖȣȜșȜȑȖȥȓȟȘȜ Ȗ ȒȖȒȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȓȟȠȓȟȠȐȜ. ǿȖȠȡȎȤȖȭȠȎ
ȝȞȜȐȜȘȖȞȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȟȘȖȭ țȖ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ ȒȎ ȝȞȜȐȓȒȓȚ ȝȞȜȡȥ-
ȐȎțȓ ȟȞȓȒ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȑ ǼǸǿ „ǯȎȘȎșȎȐȨȞ“ țȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ
„ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ ȘȨȚ ȂȎȘȡșȠȓȠȎ ȝȜ ȏȖȏ-
șȖȜȠȓȘȜȕțȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȜ țȎȟșȓȒȟȠȐȜ ȝȞȖ ȁțȖǯǶȀ țȎ ȠȓȚȎ
„ǼȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ ȝȜ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȑ ȟȨȐ-
ȞȓȚȓțțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ“.
ȄȓșȖ Ȗ ȚȓȠȜȒȜșȜȑȖȭ țȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓȠȜ

ǿȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ „ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ Ȑ
ȁțȖǯǶȀ ȟȠȎȞȠȖȞȎ ȝȞȓȕ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȎȠȎ 2012/2013 ȑ. ǼȏȡȥȓțȖ-
ȓȠȜ ȓ ȥȓȠȖȞȖ ȑȜȒȖțȖ (ȜȟȓȚ ȟȓȚȓȟȠȨȞȎ) Ȗ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖ-
ȐȎȠ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȜ-ȘȐȎșȖȢȖȘȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț „ȏȎȘȎșȎȐȨȞ“. ǰ
ȣȜȒȎ țȎ ȡȥȓȏțȖȭ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ Ƞȓ ȖȕȡȥȎȐȎȠ ȘȎȘȠȜ ȜȏȧȜȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓș-
țȜ ȜȞȖȓțȠȖȞȎțȖ ȒȖȟȤȖȝșȖțȖ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȖ ȡȥȓȏ-
țȖ ȒȖȟȤȖȝșȖțȖ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȥțȎȠȎ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȭ, ȘȜȖȠȜ
ȑȖ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȐȭȠ ȝȞȜȢȖșȖȞȎțȜ ȕȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ ȘȎȘȠȜ ȟ ȘșȎȟȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȠȖ-
ȝȜȐȓ ȣȎȞȠȖȓțȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ ȟ ȚȜȒȓȞțȎȠȎ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȎ
425
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎȤȖȭ Ȗ Ȑ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ. ȄȓșȠȎ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ ȓ
ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȐȓțȖ ȓȘȟȝȓȞȠțȖ ȘȎȒȞȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎ țȎȚȓȞȭȠ Ȟȓ-
ȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ Ȑ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ ȜȠ ȒȨȞȔȎȐțȖȭ Ȗ
ȥȎȟȠțȖȭ ȟȓȘȠȜȞ.
ǮȘȠȡȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȡȥȓȏțȖȠȓ ȝșȎțȜȐȓ țȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ
„ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ ȓ ȝȞȓȒȚȓȠ țȎ ȓȔȓȑȜȒȓț
ȎțȎșȖȕ. ǰ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȎȠȎ ȟȠȎȠȖȭ ȟȓ ȢȜȘȡȟȖȞȎȚȓ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȝȞȜȟșȓ-
ȒȭȐȎțȓ ȝȞȖȟȨȟȠȐȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȡȥȓȏțȖ ȝȞȓȒȚȓȠȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎȐȎȠ ȕțȎ-
țȖȭ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȑ ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ țȎ ǶǸȀ. ǽȞȓȑșȓȒȨȠ țȎ ȡȥȓȏțȎ-
ȠȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎȤȖȭ ȜȠȘȞȜȖ ȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ ȠȓțȒȓțȤȖȖ. ǵȎ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ ȜȠ
ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȖȠȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ 2012/2013 ȒȜ 2018/2019 Ȑ ȡȥȓȏțȖȠȓ
ȝșȎțȜȐȓ ȟȓ țȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎ ȝȜ-ȟșȎȏȜ ȝȞȖȟȨȟȠȐȖȓ țȎ ȝȞȓȒȚȓȠȖ, Ȑ
ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎȠ ȕțȎțȖȭ ȝȜ ǶǸȀ. ǲȖȟȤȖȝșȖțȖȠȓ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎ-
țȖ ȟ ǶǸȀ Ȗ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȝȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ Ȗ
ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȖ, ȢȜȞȚȖȞȎȠ ȚȓȔȒȡ 34 Ȗ 38 % ȜȠ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎțȜȠȜ
ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ. ǽȞȓȕ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȖȠȓ
ȑȜȒȖțȖ 2019/2020 Ȗ 2020/2021 ȜȏȎȥȓ ȝȜȟȠȓȝȓțțȜ ȟȓ ȡȐȓșȖȥȎȐȎ
ȒȓșȨȠ țȎ ǶǸȀ-ȜȞȖȓțȠȖȞȎțȖȠȓ ȘȡȞȟȜȐȓ. ȀȓȕȖ ȎȘȠȡȎșȖȕȎȤȖȖ
ȖȚȎȠ ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȞȓșȎȤȖȭ ȟ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȜȠȜ ȎțȘȓȠțȜ
ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȓ, ȝȞȜȐȓȒȓțȜ ȟȞȓȒ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ, țȎ
ȠȓȚȎ „ǼȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ ȝȜ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȑ
ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ“. ǼȟțȜȐțȖȭȠ ȖȕȐȜȒ ȜȠ
țȓȑȜ ȓ ȭȟțȜ ȕȎȭȐȓțȖȭȠ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ ȜȠ ȟȠȞȎțȎ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎțȖȠȓ ȘȨȚ
ȖȕȡȥȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȖȟȤȖȝșȖțȖ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ǶǸȀ Ȗ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȖȕȎ-
ȤȖȭȠȎ, Ȗ ȕȎ ȎȘȠȖȐțȜ ȝȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ țȎ ǶǸȀ Ȗ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖ ȢȜȞ-
ȚȖ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖȭ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ.
ȄȓșȠȎ țȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓȠȜ ȓ ȒȎ ȎțȎșȖȕȖȞȎ Ȗ ȜȏȜȏȧȖ țȎȑșȎ-
ȟȎȠȎ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȘȨȚ ȝȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖȠȓ ǶǸȀ
Ȑ ȡȥȓȏțȖȭ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ Ȑ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȖ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȖ ȜȠ ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ țȎ
ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎȠȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎȠȎ; ȠȭȣțȎȠȎ ȜȟȐȓȒȜȚȓțȜȟȠ
ȕȎ ȝȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǶǸȀ Ȗ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ Ȑ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ
ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ; ȚțȓțȖȓȠȜ ȖȚ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎțȖȠȓ ȐȨȕ-
ȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ Ȑ ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȎ ȕȎ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ Ȑ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȖ, ȡȥȓȏțȖ
ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ Ȗ ȟȠȎȔȜȐȓ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȕȎ ȏȨȒȓȧȎȠȎ ȖȚ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎ
ȜȞȖȓțȠȎȤȖȭ. ǵȎ ȝȜȟȠȖȑȎțȓ țȎ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȎȠȎ Ȥȓș ȟȓ ȝȞȖșȎȑȎ Ȏț-
ȘȓȠȓț Ȗ ȟȠȎȠȖȟȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠȎȞȖȡȚ.
ǮțȘȓȠțȎȠȎ ȘȎȞȠȎ ȓ ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȖȞȎțȎ Ȑ ȝȓȠ ȥȎȟȠȖ, ȐȘș. Ȓȓ-
ȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ. ȀȨȞȟȭȠ ȟȓ ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞȖȠȓ țȎ țȭȘȜșȘȜ
426
ȘșȬȥȜȐȖ ȑȞȡȝȖ ȜȠ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȖ. ǻȎ ȝȨȞȐȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ, ȒȜȘȜșȘȜ Ȝȏȡȥȓ-
țȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȓ ȜȞȖȓțȠȖȞȎțȜ ȘȨȚ ȕȎȝȜȕțȎȐȎțȓ Ȗ ȞȎȏȜ-
ȠȎ ȟ țȜȐȖȠȓ ǶǸȀ Ȗ ȒȎșȖ Ƞȓ ȏȖȣȎ ȔȓșȎșȖ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȡȐȓșȖȥȖ Ȝȏȓ-
ȚȨȠ țȎ ȖȕȡȥȎȐȎțȖȠȓ ȠȓȚȖ ȝȜ ȠȜȕȖ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșȓț ȟȓȑȚȓțȠ. ǻȎ
ȐȠȜȞȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ, Ȑ ȘȎȘȐȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț Ƞȓ ȟȎ ȎțȑȎȔȖȞȎțȖ ȟ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ Ȗ
ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȕȎțȭȠȖȭ ȝȜ țȎȡȥțȜȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȟȘȖ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȖ Ȗ
ȒȎșȖ ȠȓȕȖ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȖ ȟȎ ȜȞȖȓțȠȖȞȎțȖ ȘȨȚ țȜȐȖȠȓ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ.
ȀȞȓȠȎȠȎ ȑȞȡȝȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȖ ȠȨȞȟȭȠ ȚțȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȠȜ-
ȐȎ ȒȜȘȜșȘȜ ȖțȠȓȞțȓȠ ȟȎȗȠȜȐȓȠȓ Ȗ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșțȖȠȓ ȘȜșȓȘȤȖȖ țȎ
ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ țȎ ȝȎȚȓȠȠȎ ȟȎ ȟȝȜȟȜȏțȖ ȒȎ ȒȎȒȎȠ
ȒȜȟȠȨȝ ȒȜ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖȠȓ ȞȓȟȡȞȟȖ, ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȖ Ȑ Ƞȭȣ. ǻȎ
ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȓ ȕȎȒȎȒȓț Ȗ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȨȠ ȒȜȘȜșȘȜ ȐȖȔȒȎȠ ȝȓȞȟȝȓȘȠȖ-
ȐȖ ȕȎ ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȞȓȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ ȘȎȠȜ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖ Ȑ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȖțȟȠȖ-
ȠȡȤȖȖ – ȒȨȞȔȎȐțȖ, ȜȏȧȖțȟȘȖ ȖșȖ ȥȎȟȠțȖ.
ǾȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȠȖ ȟȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȝȨȞȐȖ ȒȜ ȥȓȠȐȨȞȠȖ ȘȡȞȟ
(ȐȖȝȡȟȘȖ 2017 – 2020), ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȧȖ ȟȓ Ȑ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ „ǮȞȣȖ-
ȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“, ȏȎȘȎșȎȐȨȞȟȘȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț, Ȑ Ȟȓ-
ȒȜȐțȎ Ȗ ȕȎȒȜȥțȎ ȢȜȞȚȎ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȁțȖǯǶȀ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȜȢȖ-
ȤȖȎșțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȒȜȟȠȨȝțȎ Ȑ ǾeȑȖȟȠȨȞȎ țȎ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ
ȒȓȗȟȠȐȎȧȖ Ȗ ȝȞȓȘȨȟțȎșȖ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȒȜȘȠȜȞȎțȠȖ ȘȨȚ ǺȖ-
țȖȟȠȓȞȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ țȎȡȘȎȠȎ țȎ ǾȓȝȡȏșȖȘȎ
ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ, ȕȎ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȎȠȎ 2020/2021 ȑȜȒȖțȎ, ȝȞȓȕ ȕȖȚțȖȭ
ȟȓȚȓȟȠȨȞ Ȑ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠ „ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“,
ǼǸǿ „ǯȎȘȎșȎȐȨȞ“ Ȑ ȁțȖǯǶȀ, ȟȓ ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȠ 92 ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ1. ǲȜ
ȐȟȖȥȘȖ Ƞȭȣ ȓ ȖȕȝȞȎȠȓțȎ ȝȜȘȎțȎ ȕȎ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ Ȑ ȜțșȎȗț ȎțȘȓȠ-
țȜȠȜ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȓ Ȑ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ 4 – 14 ȚȎȞȠ 2021 ȑ. ǽȜșȡȥȓțȖ ȟȎ
ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞȖ ȜȠ 84 (91,3 %) ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȒȎȐȎ ȐȖȟȜȘȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎ-
ȐȖȠȓșțȜȟȠ țȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓȠȜ. ȅȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȎțȘȓȠȎȠȎ
ȟȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖ Ȗ ȘȜȚȓțȠȖȞȎțȖ Ȑ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȖȭ ȠȓȘȟȠ.
ǾȓȕȡșȠȎȠȖ
ǲȓȚȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ
ǰ ȎțȘȓȠțȜȠȜ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȓ ȓȢȓȘȠȖȐțȜ ȟȓ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎȠ 84 Ȟȓȟ-
ȝȜțȒȓțȠȖ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȓ 91,3 % ȜȠ ȜȏȧȖȭ ȏȞȜȗ ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȧȖ ȟȓ Ȑ ȟȝȓ-
ȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ „ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“. ǼȠ Ƞȭȣ 36,9
% ȟȎ Ȑ ȞȓȒȜȐțȎ ȢȜȞȚȎ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ, Ȏ 63,1 % ȟȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ Ȑ ȕȎ-
ȒȜȥțȎ ȢȜȞȚȎ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ. ȁȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȐțȜȚȓȞțȜ ȝȞȜ-
427
ȤȓțȠțȜ ȟȨȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȐȘșȬȥȖșȖȠȓ ȟȓ Ȑ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȓȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȟ-
ȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ ȜȠ 1 ȒȜ 4 ȘȡȞȟ (1 Ȗ 2 ȘȡȞȟ – 25 % ȜȠ ȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȠȖȠȓ, 3
ȘȡȞȟ – 22,6 % Ȗ 4 ȘȡȞȟ – 27,4 %). ȀȜȐȎ ȓ ȖțȒȖȘȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȝȞȜȭ-
Ȑȓț ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ Ȗ ȐȖȟȜȘȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșțȜȟȠ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȎȓȚȖȠȓ ȜȠ
ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȘȡȞȟȜȐȓ țȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ. ǾȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȠȖȠȓ țȎ ȎțȘȓȠ-
țȜȠȜ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȓ, ȞȎȕȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖ ȝȜ ȝȜșȜȐ ȝȞȖȕțȎȘ, ȟȎ 84,5 %
ȔȓțȖ Ȗ 15,5 % ȚȨȔȓ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠȟȠȐȎ țȎ ȟȨȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓȠȜ
ȔȓțȖ–ȚȨȔȓ Ȑ ȜȠȒȓșțȖȠȓ ȘȡȞȟȜȐȓ. ȀȜȐȎ ȜȠȘȞȜȭȐȎ țȎȏșȬȒȓțȖ-
ȓȠȜ ȕȎ ȢȓȚȖțȖȕȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȠȜȕȖ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșȓț ȟȓȘȠȜȞ, ȜȥȓȞȠȎ-
șȜ ȟȓ Ȗ ȝȞȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ Ȑ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȖ (Yakel 2000).
ǶțȠȓȞȓȟțȜ ȓ ȞȎȕȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ, ȟȨȜȏȞȎȕțȜ
ȠȓȣțȖȠȓ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜȐȖ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞȖȟȠȖȘȖ (ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 1).
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 1. ǽȞȜȤȓțȠțȜ ȞȎȕȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖȓ țȎ ȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȠȖȠȓ,
ȟȨȜȏȞȎȕțȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜȐȖ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞȖȟȠȖȘȖ
ǰȎșȖȒȓț ǸȡȚȡșȎȠȖȐȓț
ǰȨȕȞȎȟȠ ǯȞȜȗ ǽȞȜȤȓțȠ
ȝȞȜȤȓțȠ ȝȞȜȤȓțȠ
18–24 ȑȜȒȖțȖ 20 23,8 23,8 23,8
25–34 ȑȜȒȖțȖ 17 20,2 20,2 44
35–44 ȑȜȒȖțȖ 33 39,3 39,3 83,3
45–54 ȑȜȒȖțȖ 14 16,7 16,7 100
ǼȏȧȜ 84 100 100
ǼȏȧȜ 20 ȞȓȟȝoțȒȓțȠȖ (23,8 %) ȟȎ țȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ ȒȜ 24 ȑȜȒȖ-

țȖ. ȀȜȐȎ ȟȎ ȚșȎȒȖ ȣȜȞȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȞȜȒȓțȖ Ȗ ȖȕȞȎȟțȎșȖ Ȑ ȒȖȑȖ-
ȠȎșțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ Ȗ ȕȎ Ƞȭȣ ǶǸȀ ȟȎ țȓȖȕȚȓțțȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȏȖȠȖȓȠȜ.
ǽȜȥȠȖ ȟȨȧȜȠȜ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȘȎȔȓ ȕȎ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȒȐȓ ȑȞȡȝȖ ȟȠȡ-
ȒȓțȠȖ – țȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ ȚȓȔȒȡ 25 – 34 ȑȜȒȖțȖ (20,2 %) Ȗ ȚȓȔȒȡ 35
– 44 ȑȜȒȖțȖ (39,3 %), ȕȎ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȨȧȜ ȓ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞțȜ ȑȜșȭȚȜ ȐșȖ-
ȭțȖȓ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖȠȓ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ. ȀȐȨȞȒȓ ȐȓȞȜȭȠțȜ ȓ
ȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȠȞȓȠȎȠȎ ȑȞȡȝȎ (35 – 44 ȑȜȒȖțȖ) ȒȎ ȟȎ ȟȓ
ȟȏșȨȟȘȎșȖ ȕȎ ȝȞȨȐ ȝȨȠ ȟ țȜȐȖȠȓ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ ȝȞȓȕ ȠȖțȓȗȒȔȨȞ-
ȟȘȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȑȜȒȖțȖ. Ȁȓ, ȕȎȓȒțȜ ȟ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȎȠȎ ȑȞȡȝȎ (45 – 54 ȑȜ-
ȒȖțȖ), ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎțȖ ȘȎȠȜ “digital adaptive”,
Ƞ.ȓ. ȑȓțȓȞȎȤȖȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȜȠȞȎȟțȎșȖ ȟ ȝȓȞȟȜțȎșțȖȠȓ ȘȜȚȝȬȠȞȖ
Ȗ ȖȚȎȠ ȟȞȎȐțȖȠȓșțȜ ȒȜȏȞȎ ȘȜȚȝȬȠȨȞțȎ ȑȞȎȚȜȠțȜȟȠ
(McCrindle 2014). ǻȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȠȖ Ȑ țȓȚȎș-
ȘȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț ȟȎ ȟȓ „ȟȞȓȧțȎșȖ“ ȟ țȜȐȖȠȓ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ Ȑ ȓȒȖț ȖșȖ
ȒȞȡȑ ȓȠȎȝ ȜȠ ȔȖȐȜȠȎ ȟȖ Ȗ ȠȓȣțȖȠȓ șȖȥțȖ Ȗ/ȖșȖ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎș-
țȖ ȎȘȠȖȐțȜȟȠȖ ȟȎ ȟȖșțȜ ȝȜȐșȖȭțȖ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ.
428
ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȜȠȜ ȚțȓțȖȓ
ȜȠțȜȟțȜ ǶǸȀ-ȜȞȖȓțȠȖȞȎțȜ ȡȥȓȏțȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ
ȀȡȘ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭȚȓ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠȖ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȎțȎșȖȕȎ țȎ ȝȨȞ-
ȐȎȠȎ ȑȞȡȝȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȖ, țȎȟȜȥȓțȖ ȘȨȚ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȚțȓțȖȓ-
ȠȜ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȜșȘȜ ȡȥȓȏțȖȭȠ ȝșȎț țȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ
„ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎ ȝȜșȡȥȎȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȕțȎțȖȭ Ȗ ȡȚȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ ȟ ǶǸȀ Ȗ ȒȎșȖ ȜȏȡȥȎȓȚȖȠȓ ȖȚȎȠ
ȔȓșȎțȖȓ ȕȎ ȡȐȓșȖȥȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȠȓȚȖȠȓ ȝȜ ȠȜȕȖ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșȓț
ȟȓȑȚȓțȠ. ǼȏȜȏȧȓțȜ, ȐȖȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȐȖȝȡȟȘȖ
2017 – 2020 ȓ, ȥȓ ȘȨȚ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȖȭ ȚȜȚȓțȠ Ȑ ȡȥȓȏțȜȠȜ ȟȨȒȨȞ-
ȔȎțȖȓ țȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ ȓ țȎșȖȤȓ ȒȜȟȠȎȠȨȥțȜ ȝȞȖȟȨȟȠȐȖȓ țȎ
ȒȖȟȤȖȝșȖțȖ, ȜȞȖȓțȠȖȞȎțȖ ȘȨȚ țȜȐȖȠȓ ǶǸȀ Ȗ ȘȨȚ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ
ȝȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȎ
(ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 2).
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 2. ǿȠȓȝȓț țȎ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ țȎ ǶǸȀ Ȑ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ
țȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ „ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“
ǿȠȓȝȓț ǯȞȜȗ ǽȞȜȤȓțȠ
ǿșȎȏȜ 1 1,2 1,2 1,2
ǵȎȒȜȐȜșȖȠȓșțȜ 2 2,4 2,4 3,6
ǲȜȏȞȓ 23 27,4 27,4 31
ǺțȜȑȜ ȒȜȏȞȓ 29 34,5 34,5 65,5
ǰȖȟȜȘȜ 29 34,5 34,5 100
ǼȏȧȜ 84 100 100
ǼȠ ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 2 ȓ ȐȖȒțȜ, ȥȓ Ȑ ȝȞȓȜȏșȎȒȎȐȎȧȎȠȎ ȟȖ ȥȎȟȠ

(96,4 %) ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȏȎȘȎșȎȐȞȖ ȟȥȖȠȎȠ, ȥȓ ǶǸȀ ȟȎ „ȒȜȏȞȓ“
(27,4 %), „ȚțȜȑȜ ȒȜȏȞȓ“ (34,5 %) ȖșȖ „ȐȖȟȜȘȜ“ (34,5 %) ȕȎȟȠȨ-
ȝȓțȖ Ȑ ȡȥȓȏțȜȠȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ țȎ ȒȖȟȤȖȝșȖțȖȠȓ ȝȜ ȟȝȓȤȖȎș-
țȜȟȠȠȎ.
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 3. ǺțȓțȖȭ ȜȠțȜȟțȜ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜȟȠȠȎ ȜȠ ȖȕȡȥȎȐȎțȓ
țȎ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȒȖȟȤȖȝșȖțȖ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ǶǸȀ
ǲȎ 45 53,6 53,6 53,6
ǻȓ ȚȜȑȎ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȤȓțȭ 28 33,3 33,3 86,9
ǻȓ 11 13,1 13,1 100
ǼȏȧȜ 84 100 100
429
ǽȜȐȓȥȓ ȜȠ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ (53,6 %) ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȭȠ
ȞȎȕȦȖȞȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȖȟȨȟȠȐȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȡȥȓȏțȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ,
țȎȒȑȞȎȔȒȎȧȜ ȕțȎțȖȭ Ȗ ȡȚȓțȖȭ Ȑ ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ țȎ ǶǸȀ ȘȎȠȜ ȘȜȚ-
ȝȜțȓțȠ Ȑ ȡȥȓȏțȖȭ ȝșȎț (ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 3). ȀȜȐȎ ȠȭȣțȜ ȚțȓțȖȓ țȓ ȟȓ
ȟȝȜȒȓșȭ ȜȠ 13,1 % ȜȠ ȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȠȖȠȓ, ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȘȜȖȠȜ țȭȚȎ țȡȔ-
ȒȎ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎțȖ ȒȜȝȨșțȖȠȓșțȖ ȒȖȟȤȖȝșȖțȖ. ǿȞȎȐțȖ-
ȠȓșțȜ ȐȖȟȜȘ ȓ Ȗ ȒȓșȨȠ țȎ ȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȠȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ țȭȚȎȠ ȜȢȜȞ-
ȚȓțȜ ȚțȓțȖȓ (33,3 %). ǽȜșȡȥȓțȖȠȓ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠȖ ȟȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ
ȕȎ ȓȢȓȘȠȖȐțȖ ȎȘȠȡȎșȖȕȎȤȖȖ Ȑ ȡȥȓȏțȖȭ ȝșȎț Ȗ Ȑ ȡȥȓȏțȜȠȜ ȟȨ-
ȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ țȎ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȖ ȒȖȟȤȖȝșȖțȖ.
ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȜȠȜ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ Ȑ ȝȞȜȓȘȠțȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ

ǿ ȜȑșȓȒ ȏȨȒȓȧȎȠȎ ȞȓȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȓ ȐȎȔțȜ Ƞȓ
ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎțȖ Ȑ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ țȎȡȥțȜȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȟȘȖ ȝȞȜ-
ȓȘȠȖ, ȞȓȎșȖȕȖȞȎȧȖ ȟȓ Ȑ ȁțȖǯǶȀ. ǸȨȚ ȚȜȚȓțȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȜȐȓȔȒȎ-
țȓȠȜ țȎ ȎțȘȓȠȎȠȎ ȝȞȓȜȏșȎȒȎȐȎȧȎȠȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȟȝȜȒȓ-
șȭȠ, ȥȓ țȓ ȟȎ ȡȥȎȟȠȐȎșȖ Ȑ ȝȞȜȓȘȠțȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ (85,7 %). 12 Ȟȓȟ-
ȝȜțȒȓțȠȖ ȟȎ ȕȎȭȐȖșȖ, ȥȓ ȡȥȎȟȠȐȎȠ ȖșȖ ȟȎ ȡȥȎȟȠȐȎșȖ Ȑ ȡțȖȐȓȞ-
ȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȖ țȎȡȥțȜȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȟȘȖ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȖ (14,3 %). ǼȠȥȖȠȎȚȓ,
ȥȓ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȟȎ Ȑȟȓ Ȝȧȓ Ȑ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ Ȝȏȡ-
ȥȓțȖȓ (ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȜ ȝȨȞȐȖ ȖșȖ ȐȠȜȞȖ ȘȡȞȟ) Ȗ/ȖșȖ ȟȓ ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȠ Ȑ
ȕȎȒȜȥțȎ ȢȜȞȚȎ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȖ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȎȘȠȖȐțȜ
ȐȘșȬȥȐȎțȓ Ȑ țȎȡȥțȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ țȎ ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȎ ȝȜ-ȠȞȡȒțȜ.
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 4. ǵȎȭȐȓțȜ ȔȓșȎțȖȓ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ-ȏȎȘȎșȎȐȞȖ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȐȘșȬȥȎȠ
Ȑ țȎȡȥțȜȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȟȘȖ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȖ
ǲȎ 40 47,6 47,6 47,6
ǻȓ 11 13,1 13,1 100
ǼȏȧȜ 84 100 100
ǲȜȏȞȎ ȝȓȞȟȝȓȘȠȖȐȎ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎȠȓșȟȘȖȠȓ ȡȟȖșȖȭ ȘȨȚ

ȝȞȖȐșȖȥȎțȓ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ Ȑ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȖ ȒȎȐȎ țȎȏșȬȒȓ-
țȖȓȠȜ, ȥȓ ȝȜȥȠȖ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȏȎȘȎșȎȐȞȖ (47,6 %)
ȖȕȞȎȕȭȐȎȠ ȔȓșȎțȖȓ ȕȎ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎțȓ Ȑ ȝȞȜȓȘȠțȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ (ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ
4). ǲȎșȓȥ ȝȜ-ȚȎșȨȘ Ȓȭș ȜȠ ȜȏȡȥȎȓȚȖȠȓ ȕȎȭȐȭȐȎȠ, ȥȓ țȓ ȏȖȣȎ
ȡȥȎȟȠȐȎșȖ (13,1 %). ǯȞȜȭȠ țȎ ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞȖșȖȠȓ ȟ „ǻȓ ȚȜȑȎ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȤȓ-
430
țȭ“ ȓ 39,3 %. ȀȜȐȎ ȓ ȑȞȡȝȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȜ ȐȟȭȘȎ ȐȓȞȜȭȠ-
țȜȟȠ ȧȓ ȞȓȦȎȠ ȒȎșȖ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȐȘșȬȥȎȠ ȖșȖ țȓ Ȑ ȠȎȘȎȐȎ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖ-
ȠȓȠȟȘȎ ȖțȖȤȖȎȠȖȐȎ, ȟșȓȒ ȘȎȠȜ ȝȜșȡȥȎȠ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ
ȟȎȚȖȭ ȝȞȜȓȘȠ, ȕȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȒȜȘȜșȘȜ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȎțȑȎȔȖȞȎțȖ, ȒȎșȖ ȧȓ
ȝȜșȡȥȎȠ ȢȖțȎțȟȜȐȜ ȟȠȖȚȡșȖȞȎțȓ, ȒȎșȖ ȧȓ ȟȓ ȖțȠȓȑȞȖȞȎȠ Ȟȓȕȡș-
ȠȎȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȝȞȜȓȘȠțȎȠȎ ȖȚ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȘȜȚȝȜțȓțȠ ȜȠ ȜȤȓțȭȐȎțȓȠȜ
ȝȜ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȖ ȒȖȟȤȖȝșȖțȖ Ȗ ȒȞ. ǼȏȜȏȧȓțȜ, ȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȠȖȠȓ,
ȘȜȖȠȜ ȕȎȭȐȭȐȎȠ ȝȞȓȒȐȎȞȖȠȓșțȎ ȑȜȠȜȐțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ Ȑ țȎȡȥțȜȖȕ-
ȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȟȘȖ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȖ, Ȗ ȠȓȕȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȏȖȣȎ ȞȓȦȖșȖ țȎ ȏȎȕȎȠȎ țȎ
ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȥțȖȠȓ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭ țȎ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠȓț ȝȞȜȓȘȠ, ȟȎ ȝȞȓȜȏșȎȒȎȐȎ-
ȧȎȠȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȗ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȓ ȭȐȭȐȎ ȟȠȖȚȡș ȕȎ ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎ-
ȠȓșȟȘȎȠȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠ ȒȎ ȖțȖȤȖȖȞȎ ȟȨȐȚȓȟȠțȖ ȝȞȜȓȘȠțȖ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȖ.
ǼȟȐȓȒȜȚȓțȜȟȠ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȝȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǶǸȀ

Ȑ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ
ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȏȎȘȎșȎȐȞȖ Ȑȟȓ Ȝȧȓ țȭȚȎȠ ȭȟțȜ ȖȕȞȎȕȓțȜ
ȚțȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȘȎȘȐȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț ǶǸȀ ȟȓ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎȠ ȝȨșțȜȤȓțțȜ Ȑ Ȓȓȗ-
țȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ Ȑ ȟȠȞȎțȎȠȎ (ǰȔ. ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 5).
ȀȜȐȎ ȓ ȜȏȭȟțȖȚȜ, ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȠȖȠȓ
ȟȎ Ȑȟȓ Ȝȧȓ Ȑ ȝȨȞȐȖ Ȗ ȐȠȜȞȖ ȘȡȞȟ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ Ȗ țȭȚȎȠ ȒȜȏȞȎ
ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȎ ȕȎ ȎȞȣȖȐțȎȠȎ ȚȞȓȔȎ Ȑ ȟȠȞȎțȎȠȎ. Ȁȓ Ȑȟȓ Ȝȧȓ țȓ ȟȎ
ȖȚȎșȖ ȡȥȓȏțȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ ȖșȖ ȟȠȎȔ Ȑ ȞȓȎșțȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ.
ǽȜȞȎȒȖ ȠȜȐȎ, ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞȖȠȓ „ǻȓ ȚȜȑȎ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȤȓțȭ“ Ȗ „ǻȓ ȟȨȚ
ȕȎȝȜȕțȎȠ“ ȟȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȜȥȓȠȓțȖ ȝȞȖ 50 % ȜȠ ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞȖșȖȠȓ. ǲȞȡȑȎ-
ȠȎ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎ ȜȠ ȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȖȚȎȠ ȭȟțȜ ȖȕȞȎȕȓțȜ ȟȠȎțȜȐȖ-
ȧȓ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ 25 % ȜȠ ȎțȘȓȠȖȞȎțȖȠȓ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȎȞ-
ȣȖȐȖ ȖȚȎȠ ȒȜȏȞȖ ȝȜȟȠȖȔȓțȖȭ Ȑ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ țȜȐȖȠȓ Ƞȓȣ-
țȜșȜȑȖȖ, Ȏ ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ 25 % – țȭȚȎȠ.
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 5. ǺțȓțȖȓ țȎ ȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȜșȘȜ ȟȓ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎȠ
ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖȠȓ țȎ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖȠȓ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșțȖ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ
Ȑ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ
ǲȎ 21 25 25 25
ǻȓ ȟȨȚ ȕȎȝȜȕțȎȠ/Ȏ 11 13,1 13,1 38,1
ǻȓ ȚȜȑȎ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȤȓțȭ 31 36,9 36,9 75
ǻȓ 21 25 25 100
ǼȏȧȜ 84 100 100
431
ǸȎȘȠȜ ȓ ȐȖȒțȜ ȜȠ ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 6, ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȏȎȘȎșȎȐȞȖ ȟȎ
ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȜȠ ȘȎȠȓȑȜȞȖȥțȖ ȝȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ țȎ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜȟȠȠȎ ȒȎ
ȟȓ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎȠ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșțȖ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖ ȞȓȟȡȞȟȖ Ȗ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȟȖ-
ȑȡȞȭȐȎ șȓȟȓț Ȗ ȡȒȜȏȓț ȒȜȟȠȨȝ ȒȜ Ƞȭȣ ȥȞȓȕ ȖțȠȓȞțȓȠ ȝȞȓȕ ȟȎȗ-
ȠȜȐȓȠȓ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ. ǽȞȓȜȏșȎȒȎȐȎȧȖȭȠ ȝȞȜȤȓțȠ
ȜȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ, 88,1 %, ȟȎ ȡȏȓȒȓțȖ, ȥȓ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ
ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȖȚȎȠ ȤȓșȓțȎȟȜȥȓțȎ ȝȜșȖȠȖȘȎ Ȑ ȠȜȐȎ țȎȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ
țȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭȠ țȎ ȝȜȠȞȓȏȖȠȓșȖȠȓ ȒȜȏȞȓ ȖȕȑȞȎ-
ȒȓțȖ ȟȎȗȠȜȐȓ Ȗ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșțȖ ȘȜșȓȘȤȖȖ, ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎȧȖ ȎȞȣȖȐțȜ-
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȜȠȜ țȎȟșȓȒȟȠȐȜ.
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 6. ǻȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜ șȖ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎȠ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖ ȞȓȟȡȞȟȖ
ȜȠ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȠȓ Ȗ ȝȜȞȠȎșȖ ȕȎ ȒȜȟȠȨȝ ȒȜ ȎȞȣȖȐțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ
ǲȎ 74 88,1 88,1 88,1
ǻȓ 1 1,2 1,2 100
ǼȏȧȜ 84 100 100
ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȜȠȜ ȚțȓțȖȓ ȕȎ ȏȨȒȓȧȎȠȎ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎ

ȞȓȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ
ǶțȠȓȞȓȟțȜ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȒȥȓȞȠȎȓ, ȥȓ ȝȜȐȓȥȓȠȜ ȜȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȑ
ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ „ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ ȞȎȏȜȠȭȠ
ȝȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȟșȓȒȐȎțȓȠȜ ȟȖ. ǼȏȧȜ 74 ȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȠȖ (88,1 %) ȟȎ
ȎțȑȎȔȖȞȎțȖ ȟ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ Ȗ ȟȎȚȜ 10 (11,9 %) țȓ ȟȎ.
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 7. ǿȐȨȞȕȎțȜȟȠ țȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȟ ȖȕȡȥȎȐȎțȎȠȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠ „ǮȞ-
ȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“
ǲȎ 26 31 32,5 32,5
ǼȠȥȎȟȠȖ 23 27,4 28,8 61,2
ǻȓ 31 36,9 38,8 100
ǻȓȜȠȑȜȐȜȞȖș 4 4,8 -
ǼȏȧȜ 84 100 100
ǰȎȔțȜ țȎȏșȬȒȓțȖȓ, ȐȖȒȖȚȜ ȜȠ ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 7, ȓ, ȥȓ ȠȞȡȒȜȐȎ-

ȠȎ ȕȎȓȠȜȟȠ țȎ țȓȚȎșȨȘ Ȓȭș ȜȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ – ȝȜȟȠȜȭțțȎ ȖșȖ
ȐȞȓȚȓțțȎ, ȓ ȝȜ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ, Ȑ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȓ ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȠ (32,5 %).
ǽȞȖ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȑȞȡȝȎ ȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȠȖ (28,8 %) ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȟȎȚȜ ȜȠȥȎȟȠȖ
432
ȟȓ ȝȞȖȝȜȘȞȖȐȎ ȟ ȖȕȡȥȎȐȎțȜȠȜ Ȑ ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȎ. ǻȓȚȎșȘȎ ȥȎȟȠ
ȜȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȟȝȜȒȓșȭȠ, ȥȓ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȖȚ țȭȚȎ ȜȏȧȜ ȟ ȖȕȡȥȎ-
ȐȎțȖȠȓ ȒȖȟȤȖȝșȖțȖ Ȑ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ „ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡ-
ȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ (38,8 %).
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 8. ǴȓșȎțȖȓ ȕȎ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎ ȞȓȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ Ȑ ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ
țȎ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎȠȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎȠȎ ȟșȓȒ ȕȎȐȨȞȦȐȎțȓ
țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ
ǲȎ 39 46,4 46,4 46,4
ǻȓ ȟȨȚ ȚȖȟșȖș Ȝȧȓ 11 13,1 13,1 98,8
ǻȓ 1 1,2 1,2 100
ǼȏȧȜ 84 100 100
ǻȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȎ „ǿșȓȒ ȝȞȖȘșȬȥȐȎțȓ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ ȟȖ ȧȓ ȟȓ

țȎȟȜȥȖȠȓ șȖ ȘȨȚ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎ ȞȓȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ Ȑ ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ țȎ
ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎȠȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎȠȎ?“ ȟȎȚȜ ȓȒȖț ȟȠȡȒȓțȠ
(1,2 %) ȕȎȭȐȭȐȎ, ȥȓ țȓ ȝșȎțȖȞȎ ȒȎ ȠȨȞȟȖ ȞȓȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ ȘȎȠȜ ȎȞ-
ȣȖȐȖȟȠ ȟșȓȒ ȝȞȖȘșȬȥȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ. ǱȜșȭȚȎ ȥȎȟȠ
ȜȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȏȎȘȎșȎȐȞȖ ȖȕȞȎȕȭȐȎȠ ȔȓșȎțȖȓ Ȗ țȎȚȓȞȓțȖȓ ȒȎ
ȟȓ ȞȓȎșȖȕȖȞȎȠ ȘȎȠȜ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖ Ȑ ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ-
ȠȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎȠȎ. ȀȜȐȎ ȓ ȕȎȭȐȓțȜ ȘȎȠȓȑȜȞȖȥțȜ ȝȞȖ
46,4 % ȜȠ ȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȠȖȠȓ, Ȏ ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖȠȓ ȟȝȜȒȓșȭȠ, ȥȓ țȎ ȠȜȕȖ
ȓȠȎȝ ȜȠ ȔȖȐȜȠȎ ȟȖ ȝȜ-ȟȘȜȞȜ „țȓ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȤȓțȭȠ“ ȖșȖ „țȓ ȟȎ
ȜȏȚȖȟșȭșȖ“ ȝȜȒȜȏțȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ. ȁȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎ ȟȓ, ȥȓ țȎȑșȎȟȖ-
Ƞȓ ȕȎ ȞȓȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȓ ȝȜ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ ȟȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȤȭșȜ ȝȜșȜȔȖ-
ȠȓșțȖ ȟȞȓȒ ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȟȓ ȏȎȘȎșȎȐȞȖ.
ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȏȎȘȎșȎȐȨȞȟȘȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț Ȑ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ
„ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ ȘȨȚ ȁțȖǯǶȀ ȟȎ țȎȒȓȔ-
ȒțȎ ȜȟțȜȐȎ ȕȎ ȜȏȞȎȠțȎ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ. ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȜȠȜ ȚțȓțȖȓ ȓ ȐȎȔȓț
ȢȎȘȠȜȞ ȕȎ ȐȕȓȚȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȖ Ȗ ȎȒȓȘȐȎȠțȖ ȞȓȦȓțȖȭ
ȕȎ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȖ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ ȐȨȐ ȢȜȞȚȖȠȓ Ȗ ȚȓȠȜȒȖȠȓ țȎ ȝȞȓȝȜ-
ȒȎȐȎțȓ Ȗ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ. ǮțȎșȖȕȨȠ țȎ ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞȖȠȓ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ țȎ
ȝȞȜȐȓȒȓțȎȠȎ ȎțȘȓȠȎ țȎ ȠȓȚȎ „ǼȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ ȝȜ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ
Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȑ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ“
433
ȐȜȒȖ ȒȜ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȐȎȔțȖ ȖȕȐȜȒȎ ȟ ȜȑșȓȒ ȝȜȐȖȦȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȘȎȥȓȟ-
ȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȜȠȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ.
ǼȠȘȞȜȭȐȎ ȟȓ ȢȎȘȠȨȠ, ȥȓ ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎțȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȣȜȞȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȞȜ-
ȒȓțȖ ȖșȖ ȜȠȞȎȟțȎșȖ Ȑ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ, Ȗ ǶǸȀ ȟȎ țȓȖȕȚȓțțȎ
ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȎȟȝȓȘȠȖ țȎ ȠȓȣțȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ. ȀȜȐȎ ȑȖ ȝȞȎȐȖ Ȗ
ȘȞȖȠȖȥțȖ. ǼȠȑȜȐȜȞȖȠȓ țȎ ȞȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȭȟțȜ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ, ȥȓ Ƞȓ
ȔȓșȎȭȠ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ ȒȎ ȡȟȘȜȞȭȠ ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ ȝȜ
ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ, ȎȐȠȜȚȎȠȖȕȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȚȜȒȓȞțȖȕȎȤȖȭ. ȀȓȕȖ ȜȞȑȎ-
țȖȕȎȤȖȖ ȟȎ ȝȞȖȕȐȎțȖ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭȠ ȦȖȞȜȘ Ȗ șȓȟȓț ȒȜȟȠȨȝ
ȒȜ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȖȠȓ ȚȎȟȖȐȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎȠ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȡȒȜȐ-
șȓȠȐȜȞȭȐȎȠ ȞȎȕțȜȜȏȞȎȕțȖ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖ țȡȔȒȖ. ǶȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓȠȜ
ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎ ȐȖȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ, ȥȓ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșțȖȭȠ ȒȜȟȠȨȝ
ȒȜ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ Ȗ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖ ȡȟșȡȑȖ
ȟȎ ȐȨȕȝȞȖȓȚȎțȖ ȘȎȠȜ țȎȗ-ȕțȎȥȖȚȎȠȎ ȢȡțȘȤȖȜțȎșțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȣȎ-
ȞȎȘȠȓȞȖȟȠȖȘȎ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȠȓ țȎ ȏȨȒȓȧȓȠȜ. ǼȏȡȥȎȐȎțȖȠȓ ȖȕȖȟȘ-
ȐȎȠ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȜȠȜ ȡȥȓȏțȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȚȓȠȜȒȖȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȓ-
ȝȜȒȎȐȎțȓ ȒȎ ȑȖ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȐȭȠ ȕȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȜ ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖ-
ȘȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ. ǳȠȜ ȕȎȧȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȜȠȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ Ȑ ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ
țȎ ǶǸȀ, ȟ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȜ-ȝȞȖșȜȔțȎ țȎȟȜȥȓțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ ȝȜ ȎȞ-
ȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ, ȟȓ țȎșȎȑȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȝȞȖȜȞȖȠȓȠ.
ǰȎȔȓț ȓ ȖȕȐȜȒȨȠ, ȥȓ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȟȘȖȠȓ ȓȘȖȝȖ Ȑ ȁțȖȐȓȞ-
ȟȖȠȓȠȎ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȝȜșȜȔȎȠ ȡȟȖșȖȭ ȕȎ ȝȜ-ȎȘȠȖȐțȜ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎțȓ
țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȑ țȎȡȥțȜȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȟȘȖ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȖ Ȗ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ
țȎ ȠȎȘȖȐȎ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ țȜȐȖȠȓ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ Ȗ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȝȞȖșȜ-
ȔȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖȠȓ țȎ ȝȎȚȓȠȠȎ. ǾȓȟȝȜțȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȏȎȘȎșȎȐ-
ȞȖ ȜȥȓȐȖȒțȜ ȔȓșȎȭȠ ȠȜȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟșȡȥȐȎ ȝȜ-ȓȢȓȘȠȖȐțȜ Ȗ ȟșȓȒȐȎ
ȒȎ ȝȜșȡȥȎȠ ȎȒȓȘȐȎȠȓț ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞ țȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȐȜȓ ȔȓșȎțȖȓ.
ǽȜȕȖȠȖȐȓț ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠ ȓ țȎȑșȎȟȎȠȎ țȎ țȓȚȎșȘȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȟȠȡ-
ȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȒȎ ȠȨȞȟȭȠ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎ ȞȓȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ ȘȎȠȜ ȟȝȓȤȖȎ-
șȖȟȠȖ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖ Ȑ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȭ Ȗ ȥȎȟȠȓț ȟȓȘȠȜȞ. ȀȜȐȎ ȓ ȡȟ-
ȝȓȣ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎțȜȠȜ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȕȎ ȜȟȨȧȓȟȠ-
ȐȭȐȎțȎȠȎ ȝȓȒȎȑȜȑȖȥȓȟȘȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ Ȑ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ „ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟ-
ȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ ȝȞȖ ȁțȖǯǶȀ. ȀȜȐȎ țȎȏșȬȒȓțȖȓ
ȒȎȐȎ țȎȒȓȔȒȎ, ȥȓ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȝȜșȓ ȕȎ ȞȎ-
ȏȜȠȎ Ȗ ȖȕȭȐȎ țȎ ȚșȎȒȖ ȣȜȞȎ ȟȨȟ ȟȠȞȓȚȓȔ ȒȎ ȝȞȖșȎȑȎȠ ǶǸȀ Ȑ
ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎȠȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ. ǽȜȒȑȜȠȐȭȠ ȟȓ ȏȨȒȓȧȖ ȘȎȒȞȖ, ȚȜ-
ȠȖȐȖȞȎțȖ ȒȎ ȜȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȭȐȎȠ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȖ ȕȎ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ ȟ Ȥȓș
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȖȠȓ ȚȎȟȖȐȖ țȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖȠȓ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȒȜȟȠȨȝțȖ
434
ȥȞȓȕ ȖțȠȓȞțȓȠ ȒȜ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜ țȎȗ-ȦȖȞȜȘ ȘȞȨȑ ȜȠ ȝȜȠȞȓȏȖȠȓșȖ
– ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȖ, ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ, ȜȠȒȓșțȖ ȑȞȎȔȒȎțȖ.
ǽȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖȠȓ ȜȏȜȏȧȓțȖȭ ȧȓ ȝȜȟșȡȔȎȠ Ȑ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ
ȘȎȠȓȒȞȎ „ǯȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥȓț ȚȓțȖȒȔȚȨțȠ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ ȝȞȖ
ȁțȖǯǶȀ, ȘȎȠȜ ȑȖ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȖȞȎȚȓ Ȗ țȎ ȐțȖȚȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȞȡȑȖ
ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȖ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖ ȕȐȓțȎ Ȑ ȟȠȞȎțȎȠȎ Ȗ ȥȡȔȏȖțȎ ȘȎȠȜ
ȎȘȠȡȎșțȖ ȕȎ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȎȐȎȧ ȒȖȎșȜȑ.
ǽȓȞȟȝȓȘȠȖȐȖ
ǼȠ ȚȎȞȠ 2021 ȑ. ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎȠȓșȖ ȜȠ ȘȎȠȓȒȞȎ „ǯȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥȓț
ȚȓțȖȒȔȚȨțȠ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ“, ȟȓ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎȠ ȘȎȠȜ ȝȎȞȠțȪȜȞȖ Ȑ
ȖȕȝȨșțȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠ DECriS „ǲȖȑȖȠȎșțȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ ȕȎ
ȘȞȖȕȖȟțȖ ȟȖȠȡȎȤȖȖ: ǰȞȓȚȓțȎ ȏȓȕ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȎșȠȓȞțȎȠȖȐȎ“
(http://decris.ffos.hr/), ȢȖțȎțȟȖȞȎț ȝȜ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȎ ǳȞȎȕȨȚ+ țȎ
ǳǸ, ȟ ȒȜȑȜȐȜȞ Ɋ 2020-1-HR01-KA226-HE-094685. ǵȎ ȒȎ ȒȜȝ-
ȞȖțȓȟȓ ȕȎ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȖȜȏȧȎȐȎȧȖ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȖ ȕȎ ȐȖȟȦȓ
ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ Ȗ țȎȟȨȞȥȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȖțȠȓȞțȎȤȖȜțȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ,
ȝȞȜȓȘȠȨȠ DECriS ȓ ȢȜȘȡȟȖȞȎț ȐȨȞȣȡ ȖțȜȐȎȠȖȐțȖȠȓ ȤȖȢȞȜȐȖ
ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ, ȝȞȖșȜȔȓțȖ ȜȠ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȖȠȓ ȘȎȠȜ ȢȜȞȚȖ ȕȎ țȓȝ-
ȞȖȟȨȟȠȐȓțȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ ȝȞȓȕ ǮǱ 2019/2020 Ȗ ǮǱ 2020/2021 Ȑ ȡȟ-
șȜȐȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȖȕȐȨțȞȓȒțȎ ȟȖȠȡȎȤȖȭ ȜȠ ȝȎțȒȓȚȖȭȠȎ ǸȜȐȖȒ-19.
ǮȘȤȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȑ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȟȘȖȠȓ Ȗ ȝȞȖșȜȔțȖ ȕȎȒȎȥȖ ȟȎ ȐȨȞȣȡ
ȤȖȢȞȜȐȖȠȓ ȘȜȚȝȓȠȓțȤȖȖ, țȜȐȖȠȓ ȖțȜȐȎȠȖȐțȖ ȡȥȓȏțȖ ȝȞȜȑ-
ȞȎȚȖ Ȗ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖ ȚȓȠȜȒȖ, ȚȓȔȒȡțȎȞȜȒțȜȠȜ ȐȕȎȖȚȜȒȓȗȟ-
ȠȐȖȓ, ȟȨȠȞȡȒțȖȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȟ ȏȖȕțȓȟ ȟȓȘȠȜȞȎ Ȗ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎȠȎ. ǻȓȑȜ-
ȐȖȠȓ ȝȜȟȠȖȔȓțȖȭ ȧȓ ȝȜȟșȡȔȎȠ ȕȎ ȝȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ țȜȐȖ,
ȑȨȐȘȎȐȖ ȞȓȦȓțȖȭ Ȑ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ.
1. ǾeȑȖȟȠȨȞ țȎ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȎȧȖ Ȗ ȝȞȓȘȨȟțȎșȖ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȒȜȘȠȜ-
ȞȎțȠȖ ȘȨȚ ǺȖțȖȟȠȓȞȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ țȎȡȘȎȠȎ țȎ Ǿȓȝȡȏ-
șȖȘȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ. [viewed 15 October 2021]. Available from: <https://
stats.mon.bg/Reports/Index/745a6b79-dd8a-4008-846a-486015f9fa8b>.
REFERENCES/ǹǶȀǳǾǮȀȁǾǮ
McCrindle, M., 2014. The ABC of XYZ, Understanding the Global
Generations. Australia: McCrindle Research Pty Ltd.
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Stoyanova, D., Peteva, I., Denchev, S., 2016. The Role of Universities
in the Formation of Modern R&D Space through Creating New
Educational Patterns. INTED2016 Proceedings, 314 – 318.
Yakel, E., 2000. The Future of the Past: A Survey of Graduates of
Master’s-Level Archival Education Programs in the United States.
American Archivist, 63 (2), 309 – 310.
ARCHIVAL AND DOCUMENTARY STUDIES

EDUCATION AT ULSIT:
ASPECTS OF STUDENTS’ OPINIONS
Abstract: The report presents the results of a study on the topic
of Archival and Documentary Studies Education in the Modern
Information Environment conducted among the students of the
Bachelor's degree programme of Archival and Documentary Studies at
the Faculty of Library Studies and Cultural Heritage at the University
of Library Studies and Information Technologies (ULSIT). The
number of 84 respondents effectively participated in the survey. This
is 91.3 % of the total number of the students, which gives the study a
high representativeness. The report presents conclusions regarding
the students' attitude towards the application of modern information
and communication technologies (ICT) in the learning process in
academic specialties in the field of archival and documentary studies;
their awareness of the application of ICT and digitization in the
activities of archival institutions; their opinion about the opportunities
offered at the University for participation in projects, study practices
and internships, as well as about their future professional orientation.
Keywords: archival and documentary studies, ICT, academic
education, professional realization, survey, ULSIT.
Correspondence addresses:
Prof. DSc Tania Todorova
E-mail address: t.todorova@unibit.bg
Web of Science ID: CEH-7348-2022
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5981-8681
Scopus ID: 55467619800
436
Tel.: (+ 359) 897 886 371
E-mail address: h.atanasov@unibit.bg
Web of Science ID AAW-6367-2020
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3701-0387
Scopus ID: 57214897461
Assist. Prof. Sabina Eftimova, PhD

Tel.: (+ 359) 876 123 113
E-mail address: s.eftimova@unibit.bg
Web of Science ID: AAX-7285-2020
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6033-7663
Assoc. Prof. Magdalena Garvanova, PhD

E-mail address: m.garvanova@unibit.bg
Web of Science ID: X-3160-2019
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2387-1442
Scopus ID: 57189097020
Ana Miliþ
University of Zagreb
E-mail address: anamilic.m@gmail.com
437
ǶǻǰǳǿȀǶȄǶȍ ǰ ǯȈǲǳȇǳȀǼ: ȁȅǮǿȀǶǳ
ǻǮ ǿȀȁǲǳǻȀǶȀǳ ǼȀ ǿǽǳȄǶǮǹǻǼǿȀ
„ǮǾȃǶǰǶǿȀǶǸǮ Ƕ ǲǼǸȁǺǳǻȀǮǹǶǿȀǶǸǮ“
ǰ ǽǾǼǳǸȀ, ǼǾǶǳǻȀǶǾǮǻ
ǸȈǺ ǰȈǵǺǼǴǻǼǿȀ ǵǮ ǽǹǮǰǳǻ ǽǾǳȃǼǲ
ǼȀ ǼǯǾǮǵǼǰǮȀǳǹǻǮȀǮ ǶǻǿȀǶȀȁȄǶȍ
ǸȈǺ ǾǳǮǹǶǵǮȄǶȍ ǻǮ ȀǾȁǲǼǰǶȍ ǽǮǵǮǾ
Ǳș. Ȏȟ. Ȓ-Ȟ ǿȨȏȖțȎ ǳȢȠȖȚȜȐȎ

ǾȓȕȬȚȓ: ǽȞȓȕ 2020 ȑ. Ȑ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ țȎ ȟȐȓȠȜȐțȎ ȝȎțȒȓȚȖȭ ȟȠȎȞȠȖ-

ȞȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȨȠ BG05M2OP001-2.013-0001 „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ –
ȂȎȕȎ 2“ ȟ 40-Țȓȟȓȥȓț ȝȓȞȖȜȒ țȎ ȞȓȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȓ. ǽȞȜȓȘȠȨȠ ȟȓ ȖȕȝȨș-
țȭȐȎ ȜȠ ǺȖțȖȟȠȓȞȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ țȎȡȘȎȠȎ ȝȜ ǼȝȓȞȎ-
ȠȖȐțȎ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȎ „ǻȎȡȘȎ Ȗ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ ȕȎ ȖțȠȓșȖȑȓțȠȓț ȞȎȟȠȓȔ“
(ǼǽǻǼǶǾ) 2014 – 2020, ȟȨȢȖțȎțȟȖȞȎțȎ ȜȠ ǳȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖȭ ȟȜȤȖȎșȓț
ȢȜțȒ. ǼȏȧȖȭȠ ȏȬȒȔȓȠ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ ȓ 46 Țșț. șȓȐȎ. ǽȞȜȓȘȠȨȠ ȓ ȐȨȕ-
ȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȕȎ 44 000 ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȚȖțȎȠ ȡȟȝȓȦțȜ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȞȎȘȠȖ-
ȥȓȟȘȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ (ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ) Ȑ ȞȓȎșțȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ. ǰ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎȠȎ
ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȐȘșȬȥȎȠ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȎȧȖ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ ȜȠ ȐȖȟȦȖȠȓ ȡȥȖ-
șȖȧȎ ȝȎȞȠțȪȜȞȖ ȝȜ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ, ȟȞȓȒ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȓ Ȗ ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȨȠ ȝȜ ȏȖȏ-
șȖȜȠȓȘȜȕțȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ (ȁțȖǯǶȀ).
ȁȥȎȟȠȖȓȠȜ Ȑ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ ȓ ȜȠșȖȥțȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ǼǸǿ
„ȏȎȘȎșȎȐȨȞ“ Ȗ „ȚȎȑȖȟȠȨȞ“ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȚȖțȎȠ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ Ȝȏȡȥȓ-
țȖȓ, ȘȜȓȠȜ țȓ ȒȡȏșȖȞȎ ȖșȖ ȕȎȚȓȟȠȐȎ ȕȎȒȨșȔȖȠȓșțȜȠȜ ȝȜ ȡȥȓȏȓț
ȝșȎț ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ.
ȄȓșȠȎ țȎ țȎȡȥțȎȠȎ ȟȠȡȒȖȭ ȓ ȞȎȕȑșȓȒȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȖȠȓ Ȝȏȡ-
ȥȓțȖȭ, Ȑ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȐȕȓșȖ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠ „ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟ-
ȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ ȘȨȚ ȘȎȠȓȒȞȎ „ǯȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥȓț ȚȓțȖȒȔȚȨțȠ Ȗ
ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ țȎ ȁțȖǯǶȀ. ǻȎȝȞȎȐȓț ȓ ȎțȎșȖȕ țȎ țȎȑșȎȟȖȠȓ țȎ ȟȠȡ-
ȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎțȓ Ȑ ȝȜȒȜȏțȖ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȖ Ȗ ȟȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖ ȒȎțțȖ ȕȎ
ȟȠȓȝȓțȠȎ țȎ ȎȘȠȖȐțȜȟȠ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȘȨȚ ȚȓȟȓȤ ȟȓȝȠȓȚȐȞȖ 2021 ȑ.
ǸșȬȥȜȐȖ ȒȡȚȖ: ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ, ȁțȖǯǶȀ, ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠ
„ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“, ȞȓȎșțȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ.
438
ǰȨȐȓȒȓțȖȓ
ǿȐȖȒȓȠȓșȖ ȟȚȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖ țȎ ȑșȜȏȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ Ȗ țȎ ȠȓțȒȓț-
ȤȖȭ ȕȎ țȓȝȞȓȘȨȟțȎȠȜ țȎȞȎȟȠȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȜȠȞȓȏțȜȟȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȝȜȐȖȦȎ-
ȐȎțȓ țȎ ȓȢȓȘȠȖȐțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎȠȎ ȞȨȘȎ ȐȨȐ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȟȓȘȠȜȞȖ.
ǼȏȧȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȖȕȝȖȠȐȎ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜȟȠ, ȎȞȑȡȚȓțȠȖȞȎțȎ Ȗ ȜȠ
ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȟȨȜȏȞȎȔȓțȖȭ, ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȒȒȨȞȔȎ ȐȖȟȜȘȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț
țȎ ȓȢȓȘȠȖȐțȜȟȠ țȎ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖȠȓ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟȨȟ ȟȨȣȞȎțȓțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ
ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȕțȎțȖȭ. ǰ ȠȎȕȖ ȟȢȓȞȎ
ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ ȕțȎȥȖȚȎ ȞȜșȭ ȖȚȎ ȘȐȎșȖȢȖȘȎȤȖȭȠȎ Ȗ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȜȐȘȎȠȎ
țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖȠȓ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖ, Ȗ Ȑ ȥȎȟȠțȜȟȠ țȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜ-
ȠȓȥțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖ. ǿșȓȒ ȕȎȐȨȞȦȐȎțȓ țȎ ȜȏȞȎ-
ȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ ȟȖ Ƞȓ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȝȞȖȠȓȔȎȐȎȠ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȢȓ-
ȟȖȜțȎșțȖ ȠȓȜȞȓȠȖȥțȖ Ȗ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȘȜȚȝȓȠȓțȤȖȖ, ȜȠȑȜȐȎ-
ȞȭȧȖ țȎ ȝȜȠȞȓȏțȜȟȠȖȠȓ țȎ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȜȠȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ.
ǯ. ǵȒȞȎȐȘȜȐȎ ȜȏȜȏȧȎȐȎ ȟșȓȒțȜȠȜ: „ǰ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȑșȜȏȎș-
țȜȟȠ, ȚȜȏȖșțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȟȖșțȎ ȘȜțȘȡȞȓțȠțȜȟȠ ȚȖȟȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȐȖȟȦȓȠȜ
ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ ȒȎ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȐȭ ȐȖȟȜȘȜȘȐȎșȖȢȖȤȖȞȎțȖ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖ
ȕȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ țȎ ȠȞȡȒȎ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȐȎ țȜȐ ȟȚȖȟȨș Ȗ țȜȐȖ ȖȕȚȓȞȓțȖȭ.
ǲțȓȟ ȘȨȚ ȐȖȟȦȖȠȓ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȭȐȭȐȎȠ ȒȎșȓȥ ȝȜ-ȐȖȟȜȘȖ
ȜȥȎȘȐȎțȖȭ Ȑ ȘȎȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȖȚ țȎ ȟȞȓȒȖȧȎ ȕȎ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȜȐȘȎ țȎ ȕțȎȓ-
ȧȖ, ȟȝȜȟȜȏțȖ Ȗ ȘȜȚȝȓȠȓțȠțȖ ȣȜȞȎ Ȑ ȓȒțȎ ȖșȖ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜ-
țȎșțȎ ȟȢȓȞȎ, ȚȜȠȖȐȖȞȎțȖ ȕȎ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȎȐȎȧȜ șȖȥțȜȟȠțȜ Ȗ ȝȞȜ-
ȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȜ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ. ǽȜȠȞȓȏțȜȟȠȖȠȓ țȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ, ȏȖȕțȓȟȎ,
ȟȜȤȖȎșțȎȠȎ Ȗ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȎȠȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭȠ ȝȜȟȜȘȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȞȎȕȐȖ-
ȠȖȓ țȎ ȐȖȟȦȓȠȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ ȘȨȚ ȠȨȞȟȓțȓ Ȗ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȝȞȖțȤȖȝțȜ țȜȐȖ ȝȜȒȣȜȒȖ Ȑ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȑȎȞȎțȠȖȞȎȧȖ Ȑ ȝȨșțȎ
ȟȠȓȝȓț ȞȓșȓȐȎțȠțȜȟȠ țȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȠȓ ȜȥȎȘȐȎțȖȭ“ (Zdravkova
2019). ǵȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȎȠ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȐȓțȖ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖ, ȓ țȡȔțȎ Ȗ
ȒȜȏȞȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȎ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȜȐȘȎ, ȟ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞȖ țȎ țȡȔ-
ȒȖȠȓ țȎ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖȭ ȝȎȕȎȞ țȎ ȠȞȡȒȎ. ǻȡȔțȜ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȡȐȓșȖȥȎȠ
ȢȜȞȚȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭțȓ țȎ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ ȕȎ ȘȜțȠȎȘȠȖ ȟ
ȞȓȎșțȎȠȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ Ȝȧȓ Ȑ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ țȎ ȜȏȡȥețȖȓ.
ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȝȨȞȐȜȠȜ „ǻȎȤȖȜțȎșțȜ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȓ
țȎ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎȠȎ ȜȞȖȓțȠȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȚȜȠȖȐȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ
Ȑ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ“, ȝȞȜȐȓȒȓțȜ ȝȞȓȕ țȜȓȚȐȞȖ 2007 ȑ. Ȗ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎȧȜ
12 477 ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ Ȑ ȟȠȞȎțȎȠȎ (țȎȒ 10 % ȜȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȑ ǯȨșȑȎ-
ȞȖȭ), ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȜȠ 80 % ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȟȎ ȒȜȐȜșțȖ ȜȠ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ, ȘȜȓ-
ȠȜ ȝȜșȡȥȎȐȎȠ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȝȜșȡȥȓțȖȠȓ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠȖ (ȂȖȑ. 1), 54 % ȜȠ
439
ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȑ 1 – 2 ȘȡȞȟ ȚȖȟșȭȠ, ȥȓ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȝȜ-
șȡȥȎȐȎȠ, ȖȚ ȒȎȐȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȏȨȞȕȜ ȒȎ ȟȖ țȎȚȓȞȭȠ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ,
ȒȜȘȎȠȜ ȝȞȖ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ 3 – 4 ȘȡȞȟ ȒȓșȨȠ ȟȝȎȒȎ țȎ 39 %1.
ȀȓȕȖ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠȖ ȟȎ ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ Ȗ ȟ ȜȝȖȠȖȠȓ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȟȓ
ȜȠ 3 Ȗ 4 ȘȡȞȟ ȒȎ ȕȎȝȜȥțȎȠ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ Ȝȧȓ ȒȜȘȎȠȜ ȟȓ ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȠ.
ȂȖȑ. 1
ǯșȖȕȜ 59 % ȜȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȑ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ țȓ ȞȎȏȜȠȭȠ ȝȜ ȐȞȓ-

Țȓ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ ȟȖ Ȗ ȕȎ ȟȨȔȎșȓțȖȓ 60 % ȜȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ țȓ ȟȎ
ȏȖșȖ țȎ ȟȠȎȔ (ȂȖȑ. 2), Ȏ ȘȎȠȜ ȜȟțȜȐțȖ ȝȞȖȥȖțȖ ȕȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȓ ȝȜ-
ȟȜȥȐȎȠ „ȕȎȧȜȠȜ țȓ ȟȓ ȖȕȖȟȘȐȎ“ Ȗ „ȕȎȧȜȠȜ țȭȚȎȚ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎ-
ȤȖȭ ȘȎȘ ȒȎ ȟȖ țȎȚȓȞȭ ȟȠȎȔ“ (ȂȖȑ. 3).
ȂȖȑ. 2
440
ȂȖȑ. 3
ȀȎȕȖ ȘȎȞȠȖțȎ ȓ ȒȜȟȠȎ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȎ ȘȨȚ 2021 ȑ., ȕȎȧȜȠȜ ȝȞȓȕ

ȝȜȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȒȞȎȟȠȖȥțȜ ȟȓ ȡȐȓșȖȥȖ ȏȞȜȭȠ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ-
Ƞȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȞȎȏȜȠȭȠ ȝȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ. ǶȚȎ ȜȝȞȓȒȓ-
șȓțȖ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȖ, ȝȞȖ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȞȎȕȝȜșȎȑȎȠ ȟ ȒȜȟ-
ȠȎȠȨȥțȜ ȟȐȜȏȜȒțȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ Ȗ ȡȟȝȭȐȎȠ ȒȎ ȟȨȥȓȠȎȐȎȠ ȎțȑȎȔȖȚȓț-
ȠȖȠȓ ȟȖ. ǵȎ ȟȨȔȎșȓțȖȓ ȡ țȎȟ Ȑȟȓ Ȝȧȓ țȭȚȎ ȒȜȏȞȓ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȎ
ȘȜȞȝȜȞȎȠȖȐțȎ Ȗ ȢȖȞȚȓțȎ ȝȜșȖȠȖȘȎ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȎ ȟȨȟ ȟȠȎȔȎțȠȟ-
ȘȖ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȖ. ǺȎșȘȜ ȟȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖȠȓ ȐȨȐ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȟȓȘȠȜȞȖ,
ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎȠ țȎ ȏȨȒȓȧȖȠȓ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȠȎ ȒȎ
ȟȓ ȒȜȘȜȟțȎȠ ȒȜ ȞȓȎșțȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ.
ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ șȖȝȟȎȠȎ țȎ ȒȜȟȠȎȠȨȥțȜ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȓ
ȜȟțȜȐțȎ ȝȞȖȥȖțȎ, ȕȎ ȒȎ țȓ ȟȎ ȟȓ ȐȘșȬȥȖșȖ Ȑ ȟȠȎȔȎțȠȟȘȎ
ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȎ Ȑ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ țȎ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ. ǽȞȓȕ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ ȑȜ-
ȒȖțȖ țȎȟȠȨȝȖȣȎ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ Ȗ Ȑ ȠȎȕȖ ȜȏșȎȟȠ, ȘȎȠȜ ȟȓ
ȡȐȓșȖȥȎȐȎȠ ȝșȎȠȢȜȞȚȖȠȓ (ȟȞȓȒ Ƞȭȣ ȟȎ: https://isic.bg/,
https://www.youthub.bg/, https://www.idealcandidate.bg/, https:
//www.karieri.bg/ Ȗ Țț. ȒȞ.), ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭȠ ȎȘȠȡȎșțȎ Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȎȘȠȖȐțȖ ȟȠȎȔȎțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȖ.
Ǻ. ǯȜȞȖȟȜȐȎ ȜȠȏȓșȭȕȐȎ: „ǿȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȜȠȜ ȐȖȟȦȓ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ
ȖȕȝȨșțȭȐȎ ȓȒțȎ ȜȠ ȜȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ ȢȡțȘȤȖȖ Ȑ ȔȖȐȜȠȎ țȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ
– ȝȜȒȑȜȠȜȐȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȘȐȎșȖȢȖȤȖȞȎțȖ ȘȎȒȞȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠȟȠ-
441
ȐȎȠ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ țȎ ȠȞȡȒȎ, ȕȎȧȜȠȜ ȡȟȝȓȣȨȠ țȎ ȐȟȭȘȎ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭ
ȓ Ȑ ȞȨȤȓȠȓ țȎ ȣȜȞȎȠȎ, ȞȎȏȜȠȓȧȖ Ȑ țȓȭ. ǰ ȠȜȕȖ ȟȚȖȟȨș ȝȞȖȜȞȖ-
ȠȓȠțȜ Ȑ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎȠȎ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȜȐȘȎ țȎ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ
ȝȞȓȕ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ Ȑȟȓ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȟȓ țȎȏșȭȑȎ țȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟ-
ȘȖȠȓ ȕțȎțȖȭ Ȗ ȡȚȓțȖȭ ȘȎȠȜ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȎ țȎ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȠȞȓȠȎȠȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ. ǾȜșȭȠȎ țȎ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȎȠȎ Ȑ ȖțȖȤȖ-
ȎȠȖȐȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȠȞȎȗțȖ Ȗ ȟȖȟȠȓȚțȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ Ȗ ȟȠȎ-
ȔȜȐȓ ȘȎȠȜ ȢȜȞȚȎ țȎ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȜȏȞȎȠțȎ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȞȎ-
ȏȜȠȜȒȎȠȓșȖȠȓ Ȗ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȖȠȓ ȓ Ȑȟȓ Ȝȧȓ ȜȑȞȎțȖȥȓțȎ, țȜ țȎ-
ȞȎȟȠȐȎ“ (Borisova 2018). ǵȎȠȜȐȎ ȓ ȜȠ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ ȒȎ
ȟȓ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎȠ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȢȜȞȚȖ țȎ ȟȨȠȞȡȒțȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ. ǲȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȜȟ-
ȠȎȐȭȠ ȞȎȕțȜȜȏȞȎȕțȖ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȖ, ȝȜ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȒȎ ȖȚȎȠ
ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȒȎ ȟȠȎțȎȠ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȞȓȎșțȎȠȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ Ȝȧȓ Ȑ
ȝȞȜȤȓȟȎ țȎ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ. ǿȠȎȔȎțȠȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȖ Ȑȓȥȓ ȟȎ
ȎȘȠȖȐțȎ ȢȜȞȚȎ țȎ ȝȜȒȜȏțȜ ȟȨȠȞȡȒțȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ ȡ țȎȟ. ǳȒțȎ ȒȞȡȑȎ
ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ǺȖțȖȟȠȓȞȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ (ǺǼǻ)
ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭ, ȓ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȨȠ „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ“. ǽȞȓȕ 2016 ȑ.
ȟȠȎȞȠȖȞȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȨȠ „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ – ȂȎȕȎ 1“
(BG05M2OP001-2.002.00001), ȘȜȗȠȜ ȓ ȐȠȜȞȖȭȠ ȝȜ ȑȜșȓȚȖțȎ
ȝȞȜȓȘȠ țȎ ǺǼǻ. ȀȜȗ ȓ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȝȞȖȜȞȖȠȓȠțȎ Ȝȟ Ɋ 2. „ǼȏȞȎȕȜȐȎ-
țȖȓ Ȗ ȡȥȓțȓ ȝȞȓȕ ȤȓșȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ“ (ȟ ȏȬȒȔȓȠ ȜȠ ȜȘȜșȜ 504,6 Țșț.
șȐ.). ȂȖțȎțȟȜȐȎȠȎ ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȎ ȓ ȝȜ ǼȝȓȞȎȠȖȐțȎ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȎ „ǻȎȡȘȎ
Ȗ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ ȕȎ ȖțȠȓșȖȑȓțȠȓț ȞȎȟȠȓȔ“, ȟȨȢȖțȎțȟȖȞȎțȎ ȜȠ
ǳȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖȭ ȟȨȬȕ ȥȞȓȕ ǳȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖȠȓ ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞțȖ Ȗ ȖțȐȓȟȠȖ-
ȤȖȜțțȖ ȢȜțȒȜȐȓ. ǰȠȜȞȎȠȎ ȢȎȕȎ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ Ȑȓȥȓ ȓ ȢȎȘȠ Ȗ ȝȞȜ-
ȠȖȥȎ ȡȟȝȓȦțȜ ȐȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȥȓ ȟȠȎȞȠȖȞȎ Ȗ ȟȓ ȝȞȜȐȓȔȒȎ Ȑ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖ-
ȠȓșțȜ țȓȠȖȝȖȥțȎ ȜȏȟȠȎțȜȐȘȎ, ȕȎ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȐȓȠȨȠ ȟȓ ȜȘȎȕȎ țȓȝȜȒ-
ȑȜȠȐȓț, Ȏ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȝȎțȒȓȚȖȭȠȎ ȜȠ ǸȜȐȖȒ-19.
ǽȞȜȓȘȠ BG05M2OP001-2.013-0001
„ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ – ȂȎȕȎ 2“
ǰȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȕȎ țȎȒȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ țȎ
ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȖȠȓ ȡȚȓțȖȭ, ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎțȓ țȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ ȕȎ ȘȜȚȡ-
țȖȘȎȤȖȭ ȟ ȝȜȠȓțȤȖȎșțȖ ȞȎȏȜȠȜȒȎȠȓșȖ Ȗ ȕȎ țȎȠȞȡȝȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȖ ȡȚȓțȖȭ ȡ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȑ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȖ
ȝȞȜȓȘȠȨȠ BG05M2OP001-2.013-0001 „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ –
ȂȎȕȎ 2“, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȓ ȟ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ țȎ ȞȓȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ 13.01.2020 –
12.05.2023 ȑ.
442
ȀȜȗ ȟȓ ȖȕȝȨșțȭȐȎ ȜȠ ǺǼǻ ȝȜ ǼȝȓȞȎȠȖȐțȎ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȎ „ǻȎȡ-
ȘȎ Ȗ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ ȕȎ ȖțȠȓșȖȑȓțȠȓț ȞȎȟȠȓȔ“ (ǼǽǻǼǶǾ) 2014 –
2020, ȟȨȢȖțȎțȟȖȞȎțȎ ȜȠ ǳȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖȭ ȟȜȤȖȎșȓț ȢȜțȒ. ǼȏȧȖȭȠ
ȏȬȒȔȓȠ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ ȓ 46 Țșț. șȓȐȎ. ǽȞȜȓȘȠȨȠ ȓ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȕȎ
44 000 ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȚȖțȎȠ ȡȟȝȓȦțȜ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ Ȝȏȡ-
ȥȓțȖȓ (ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ) Ȑ ȞȓȎșțȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ. ǽȞȜȓȘȠȨȠ țȎȒȑȞȎȔ-
ȒȎ ȝȜȟȠȖȑțȎȠȜȠȜ ȜȠ ȝȞȜȓȘȠ „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ – ȂȎȕȎ 1“ Ȗ
ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȎȐȎ ȝȜșȖȠȖȘȎȠȎ Ȑ ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȐȖȟȦȓȠȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ țȎ
ǺǼǻ, țȎȟȜȥȓțȎ ȘȨȚ ȕȎȟȖșȐȎțȓ țȎ ȐȞȨȕȘȎȠȎ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎ-
țȖȓȠȜ Ȗ ȏȖȕțȓȟȎ Ȗ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȖȠȓ ȘȎȒȞȖ ȕȎ
ȒȖțȎȚȖȥțȜ ȝȞȜȚȓțȭȧȖȭ ȟȓ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțȓț ȝȎȕȎȞ țȎ ȠȞȡȒȎ. Ǯ.
ǰȓșȥȓȐȎ ȝȜȒȥȓȞȠȎȐȎ, ȥȓ ȒȜȝȨșțȖȠȓșțȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ
țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȖȕȐȨț ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒȓțȜȠȜ Ȑ ȡȥȓȏțȖȠȓ ȝșȎțȜȐȓ ȓ ȐȨȕ-
ȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȝȜȒȜȏȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȎȠȎ ȞȓȎșțȜȟȠ Ȑ ǯȨș-
ȑȎȞȖȭ (Velcheva 2019). ǰ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȟȓ
ȐȘșȬȥȎȠ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȎȧȖ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ ȜȠ 43 ȐȖȟȦȖ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ
ȝȎȞȠțȪȜȞȖ ȝȜ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ, ȟȞȓȒ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȓ Ȗ ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȨȠ ȝȜ ȏȖȏșȖ-
ȜȠȓȘȜȕțȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ (ȁțȖǯǶȀ).
ǼȟțȜȐțȎȠȎ Ȥȓș țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ ȓ țȎȟȜȥȓțȎ ȘȨȚ „ȝȜȐȖȦȎȐȎțȓ
ȘȎȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȐȖȟȦȓȠȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ ȥȞȓȕ ȝȞȜȐȓȔȒȎțȓ țȎ
ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȭ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȑ ȞȓȎșțȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎ ȟȞȓ-
ȒȎ. ǶȕȝȨșțȓțȖȓȠȜ Țȡ ȧȓ ȒȜȝȞȖțȓȟȓ ȕȎ ȒȖȞȓȘȠȓț ȒȖȎșȜȑ
ȚȓȔȒȡ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ ȏȖȕțȓȟȎ, ȚȓȔȒȡ ȠȓȜȞȖȭȠȎ Ȗ ȝȞȎȘȠȖ-
ȘȎȠȎ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȧȓ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȖ ȜȏȞȎȠțȎ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȜȠ ȏȖȕțȓȟȎ ȘȨȚ
ȐȖȟȦȖȠȓ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ ȕȎ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠȟȠȐȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ
ȡȥȓȏțȖȠȓ ȝșȎțȜȐȓ Ȗ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȖ ȘȨȚ țȡȔȒȖȠȓ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ țȎ
ȠȞȡȒȎ“2. ǲȞȡȑȖ ȕȎșȜȔȓțȖ ȤȓșȖ ȝȜ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ ȟȎ:
ǽȜȒȝȜȚȎȑȎțȓ țȎ ȝȜȒȜȏȞȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȘȎȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȐȖȟ-
ȦȓȠȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ ȥȞȓȕ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭțȓ țȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ ȕȎ
ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȜȝȖȠ Ȗ ȡȟȨȐȨȞȦȓțȟȠȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȖȠȓ ȡȚȓțȖȭ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȐȖȟȦȖȠȓ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ Ȑ
ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠȟȠȐȖȓ ȟ ȝȜȠȞȓȏțȜȟȠȖȠȓ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ țȎ ȠȞȡȒȎ;
ȁșȓȟțȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȓȣȜȒȎ ȜȠ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡ-
ȤȖȖ ȘȨȚ ȞȎȏȜȠțȜȠȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ Ȗ ȝȜȐȖȦȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȡȟȝȓȦțȎȠȎ ȞȓȎ-
șȖȕȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȚșȎȒȖȠȓ ȣȜȞȎ țȎ ȠȞȡȒȜȐȖȭ ȝȎȕȎȞ;
ǽȜȒȝȜȚȎȑȎțȓ Ȗ țȎȟȨȞȥȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȠȎ-
ȏȖșțȖ ȝȎȞȠțȪȜȞȟȠȐȎ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ Ȗ
ȏȖȕțȓȟȎ;
443
ȁȐȓșȖȥȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȠȖȚȡșȖȠȓ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ Ȑ
ȒȜȝȨșțȖȠȓșțȜ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȞȓȎșțȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ;
ǿȠȖȚȡșȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖȠȓ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ țȎȞȎȟȠȐȎțȓȠȜ
țȎ ȏȞȜȭ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȖ țȎȚȖȞȎȠ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ țȓȝȜȟȞȓȒȟȠ-
ȐȓțȜ ȟșȓȒ ȒȖȝșȜȚȖȞȎțȓȠȜ;
ǼȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȜȟȠȎȐȘȖ ȕȎ ȜȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțȭȐȎțȓ ȘȎȘȠȜ
țȎ ȡȥȓȏțȖȠȓ ȝșȎțȜȐȓ ȘȎȠȜ ȤȭșȜ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ țȎ ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎțȖȠȓ ȒȖȟ-
ȤȖȝșȖțȖ, ȘȡȞȟȜȐȓ Ȗ ȠȓȚȖ ȟȝȜȞȓȒ țȡȔȒȖȠȓ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ țȎ ȠȞȡȒȎ;
ǽȜȒȝȜȚȎȑȎțȓ țȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȡȟȠȜȗȥȖȐȖ ȚȓȣȎțȖȕȚȖ
Ȗ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ țȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȜȒȎȠȓșȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȝȜȒȏȜȞ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ, ȒȜ-
ȘȎȕȎșȖ ȡȚȓțȖȭ Ȑ ȞȓȎșțȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ, Ȗ ȕȎ țȓȝȜȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȓțȜ-
ȠȜ ȖȚ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎțȓ Ȑ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ țȎ ȠȞȡȒȎ3.
ȁȏȓȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ ȓ, ȥȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȥȞȓȕ ȒȜȏȞȓ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȐȓțȖ ȟȝȓȤȖȎ-
șȖȟȠȖ Ȗ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȖ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȠȖȑțȓ ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȖ
ȞȎȟȠȓȔ Ȗ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȐȖȭȠ ȖțȜȐȎȤȖȖ, țȡȔțȖ ȕȎ ȝȞȜȑȞȓȟȎ țȎ Ȑȟȭ-
ȘȜ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȘȜțȤȓȝȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ
„Ȑȟȓ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȓ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȖțȐȓȟȠȖȞȎ Ȑ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ
țȎ ȐȖȟȜȘȜȘȐȎșȖȢȖȤȖȞȎț ȥȜȐȓȦȘȖ ȝȜȠȓțȤȖȎș ȟ țȜȐȖ ȡȚȓțȖȭ
ȐȨȐ ȐȖȟȜȘȜȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȥțȖ ȜȏșȎȟȠȖ...“2. ǽȞȓȕ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ ȑȜȒȖ-
țȖ ȟȓ ȜȠȥȖȠȎ țȓȒȜȟȠȖȑ țȎ ȘȎȒȞȖ Ȑ ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȝȓȒȎȑȜȑȖȥȓȟ-
ȘȖȠȓ, ȖțȔȓțȓȞțȜ-ȠȓȣțȖȥȓȟȘȖȠȓ Ȗ ȝȞȖȞȜȒțȖȠȓ țȎȡȘȖ. ǾȓȑȖȟȠ-
ȞȖȞȎțȜ ȓ ȠȞȓȐȜȔțȜ ȖȕȜȟȠȎȐȎțȓ Ȑ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ ȝȜ țȜȐȖ ȝȞȜȢȓ-
ȟȖȖ, țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȖ ȕȎ ȕȓșȓțȎȠȎ ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȘȎ, ȐȖȟȜȘȜȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȥ-
țȖȠȓ Ȗ ȖțȜȐȎȠȖȐțȖ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȖ. ȀȜȐȎ ȝȜȞȎȔȒȎ țȡȔȒȎȠȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ
ȞȎȏȜȠȖ ȝȞȖȜȞȖȠȓȠțȜ ȟȨȟ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ, ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȧȖ ȟȓ Ȑ ȠȓȕȖ
ȟȢȓȞȖ, Ȗ ȠȜȐȎ ȓ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ ȜȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ ȚȜȠȖȐȖ ȝȞȖ ȞȎȕȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖ-
ȓȠȜ țȎ ȚȓȟȠȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȏȞȜȭ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ. ǽȞȓȒȐȖȒȓțȜ ȓ Ȑ ȝȞȜȓȘ-
ȠȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȠ Ȑ ȞȓȎșțȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ 6000 ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ ȜȠ
ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȝȓȒȎȑȜȑȖȥȓȟȘȖȠȓ țȎȡȘȖ, 7000 ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ ȜȠ ȠȓȣțȖ-
ȥȓȟȘȖ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȖ, Ȗ 2700 ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ ȜȠ ȜȏșȎȟȠȖȠȓ ȝȞȖȞȜȒțȖ
țȎȡȘȖ, ȚȎȠȓȚȎȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȠȖȘȎ (Lazarova 2019).
ǽȨȞȐȜțȎȥȎșțȜ țȎ ȁțȖǯǶȀ ȏȭȣȎ ȜȠȝȡȟțȎȠȖ 600 ȚȓȟȠȎ, ȘȎȠȜ
ȟșȓȒ ȝȜȘȞȖȐȎțȓ țȎ ȘȐȜȠȖȠȓ Ȗ ȕȎ ȝȞȖȜȞȖȠȓȠțȖȠȓ ȏȞȜȗȘȖ Ȗ ȕȎ ȟȠȡ-
ȒȓțȠȖ, ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȧȖ ȟȓ Ȑ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȜȏșȎȟȠȖ țȎ ȐȖȟȦȓ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ, ȓ
ȝȜșȡȥȓțȜ ȡȐȓșȖȥȓțȖȓ țȎ ȏȞȜȭ ȜȠ ȟȠȞȎțȎ țȎ ǺǼǻ. ȀȜȐȎ ȓ ȖțȒȖ-
ȘȎȠȜȞ ȕȎ ȑȨȐȘȎȐȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȢȜȞȚȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȟȨȠȞȡȒțȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ ȝȜ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ.
ǸȨȚ ȜȘȠȜȚȐȞȖ 2021 ȑ. țȎ ȁțȖǯǶȀ ȟȎ ȜȠȝȡȟțȎȠȖ ȜȏȧȜ 820
ȚȓȟȠȎ, ȜȠ ȘȜȖȠȜ 420 ȟȎ ȕȎ ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȧȖ ȟȓ Ȑ ȜȏșȎȟȠ țȎ ȐȖȟȦȓ Ȝȏ-
444
ȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ „ǽȞȖȞȜȒțȖ țȎȡȘȖ, ȚȎȠȓȚȎȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȠȖȘȎ“.
ǶțȒȖȘȎȠȖȐțȖȭȠ ȏȞȜȗ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ, ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȧȖ ȟȓ Ȑ
ȒȞȡȑȖ ȜȏșȎȟȠȖ țȎ ȐȖȟȦȓ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ, ȓ 400.
ǽȞȓȕ șȓȠțȖȭȠ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ ȖȚȎȦȓ ȡȟȠȜȗȥȖȐȜȟȠ Ȑ ȏȞȜȭ țȎ ȟȠȡ-
ȒȓțȠȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȜȔȓșȎȣȎ ȒȎ ȟȠȎȞȠȖȞȎȠ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ
ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ, Ȗ ȝȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȝȖȘȎ țȎ ȥȓȠȐȨȞȠȎ ȐȨșțȎ ȜȠ ǸȜȐȖȒ-19
ȎȘȠȖȐțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȎȕȐȎ ȡȟȠȜȗȥȖȐȖȭ ȖȚ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ
ȘȨȚ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎȠ ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȜȞȑȎțȖ-
ȕȎȤȖȖ. ǺțȜȑȜ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȝȞȓȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȖȞȎȣȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖ
Ȗ țȎȚȓȞȖȣȎ ȡȟȝȓȦțȖ ȢȜȞȚȖ ȕȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ.
ǸȨȚ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ ȚȓȟȓȤ țȜȓȚȐȞȖ 2021 ȑ. Ȑȓȥȓ 82,5 % ȜȠ
ȚȓȟȠȎȠȎ ȟȎ ȕȎȝȨșțȓțȖ, Ȏ Ȑ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ țȎ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȜȐȘȎ ȟȎ Ȝȧȓ Ȓȓ-
ȟȓȠȘȖ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ. „ǿ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎțȓȠȜ ȟȖ Ȑ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȨȠ țȓȑ-
șȎȟțȜ ȖȕȞȎȕȭȐȎ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓȠȜ ȟȖ ȘȨȚ ȖȒȓȭȠȎ ȕȎ ȟȖțȣȞȜțȖȕȖ-
ȞȎțȓ ȐȕȎȖȚȜȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȭȠȎ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȐȖȟȦȓȠȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ Ȗ ȏȖȕțȓȟȎ
ȥȞȓȕ ȠȞȓȠȎ ȟȠȞȎțȎ, ȘȎȘȐȎȠȜ ȓ ǺǼǻ. ǶȒȓȭ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȤȓșȖ ȝȜȐȖ-
ȦȎȐȎțȓ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȖȠȓ ȘȜȚȝȓȠȓțȤȖȖ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎțȖȠȓ ȟ ȜȑșȓȒ
ȝȜȠȞȓȏțȜȟȠȖȠȓ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ țȎ ȠȞȡȒȎ Ȗ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔ-
țȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȐȕȎȖȚțȜ ȐșȖȭțȖȓ, ȕȎ ȝȎȞȠțȪȜȞȟȠȐȜ, ȕȎ ȜȏȓȒȖțȭȐȎțȓ
țȎ ȡȟȖșȖȭ Ȗ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ Ȑ ȜȏȧȎ ȘȎȡȕȎ țȎ ȏȖȕțȓȟȎ Ȗ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓș-
țȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ, Ȏ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȡșȓȟțȭȐȎțȓ ȝȞȓȣȜȒȎ ȜȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȟ-
ȘȎȠȎ ȟȘȎȚȓȗȘȎ ȘȨȚ ȞȎȏȜȠțȜȠȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ ȥȞȓȕ ȝȜȒȜȏȞȭȐȎțȓ ȘȎȥȓȟ-
ȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ Ȗ Ȑ ȥȎȟȠțȜȟȠ – ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȎȠȎ ȝȜȒȑȜ-
ȠȜȐȘȎ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȎ“ (Dzhorova 2016).
ǾȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠ „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ“

Ȑ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ țȎ ȟȐȓȠȜȐțȎ ȝȎțȒȓȚȖȭ
ǰȠȜȞȎȠȎ ȢȎȕȎ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ“ ȟȠȎȞȠȖ-
ȞȎ Ȑ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȠȞȡȒȓț Ȗ ȖȕȝȨșțȓț ȟ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ.
ǽȎțȒȓȚȖȭȠȎ ȜȠ ǸȜȐȖȒ-19 ȖȕȝȞȎȐȖ ȝȞȓȒ ȜȑȞȜȚțȖ ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȎ-
ȠȓșȟȠȐȎ ȤȭșȜȠȜ ȥȜȐȓȥȓȟȠȐȜ Ȗ ȒȜȐȓȒȓ ȒȜ ȚȎȟȜȐȜ ȕȎȠȐȎȞȭțȓ țȎ
ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ ȝȜ ȤȓșȖȭ ȟȐȭȠ.
ȀȎȕȖ ȟȖȠȡȎȤȖȭ ȜȘȎȕȎ ȐșȖȭțȖȓ Ȗ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȎȘȠȖȐțȜȟȠȠȎ Ȗ Ȗț-
ȠȓȞȓȟȎ ȘȨȚ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ. ǻȎ 16.03.2020 ȑ. Ȑ ȝșȎȠȢȜȞȚȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȜ-
ȓȘȠȎ ȏȓȦȓ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȜ ȟșȓȒțȜȠȜ „ȁȐȓȒȜȚȖȠȓșțȜ ȟȨȜȏȧȓțȖȓ
ȜȠțȜȟțȜ ȟȖȠȡȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȟ ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȘȜȞȜțȎȐȖȞȡȟȎ
(ǸȜȐȖȒ-19 )“: „ȁȐȎȔȎȓȚȖ ȡȥȎȟȠțȖȤȖ, ȓȘȖȝȨȠ ȕȎ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭ Ȗ
ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠ „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ – ȂȎȕȎ 2“ ȜȠȥȖ-
445
ȠȎ ȟȓȞȖȜȕțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȟȨȕȒȎșȎȠȎ ȟȓ ȟȖȠȡȎȤȖȭ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȞȎȕȝ-
ȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȘȜȞȜțȎȐȖȞȡȟȎ. ǼȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȝȞȎȐȖȠȓșȟ-
ȠȐȜȠȜ ȜȞȑȎțȖ Ȗ șȖȤȎ ȓȔȓȒțȓȐțȜ ȜȏȭȐȭȐȎȠ ȚȓȞȘȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ
ȟșȓȒȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȖșȎȑȎȠ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȜȑȞȎțȖȥȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟ-
ȠȞȎțȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǸȜȐȖȒ-19 . ǳȘȖȝȨȠ ȕȎ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓ-
țȖȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠ „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ – ȂȎȕȎ 2“ ȟȥȖȠȎ, ȥȓ ȓȘȖ-
ȝȖȠȓ țȎ ȐȖȟȦȖȠȓ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ, ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȖȠȓ țȎȟȠȎȐțȖȤȖ, ȜȏȡȥȎ-
ȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȖ, ȚȓțȠȜȞȖȠȓ Ȗ țȎȗ-Ȑȓȥȓ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȠȞȭȏ-
ȐȎ ȒȎ ȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȠ ȟȓȞȖȜȕțȜ ȘȨȚ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȎȠȎ ȟȖȠȡȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȒȎ ȝșȎ-
țȖȞȎȠ ȠȎȘȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ ȟȖ Ȗ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓȠȜ ȟȖ Ȑ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ, ȥȓ ȒȎ țȓ ȟȓ
ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎȠ ȝȞȓȒȝȜȟȠȎȐȘȖ ȕȎ țȎȞȡȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȜȏȧȖȠȓ ȚȓȞȘȖ țȎ
țȎȤȖȜțȎșțȜ țȖȐȜ“3. ǰȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȟȨȕȒȎșȎȠȎ ȟȓ ȟȖȠȡȎȤȖȭ ȟȓ țȎȚȓ-
ȞȖȣȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȓȧȖ ȐȎȞȖȎțȠȖ, ȏșȎȑȜȒȎȞȓțȖȓ țȎ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȖȠȓ
ȝȜ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ țȓ ȟȎ ȝȞȓȘȨȟȐȎțȖ. ǰ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ țȎ ȖȕȐȨțȞȓȒțȜ ȝȜ-
șȜȔȓțȖȓ ȚțȜȑȜ ȜȠ ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȖ ȡȟȝȭȣȎ ȒȎ ȠȞȎț-
ȟȢȜȞȚȖȞȎȠ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎȠȎ ȟȖ ȟȞȓȒȎ Ȗ ȒȎ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȠ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭ ȕȎ ȏȓȕȜ-
ȝȎȟțȜ ȝȞȜȐȓȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ. ǽȜ ȠȜȕȖ țȎȥȖț,
ȚȎȘȎȞ Ȗ ȟ ȝȜ-ȏȎȐțȖ ȠȓȚȝȜȐȓ, Ȗ Ȑ ȠȜȕȖ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ ȖȚȎȦȓ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖ-
ȞȎț ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ Ȗ ȟȓ ȝȞȜȐȓȒȜȣȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȭ. ǺțȜȑȜ ȜȠ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȖ-
Ƞȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȏȭȣȎ ȕȎȠȐȜȞȓțȖ ȕȎ ȝȜȠȞȓȏȖȠȓșȖ, ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎȣȎ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ,
ȕȎ ȒȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȭȠ ȝȜ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȖ țȎȝȞȎȐșȓ-
țȖȭ. ǸȡșȠȡȞțȖ Ȗ țȎȡȥțȖ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȖ, ȚȡȕȓȖ,
ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȠȖ ȝȞȖȓȚȎȣȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎțȠȖ Ȗ ȜȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȭȐȎȣȎ ȝȨșțȜ-
ȤȓțțȜ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȒȎțțȖȠȓ, ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖ ȜȠ
ǺǼǻ, ȎȘȠȖȐțȜȟȠȠȎ ȝȜ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ ȟȓ ȓ ȡȐȓșȖȥȖșȎ Ȑ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ ȚȎȗ
ȚȓȟȓȤ 2020 ȑ., ȘȎȠȜ ȖȚȎ ȕțȎȥȖȠȓșțȜ țȎȞȎȟȠȐȎțȓ țȎ ȏȞȜȭ țȎ Ȟȓ-
ȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎțȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȞȎȏȜȠȜȒȎȠȓșȖ.
ǽȞȓȕ ȬșȖ 2020 ȑ. țȎ ȟȎȗȠȎ țȎ ǺǼǻ ȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȎ Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȏȞȜȭ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎțȖ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ, ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȖ,
ȚȓțȠȜȞȖ, ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȖ țȎȟȠȎȐțȖȤȖ. ǼȠ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ
ȒȜ ȚȎȗ 2020 ȑ. ȟȎ ȟȓ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎșȖ 740 ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȧȖ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎ-
ȤȖȖ Ȗ 6 414 ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ. ǰ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ țȎ ȬșȖ 2020 ȑ. ȞȎȏȜȠȜȒȎȠȓ-
șȖȠȓ ȟȎ 1460, Ȏ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ țȎȒ 16 000, ȚȓțȠȜȞȖȠȓ – 2 1824.
ǻȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȟȞȓȧȎ ȝȞȓȕ ȚȓȟȓȤ ȟȓȝȠȓȚȐȞȖ 2020 ȑ.,
ȝȞȜȐȓȒȓțȎ ȥȞȓȕ ȐȖȒȓȜȘȜțȢȓȞȓțȠțȎ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ țȎ
ȐȖȟȦȖ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ, ȝȎȞȠțȪȜȞȖ ȝȜ ȝȞȜȓȘȠ „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ
– ȂȎȕȎ 2“, ȞȨȘȜȐȜȒȖȠȓșȭȠ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ ǿȜțȭ ǸȞȨȟȠȎțȜȐȎ, ȒȖ-
ȞȓȘȠȜȞ țȎ ȒȖȞȓȘȤȖȭ „ȂȖțȎțȟȖ“ Ȑ ǺǼǻ, ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎ-
446
ȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȖȕȐȨȞȦȓțȖȠȓ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȖ ȘȨȚ ȚȜȚȓțȠȎ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȖȕțȓȟȓțȖ-
Ƞȓ ȒȎțțȖ ȘȨȚ ȟȓȝȠȓȚȐȞȖ 2020 ȑ. Ȑ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎȠȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎ
țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ ȟȎ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎțȖ 21 313 ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ, ȜȠ ȘȜȖȠȜ 7 236 ȟȎ
ȟȠȎȞȠȖȞȎșȖ ȟȐȜȖȠȓ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȭ. ǾȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎțȖȠȓ
ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȖ țȎȟȠȎȐțȖȤȖ ȟȎ 1 783, Ȏ ȚȓțȠȜȞȖȠȓ ȟȎ 2 808 ȜȠ
1 760 ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȧȖ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȖ. ǽȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȖ ȟȎ țȎȒ 2 900 Ȝȏȭ-
ȐȖ ȟ 43 676 ȞȎȏȜȠțȖ ȝȜȕȖȤȖȖ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȠȜȞȖȠȓ țȎ
ȟȞȓȧȎȠȎ „ȝȜȠȐȨȞȔȒȎȐȎ ȢȎȘȠȎ, ȥȓ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟȨȠ țȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȜȒȎȠȓșȖȠȓ
ȒȎ țȎȓȚȎȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎțȠȖ ȓ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȑȜșȭȚ“5.
ǰ ȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȭȠȎ „ǻȎȒ 37 000 ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ ȟȎ ȝȜȔȓșȎșȖ
ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ Ȑ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ“ țȎ ȟȎȗȠȎ țȎ ǺǼǻ ȜȠ
01.03.2021 ȑ. ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȥȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȓȒțȎ ȑȜȒȖ-
țȎ ȟșȓȒ ȟȠȎȞȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ Ȑ ȝșȎȠȢȜȞȚȎȠȎ ȟȎ ȟȓ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎșȖ
țȎȒ 37 000 ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ, ȜȠ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȝȜȠȐȨȞȒȓțȖ țȎȒ 20 000. ǵȎ
ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ 11 679 ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ ȟȎ ȝȞȖȘșȬȥȖșȖ ȡȟȝȓȦțȜ ȝȞȎȘȠȖ-
ȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ ȟȖ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ, Ȏ ȘȨȚ ȚȎȞȠ 2021 ȑ. 15 248 ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ Ȑȟȓ
Ȝȧȓ ȟȓ ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȠ Ȑ ȞȓȎșțȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ. ǾȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎțȖȠȓ
ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȧȖ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȖ ȟȎ 2 311, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎșȖ
4 390 ȜȏȭȐȖ ȕȎ 68 300 ȞȎȏȜȠțȖ ȚȓȟȠȎ.
ǿȝȞȎȐȘȎ țȎ ȝșȎȠȢȜȞȚȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ ȘȨȚ ȬșȖ 2021 ȑ.
ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎ, ȥȓ ȟȎ ȝȞȖȓȠȖ 27 411 ȘȎțȒȖȒȎȠȡȞȖ, ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȜȞ-
ȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȖ ȟȎ 2 701, Ȏ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȖȠȓ ȜȏȭȐȖ ȟȎ 5 627. ǽȞȓȕ
ȟȓȝȠȓȚȐȞȖ 2021 ȑ. ȝȞȖȓȠȖȠȓ ȘȎțȒȖȒȎȠȡȞȖ ȟȎ 28 904, 2 779 ȟȎ
ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȖ Ȗ ȖȚȎ 5 864 ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȖ ȜȏȭȐȖ.
ǽȞȓȕ ȜȘȠȜȚȐȞȖ ȝȞȖȓȠȖȠȓ ȘȎțȒȖȒȎȠȡȞȖ ȟȎ 30 850, 2 850 ȟȎ
ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȖ Ȗ ȖȚȎ 6 097 ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȖ ȜȏȭȐȖ. ǰ
țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ ȚȓȟȓȤ țȜȓȚȐȞȖ ȘȎțȒȖȒȎȠȡȞȖ ȟȎ 32 120, 2 913 ȟȎ
ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȖ Ȗ ȖȚȎ 6 265 ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȖ ȜȏȭȐȖ.
ȀȓțȒȓțȤȖȭȠȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȓ țȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎ, ȓ ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȎ ȟ ȝșȎȐțȜ Ȗ
ȝȜȟȠȜȭțțȜ țȎȞȎȟȠȐȎȧ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ ȘȨȚ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ ȘȎȘȠȜ ȜȠ ȟȠȞȎțȎ
țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ ȜȠ ȟȠȞȎțȎ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎ-
ȤȖȖ (ǰȔ. ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 1). ǵȎ ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȎ ȜȠ ȐȞȓȚȓȠȞȎȓțȓȠȜ
țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ Ȑȓȥȓ ȟȎ ȒȜȟȠȖȑțȎȠȖ țȎȒ 60 % ȜȠ ȕȎșȜȔȓțȖȠȓ ȐȨȕ-
ȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ ȕȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ.
447
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 1. ǲȎțțȖ ȕȎ ȝȞȖȓȠȖȠȓ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȘȎțȒȖȒȎȠȡȞȖ, ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖ-
ȞȎțȖȠȓ ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȧȖ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȖ Ȗ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȖ ȜȏȭȐȖ
ǾȓȑȖȟȠȞȖ- ǾȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎțȖ ǽȡȏșȖ- ǾȓȑȖȟȠ-
ǽȞȖȓȠȖ ȘȎț- ǾȎȏȜȠțȖ
ȞȎțȖ ȟȠȡ- ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȧȖ ȘȡȐȎțȖ ȞȖȞȎțȖ
ȒȖȒȎȠȡȞȖ ȝȜȕȖȤȖȖ
ȒȓțȠȖ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȖ ȜȏȭȐȖ ȚȓțȠȜȞȖ
ǺȎȗ
6 414 740
2020 ȑ.
ȌșȖ
16 000 1 460 2 182
2020 ȑ.
ǿȓȝȠȓȚȐȞȖ
1 760 2 900 43 676 2 808
2020 ȑ.
ȂȓȐȞȡȎȞȖ
18 700 ǻȎȒ 2 000 4 100
2021 ȑ.
ǺȎȞȠ 11 679
2021 ȑ. ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ
ȡȟȝȓȦțȜ
ȝȞȖȘșȬȥȖ-
37 000 șȖ 2 311 4 390 68 300 4 000
5 248 ȟȓ
ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȠ
ȘȨȚ ȚȎȞȠ
2021 ȑ.
ȌșȖ
27 411 2 701 5 627
2021 ȑ.
ǿȓȝȠȓȚȐȞȖ
28 904 2 779 5 864
2021 ȑ.
ǼȘȠȜȚȐȞȖ
30 850 2 850 6 097
2021 ȑ.
ǻȜȓȚȐȞȖ
32 816 2 940 6 360
2021 ȑ.
ǯșȎȑȜȒȎȞȓțȖȓ țȎ ȏȜȑȎȠȖȭ ȒȖȎȝȎȕȜț ȜȠ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎțȖ ȞȎ-

ȏȜȠțȖ ȝȜȕȖȤȖȖ ȜȠ ȒȨȞȔȎȐțȖȭ Ȗ ȥȎȟȠțȖȭ ȟȓȘȠȜȞ, ȟȓ ȒȜȟȠȖȑȎ ȒȜ
ȚȎȘȟȖȚȎșțȜ ȑȜșȭȚ ȏȞȜȗ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ, ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȧȖ ȟȓ Ȑ ȞȎȕțȜȜȏ-
ȞȎȕțȖ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȖ.
ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȖȕțȓȟȓțȖȠȓ ȒȎțțȖ: „ǵȎ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟȎ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ
ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȖ țȎȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȭ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȨȒȖ ȝȜ
ȝȞȜȤȓțȠȎ țȎ ȐȘșȬȥȓțȖȠȓ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ ȜȠ ȒȎȒȓțȜ țȎȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ
ȟȝȞȭȚȜ ȜȏȧȖȭ ȏȞȜȗ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ, ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȧȖ ȟȓ Ȑ ȠȜȐȎ țȎȝȞȎȐșȓ-
țȖȓ ȜȠ ȐȖȟȦȖȠȓ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ ȝȎȞȠțȪȜȞȖ ȝȜ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ. ǾȓȕȡșȠȎȠȖȠȓ
ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ, ȥȓ țȎȗ-ȚțȜȑȜ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ ȟȎ ȟȓ ȐȘșȬȥȖșȖ ȜȠ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖ-
ȜțȎșțȜ țȎȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ „ǰȓȠȓȞȖțȎȞțȎ ȚȓȒȖȤȖțȎ“ – 17,4 %,
448
„ǽȞȎȐȜ“ – 17,2 %, „ǯȖȜȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ“ – 15,4 %, „ǿȠȜȚȎȠȜșȜȑȖȭ“
– 14,7 %, „ǯȖȜșȜȑȖȥȓȟȘȖ țȎȡȘȖ“ – 13,4 %, „ǺȓȒȖȤȖțȎ“ – 13,3 %,
„ȃȖȚȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ“ – 12,4 %, „ǴȖȐȜȠțȜȐȨȒȟȠȐȜ“ – 11,9
%, „ȃȖȚȖȥȓȟȘȖ țȎȡȘȖ“ – 11,4 % Ȗ „ǿȝȜȞȠ“ – 11,3 %“6.
ȁȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎ ȟȓ, ȥȓ ȒȓșȨȠ țȎ țȎȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ 3.5. ǼȏȧȓȟȠȐȓ-
țȖ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȖ Ȗ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖ țȎȡȘȖ ȓ ȝȜȒ 10 %. ǽȞȓ-
ȒȜȟȠȎȐȓțȎ ȓ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȕȎ ȎȘȠȖȐțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖȠȓ
ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȖ, ȘȎȠȜ ȘȨȚ ȚȎȞȠ 2021 ȑ. ȐȜȒȓȧ ȓ ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȨȠ
ȕȎ țȎȤȖȜțȎșțȜ Ȗ ȟȐȓȠȜȐțȜ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȠȐȜ, ȟșȓȒȐȎț ȜȠ ǺȓȒȖȤȖțȟ-
ȘȖȭ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠ Ȑ ǽșȜȐȒȖȐ. ǮȘȠȖȐțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ
ȁțȖǯǶȀ ȓ ȏȖșȎ ȝȜȒ 3 % ȜȠ ȜȏȧȖȭ Ȓȭș țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ, ȐȘșȬ-
ȥȖșȖ ȟȓ Ȑ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ.
ǵȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȁțȖǯǶȀ, ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȧȖ ȟȓ Ȑ ȘȎȠȓȒȞȎȠȎ
„ǯȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥȓț ȚȓțȖȒȔȚȨțȠ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ ȘȨȚ ȂȎȘȡșȠȓȠȎ ȝȜ
ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȜȕțȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȜ țȎȟșȓȒȟȠȐȜ (ȂǯǸǻ), ȓ ȜȠ ȖȕȘ-
șȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ ȒȎ ȝȜșȡȥȎȠ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ
ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ. ǵȎȧȜȠȜ, ȘȎȘȠȜ ȟȓ ȝȜȒȥȓȞȠȎȐȎ Ȑ ȜȏȜȟțȜȐȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȜ-
ȓȘȠȎ: „ǽȞȎȘȠȖȘȖȠȓ Ȑ ȞȓȎșțȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ ȒȎȐȎȠ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ
țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȒȎ ȡȟȐȜȭȠ ȕțȎțȖȭ, ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȡȚȓțȖȭ Ȗ ȘȜȚ-
ȝȓȠȓțȠțȜȟȠȖ ȝȜ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ, ȝȜ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȓ ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȠ ȐȨȐ ȐȖȟ-
ȦȓȠȜ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓ. ȁȚȓțȖȭ, ȘȜȖȠȜ Ȑȟȓ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȟȓ ȠȨȞȟȭȠ ȜȠ ȞȎȏȜȠȜ-
ȒȎȠȓșȖȠȓ Ȗ ȝȜȚȎȑȎȠ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȝȞȖ țȎȚȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ
ȟșȓȒ ȕȎȐȨȞȦȐȎțȓ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ ȖȚ. ǯȖȕțȓȟȨȠ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎ
ȚțȜȑȜ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ, țȜ Ȗ ȖȕȖȟȘȐȎ ȚțȜȑȜ ȜȠ ȘȎȒȞȖȠȓ. ǽȞȖȒȜȏȖ-
ȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȐȖȟȦȓ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ țȓ ȓ ȒȜȟȠȎȠȨȥțȜ ȕȎ țȎȚȖȞȎțȓȠȜ
țȎ ȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȧȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ. ǰȟȓ ȝȜ-țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȖțȐȓȟȠȖȞȎ Ȑ
ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȐȖȟȜȘȜȘȐȎșȖȢȖȤȖȞȎț ȥȜȐȓȦȘȖ ȝȜȠȓțȤȖȎș ȟ
țȜȐȖ ȡȚȓțȖȭ ȐȨȐ ȐȖȟȜȘȜȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȥțȖ ȜȏșȎȟȠȖ, țȎ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșțȜ
ȑȞȎȚȜȠțȖ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎȠ țȜȐȖ ȝȞȜȒȡȘȠȖ, ȒȎ
ȡȝȞȎȐșȭȐȎȠ ȖȕȘȡȟȠȐȓț ȖțȠȓșȓȘȠ Ȗ Ƞ.ț.“6.
ǽȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ ȒȜȝȞȖțȎȟȭ ȕȎ șȖȥțȜȟȠțȎȠȎ ȜȞȖ-
ȓțȠȎȤȖȭ Ȑ ȓȟȠȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȭȠȎ Ȗ ȝȜȐȖȦȎȐȎ ȚȜȠȖȐȎȤȖȭ-
ȠȎ ȕȎ ȞȓȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ ȝȜ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ ȥȞȓȕ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȐȎțȓ țȎ ȘȎ-
ȥȓȟȠȐȓțȎ ȘȐȎșȖȢȖȘȎȤȖȭ. ǾȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ Ȑ ȞȓȎșțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ ȝȜȒȝȜȚȎȑȎ
ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖȠȓ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȝȨșțȜȤȓțțȜȠȜ ȜȟȚȖȟșȭțȓ țȎ ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞ-
țȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȠȞȡȒȎ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖ, Ȗ ȟȠȖȚȡșȖȞȎ
ȠȨȞȟȓțȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȓȜȞȓȠȖȥțȖ ȜȟțȜȐȎțȖȭ ȕȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȞȓȦȓ-
țȖȭ.
449
ȁȥȎȟȠȖȓ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠ
„ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“
Ȑ ȝȞȜȓȘȠ „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ – ȂȎȕȎ 2“
ǼȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ Ȑ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠ „ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎ-
șȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ Ȑ ȁțȖǯǶȀ ȟȠȎȞȠȖȞȎ ȝȞȓȕ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȎȠȎ
2012/2013 ȑ., ȘȎȠȜ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȑ ȞȓȒȜȐțȎ Ȗ ȕȎȒȜȥțȎ ȢȜȞȚȎ țȎ
ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ ȟȓ ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȠ ȜȏȧȜ ȥȓȠȖȞȖ ȑȜȒȖțȖ (ȜȟȓȚ ȟȓȚȓȟȠȨȞȎ), ȕȎ
ȒȎ ȝȜșȡȥȎȠ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȜ-ȘȐȎșȖȢȖȘȎȤȖȜțțȎȠȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț „ȏȎȘȎ-
șȎȐȨȞ“. ǰ ȚȎȑȖȟȠȨȞȟȘȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ
„ǺȓțȖȒȔȚȨțȠ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ“, ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȠ Ȗ ȐȨȕ-
ȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ ȕȎ ȒȜȘȠȜȞȎțȠȡȞȎ. ȃȞ. ǮȠȎțȎȟȜȐ ȜȏȜȏȧȎȐȎ, ȥȓ Ȑ ȣȜȒȎ
țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ ȓ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒȓțȜ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȒȎ ȖȕȡȥȎȐȎȠ ȘȎȘȠȜ
ȜȏȧȜȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖ ȒȖȟȤȖȝșȖțȖ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȥțȖ ȎȞȣȖ-
ȐȖȟȠȖȥțȖ ȝȞȓȒȚȓȠȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎ ȑȖ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȐȭȠ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȜ ȕȎ ȞȎȏȜ-
ȠȎ ȟ ȠȞȎȒȖȤȖȜțțȖ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, țȜ Ȗ ȟ ȚȜȒȓȞțȎ
ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎȤȖȭ. ȄȓșȠȎ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȐȭȠ ȓȘȟȝȓȞȠțȖ
ȘȎȒȞȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎ țȎȚȓȞȭȠ ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȞȓȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ Ȑ ȒȨȞȔȎȐțȖ Ȗ
ȜȏȧȖțȟȘȖ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ, ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȖ țȎ ȥȎȟȠțȖȭ ȟȓȘȠȜȞ, țȎ țȓȝ-
ȞȎȐȖȠȓșȟȠȐȓțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȠȓ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȖ (Atanasov
2020). ǲȖȝșȜȚȖȠȓ, ȖȕȒȎȐȎțȖ țȎ ȕȎȐȨȞȦȖșȖȠȓ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠ
„ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“, ȟȎ șȓȑȖȠȖȚțȖ Ȗ Ȑ ȒȨȞȔȎ-
ȐȖȠȓ ȥșȓțȘȖ țȎ ǳȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖȭ ȟȨȬȕ Ȗ ȟȎ ȟȨȝȜȟȠȎȐȖȚȖ ȟȨȟ ȟȞȜȒ-
țȖ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȖ țȎ ȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȖ. ǽȞȎȐȜȠȜ ȕȎ ȡȝȞȎȔțȭ-
ȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȭȠȎ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠ ȓ șȖȤȓțȕȖȞȎțȜ țȎ ȜȏȧțȜȟȠțȜ
ȞȎȐțȖȧȓ (Tomova 2020). Ǻ. ǺȜȒȓȐȎ Ȗ Ȁ. ȀȜȒȜȞȜȐȎ ȝȜȒȥȓȞȠȎ-
ȐȎȠ, ȥȓ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȜȠȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ ȕȎ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȜȐȘȎ țȎ ȘȎȒȞȖ Ȑ
GLAM-ȟȓȘȠȜȞȎ (Galleries, Libraries, Archives, Museums – ȑȎ-
șȓȞȖȖ, ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȖ, ȎȞȣȖȐȖ Ȗ ȚȡȕȓȖ) ȓ ȜȞȖȓțȠȖȞȎțȜ ȘȨȚ ȖȕȖȟ-
ȘȐȎțȖȭȠȎ ȕȎ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȐȎțȓ țȎ ȕțȎțȖȭ, ȡȚȓțȖȭ Ȗ țȎȐȖȤȖ țȎ
ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎ ȑȖ ȝȞȎȐȭȠ ȎȒȓȘȐȎȠțȖ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ țȎ
ȠȞȡȒȎ Ȗ ȒȎ ȖȚ ȒȎȒȎȠ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȕȎ ȦȖȞȜȘȎ ȠȓȜȞȓ-
ȠȖȥțȎ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȜȐȘȎ, țȜ Ȗ ȕȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȖ ȘȜȚȝȓȠȓțȠțȜȟȠȖ,
ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎ ȝȜȐȖȦȎȠ ȠȭȣțȎȠȎ ȘȜțȘȡȞȓțȠțȜȟȝȜȟȜȏțȜȟȠ ȕȎ țȎȚȖȞȎ-
țȓ țȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ ȝȜ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ (Modeva & Todorova 2021).
ǽȜȞȎȒȖ ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȎȘȠȡȎșțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎș-
țȜ ȖȕȑȞȎȒȓțȖȠȓ ȡȥȓȏțȖ ȝșȎțȜȐȓ, ȜȠȑȜȐȎȞȭȧȖ țȎ țȡȔȒȖȠȓ țȎ
ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ, ȝȞȓȕ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ
ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ „ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ Ȑ ǼǸǿ „ǯȎ-
450
ȘȎșȎȐȨȞ“ ȟȓ ȞȎȒȐȎ țȎ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșȓț ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ ȜȠ ȟȠȞȎțȎ țȎ ȘȎț-
ȒȖȒȎȠ-ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠȖ ȜȠ ȝȞȜȐȓȒȓțȖ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȖȭ
ȜȘȜșȜ 60 % ȜȠ ȕȎȐȨȞȦȖșȖȠȓ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ Ȑ ȏȎȘȎșȎȐȨȞȟȘȎ Ȗ ȚȎȑȖȟ-
ȠȨȞȟȘȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț ȟȓ ȞȓȎșȖȕȖȞȎȠ ȘȎȠȜ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖ ȖșȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎ-
șȖȟȠȖ Ȑ ȒȨȞȔȎȐțȖȭ Ȗ ȥȎȟȠțȖȭ ȟȓȘȠȜȞ. ǰȟȖȥȘȜ ȠȜȐȎ ȓ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠ
ȜȠ ȡȟȝȓȦțȜȠȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ, Ȑ ȘȜȓȠȜ țȓȝȞȓȘȨȟțȎȠȜ ȟȓ ȒȜȏȎȐȭȠ țȜȐȖ
ȠȓȚȖ, ȜȠȑȜȐȎȞȭȧȖ țȎ țȎȟȠȨȝȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ. ǳȒȖț ȒȜȏȨȞ
ȝȞȖȚȓȞ ȕȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȒȎ ȡȟȨȐȨȞȦȓțȟȠȐȎȠ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȖȠȓ ȟȖ
ȡȚȓțȖȭ Ȑ ȞȓȎșțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ, ȓ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȨȠ „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ“,
ȘȜȗȠȜ Ȑ ȚȜȚȓțȠȎ ȓ ȐȨȐ ȐȠȜȞȎȠȎ ȟȖ ȢȎȕȎ.
ǰ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȖȭ ȠȓȘȟȠ ȧȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓȠȜ Ȑ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ
„ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ“ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ Ȑ ȞȓȒȜȐțȎ Ȗ ȕȎȒȜȥțȎ
ȢȜȞȚȎ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȏȎȘȎșȎȐȨȞȟȘȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț ȜȠ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠ
„ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ Ȗ Ȑ ȚȎȑȖȟȠȨȞȟȘȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț
ȝȜ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠ „ǺȓțȖȒȔȚȨțȠ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ“.
ǽȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖ ȟȎ ȒȎțțȖ (ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 2) ȒȜ țȜȓȚȐȞȖ 2021 ȑ., ȘȎȠȜ Ȑ
ȎțȎșȖȕȎ ȟȎ ȐȘșȬȥȓțȖ ȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ ȐȖȝȡȟȘȖ:
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 2. ǰȖȝȡȟȘȖ ȜȠ ǼǸǿ „ǯȎȘȎșȎȐȨȞ“ Ȗ „ǺȎȑȖȟȠȨȞ“,
ȐȘșȬȥȓțȖ Ȑ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓȠȜ
ǼǸǿ „ǯȎȘȎșȎȐȨȞ“
ǸȡȞȟ ǰȖȝȡȟȘ
ǾȓȒȜȐțȜ Ȗ ȕȎȒȜȥțȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ
1 ȘȡȞȟ ǰȖȝȡȟȘ 2020/2024
ǼǸǿ „ǺȎȑȖȟȠȨȞ“ ǰȖȝȡȟȘ 2020/2021
ǰȖȝȡȟȘ 2021/2022
ǸȨȚ ȚȜȚȓțȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭțȓ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȖȭȠȎ, ȜȠ ǼǸǿ „ǯȎ-

ȘȎșȎȐȨȞ“ Ȑ ȞȓȒȜȐțȎ ȢȜȞȚȎ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ ȜȠ
ȝȨȞȐȖ ȒȜ ȠȞȓȠȖ ȘȡȞȟ ȟȎ ȟȓ ȐȘșȬȥȖșȖ Ȗ ȡȟȝȓȦțȜ ȟȎ ȝȞȖȘșȬ-
ȥȖșȖ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ ȟȖ (ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 3). ȀȜȐȎ ȓ ȖțȒȖȘȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȐȖȟȜ-
ȘȖȭ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ ȟȞȓȒ ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎțȖȠȓ ȘȨȚ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ Ȑ ȞȓȎșțȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎ
ȟȞȓȒȎ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȜȟțȜȐȎțȖȓ ȕȎ ȝȞȜȚȭțȎ Ȑ ȘȜșȖȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȥȎȟȜ-
ȐȓȠȓ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȡȥȓȏțȖȠȓ ȝșȎțȜȐȓ
țȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ. ǽȞȖ ȞȎȕȑȜȐȜȞȖ ȟ ȘȜșȓȑȖȠȓ ȜȠ 4 ȘȡȞȟ ȟȓ ȟȠȖ-
ȑȎ ȒȜ ȖȕȐȜȒȎ, ȥȓ ȝȞȖȥȖțȎ ȕȎ țȖȟȘȖȭ ȝȞȜȤȓțȠ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ,
ȐȘșȬȥȖșȖ ȟȓ Ȑ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ, ȓ ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȎ ȟ ȢȎȘȠȎ, ȥȓ Ȑ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȎȠȎ
ȑȜȒȖțȎ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ ȟȖ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȎțȑȎȔȖȞȎțȖ ȟ ȝȜȒȑȜ-
ȠȜȐȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȒȖȝșȜȚțȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȞȎȏȜȠȖ.
451
ǰȎȔțȜ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȏȜȠȖ ȕȎ țȎȚȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȓȧȖ ȞȓȦȓțȖȭ Ȑ
ȠȎȕȖ ȝȜȟȜȘȎ, ȕȎȧȜȠȜ ȠȜȥțȜ ȘȜșȓȑȖȠȓ, țȎ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȜȖ ȒȖȝșȜ-
ȚȖȞȎțȓ, ȏȖȣȎ ȟȝȓȥȓșȖșȖ țȎȗ-ȚțȜȑȜ ȜȠ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȝȜ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ,
ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȠȜȐȎ ȓ ȝȞȓȒȝȜȟȠȎȐȘȎ ȕȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȞȓȎșțȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎ-
ȐȎ ȕȎ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȠȖȠȓ ȡȚȓțȖȭ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȜȠșȖȥțȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȕȎ
ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȘȜțȠȎȘȠȖ ȟ ȝȜȠȓțȤȖȎșțȖ ȞȎȏȜȠȜȒȎȠȓșȖ. ǼȝȖȠȨȠ
țȎ ȁțȖǯǶȀ Ȑ ȠȜȐȎ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ ȒȜȘȎȕȐȎ, ȥȓ ȚțȜȑȜ ȜȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ,
ȝȞȓȚȖțȎșȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ, ȝȜșȡȥȎȐȎȠ ȝȜȘȎțȎ ȒȎ ȕȎ-
ȝȜȥțȎȠ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ Ȗ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȞȓȎșȖȕȖȞȎȠ ȐȓȒțȎȑȎ ȟșȓȒ ȕȎȐȨȞȦȐȎțȓȠȜ.
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 3. ȁȥȎȟȠȖȓ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ǼǸǿ „ǯȎȘȎșȎȐȨȞ“
ǽȞȜȤȓțȠ
ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ,
ǼȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓș- ȕȎȐȨȞȦȖșȖ
țȜ-ȘȐȎșȖȢȖ- ȡȟȝȓȦțȜ
ȂȜȞȚȎ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ ǸȡȞȟ ǰȖȝȡȟȘ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟ-
ȘȎȤȖȜțțȎ
ȟȠȓȝȓț ȘȜȠȜ ȟȖ Ȝȏȡ-
ȥȓțȖȓ ȝȜ
ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ
„ǯȎȘȎșȎȐȨȞ“ ǾȓȒȜȐțȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ 1 ȘȡȞȟ ǰȖȝȡȟȘ 2020/2024 100 %
„ǯȎȘȎșȎȐȨȞ“ ǵȎȒȜȥțȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ 1 ȘȡȞȟ ǰȖȝȡȟȘ 2020/2024 69,23 %
„ǯȎȘȎșȎȐȨȞ“ ǵȎȒȜȥțȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ 2 ȘȡȞȟ ǰȖȝȡȟȘ 2019/2023 100 %
ǽȞȖ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȕȎȒȜȥțȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ ȝȞȜȤȓțȠȨȠ țȎ ȡȥȎȟ-

ȠȖȓ Ȑ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ ȓ ȚȎșȘȜ ȝȜ-țȖȟȨȘ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȓ ȝȞȜȒȖȘȠȡȐȎțȜ ȜȠ
ȢȎȘȠȎ, ȥȓ ȝȜȐȓȥȓȠȜ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ Ȑȓȥȓ ȞȎȏȜȠȭȠ Ȑ ȎȞȣȖȐțȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡ-
ȤȖȭ. ǲȞȡȑȎ ȝȞȖȥȖțȎ ȕȎ țȖȟȘȖȭ ȝȞȜȤȓțȠ ȓ țȓȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȠȎ ȒȎ
ȟȓ ȐȘșȬȥȎȠ ȝȜȞȎȒȖ ȐȞȓȚȓȐȖȭ ȒȖȎȝȎȕȜț țȎ ȝȞȜȐȓȔȒȎțȎȠȎ
ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ, ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȝȜȐȓȥȓȠȜ ȜȏȭȐȖ ȟȎ ȟȎȚȜ ȕȎ ȒțȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȝȜțȓ-
ȒȓșțȖȘ ȒȜ ȝȓȠȨȘ ȜȠ 9.00 ȒȜ 18.00 ȥ., ȘȜȓȠȜ ȒȡȏșȖȞȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȜȠȜ
ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ. ǽȜȥȠȖ șȖȝȟȐȎȠ ȜȏȭȐȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎ ȝȜȕȐȜ-
șȭȐȎȠ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȒȎ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎȠ ȝȜȥȖȐțȖȠȓ ȒțȖ ȕȎ ȝȞȜȐȓȔ-
ȒȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ ȟȖ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȝȜȞȓȒ Țȓț ȓ ȝȞȖ-
ȥȖțȎ ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȑ ȕȎȒȜȥțȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ ȒȎ țȓ
ȐȕȖȚȎȠ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ Ȑ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ.
ǰȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȠȓȕȖ ȜȠȘȞȜȖșȖ ȟȓ ȟșȓȒ ȞȎȕȑȜȐȜȞȖ ȟȨȟ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ
ȝȞȖȥȖțȖ, ȓ ȣȡȏȎȐȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȏȓșȓȔȖ, ȥȓ ȝȞȖ ȘȜșȓȑȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȐȠȜȞȖ
ȘȡȞȟ ȓ țȎșȖȤȓ 100 % ȐȘșȬȥȐȎțȓ, ȝȞȖ ȘȜșȓȑȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȥȓȠȐȨȞȠȖ
452
ȘȡȞȟ ȝȞȜȤȓțȠȨȠ ȟȨȧȜ ȓ ȒȜȟȠȎ ȐȖȟȜȘ – 94 %. ǽȨȞȐȜȘȡȞȟțȖȤȖȠȓ
ȟȝȜȒȓșȭȠ ȝȞȖȠȓȟțȓțȖȓ ȕȎ țȖȐȜȠȜ ȟȖ țȎ ȑȜȠȜȐțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ Ȑ
ȞȓȎșțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ Ȗ ȕȎȠȜȐȎ ȒȓșȨȠ țȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎțȠȖȠȓ Ȑ ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȑȜ-
ȒȖțȎ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȎ ȓ ȓȒȐȎ 69,24 %. ǼȏȞȎȠțȎȠȎ
ȐȞȨȕȘȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȝȜșȡȥȎȐȎȚȓ ȜȠ ȚȓțȠȜȞȖȠȓ, ȞȎȏȜȠȖșȖ ȟ ȝȨȞȐȜ-
ȘȡȞȟțȖȤȖ, ȜȝȞȜȐȓȞȑȎȐȎ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȠȓȣțȖȠȓ ȟȠȞȎȣȜȐȓ. ǰȝȓȥȎȠșȓțȖȭ-
ȠȎ țȎ ȚȓțȠȜȞȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȐȖȟȜȘȎȠȎ ȚȜȠȖȐȎȤȖȭ, ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞțȜ
ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ Ȗ ȝȞȜȭȐȓțȜ ȟȠȎȞȎțȖȓ ȜȠ ȟȠȞȎțȎ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ.
ǰȎȔțȜ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȏȓșȓȔȖ, ȥȓ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȑ ǼǸǿ
„ǯȎȘȎșȎȐȨȞ“ ȟȎ ȝȞȓȚȖțȎșȖ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ ȐȨȐ
ȢȎȕȎ 1 țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ, ȘȎȠȜ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȎ ȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ 4
ȘȡȞȟ (ȜȘȜșȜ 37 %).
ȀȡȘ ȟȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖ ȒȐȎ ȕȎȟȠȨȝȐȎȧȖ ȟȓ ȐȖȝȡȟȘȎ ȜȠ ȚȎȑȖȟ-
ȠȨȞȟȘȎ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȎ „ǺȓțȖȒȔȚȨțȠ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ“
(ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 4). ǶțȠȓȞȓȟȨȠ ȟȞȓȒ ȚȎȑȖȟȠȞȖȠȓ ȓ țȎȒ 70 %, țȜ ȝȞȖ
Ƞȭȣ ȝȞȜȤȓțȠȨȠ țȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȓȧȖ Ȑ ȠȎȕȖ ȟȢȓȞȎ ȓ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȐȖ-
ȟȜȘ, ȘȎȠȜ Ȑ ȝȜȐȓȥȓȠȜ ȟșȡȥȎȖ, ȠȜȐȎ ȟȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖ ȜȠ ȝȞȎȘȠȖ-
ȘȎȠȎ ȟ ȒȨșȑȜȑȜȒȖȦȓț ȜȝȖȠ, ȏȓȕ ȒȖȝșȜȚȎ ȝȜ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ Ȗ
ȥȖȓȠȜ ȞȎȏȜȠțȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȓ ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎțȓ Ȑ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ
ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ. ǿȞȓȒțȎȠȎ ȖȚ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠ ȓ 43 ȑ. Ȗ ȝȞȖ ȕȎȝȖȟȐȎțȓȠȜ ȟȖ
Ƞȓ Ȑȓȥȓ ȞȎȏȜȠȭȠ Ȑ ȎȞȣȖȐțȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȭ ȖșȖ Ȑ ȎȞȣȖȐ ȖșȖ Ȓȓ-
șȜȐȜȒȟȠȐȜ ȘȨȚ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȎ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭ. ȀȜȐȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȤȭșȜ ȓ
ȝȞȖȥȖțȎȠȎ ȒȎ țȓ ȟȓ ȐȘșȬȥȎȠ Ȑ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ. ȀȓȕȖ,
ȘȜȖȠȜ ȐȕȖȚȎȠ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ, ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎȠ ȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ ȝȞȖȥȖțȖ: ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ-
țȜ ȖȚ ȓ; ȖȚȎȠ țȡȔȒȎ ȜȠ țȜȐȜ ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ; ȔȓșȎțȖȓ ȕȎ
ȕȎȝȜȕțȎȐȎțȓ ȟ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȎ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭ; ȝȞȖȒȜ-
ȏȖȐȎțȓ țȎ țȜȐȖ ȕțȎțȖȭ Ȗ ȡȚȓțȖȭ; ȜȏȜȑȎȠȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜ-
țȎșțȖȠȓ ȘȜțȠȎȘȠȖ; ȢȖțȎțȟȜȐ ȟȠȖȚȡș Ȗ ȒȞ.
ȀȎȏșȖȤȎ 4. ȁȥȎȟȠȖȓ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ǼǸǿ „ǺȎȑȖȟȠȨȞ“
ǽȞȜȤȓțȠ ȟȠȡȒȓț-
ǼȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȜ- ȠȖ ȕȎȐȨȞȦȖșȖ
ȘȐȎșȖȢȖȘȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȂȜȞȚȎ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ ǸȡȞȟ ǰȖȝȡȟȘ ȡȟȝȓȦțȜ ȝȞȎȘȠȖ-
ȟȠȓȝȓț ȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ ȟȖ Ȝȏȡ-
ȥȓțȖȓ ȝȜ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ
ǼǸǿ „ǺȎȑȖȟȠȨȞ“ ǵȎȒȜȥțȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ ǰȖȝȡȟȘ 2020/2021 71,43 %
ǼǸǿ „ǺȎȑȖȟȠȨȞ“ ǵȎȒȜȥțȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ ǰȖȝȡȟȘ 2021/2022 100 %
ǽȞȖ ȚȎȑȖȟȠȞȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȐȖȝȡȟȘ 2021/2022 ȓ țȎșȖȤȓ 100 %

ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ Ȑ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ, ȐȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȥȓ ȘȜșȓȑȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȒȨșȑȜȑȜȒȖȦțȖ
453
ȟșȡȔȖȠȓșȖ ȟ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșȓț ȜȝȖȠ, ȞȎȏȜȠȭȠ Ȑ ȒȨȞȔȎȐțȖ ȖțȟȠȖ-
ȠȡȤȖȖ Ȗ ȕȎȓȚȎȠ ȒșȨȔțȜȟȠȖ ȟ ȐȖȟȜȘȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț țȎ ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞțȜȟȠ. ǰ
ȖțȠȓȞȐȬ ȓȒțȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȘȎ ȟȝȜȒȓșȖ, ȥȓ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȠȎ ȓ ȏȖșȎ ȝȞȖ-
ȥȖțȎ ȕȎ ȘȜșȓȏȎțȖȓȠȜ ȒȎșȖ ȓ ȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȧȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȐȘșȬȥȖ Ȑ Ȝȏȡ-
ȥȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȐȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȥȓ țȭȚȎ ȕȎșȜȔȓțȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȟȠȜȐȎ ȑȞȎțȖȤȎ.
ǻȭȘȜȖ ȜȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ (Ǻ. Ǻ.) ȟȝȜȒȓșȭȠ: „ȃȡȏȎȐȜ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȐȘșȬ-
ȥȎȠ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȚșȎȒȖ ȣȜȞȎ, Ƞȓ ȧȓ ȟȓ ȞȓȎșȖȕȖȞȎȠ Ȑ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖȠȓ
ȑȜȒȖțȖ. Ǯȕ ȟȨȚ ȟȓ ȒȜȘȎȕȎșȎ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȜ.“
ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȒȎțțȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȎȠȎ ȑȜȒȖțȎ 2021/2022 ȝȞȖ
ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȐȖȝȡȟȘ 2021/2025 Ȑ ǼǸǿ „ǯȎȘȎșȎȐȨȞ“ Ȑ ȕȎȒȜȥ-
țȎ ȢȜȞȚȎ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ ȓ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎțȎ 100 % ȎȘȠȖȐțȜȟȠ, Ȏ
ȝȞȖ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȞȓȒȜȐțȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ 50 % ȟȎ ȟȓ ȐȘșȬȥȖșȖ Ȑ
ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ. ȀȜȐȎ ȓ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȜȏțȎȒȓȔȒȎȐȎȧȎ ȟȠȎȠȖȟȠȖȘȎ,
ȘȜȭȠȜ ȝȜȠȐȨȞȔȒȎȐȎ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜȟȠȠȎ ȜȠ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȜ-
ȒȜȏțȖ ȢȜȞȚȖ ȕȎ ȜȏȜȑȎȠȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȎȠȎ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȜȐȘȎ
țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȝȧȓ ȟȨȟ ȟȠȎȞȠȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ.
ǽȜȕȖȤȖȖ ȕȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ Ȗ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ

ȕȎ ȟȨȠȞȡȒțȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ
ǮȘȠȖȐțȜȠȜ ȟȨȠȞȡȒțȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȘȎȠȓȒȞȎ „ǯȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥȓț Țȓ-
țȖȒȔȚȨțȠ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ ȟ ȚțȜȑȜ ȜȠ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ Ȑ
ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ ȞȎȕȦȖȞȭȐȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ
ȘȎȘȠȜ ȘȎȠȜ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȡȥȓȏțȖȭ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ ȝȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ
(Eftimova 2018). ǽȞȓȒșȜȔȓțȖȠȓ ȜȏȭȐȖ ȝȜ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ ȕȎȟȠȨȝȐȎȠ
ȚțȜȑȜ ȜȠ ȐȜȒȓȧȖȠȓ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ Ȑ ȟȠȞȎțȎȠȎ, Ȏ Ȑ ȟȨȧȜȠȜ
ȐȞȓȚȓ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎȠ Ȗ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ ȕȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ Ȑ
ȥȎȟȠțȖ ȢȖȞȚȖ Ȗ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȖ, ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎȧȖ țȎȗ-ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖȠȓ
ȟȖȟȠȓȚȖ ȕȎ ȜȏȞȎȏȜȠȘȎ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ.
ǰ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎțȖȭ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ ȟȎ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȖ țȎȒ 450 ȜȏȭȐȖ Ȑ
ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȜ țȎȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ „ǼȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȖ Ȗ
ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖ țȎȡȘȖ“, ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎȧȖ ȝȜȕȖȤȖȖ ȟ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ
țȖȐȎ țȎ ȟșȜȔțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȘȜȚȝȓȠȓțȠțȜȟȠ. ǰ ȟȠȡȒȖȭȠȎ ȟȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎ-
ȐȓțȖ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȜȠ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȖȠȓ3, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎȠ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ
ȕȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ, Ȑ ȘȜȓȠȜ Ȑȓȥȓ ȟȎ ȟȓ ȐȘșȬȥȖșȖ ȑȜșȭ-
ȚȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȑ ȞȓȒȜȐțȎ Ȗ ȕȎȒȜȥțȎ ȢȜȞȚȎ țȎ Ȝȏȡȥȓ-
țȖȓ ȜȠ ǼǸǿ „ǯȎȘȎșȎȐȨȞ“ Ȗ „ǺȎȑȖȟȠȨȞ“ ȜȠ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠ „ǮȞ-
ȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ Ȗ „ǺȓțȖȒȔȚȨțȠ țȎ ȒȜȘȡ-
ȚȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ“.
454
ǳȒțȎ ȜȠ ȜȏȭȐȖȠȓ, Ȑ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȎȘȠȖȐțȜ ȟȓ ȐȘșȬȥȖȣȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ-
Ƞȓ ȜȠ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ, ȓ „ȀȓȣțȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȜȝȓȞȎȠȜȞ“ Ȑ ǿȠȜșȖȥțȎ
ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ – ǿȜȢȖȭ. ǽȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ ȓ țȎȟȜȥȓțȜ
ȘȨȚ ȝȜȐȖȦȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȠȓȣțȖȥȓȟȘȖȭ ȘȎȝȎȤȖȠȓȠ țȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎț-
ȠȖȠȓ Ȗ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȐȎțȓ țȎ ȕțȎțȖȭ ȝȜ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȘțȖ-
ȔȜȐțȜȠȜ țȎȟșȓȒȟȠȐȜ. ǽȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȖȕȐȨȞȦȐȎ
ȝȜȥȖȟȠȐȎțȓ, ȟȘȎțȖȞȎțȓ, ȘȜțȐȓȞȠȖȞȎțȓ Ȗ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȘțȖȔțȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȜȝȖȟȐȎțȓ ȝȜ ȟȝȖȟȨȘ țȎ ȞȓȒȘȖ Ȗ ȤȓțțȖ
ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ țȎ ȒȓȠȟȘȖ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥȓț ȝȓȥȎȠ ȒȜ 1944 ȑ.
ǽȞȜȑȞȎȚȎȠȎ ȓ ȞȎȕȒȓșȓțȎ Ȑ ȥȓȠȖȞȖ ȜȟțȜȐțȖ ȚȜȒȡșȎ, ȜȏȣȐȎ-
ȧȎȧȖ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȓșȓȚȓțȠȖ ȜȠ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȎ țȎ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȓ țȎ
ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥțȖ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ.
ǳȠȜ Ȗ țȭȘȜȖ ȐȝȓȥȎȠșȓțȖȭ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȚȖțȎșȖ
ȝȞȓȕ ȠȜȐȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ, ȟȝȜȒȓșȭȠ: „ǽȞȎȘȠȖȘȎȠȎ ȚȖ Ȑ ǿȠȜșȖȥțȎ
ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ ȝȞȜȠȓȥȓ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟțȜ Ȗ ȒȖțȎȚȖȥțȜ, ȐȝȓȥȎȠșȓțȖȭȠȎ
ȟȎ ȚȖ ȖȕȤȭșȜ ȝȜșȜȔȖȠȓșțȖ. ǾȎȒȐȎȣ ȟȓ țȎ ȝȞȖȭȠȓșȟȘȜ ȜȠțȜ-
ȦȓțȖȓ Ȗ ȜȠȕȖȐȥȖȐȜȟȠ ȜȠ ȟȠȞȎțȎ țȎ ȚȓțȠȜȞȎ, ȐȖțȎȑȖ ȏȓȦȓ Ȑ
ȑȜȠȜȐțȜȟȠ ȒȎ ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞȖ țȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȖȠȓ ȚȖ. ǽȞȎȘȠȖȘȎȠȎ ȚȖ ȒȎȒȓ
ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȒȎ ȕȎȠȐȨȞȒȭ ȠȓȜȞȓȠȖȥțȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȕțȎțȖȭ Ȗ ȓȒțȜȐȞȓ-
ȚȓțțȜ ȟ ȠȜȐȎ ȒȎ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȭ ȚțȜȑȜ țȜȐȖ ȡȚȓțȖȭ. ǻȎȡȥȖȣȎ Țȓ ȒȎ
ȟȘȎțȖȞȎȚ ȘțȖȔțȖ țȜȟȖȠȓșȖ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȜȠ ȢȜțȒ „ǾȓȒȘȖ
Ȗ ȤȓțțȖ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ“, Ȗ Țȓ ȕȎȝȜȕțȎȣȎ ȟ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠȖȠȓ ȝȞȖ ȟȘȎțȖ-
ȞȎțȓ țȎ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥțȖ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ. ǽȜȘȎȕȎȣȎ ȚȖ ȘȎȘ ȒȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȭ ȟ
ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȖȠȓ IrFanView Ȗ Scan Tailor. ǿșȓȒ ȐȟȭȘȜ ȝȜȟȓȧȓțȖȓ
ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȐȎȚ țȜȐȜ ȕțȎțȖȓ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȚȜȑȎ ȒȎ ȝȞȖșȜȔȎ Ȗ țȎ ȝȞȎȘ-
ȠȖȘȎ. ȀȜȐȎ ȟȎ Ȑȟȓ țȓȧȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȚȓ ȡȥȖșȖ, Ȗ ȟȓȑȎ ȖȚȎȣ ȐȨȕ-
ȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȒȎ ȑȖ ȞȎȏȜȠȭ Ȑ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȠȓșțȜȟȠ. ǲȜȏȖȣ ȚțȜȑȜ ȝȞȎȘ-
ȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȡȚȓțȖȭ. ǽȜȥȡȐȟȠȐȎȣ ȟȓ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȓȘȖȝȎ Ȗ ȖȚȎȣ ȝȨșțȎ-
ȠȎ ȟȐȜȏȜȒȎ ȒȎ ȒȎȐȎȚ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȚțȓțȖȓ. ǺțȜȑȜ ȓ ȐȎȔțȜ, ȥȓ ȝȜ
ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ ȖȚȎȣ ȘȜțȠȎȘȠȖ Ȑ ȞȓȎșțȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ,
ȞȎȏȜȠȖȣȚȓ Ȑ ȓȘȖȝ. ȀȎȕȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ ȚȖ ȝȜȕȐȜșȖ ȒȎ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȭ
ȐȝȓȥȎȠșȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ țȎ ȓȒȖț ȠȓȣțȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȜȝȓȞȎȠȜȞ Ȑ ȠȎ-
ȕȖ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȥțȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȭ țȎ ȕțȎțȖȓ. ǽȞȎȘȠȖȘȎȠȎ ȚȖ ȒȎȒȓ
ȡȐȓȞȓțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȟȜȏȟȠȐȓțȖȠȓ ȚȖ ȕțȎțȖȭ Ȗ ȡȚȓțȖȭ, ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȠȖ ȝȜ
ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ ȚȖ Ȑ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȎ. Ȁȭ țȎȝȨșțȜ ȡȒȜȐ-
șȓȠȐȜȞȖ ȚȜȖȠȓ ȜȥȎȘȐȎțȖȭ, ȒȎȔȓ ȚȜȑȎ ȒȎ ȘȎȔȎ, ȥȓ ȑȖ țȎȒȣ-
ȐȨȞșȖ!“ (ǰ. ǲ. II ȘȡȞȟ, ȕȎȒȜȥțȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ, ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠ „ǮȞȣȖ-
ȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“).
455
ǳȠȜ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȜ ȚțȓțȖȓ: „ǶȚȓȠȜ ȚȖ ȓ ǰ. Ǯ. ȁȥȎ Ȑ ȁțȖǯǶȀ Ȗ
ȟȨȚ ȟȠȎȔȎțȠ Ȑ „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ – ȂȎȕȎ 2“. ǿȠȎȔȨȠ ȚȖ ȏȓ
Ȑ ǲȖȑȖȠȎșțȖȭ ȤȓțȠȨȞ ȘȨȚ ǿȠȜșȖȥțȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ. ȀȎȚ ȟȓ ȕȎ-
ȝȜȕțȎȣ ȟ țȓȑȜȐȎȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ, ȞȎȕȡȥȖȣ ȐȖȒȜȐȓȠȓ ȟȘȓțȓȞȖ Ȗ ȟȝȓ-
ȤȖȢȖȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȟȘȎțȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȘțȖȔțȖ țȜȟȖȠȓșȖ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ
ȜȠ ȢȜțȒ „ǾȓȒȘȖ Ȗ ȤȓțțȖ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ“, Ȏ ȟȨȧȜ ȠȎȘȎ ȟȓ ȕȎȝȜȕțȎȣ Ȗ ȟ
ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥțȖ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ Ȗ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜȟȠȖȠȓ ȝȞȖ ȟȘȎțȖȞȎțȓȠȜ ȖȚ. ǵȎ-
ȝȜȕțȎȣ ȟȓ ȟȨȧȜ Ȗ ȟ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȖȠȓ InFanView Ȗ Skan Tailor, ȟ ȘȜ-
ȖȠȜ țȓ ȏȭȣ ȞȎȏȜȠȖșȎ ȒȜȟȓȑȎ Ȗ ȚțȜȑȜ ȟȓ ȞȎȒȐȎȚ, ȥȓ ȟȓ ȡȥȎ ȒȎ ȞȎ-
ȏȜȠȭ ȟ Ƞȭȣ Ȗ ȞȎȕȦȖȞȭȐȎȚ ȡȚȓțȖȭȠȎ ȟȖ. ǿȠȎȔȨȠ Ȑ ǲȖȑȖȠȎșțȖȭ
ȤȓțȠȨȞ ȚȖ ȝȜȚȜȑțȎ ȒȎ țȎȡȥȎ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȕȎ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ
ȘțȖȑȖ, Ȗ ȟȨȚ ȒȜȐȜșțȎ, ȥȓ ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎȚ ȚțȜȑȜ ȜȠ țȓȜȏȭȠțȖȠȓ ȐȨȕ-
ȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ țȎ țȜȐȖȠȓ ǶǸȀ ȟȝȞȭȚȜ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȟ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ.“
Ƕ Ȝȧȓ ȓȒțȜ ȚțȓțȖȓ: „ǵȎ Țȓț ȠȎȕȖ ȠȓȣțȖȘȎ Ȗ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȭ ȓ
țȜȐȎ, ȐȖȒȭȣ ȘȎȘ țȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ ȟȓ ȜȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȭȐȎ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȖȕȎȤȖ-
ȜțțȖȭȠ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ țȎ ȘțȖȔțȖȠȓ țȜȟȖȠȓșȖ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ. ȀȓȜ-
ȞȖȭȠȎ ȓ ȓȒțȜ, Ȏ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎȠȎ ȓ țȓȧȜ ȒȞȡȑȜ. ǽȜȕțȎțȖȭȠȎ ȟȠȎȐȎȠ
ȝȨșțȖ Ȗ ȚțȜȑȜ ȝȜșȓȕțȖ. ǼȠ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎȠȎ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȐȎȚȓ ȒȜȝȨș-
țȖȠȓșțȖ ȡȚȓțȖȭ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȏȖȣ ȚȜȑșȎ ȒȎ ȝȞȖșȜȔȎ ȡȟȝȓȦțȜ Ȑ ȏȨ-
Ȓȓȧȓ“ (ǲ. Ƕ. 3 ȘȡȞȟ ȕȎȒȜȥțȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ, ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠ „ǮȞȣȖ-
ȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“).
ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ, ȝȞȓȚȖțȎșȖ ȝȞȓȕ ȠȜȐȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ, ȡȠȜȥțȭȐȎȠ, ȥȓ
ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ ȓ ȏȖșȜ ȤȓțțȜ ȕȎ Ƞȭȣ ȝȜ ȚțȜȑȜ ȝȞȖȥȖ-
țȖ. ȁȟȝȓșȖ ȟȎ ȒȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȭȠ ȟȨȟ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖ ȜȠ ȓȒțȎ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖ-
ȠȓșțȜ ȡȐȎȔȎȐȎțȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȭ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȖȚ ȝȞȓȒȎșȖ ȟȝȓȤȖ-
ȢȖȥțȖ ȕțȎțȖȭ. ǵȎ Ƞȭȣ ȒȜȝȖȞȨȠ ȒȜ ȢȜțȒȜȐȓȠȓ țȎ ǿȠȜșȖȥțȎ
ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ ȜȏȜȑȎȠȭȐȎ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȖȠȓ ȖȚ ȘȎȥȓȟȠȐȎ,
țȜ Ȗ Ƞȭȣ ȟȎȚȖȠȓ ȘȎȠȜ șȖȥțȜȟȠȖ. ǾȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȟȨȟ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȕȖȞȎț
ȟȜȢȠȡȓȞ ȞȎȕȦȖȞȭȐȎ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȖȠȓ ȖȚ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ Ȗ ȑȖ
ȝȞȎȐȖ ȘȜțȘȡȞȓțȠțȖ Ȑ ȏȨȞȕȜ ȝȞȜȚȓțȭȧȎ ȟȓ ȟȞȓȒȎ.
ǰ ȞȓȒȎȘȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ „ȀȞȡȒ“ ȟȓ ȞȓȎșȖȕȖȞȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖ-
ȥȓȟȘȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ ȝȜ ȒȐȓ ȜȏȭȐȖ, Ȑ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȐȕȓȣȎ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ
ȜȠ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠ „ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“. Ƕ ȒȐȓȠȓ
ȝȜȕȖȤȖȖ ȟȎ ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȟ ȞȎȏȜ-
ȠȎ ȟ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ: ȞȓȒȎȘȠȜȞ Ȑ „KȜȚȝȬȠȨȞȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ“ țȎ ȐȓȟȠ-
țȖȘȎ Ȗ ȞȓȒȎȘȠȜȞ Ȑ ȜȠȒȓș „ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎȤȖȭ“. ǽȞȎȘȠȖȘȎȠȎ ȖȚ Ȗ
ȝȜ ȒȐȓȠȓ ȜȏȭȐȖ ȖȚȎ ȕȎ Ȥȓș ȒȎ ȝȜșȡȥȎȠ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȎ ȕȎ ȜȞȑȎțȖ-
ȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ Ȑ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȥȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ, ȖȕȑȞȎȒȓț țȎ ȏȎȕȎȠȎ
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țȎ ȝȜȠȞȓȏțȜȟȠȖȠȓ țȎ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȎ ȚȓȒȖȭ. ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖ-
ȐȎȠ ȠȜȥțȎ ȝȞȓȤȓțȘȎ ȕȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȓ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȞȎ,
țȎȡȥȎȐȎȠ ȟȓ ȒȎ ȝȞȎȐȭȠ ȎțȎșȖȕ Ȗ ȝȜȒȏȜȞ țȎ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ, ȜȠȑȜ-
ȐȎȞȭȧȖ țȎ ȘȞȖȠȓȞȖȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ.
ǶȕȑȞȎȔȒȎȠ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȎ ȕȎ ȤȭșȎȠȎ ȏȎȕȎ ȒȎțțȖ Ȗ ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȎȠȎ țȎ
ȚȎȟȖȐȖȠȓ Ȗ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȐȎȠ ȡȚȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ȠȨȞȟȓțȓ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭțȓ
țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ.
ǲȓȗțȜȟȠȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȖȕȝȨșțȭȐȎȠ, ȟȎ ȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ: ȞȎȏȜȠȎ ȟ ȏȎ-
ȕȎ ȒȎțțȖ; ȐȨȐȓȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ ȜȠ ȠȖȞȎȔȎ ȕȎ Ȓȓțȭ; ȞȎȏȜ-
ȠȎ ȟȨȟ ȟȠȎȞȖ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ Ȗ ȖțȠȓȑȞȖȞȎțȓȠȜ ȖȚ Ȑ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎȠȎ „ȀȞȡȒ:
ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ“; ȐȨȐȓȔȒȎțȓ țȎ țȜȐȖ ȘșȬȥȜȐȖ ȒȡȚȖ Ȗ
șȖȥțȜȟȠȖ, ȖȕȠȜȥțȖȤȖ Ȗ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ ȟ Ȑȓȥȓ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȧȖ ȠȎȘȖȐȎ;
ȕȎȝȜȕțȎȐȎțȓ ȟȨȟ ȟȣȓȚȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȘșȎȟȖȢȖȤȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȟȠȎȠȖȖ Ȗ ȞȎȕ-
ȝȞȓȒȓșȭțȓȠȜ ȖȚ ȝȜ ȠȓȚȖ, ȝȜȒȠȓȚȖ, ȝȓȞȟȜțȎșțȖ ȝȎȝȘȖ Ȗ ȝȎȝ-
ȘȖ țȎ ȎȘȠȡȎșțȖ ȟȨȏȖȠȖȭ; ȐȨȐȓȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ȠȓȘȟȠȜȐȖ ȢȎȗșȜȐȓ Ȑ
ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎ; ȜȏȞȎȏȜȠȘȎ țȎ
ȐȨȐȓȒȓțȖȠȓ ȢȎȗșȜȐȓ Ȗ ȞȎȕȝȞȓȒȓșȭțȓȠȜ ȖȚ Ȑ ȘșȎȟȖȢȖȘȎȤȖ-
ȜțțȎȠȎ ȟȣȓȚȎ; ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȐȎțȓ țȎ ȕțȎțȖȭ ȕȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ Ȑ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎȠȎ
Ȗ ȖȕȐȨȞȦȐȎțȓ țȎ ȜȏȧȜ ȠȨȞȟȓțȓ, ȠȨȞȟȓțȓ ȟ șȜȑȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȜȝȓȞȎ-
ȠȜȞȖ, ȟȠȓȟțȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȠȨȞȟȓțȓ ȝȜȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȜȚ ȘșȬ-
ȥȜȐȖ ȒȡȚȖ, ȘșȬȥȜȐȖ șȖȥțȜȟȠȖ, ȖȕȠȜȥțȖȤȖ, ȒȎȠȎ Ȗ Ƞ. ț.; ȡȥȎȟ-
ȠȖȓ Ȑ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȝȜ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȖ ȕȎȝȖȠȐȎțȖȭ ȜȠ ȟȠȞȎțȎ țȎ ȔȡȞ-
țȎșȖȟȠȖȠȓ țȎ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ „ȀȞȡȒ“.
ǼȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ ȟȨȟ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎȠȎ „ȀȞȡȒ: ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ“ ȒȎȐȎ
ȏȎȕȜȐȎ ȜȟțȜȐȎ Ȗ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎ ȚțȜȑȜ ȒȜȏȨȞ ȝȜȒȣȜȒ ȕȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ ȟ
ȐȟȭȘȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎ ȕȎ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȞȎțȓ Ȗ ȠȨȞȟȓțȓ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ.
ȁȚȓțȖȭȠȎ, ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȠȖ ȝȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎȠȎ, ȟȨȟ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ
ȧȓ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȜȠ ȝȜșȕȎ ȕȎ ȐȟȭȘȜ ȓȒțȜ ȏȨȒȓȧȜ ȞȎȏȜȠțȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ, ȟȐȨȞ-
ȕȎțȜ ȟ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȓ, ȟȨȣȞȎțȓțȖȓ Ȗ ȜȏȞȎȏȜȠȐȎțȓ țȎ Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ. Ǯ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȓ țȎșȎȑȎ ȐȨȐ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȟȢȓȞȖ țȎ ȔȖȐȜȠȎ țȖ.
ǳȠȜ ȘȎȘȐȜ ȟȝȜȒȓșȭȠ țȭȘȜȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎțȠȖ:
„ǿȠȎȔȨȠ ȚȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȞȓȒȎȘȠȜȞ Ȑ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖȭ ȎȞȣȖȐ țȎ ȐȓȟȠ-
țȖȘ „ȀȞȡȒ“ ȏȓȦȓ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȝȜșȓȕȓț Ȗ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟȓț. ǰ ȠȜȕȖ
ȝȓȞȖȜȒ ȖȚȎȣ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȠȎ Ȗ ȡȒȜȐȜșȟȠȐȖȓȠȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȕȎȝȜȕțȎȭ
ȜȠȏșȖȕȜ Ȑ ȞȓȎșțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ ȟ ȎȞȣȖȐȎ țȎ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘȎ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȟ ȓșȓȘ-
ȠȞȜțțȎȠȎ Țȡ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎ. ǽȨȞȐȜțȎȥȎșțȜ ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȜ ȚȖ ȏȓ Ȝȏȭȟțȓ-
țȜ ȘȎȘ ȞȎȏȜȠȖ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎȠȎ „ȀȞȡȒ: ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ“ Ȗ ȘȎȘȐȜ
ȠȜȥțȜ ȟȓ ȖȕȖȟȘȐȎ ȜȠ Țȓț, ȕȎȝȜȕțȎȣ ȟȓ ȟ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȞȎ-
457
ȏȜȠȎ. ǵȎȝȜȥțȎȣ ȟ ȖȕȥȖȠȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȖȞȎȔȎ Ȗ ȝȜȒȏȜȞȎ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞ-
ȚȎȤȖȭ, ȟșȓȒ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȠȜȝȖȣ Ȑ ȟȨȧȖțȟȘȎȠȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ țȎ ȓșȓȘȠ-
ȞȜțțȖȭ ȎȞȣȖȐ țȎ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘȎ. ǿ ȖȕȥȖȠȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȖȞȎȔȖȠȓ ȠȞȭȏ-
ȐȎȦȓ ȒȎ ȝȞȎȐȭ ȝȜȒȏȜȞ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȜȠ ȐȟȓȘȖȒțȓȐțȖȤȖ-
Ƞȓ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȐțȖȚȎȠȓșțȜ ȒȎ ȜȏȞȎȏȜȠȭ Ȗ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎȠȖȕȖȞȎȚ. ǸȎȥȐȎȣ
ȢȎȗșȜȐȓ ȜȠ ȟȎȗȠȜȐȓȠȓ țȎ ȓȔȓȒțȓȐțȖȤȖ ȘȎȠȜ „24 ȥȎȟȎ“, „Ȁȓ-
șȓȑȞȎȢ“, „ǲȡȚȎ“ Ȗ ȒȞ., ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ țȎ ȟȓȒȚȖȥțȖȤȖȠȓ „ǿȠȎțȒȎȞȠ“,
„ǿȓȑȎ“, „ǸȎȝȖȠȎș“. ǽȜșȓȕțȜ Ȗ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟțȜ ȏȓȦȓ ȕȎȝȜȕțȎȐȎțȓȠȜ
ȜȠȏșȖȕȜ ȟ ȣȎȞȠȖȓțȖȭ ȎȞȣȖȐ țȎ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘȎ Ȗ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȠȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ
ȒȜȘȜȟțȎ ȒȜ ȝȜ-ȟȠȎȞȖȠȓ ȠȖȞȎȔȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȏȭȣȎ ȣȞȜțȜșȜȑȖȥțȜ
ȝȜȒȞȓȒȓțȖ Ȗ ȚțȜȑȜ ȒȜȏȞȓ ȟȨȣȞȎțȓțȖ. ǶȚȎȣ Ȗ ȕȎȒȎȥȎȠȎ ȒȎ
ȝȜȒȑȜȠȐȭ ȞȡȏȞȖȘȎȠȎ „ǲțȓȟ ȒȎ ȝȜȥȓȞȝȭȠ“, ȘȎȠȜ ȠȞȭȏȐȎȦȓ ȒȎ
ȝȞȜȡȥȎ șȖȥțȜȟȠȖȠȓ, ȞȜȔȒȓțȖȠȓ ȖȚ ȒțȖ, Ȏ ȎȘȜ ȟȎ ȝȜșȖȠȖȤȖ,
ȎȘȠȡȎșțȖȭȠ ȖȚ ȟȠȎȠȡȟ ȘȨȚ ȝȎȞȠȖȭȠȎ, Ȑ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȥșȓțȡȐȎȠ.
ǿȠȎȔȨȠ ȚȖ ȝȞȓȚȖțȎ Ȑ ȘȜȚȢȜȞȠțȎ Ȗ ȝȜȕȖȠȖȐțȎ ȜȏȟȠȎțȜȐ-
ȘȎ. ǸȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȟ ȚȓțȠȜȞȎ, țȎȟȠȎȐțȖȘȎ, ȔȡȞțȎșȖȟȠȖȠȓ țȎ
ȐȓȟȠțȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ ȟȠȎȔȎțȠȖ, ȟ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȕȎȝȜȕțȎȣ, ȏȓȦȓ ȘȜ-
șȓȑȖȎșțȎ Ȗ ȝȞȖȭȠțȎ, Ȏ ȝȞȓȔȖȐȭȐȎțȓȠȜ ȏȓȕȤȓțțȜ. ǳȔȓȒțȓȐ-
țȎȠȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ Ȗ ȕȎȒȎȥȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȖȚȎȣ, ȏȭȣȎ ȞȎȕțȜȜȏȞȎȕțȖ Ȗ ȏșȎ-
ȑȜȒȎȞȓțȖȓ țȎ Ƞȭȣ ȝȜșȡȥȖȣ ȚțȜȑȜ ȝȜșȓȕȓț Ȗ Ȥȓțȓț ȜȝȖȠ Ȑ
ȟȢȓȞȎȠȎ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȚțȜȑȜ ȏȖ ȚȖ ȝȜȚȜȑțȎș Ȑ ȏȨȒȓȧȎȠȎ ȚȖ ȞȓȎșȖ-
ȕȎȤȖȭ. ǽȞȓȝȜȞȨȥȐȎȚ țȎ ȐȟȓȘȖ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȖȚȎ ȔȓșȎțȖȓ,
ȒȎ țȓ ȟȓ ȕȎȚȖȟșȭ Ȗ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȕȎȝȖȦȓ ȕȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠ „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ
ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ – ȢȎȕȎ 2“ (Ǻ. Ǿ., 1 ȘȡȞȟ ȕȎȒȜȥțȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ, ȟȝȓȤȖ-
ȎșțȜȟȠ „ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“).
ǲȞȡȑ ȜȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȟȨȜȏȧȎȐȎ: „ǿȠȎȔȨȠ ȐȨȐ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ
„ȀȞȡȒ“ ȚȖ ȝȜȚȜȑțȎ ȕȎ ȝȜȒȜȏȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȓȢȓȘȠȖȐțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȞȎȏȜ-
ȠȎȠȎ ȟ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȝȞȖ ȚȜȭ ȞȎȏȜȠȜȒȎȠȓș, ȐȨȝȞȓȘȖ ȥȓ ȘȨȚ ȚȜ-
ȚȓțȠȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȚȖ țȭȚȎ ȜȏȧȜ ȟȨȟ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ. ǼȝȖȠȨȠ,
ȘȜȗȠȜ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȣ, ȚȖ ȒȜțȓȟȓ ȡȐȓȞȓțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȜȏȞȎȏȜȠȘȎȠȎ Ȗ ȟȨȣȞȎ-
țȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ. ǰ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȎ țȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎȠȎ ȟȓ ȕȎȝȜȕțȎȣ ȟ
ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖȭ ȎȞȣȖȐ țȎ Ȑ-Ș „ȀȞȡȒ“. ǿȖȟȠȓȚȎȠȎ ȓ ȞȎȕȞȎȏȜȠȓțȎ
ȚțȜȑȜ ȒȜȏȞȓ ȟ ȏȡȠȜțȖ ȕȎ ȡșȓȟțȓțȖȓ țȎ ȝȜșȕȐȎȠȓșȭ. ǽȞȖȒȜȏȖȣ
ȕțȎțȖȭ ȕȎ ȞȎȕșȖȥȓț ȠȖȝ ȠȨȞȟȓțȓ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȓ Ȑ
ȝȜșȕȎ Ȗ țȎ ȟșȓȒȐȎțȓȠȜ ȚȖ ȝȜ-țȎȠȎȠȨȘ. ǶȚȎȚ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȒȎ
ȝȞȖșȜȔȎ ȚțȜȑȜ ȜȠ țȜȐȖȠȓ ȕțȎțȖȭ Ȗ Ȑ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȎȠȎ ȟȖ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ.
ǺȓțȠȜȞȨȠ țȖ ȕȎȝȜȕțȎ Ȑ ȒȓȠȎȗșȖ ȟ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȖȠȓ țȎ ȜȠȒȓș „ǲȜȘȡ-
ȚȓțȠȎȤȖȭ“, ȟ ȘșȎȟȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȠȎȠȖȖ ȝȜ ȐȖȒ, ȒȎȠȖ Ȗ ȑȜȒȖțȖ.
458
ǿȨȧȜ ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ ȟ ȠȨȞȟȓțȓȠȜ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȜȠ ȞȎȕșȖȥȓț ȠȖȝ
ȓȔȓȒțȓȐțȖȤȖ, ȎȞȣȖȐȖȞȎțȓȠȜ ȖЉ Ȑ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȎȠȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎ țȎ
ȐȓȟȠțȖȘȎ Ȗ ȞȎȕȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ ȖЉ Ȑ ȘșȎȟȖȢȖȘȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȟȣȓȚȎ. ǵȎ-
ȝȜȕțȎȠȎ ȏȭȣ Ȗ ȟ ȣȎȞȠȖȓțȖȭ ȎȞȣȖȐ țȎ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘȎ, ȝȜșȡȥȖȣ ȕțȎ-
țȖȭ ȕȎ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȟȎȗȠȜȐȓ țȎ ȒȨȞȔȎȐțȖ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ Ȗ ȜȠțȜȟțȜ
ȠȨȞȟȓțȓȠȜ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ Ȑ Ƞȭȣ. ǵȎ ȤȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȐȎ Ȗ ȘșȎ-
ȟȖȢȖȤȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȚȓțȠȜȞȨȠ ȚțȜȑȜ
ȥȓȟȠȜ țȖ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭȦȓ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȠȨȞȟȓțȓ ȝȜ ȕȎȒȎȒȓțȖ ȜȠ
țȓȑȜ ȝȎȞȎȚȓȠȞȖ ȟ Ȥȓș ȝȜȒȑȜȠȐȭțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȝȞȎȐȘȖ ȕȎ ȔȡȞțȎșȖȟ-
ȠȖ țȎ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘȎ. ǿȚȭȠȎȚ, ȥȓ ȟȠȎȔȨȠ ȚȖ ȒȎȒȓ ȚțȜȑȜ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟ-
ȘȖ ȝȜȕțȎțȖȭ ȕȎ ȞȓȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȚȖ ȝȜ-țȎȠȎȠȨȘ. ǰȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȠȎ
ȒȎ ȜȝȜȕțȎȓȦ ȟȓȏȓ ȟȖ Ȗ ȠȜȐȎ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȖȟȘȎȦ ȒȎ ȝȞȎȐȖȦ“ (Ǹ. ǿ., 2
ȘȡȞȟ ȕȎȒȜȥțȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ, „ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“).
ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȟȝȜȒȓșȭȠ ȘȜșȘȜ ȟȎ ȖȕțȓțȎȒȎțȖ ȜȠ ȠȓȣțȜșȜ-
ȑȖȥțȜȠȜ țȖȐȜ, țȎ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȞȎȏȜȠȖ Ȑ ȎȞȣȖȐȎ țȎ ȐȓȟȠțȖȘȎ. ǵȎ
Ƞȭȣ ȟȓ ȜȘȎȕȎ ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ȒȎ ȟȨȡȚȓȭȠ ȝȨșțȜȤȓțțȜ ȒȎ
ȟȠȎțȎȠ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎȠȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ. ǽȜȟȠȎȐȓțȖȠȓ ȕȎȒȎȥȖ ȟȎ ȑȖ
ȟȠȖȚȡșȖȞȎșȖ ȒȎ ȠȨȞȟȭȠ țȜȐȖ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ ȕȎ ȎțȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȓ
țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ, Ȗ ȟȎ ȑȖ țȎȝȞȎȐȖșȖ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȘȞȖ-
ȠȖȥțȖ ȘȨȚ ȘȞȎȗțȖȠȓ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠȖ ȜȠ ȠȓȣțȖȭ ȠȞȡȒ.
ǶțȠȓȞȓȟțȎ ȕȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȓ Ȗ ȝȜȕȖȤȖȭȠȎ „ǮȞȣȖȐȓț ȟȝȓȤȖ-
ȎșȖȟȠ“ ȘȨȚ ǻȎȡȥțȖȭ ȎȞȣȖȐ țȎ ǯǮǻ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭ ȐȨȕ-
ȚȜȔțȜȟȠ țȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎțȠȖȠȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȕȎȝȜȕțȎȭȠ ȟ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ
ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȭȠȎ ȟȨȑșȎȟțȜ ȜȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ ȞȓȑȡșȖȞȎȧȖ ȭ țȜȞȚȎȠȖȐ-
țȖ ȎȘȠȜȐȓ, ȒȎ ȝȞȜȟșȓȒȭȠ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȎ țȎ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȜ ȐȨȐȓȔȒȎțȓ
țȎ ȒȎțțȖ ȜȠ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖȭ ȚȎȟȖȐ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȐȎ Ȗ ȒȎ ȡȥȎȟȠ-
ȐȎȠ Ȑ ȖȕȑȜȠȐȭțȓ țȎ ȟȝȞȎȐȜȥȓț ȎȝȎȞȎȠ ȕȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖȭ
ȚȎȟȖȐ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȒȎ ȖȕȐȨȞȦȐȎȠ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȜ-ȟȝȞȎȐȜȥțȎ
ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ. ǰȨȕ ȜȟțȜȐȎ țȎ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȠȖȠȓ ȕțȎțȖȭ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎțȠȖȠȓ
ȖȚȎȠ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȒȎ ȝȞȖșȎȑȎȠ ȝȞȎȐȖșȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ Ȗ țȜȞ-
ȚȎȠȖȐțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȝȞȖ ȖȕȝȨșțȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȐȨȕșȜȔȓțȖȠȓ ȖȚ
ȕȎȒȎȥȖ Ȑ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȟ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȟ ȝȜȟȠȜȭțȓț ȟȞȜȘ țȎ
ȕȎȝȎȕȐȎțȓ. Ȁȓ țȎȡȥȎȐȎȠ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖȠȓ ȝȜ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓ Ȗ ȝȜȒȒȨȞ-
ȔȎțȓ țȎ ȟȝȞȎȐȜȥȓț ȎȝȎȞȎȠ ȟȨȑșȎȟțȜ ȝȞȎȐȖșȎȠȎ țȎ ǺȓȠȜȒȖ-
ȥȓȟȘȖȭ ȘȜȒȓȘȟ Ȗ ȜȟȠȎțȎșȖȠȓ țȜȞȚȎȠȖȐțȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȞȎȕȐȖ-
ȐȎȠ ȡȚȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȝȞȎȐȜȥțȖȭ ȎȝȎȞȎȠ Ȑ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ
ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȖ. ǽȞȖȒȜȏȖȐȎȠ ȘȜȚȝȓȠȓțȠțȜȟȠ Ȗ Ȑ ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ
țȎ ȜȏȞȎȏȜȠȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȎțțȖ, ȎȞȣȖȐțȎȠȎ ȓȐȞȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ
459
ȟ șȖȥțȖ ȢȜțȒȜȐȓ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȕȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ Ȗ ȝȜȒȒȨȞȔȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȟȝȞȎȐȜȥȓț ȎȝȎȞȎȠ. ǽȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ țȎȒȑȞȎȔȒȎ ȠȐȜȞ-
ȥȓȟȘȖȠȓ ȡȚȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ ȟ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, Ȏ Ȗ ȝȜȐȖȦȎȐȎ ȘȜȚȡ-
țȖȘȎȠȖȐțȖȠȓ ȡȚȓțȖȭ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȡȚȓțȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȞȎ-
ȏȜȠȎ Ȑ ȓȘȖȝ. ǳȠȜ ȘȎȘȐȜ ȟȝȜȒȓșȭȠ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎțȠȖȠȓ:
„ǽȞȎȘȠȖȘȎȠȎ Ȑ ǻǮ țȎ ǯǮǻ ȏȓȦȓ ȐȎȔȓț ȓșȓȚȓțȠ ȜȠ ȚȜȓȠȜ
ȐȖȟȦȓ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ. ǶȚȎȣ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȒȜȘȜȟțȎ ȒȜ ȒȜ-
ȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȜȠ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎȠȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ ȟ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ.
ǿȝȓȤȖȢȖȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȐȨȕșȜȔȓțȖȠȓ ȚȖ ȕȎȒȎȥȖ ȞȎȕȐȖ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜ-
țȎșțȖȠȓ ȚȖ ȡȚȓțȖȭ“ (ǽ. ȍ., ȚȎȑȖȟȠȨȞ „ǺȓțȖȒȔȚȨțȠ țȎ ȒȜ-
ȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ“).
„ǽȞȓȤȖȕțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ țȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖȠȓ Ȑ ȠȎȕȖ Ȗțȟ-
ȠȖȠȡȤȖȭ ȓ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȎ. ǽȞȜȤȓȟȖȠȓ Ȗ ȓȟȠȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ
ȟȎ ȚțȜȑȜ ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞțȖ Ȗ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȥțȖ Ȗ ȟȝȜȞȓȒ Țȓț ȐȟȓȘȖ ȟȠȡ-
ȒȓțȠ ȜȠ ȚȜȭȠȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȐȨȕȝȜșȕȐȎ ȜȠ ȐȨȕ-
ȚȜȔțȜȟȠȠȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȨȠ ȒȎȐȎ“ (Ȁ. ǿ., 4 ȘȡȞȟ ȕȎȒȜȥțȜ Ȝȏȡ-
ȥȓțȖȓ, „ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“).
„ǼȤȓțȭȐȎȚ ȘȎȠȜ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȝȜșȓȕțȜ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ
ȚȖ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȡȚȓțȖȭȠȎ, ȘȞȓȎȠȖȐțȜȟȠȠȎ Ȗ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜ-
țȎșțȖȭ țȎȥȖț, ȝȜ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȞȎȏȜȠȖ ȟȨȟ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȚȜȭȠ ȚȓțȠȜȞ –
ǺȖșȎ ǸȞȨȟȠȓȐȎ. ǯșȎȑȜȒȎȞȓț ȟȨȚ ȘȎȘȠȜ ȕȎ ȤȓțțȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖ-
ȜțȎșțȖ țȎȟȜȘȖ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ ȕȎ ȟȨȐȓȠȖȠȓ Ȗ țȎȟȜȘȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȚȎȑȖȟȠȨȞȟ-
ȘȎȠȎ ȚȖ ȠȓȕȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȓ ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȎ ȟ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ǻǮ–ǯǮǻ“ (Ǯ.
ǯ., ȚȎȑȖȟȠȨȞ „ǺȓțȖȒȔȚȨțȠ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ“).
„ǼȠțȜȟțȜ ȖȕȏȞȎțȎȠȎ ȜȠ Țȓț ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ Ȑ ǻȎȡ-
ȥȓț ȎȞȣȖȐ țȎ ǯǮǻ, ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭȚ, ȥȓ Ȑ ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț ȝȜșȡȥȓțȖ-
Ƞȓ ȕțȎțȖȭ ȒȜȝȨșțȖȣȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȠȜ Ȑ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȎ.
ǲȜȝȨșțȖȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȕțȎțȖȭ ȚȖ ȝȜȚȜȑțȎȣȎ ȘȎȘȠȜ ȝȞȖ ȖȕȝȨșțȓ-
țȖȓ țȎ ȕȎȒȎȥȖȠȓ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ Ȑ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȎȠȎ ȚȖ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ. ǵȎȝȜȕțȎȣ
ȟȓ ȟ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖȠȓ țȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ ȟ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ.
ǽȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȖȠȓ țȎȟȜȘȖ ȜȠ ȟȠȞȎțȎ țȎ ȚȓțȠȜȞȎ ȝȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖ-
ȓȠȜ Ȑ ȝȨșțȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț ȒȜȐȓȒȜȣȎ ȒȜ țȎȠȞȡȝȐȎțȓ țȎ ȕțȎțȖȭ Ȗ
ȡȚȓțȖȭ. ǻȎșȖȥȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȜȟȠȜȭțțȎ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȚȓțȠȜȞ Ȗ
ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎț ȟȝȜȚȜȑțȎ ȕȎ ȏȓȕȝȞȜȏșȓȚțȜȠȜ ȖȕȝȨșțȓțȖȓ țȎ ȐȨȕ-
șȜȔȓțȖȠȓ ȕȎȒȎȥȖ“ (ȃ. ǲ., ȚȎȑȖȟȠȨȞ „ǺȓțȖȒȔȚȨțȠ țȎ ȒȜȘȡ-
ȚȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ”).
ǼȠ ȖȕȘȎȕȎțȖȠȓ ȚțȓțȖȭ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȭȟțȜ, ȥȓ ȝȞȜȐȓȔȒȎțȓ țȎ
ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ Ȑ ǻȎȡȥțȖȭ ȎȞȣȖȐ țȎ ǯǮǻ ȓ ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖ-
460
ȘȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ Ȗ ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞțȜȟȠ. ǾȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ Ȑ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȭ ȟ ȠȜșȘȜȐȎ
ȘșȬȥȜȐȖ ȢȡțȘȤȖȖ ȕȎ ȟȨȣȞȎțȓțȖȓ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȓ ȐȨȕȚȜȔ-
țȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȒȜȘȜȟțȎȠ ȒȜ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎȠȎ Ȑ ȓȒțȎ ȖȕȘ-
șȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ.
ǽȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ țȎ ȟȠȎȔȎțȠȖ ȝȜ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ ȕȎ ȜȏȞȎȏȜȠȘȎ țȎ ȒȎțțȖ ȕȎ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȓȒȖțȖȤȖ
ȝȜ ȝȞȜȓȘȠ „ǽȞȓȣȜȒ ȘȨȚ ȒȓȚȜȘȞȎȠȖȥȓț Ȗ țȓȕȎȐȖȟȖȚ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖ-
ȥȓț ȝȓȥȎȠ ȝȞȓȕ 90-Ƞȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ țȎ ȃȃ ȐȓȘ“ ȘȨȚ ȂȜțȒȎȤȖȭ „Ƕțȟ-
ȠȖȠȡȠ ȕȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎȠȖȥțȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ ȝȞȓȕ ȤȓșȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ – ǹǿǳǶ“.
ȂȜțȒȎȤȖȭ „ǹǿǳǶ“ ȓ ȜȞȖȓțȠȖȞȎțȜ ȘȨȚ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓ țȎ Ȗȕȟșȓ-
ȒȜȐȎȠȓșȟȘȖ ȝȜȒȣȜȒ ȘȨȚ ȝȨȠȭ țȎ ȝȞȜȟșȓȒȭȐȎțȓȠȜ – ȜȠ ȥȎȟȠțȖȠȓ
ȎȞȣȖȐȖ ȘȨȚ ȜȏȧȜȒȜȟȠȨȝțȖ Ȗ ȝȞȖțȎȒșȓȔȎȧȖ țȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ
ȘȜșȓȘȤȖȖ, ȥȞȓȕ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ȝȜȕțȎțȖȭ Ȗ ȘȜȚȝȓȠȓțȤȖȖ ȝȜ
ȜȟțȜȐȜȝȜșȎȑȎȧȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȟȠȎțȒȎȞȠȖ ȕȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ ȟ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ
ȓȒȖțȖȤȖ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒȓțȖ ȕȎ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȓ Ȑ ȏȨ-
Ȓȓȧȓ. ǼȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ ȎȘȤȓțȠȖ Ȑ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ ȟȓ ȝȜȟȠȎ-
ȐȭȠ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȕțȎțȖȭ Ȗ ȡȚȓțȖȭ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎȠȎ ȘȜȚȝȓȠȓțȠțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȟȨȟ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȎțțȖ ȜȠ
ȟȨȣȞȎțȓțȖȠȓ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȓȒȖțȖȤȖ ȥȞȓȕ ȖțȒȓȘȟȖȞȎțȓȠȜ ȖȚ Ȑ ȠȓȚȎ-
ȠȖȥțȖȠȓ ȜȏșȎȟȠȖ/ȝȜȒȜȏșȎȟȠȖ: ȝȎȞșȎȚȓțȠȎȞȓț ȔȖȐȜȠ; ȐșȎȟȠ;
ȝȜșȖȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȖȝșȜȚȎȤȖȭ; ȒȓȏȎȠȖ; ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ. ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȡȟȨ-
ȐȨȞȦȓțȟȠȐȎȠ ȠȓȜȞȓȠȖȥțȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȝȜȕțȎțȖȭ ȜȠ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȎ Ȗ
ȖȚȎȠ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȒȎ ȝȞȖșȜȔȎȠ țȎȡȥȓțȜȠȜ Ȑ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎȠȎ. ǳȠȜ
ȘȎȘȐȜ ȟȝȜȒȓșȭȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ ȟȖ ȠȎȚ:
„ǵȎ Țȓț ȏȓȦȓ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟțȜ ȒȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȭ ȟ ȒȜȘȡ-
ȚȓțȠȖ ȜȠ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȝȓȞȖȜȒ, ȕȎ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȎȚȜ ȟȨȚ ȡȥȖș Ȑ ȡȥȖ-
șȖȧȓ. ǾȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȟ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥțȖ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ ȓ ȚțȜȑȜ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȥțȎ
Ȗ ȖȕȖȟȘȐȎ ȘȜțȤȓțȠȞȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȎțȎșȖȠȖȥțȜ ȚȖȟșȓțȓ. ǵȎ Țȓț ȏȓ-
Ȧȓ ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ Ȗ ȚțȜȑȜ Ȥȓțȓț ȜȝȖȠ!“ (Ƕ. ǻ., 3 ȘȡȞȟ
ȞȓȒȜȐțȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ, „ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“).
„ǾȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȎ ȟ ȐȓȞȠȖȘȎșțȜ ȝȞȜȟșȓȒȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȜȠȘ-
ȞȖȠȖȠȓ ȠȓȚȎȠȖȥțȖȠȓ ȑȞȡȝȖ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȟ ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎțȓȠȜ Ȗ ȜȢȜȞȚȭ-
țȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȓȚȎȠȖȥțȖȠȓ ȑȞȡȝȖ ȝȜ ȐȓȞȠȖȘȎșȎȠȎ țȎ ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎțȓȠȜ
ȖȚ ȘȎȠȜ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȓȒȖțȖȤȖ Ȗ ȖȕȠȜȥțȖȤȖ țȎ ȘȞȓȒȖȠȖȞȎțȓ, ȏȓ-
Ȧȓ țȓȧȜ țȜȐȜ ȕȎ Țȓț Ȗ ȚȖ ȝȜȚȜȑțȎ ȒȎ ȡȟȨȐȨȞȦȓțȟȠȐȎȚ ȡȚȓ-
țȖȭȠȎ ȟȖ ȕȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ ȟ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ. ǾȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ Ȑ
ȞȓȎșțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ ȓ ȝȜșȓȕțȎ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȭ ȘȎȥȓȟȠȐȎ, țȡȔțȖ ȕȎ
ȏȨȒȓȧȎȠȎ ȚȖ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎ ȞȓȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ“ (Ǯ. Ǻ., 4 ȘȡȞȟ ȕȎ-
461
ȒȜȥțȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ, „ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“).
ȀȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜȒȥȓȞȠȎȓ, ȥȓ ȘȨȚ ȚȜȚȓțȠȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȝȞȜ-
ȭȐȭȐȎȠ țȎȗ-ȑȜșȭȚ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ ȘȨȚ ȠȜȐȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ.
Ȁȓ ȟȝȜȒȓșȭȠ, ȥȓ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎȠȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ, Ȑ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȡȐȎȠ, ȓ ȖȕȘ-
șȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȝȜșȓȕțȎ ȕȎ ȠȓȣțȖȠȓ ȏȨȒȓȧȖ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȖ ȝșȎ-
țȜȐȓ. ǳȘȖȝȨȠ țȎ ȢȜțȒȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȖ ȟ ȜȠȒȎȒȓțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞ-
țȜȟȠ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭ ȕȎ ȝȨșțȜȤȓțțȜ ȟȨȠȞȡȒțȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ.
ǸȎȠȜ ȤȭșȜ ȝȞȖ ȞȎȕȑȜȐȜȞȖ ȟȨȟ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ, ȝȞȖȘșȬȥȖșȖ
ȡȟȝȓȦțȜ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ, ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȘȞȜȭȠ
țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȠȓțȒȓțȤȖȖ:
ǽȞȖȜȞȖȠȓȠțȜ ȕȎ Ƞȭȣ țȓ ȓ ȕȎȝșȎȧȎțȓȠȜ, Ȏ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȠȎ
ȒȎ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȭȠ ȜȝȖȠ Ȑ ȞȓȎșțȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ;
ǼȏȜȑȎȠȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȞȎȏȜȠ-
țȎȠȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ;
ǽȞȜȓȘȠȨȠ ȓ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȘȜțȠȎȘȠȖ ȟ ȝȜ-
ȠȓțȤȖȎșțȖ ȞȎȏȜȠȜȒȎȠȓșȖ;
ǽȜșȡȥȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȓȞȠȖȢȖȘȎȠ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȒȎ ȝȜȐȖȦȖ ȠȓȣțȖȭ
ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșȓț Ȥȓțȕ Ȗ ȒȞ.
ǰȚȓȟȠȜ ȕȎȘșȬȥȓțȖȓ
Ȁ. ǸȖȥȓȐȎ ȟȝȜȒȓșȭ ȟșȓȒțȜȠȜ țȎȏșȬȒȓțȖȓ: „ǲțȓȦțȜȠȜ ȝȜ-
ȘȜșȓțȖȓ ȚșȎȒȓȔȖ ȓ ȖȕȝȞȎȐȓțȜ ȝȞȓȒ ȓȒțȜ ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȑȜșȓȚȖȠȓ
ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȎȠȓșȟȠȐȎ. ǼȠ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ ȢȖțȎțȟȜȐȎȠȎ Ȗ ȖȘȜțȜ-
ȚȖȥȓȟȘȎ ȘȞȖȕȎ ȞȎȐțȖȧȎȠȎ țȎ ȚșȎȒȓȔȘȎȠȎ ȏȓȕȞȎȏȜȠȖȤȎ ȒȜȟ-
ȠȖȑțȎȣȎ ȏȓȕȝȞȓȤȓȒȓțȠțȖ ȞȎȕȚȓȞȖ Ȑ ȤȭșȎ ǳȐȞȜȝȎ. ǰȨȐ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ
ȒȨȞȔȎȐȖ ȥșȓțȘȖ țȎ ǳǿ ȜȠ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ ȞȓȤȓȟȖȭȠȎ ȟȓ țȎȏșȬ-
ȒȎȐȎ ȕțȎȥȖȠȓșȓț ȞȨȟȠ țȎ ȏȓȕȞȎȏȜȠȖȤȎȠȎ ȟȞȓȒ ȚșȎȒȖȠȓ ȣȜȞȎ“
(Kicheva 2017). ȀȜȐȎ ȓ ȝȞȓȒȝȜȟȠȎȐȘȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȠȨȞȟȭȠ țȜȐȖ ȞȓȦȓ-
țȖȭ Ȗ ȢȜȞȚȖ ȕȎ ȟȨȠȞȡȒțȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȎȠ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȐȓ-
țȖ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖ ȟ ȞȓȎșțȖ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ ȕȎ ȞȓȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ țȎ
ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖȭ ȝȎȕȎȞ țȎ ȠȞȡȒȎ.
ǽȞȜȡȥȐȎțȓ, ȝȞȜȐȓȒȓțȜ ȜȠ ȀȎȚȎȞȖ ǽȜșȎȒȎȦȐȖșȖ ȝȞȓȕ
2018 ȑ. ȟȞȓȒ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ ȜȠ ǿȠȜȝȎțȟȘȎ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȭ „ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ Ǯ.
ȄȓțȜȐ“, ǿȐȖȧȜȐ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎ ȓȟȠȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ țȎ
ȠȞȡȒȎ țȎ ȕȎȐȨȞȦȖșȖȠȓ ȐȖȟȦȓ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȜȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ ȝȞȓ-
ȝȭȠȟȠȐȖȭ, ȝȞȓȒ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȖȕȝȞȎȐȓțȖ ȚșȎȒȖȠȓ ȣȜȞȎ ȝȞȖ ȝȞȓȣȜ-
ȒȎ ȖȚ ȜȠ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ ȘȨȚ ȕȎȓȠȜȟȠ, ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎ: „ȐȖȟȦȖȟȠȖȠȓ
ȝȞȖȠȓȔȎȐȎȠ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȖȠȓ ȠȓȜȞȓȠȖȥțȖ ȕțȎțȖȭ ȝȜ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȎ-
462
ȠȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȑȖ ȝȞȖșȎȑȎȠ ȕȎ ȐȕȓȚȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȢȓ-
ȟȖȜțȎșțȖ ȞȓȦȓțȖȭ, țȜ țȓ ȖȚ ȒȜȟȠȖȑȎȠ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȡȚȓțȖȭ.“
ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȝȜȕȖȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȎ ȓ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ „ȡȐȓșȖȥȖ
ȒȓșȨȠ țȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖȠȓ Ȗ ȟȠȎȔȜȐȓȠȓ Ȑ ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ țȎ ȠȓȜȞȓȠȖȥțȜȠȜ
ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ“ (Poladashvili 2018). ǰ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȞȎȏȜȠȐȎȠ Ȗ
ȝȞȖșȎȑȎȠ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȖ Ȗ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ țȎȟȜȥȓțȖ
ȘȨȚ ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎțȓ țȎ țȜȐȖ ȞȎȏȜȠțȖ ȚȓȟȠȎ Ȗ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ țȎ-
ȟȨȞȥȎȐȎȧȎ Ȗ ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȭȧȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ ȕȎ ȘȎȥȓȟȠȐȓțȎ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎș-
țȎ ȞȓȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȚșȎȒȖȠȓ ȣȜȞȎ. ǳȒȖț ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȓ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȝȞȜ-
ȓȘȠȨȠ „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ – ȂȎȕȎ 2“ (Mukanova, Mincheva
& Eftimova 2020).
ǽȞȜȓȘȠȨȠ ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎ Ȝȧȓ ȓȒțȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȚȓȔ-
Ȓȡ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȜȠȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ țȎ ȠȞȡȒȎ. ȀȜȐȎ ȟȨȠ-
ȞȡȒțȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖȠȓ ȒȜȝȞȖțȎȟȭ ȕȎ ȜȠȘȞȖȐȎțȓ
țȎ țȜȐȖ ȦȎțȟȜȐȓ ȝȞȓȒ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȖ
țȎȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȭ. „ǵȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ ȓ ȜȠ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȕțȎȥȓ-
țȖȓ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȠȎ Ȑ ȞȓȎșțȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȖșȜȔȖ
țȎȡȥȓțȜȠȜ Ȗ ȥȞȓȕ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎȠȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȐȖȐȎȠ ȡȚȓțȖȭȠȎ țȎ
țȎȦȖȠȓ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ. ǲțȓȟ ȓ ȐȎȔțȎ ȐȞȨȕȘȎȠȎ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȠȓȜȞȖȭ –
ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ, țȡȔțȜ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ țȎȚȓȞȖ ȏȎșȎțȟȨȠ ȝȞȖ ȐȨȐȓȔȒȎțȓȠȜ
țȎ țȜȐȖ ȝȜȒȣȜȒȖ, ȒȎȐȎȧȖ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȖȕȝȞȜȏȐȎțȓ Ȑ ȞȓȎș-
țȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ, țȎ ȠȓȜȞȓȠȖȥțȖȠȓ ȚȜȒȓșȖ“ (Eftimova 2018).
ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȖȕȘȎȕȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȢ. ǻ. ǲȓțȘȜȐ ȕȎ ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȢȎȕȎ țȎ
ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ „ȠȜȕȖ ȝȞȜȓȘȠ ȓ ȓȒțȎ ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȡȟȝȓȦțȖȠȓ ȖțȖȤȖȎȠȖȐȖ
țȎ ǺǼǻ Ȗ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȐȖȟȦȖ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ ȟ ȒȜȘȎȕȎț ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠ“7.
ǮȘȠȖȐțȜȠȜ ȟȨȠȞȡȒțȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȜȠȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ
ȝȜ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ ȟ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖȠȓ țȎ ȝȎ-
ȚȓȠȠȎ ȓ ȜȠ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȓțȜ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ ȕȎ ȖȕȒȖȑȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȖȚȖȒȔȎ Ȗ
ȝȞȓȟȠȖȔȎ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȐțȎȠȎ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȭ Ȑ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ (Avramova,
Todorova & Tsvetkova 2017).
„ǵȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȝȞȎȐȖ ȡȟȝȓȦțȜ ȟ ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȎȠȓșȟȠȐȎȠȎ Ȗ ȜȠȑȜ-
ȐȜȞȖ țȎ ȝȞȓȒȭȐȓțȖȠȓ ȜȥȎȘȐȎțȖȭ, ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȐȖȟȦȓ ȜȏȞȎȕȜ-
ȐȎțȖȓ ȖȚȎ ȓȒȖț ȜȟțȜȐȓț ȝȨȠ ȕȎ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ – ȝȜȟȠȖȑȎțȓ țȎ ȐȖ-
ȟȜȘȜ ȘȎȥȓȟȠȐȜ ȐȨȐ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ țȎȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȭ Ȗ țȎ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȞȎȐțȖ-
ȧȎ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȒȎ ȑȎȞȎțȠȖȞȎ țȓȑȜȐȎȠȎ ȘȜțȘȡȞȓțȠȜȟȝȜȟȜȏțȜȟȠ, ȞȎȕ-
ȝȜȕțȎȐȎȓȚȜȟȠ Ȗ ȡȟȠȜȗȥȖȐȜȟȠ“ (Zdravkova 2019). ǵȎȧȜȠȜ Ȓțȓȟ
ȓȒțȜ ȜȠ ȜȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȎȠȓșȟȠȐȎ ȝȞȓȒ ȐȖȟȦȓȠȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜ-
ȐȎțȖȓ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȏȜȠȖ ȕȎ ȞȎȕȐȖȐȎțȓ Ȗ ȚȎȘȟȖȚȎșțȜ ȞȓȎșȖȕȖȞȎ-
463
țȓ țȎ ȥȜȐȓȦȘȖȭ ȝȜȠȓțȤȖȎș. ǵȎȠȜȐȎ ȟȓ ȖȕȖȟȘȐȎ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȜȐȘȎȠȎ
țȎ ȏȨȒȓȧȖȠȓ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖ ȒȎ ȓ Ȑ ȟȖțȣȞȜț ȟ ȖȒȓȖȠȓ țȎ ȖȘȜțȜ-
ȚȖȘȎ, ȜȟțȜȐȎțȎ țȎ ȕțȎțȖȭ Ȗ ȖțȜȐȎȤȖȖ. ǻȡȔțȜ ȓ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ
ȝȜ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȚȖțȎȠ ȝȞȓȕ ȡțȖ-
ȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ, ȜȠȑȜȐȎȞȭȧȜ țȎ ȝȞȜȚȓțȭȧȎȠȎ ȟȓ
ȟȞȓȒȎ. „ǰ ȁțȖǯǶȀ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȓ ȜȞȖȓțȠȖȞȎțȜ
ȘȨȚ ȏȎșȎțȟȎ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȠȓȜȞȖȭ Ȗ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ, ȥȞȓȕ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȞȎȏȜȠȖ
ȕȎ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȐȓțȖ ȕȎ ȞȓȎșțȎȠȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖ. ǽȜ-
ȒȜȏȓț ȝȜȒȣȜȒ ȕȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ Ȑ ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ ȒȎȐȎ ȐȨȕ-
ȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȘȜșȎȏȜȞȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȝȜȒȣȜȒȖ Ȗ ȕȎ ȡȟȐȜȭȐȎ-
țȓ țȎ ȒȜȏȞȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ. ȀȜȐȎ ȓ Ȗ ȕȎȒȨșȔȖȠȓșȓț ȎȘȤȓțȠ Ȑ Ȝȏȡ-
ȥȓțȖȓȠȜ, țȎșȎȑȎț ȜȠ ȒȖțȎȚȖȘȖȠȓ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎȠȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ
Ȗ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜȟȠȠȎ ȕȎ țȓȝȞȓȘȨȟțȎȠȎ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȞȓȎșțȖȭ ȟȓȘȠȜȞ“
(Mincheva, Mukanova & Eftimova). ǸȎȠȜ ȤȭșȜ „ȒȜȝȨșțȖȠȓș-
țȎȠȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ ȓ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȝȜȐȖȦȎȐȎțȓ ȘȜȚȝȓȠȓțȤȖȖȠȓ
Ȗ ȡȚȓțȖȭȠȎ Ȑ ȞȓȎșțȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ ȟȨȜȏȞȎȕțȜ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȘȎȠȎ
țȎ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȎȠȎ ȜȏșȎȟȠ, ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎȠȎ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȜȐȘȎ Ȗ
ȟȐȜȏȜȒțȜȠȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȡȥȓȧȖȠȓ ȚșȎȒȖ ȣȜȞȎ“ (Dzhorova 2016).
ǼȠ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎțȓ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȜȠȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ Ȑ
ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠ „ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ Ȑ ȁțȖǯǶȀ
ȝȜȟȠȓȝȓțțȜ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȐȖȐȎ Ȗ ȡȠȐȨȞȔȒȎȐȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȐȜȒȓȧȜ Ȑ ȝȜȒȑȜ-
ȠȜȐȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖ. ǰȎȔțȜ ȓ țȓȑȜȐȜȠȜ țȓȝȞȓȘȨȟțȎȠȜ
ȡȟȨȐȨȞȦȓțȟȠȐȎțȓ Ȑ ȘȜțȠȓȘȟȠȎ țȎ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȜȠȜ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖ-
ȜțțȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ Ȗ țȎ ȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖȠȓ Ȗ țȎȤȖȜțȎșțȖ ȠȓțȒȓțȤȖȖ Ȑ
ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȜȠȜ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ. ǻȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȖ ȟȎ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ Ȑ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡ-
ȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȘȜțȤȓȝȤȖȖ Ȗ ȚȜȒȓșȖ ȕȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ
ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞȖ țȎ ȎȘȠȡȎșțȖȠȓ ȝȜȠȞȓȏțȜȟȠȖ Ȗ
ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȎȠȓșȟȠȐȎȠȎ ȝȞȓȒ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȎȠȎ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎȠȎ
ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ. Ȁȓ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠȟȠȐȎȠ țȎ ȖȒȓȭȠȎ ȕȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ,
ȏȎȕȖȞȎțȜ țȎ ȖțȠȓȞȒȖȟȤȖȝșȖțȎȞțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȖțȜȐȎȠȖȐțȖ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎ-
ȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ. ȀȜȐȎ ȧȓ ȒȜȝȞȖțȓȟȓ ȕȎ ȡȒȜȐșȓȠȐȜȞȭȐȎțȓ
țȎ ȎȘȠȡȎșțȖ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖ, ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȖ Ȗ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖ
ȝȜȠȞȓȏțȜȟȠȖ (Atanasov, Eftimova & Marinova).
ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȞȨȘȜȐȜȒȖȠȓșȭ țȎ ȘȎȠȓȒȞȎ „ǯȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥȓț ȚȓțȖȒȔ-
ȚȨțȠ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ Ȁ. ȀȜȒȜȞȜȐȎ: „ǯȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥțȜ-ȖțȢȜȞȚȎ-
ȤȖȜțțȎȠȎ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐțȎ ȟȢȓȞȎ Ȑ ȒțȓȦțȖ ȒțȖ ȟȓ ȐșȖȭȓ ȜȠ ȒȖțȎ-
ȚȖȥțȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȜȏȞȎȕȡȐȎțȖȭ Ȑ ȑșȜȏȎșțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȟȞȓ-
ȒȎ, ȜȠ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖȠȓ țȎ ȒȓȚȜȘȞȎȠȖȕȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȜȠȜ
464
ȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȟȠȐȜ Ȗ ȜȠ ȝȞȓȜȟȚȖȟșȭțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎȠȎ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ
Ȑ ȟȐȓȠȜȐȓț ȚȎȧȎȏ. ǽȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȖțȠȓȑȞȎȤȖȜțțȖȭ Ȗ Ȗț-
ȠȓȞȒȖȟȤȖȝșȖțțȖȭ ȝȜȒȣȜȒ, ȐȕȎȖȚȜȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȓȠȜ ȟ țȎȤȖȜțȎșțȖ Ȗ
ȚȓȔȒȡțȎȞȜȒțȖ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖ ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȖ, țȎȡȥțȖ ȑȞȡȝȖ Ȗ
ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȖ ȜȏȓȒȖțȓțȖȭ Ȗ ȝȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖ-
ȜțțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȜțțȖ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ Ȑ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȎȠȎ,
ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȟȘȎȠȎ Ȗ ȝȞȖșȜȔțȎȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠȟȠȐȎȠ țȎ
ȜȥȓȞȠȎțȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȎȠȓșȟȠȐȎ Ȗ ȟȎ ȝȨȠ ȘȨȚ ȡȟȝȓȣȎ“
(Todorova, Denchev 2018). ȀȎȕȖ țȓȗțȎ ȝȜȕȖȤȖȭ ȟȓ ȜȠȟȠȜȭȐȎ
ȥȞȓȕ ȖȕȑȜȠȐȓțȖȠȓ ȡȥȓȏțȖ ȝșȎțȜȐȓ Ȗ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȖ Ȑ ȘȎȠȓȒȞȎȠȎ,
ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ Ȑ ȡțȖȟȜț ȟ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖȠȓ Ȑ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȜȠȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ Ȗ
ȏșȎȑȜȒȎȞȓțȖȓ țȎ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȐȭȠ ȘȎȒȞȖ, ȜȠȑȜȐȎȞȭȧȖ țȎ
ȝȜȠȞȓȏțȜȟȠȖȠȓ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎȠȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ, Ȑ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȔȖȐȓȓȚ.
„ǰ țȜȐȜȠȜ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ, Ȑ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȔȖ-
ȐȓȓȚ, ȎȞȣȖȐȖȠȓ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ țȎ ȝȎȚȓȠȠȎ, țȓ-
ȟȨȚțȓțȜ ȧȓ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȎȐȎȠ ȒȎ ȟȎ ȜȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ ȝȎȕȖȠȓșȖ țȎ ȝȎ-
ȚȓȠȠȎ Ȗ țȎ ȐȓȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȎȕȎȠȓșȟȠȐȎ ȜȠ ȚȖțȎșȜȠȜ. ǿ ȞȎȕ-
ȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǶǸȀ ȠȭȣțȎȠȎ ȞȜșȭ țȎ ȘȞȓȝȖȠȓș țȎ ȖȟȠȖțțȎȠȎ
ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ țȓȟȨȚțȓțȜ ȧȓ ȟȓ ȡȠȐȨȞȔȒȎȐȎ Ȗ ȞȎȕȦȖȞȭȐȎ“
(Atanasov 2019). ǵȎȠȜȐȎ ȓ ȐȎȔțȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ ȝȜ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ
Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȑ ȁțȖǯǶȀ ȒȎ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȖ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȐȖȐȎ Ȑ
ȝȜȟȜȘȎ ȘȨȚ ȜȏȜȑȎȠȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȡȥȓȏțȖȠȓ ȝșȎțȜȐȓ Ȗ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎțȓȠȜ
țȎ ȎȘȠȡȎșțȖ ȒȖȟȤȖȝșȖțȖ ȟȨȟ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȖ, ȝȜȕȐȜ-
șȭȐȎȧȖ țȎȠȞȡȝȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȜȝȖȠ Ȗ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎȧȖ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖ,
ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎ ȟȎ șȓȟțȜ ȎȒȎȝȠȖȐțȖ ȘȨȚ ȝȞȜȚȓțȭȧȖȠȓ ȟȓ ȖȕȖȟȘȐȎ-
țȖȭ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ țȎ ȠȞȡȒȎ. ǲȎ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȎȠ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟșȓȒȐȎȠ ȜȏȞȎȕȜ-
ȐȎȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȠȞȎȒȖȤȖȖ, ȜȠȑȜȐȎȞȭȧȖ țȎ ȖțȜȐȎȠȖȐțȖȠȓ ȝȜȠȞȓȏ-
țȜȟȠȖ țȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ.
ǾȎȕțȜȜȏȞȎȕțȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȖ ȕȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ, ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎțȖ ȝȜ
ȝȞȜȓȘȠ „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ“, ȟȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎțȖȠȓ
ȒȎ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȭȠ ȞȓȎșțȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȎ ȕȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ țȎ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖȠȓ
ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖ ȝȜ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ. ǻȜ ȕȎ ȟȨ-
ȔȎșȓțȖȓ, Ȑȟȓ Ȝȧȓ țȭȘȜȖ ȜȠ ȘșȬȥȜȐȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ Ȑ ȠȎȕȖ Ȝȏ-
șȎȟȠ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȎȐȎȠ ȒȎ țȓ ȝȞȜȭȐȭȐȎȠ ȎȘȠȖȐțȜȟȠ Ȗ țȓ ȟȓ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎȠ
Ȑ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȓ ȝȞȜȝȡȟțȎȠȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȟȠȞȎțȖ.
ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȒȎțțȖȠȓ, ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓțȖ ȜȠ ǸȖȞȖș ǱȓȞȎȠșȖȓȐ, Ȗȕ-
ȝȨșțȖȠȓșȓț ȒȖȞȓȘȠȜȞ țȎ ȖȕȝȨșțȖȠȓșțȎ ȎȑȓțȤȖȭ „ǻȎȡȘȎ Ȗ
ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ ȕȎ ȖțȠȓșȖȑȓțȠȓț ȞȎȟȠȓȔ“ (Lazarova 2019), ȟșȓȒ
465
ȝȞȖȘșȬȥȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȢȎȕȎ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ țȎȒ 99 % ȜȠ ȟȠȡ-
ȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȒȜȐȜșțȖ ȜȠ ȝȞȜȐȓȒȓțȜȠȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ Ȗ ȟȚȭȠȎȠ, ȥȓ
ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎȠȎ Ȑ ȞȓȎșțȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ ȓ ȘȞȎȗțȜ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȎ ȕȎ
ȠȭȣțȎȠȎ ȏȨȒȓȧȎ ȞȓȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ. ǼȘȜșȜ 20 % ȜȠ ȡȥȎȟȠȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȟȎ
ȝȜșȡȥȖșȖ ȝȞȓȒșȜȔȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ Ȑ ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȧȖȠȓ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎ-
ȤȖȖ, Ȏ ȝȞȓȕ ȐȠȜȞȎȠȎ ȢȎȕȎ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ ȟȓ ȜȥȎȘȐȎ ȚțȜȑȜ ȝȜ-
ȐȖȟȜȘ ȝȞȜȤȓțȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ ȒȎ ȟȠȎȞȠȖȞȎȠ ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȘȎȞȖȓȞȎ, ȏșȎȑȜ-
ȒȎȞȓțȖȓ țȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖȠȓ, ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȓțȖ ȜȠ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ.
ǽȞȓȕ ȐȠȜȞȎȠȎ ȢȎȕȎ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ ȘȎȠȓȒȞȎ „ǯȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥȓț Țȓ-
țȖȒȔȚȨțȠ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ ȝȞȜȒȨșȔȎȐȎ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȎȘȠȖȐȓț ȝȎȞ-
ȠțȪȜȞ Ȑ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȖȠȓ ȝȜ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ, 61 % (ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȝȞȭȚȜ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ
ȐȘșȬȥȖșȖ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎȠȓșȖ ȜȠ ȂǯǸǻ Ȑ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ ȓ 45 %) ȜȠ
ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ Ȑ ȘȎȠȓȒȞȎȠȎ ȟȎ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȖ țȎȟȠȎȐțȖȤȖ ȟȨȟ
100 % ȡȟȝȓȦțȜ ȕȎȐȨȞȦȖșȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ ȟȖ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ ȟȠȡ-
ȒȓțȠȖ. ǸȨȚ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȢȎȕȎ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ ȟȎ ȟȓ ȐȘșȬȥȖșȖ
țȎȒ 50 % ȜȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȑ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȖȠȓ „ǯȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥȓț Ȗ Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțȓț ȚȓțȖȒȔȚȨțȠ“, „ǯȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȜȕțȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȏȖȏșȖȜȑ-
ȞȎȢȖȭ“ Ȗ „ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ ȘȨȚ ȂǯǸǻ ȝȞȖ
ȁțȖǯǶȀ Ȗ Ƞȓ ȟȎ ȝȞȖȘșȬȥȖșȖ ȡȟȝȓȦțȜ ȟȐȜȭ ȟȠȎȔ (Mukanova,
Mincheva & Eftimova 2020). ǰȨȐ ȐȠȜȞȎȠȎ ȢȎȕȎ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ ȟȎ
ȟȓ ȐȘșȬȥȖșȖ țȎȒ 89 % (Ȑ ȞȓȒȜȐțȎ Ȗ ȕȎȒȜȥțȎ ȢȜȞȚȎ ȜȠ ǼǸǿ
„ǯȎȘȎșȎȐȨȞ“) ȜȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȑ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠ “ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ Ȗ țȎȒ 70% ȜȠ ǼǸǿ „ǺȎȑȖȟȠȨȞ“ Ȑ ȟȝȓȤȖȎș-
țȜȟȠ „ǺȓțȖȒȔȚȨțȠ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ“. ȀȜȕȖ ȐȖȟȜȘ ȝȞȜ-
ȤȓțȠ țȎ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ Ȑ ȝȞȜȓȘȠ „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ – ȂȎȕȎ 2“
(ȘȨȚ țȜȓȚȐȞȖ 2021 ȑ.) ȓ ȒȜȘȎȕȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ ȕȎ ȎȘȠȖȐțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȟȠȡ-
ȒȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȗ ȔȓșȎțȖȓȠȜ ȖȚ ȒȎ ȝȞȖșȜȔȎȠ Ȑ ȞȓȎșțȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ
țȎȡȥȓțȜȠȜ Ȑ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȎ. ȀȜȐȎ ȝȜȒȝȜȚȎȑȎ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖȠȓ, ȟȐȨȞ-
ȕȎțȖ ȟ ȝȜȐȖȦȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȠȭȣțȎȠȎ ȘȜȚȝȓȠȓțȠțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎ-
șȖȕȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȡȚȓțȖȭȠȎ ȖȚ, ȥȞȓȕ ȒȜȟȠȖȑȎțȓ țȎ ȏȎșȎțȟ ȚȓȔȒȡ
ȠȓȜȞȓȠȖȥțȎ Ȗ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȎ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȐȓțȜȟȠ țȎ ȏȨȒȓȧȖȠȓ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ
ȟȝȓȤȖȎșȖȟȠȖ. ȀȜȐȎ ȓ Ȗ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜ-
țȎșțȖ ȘȜțȠȎȘȠȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȎ ȝȜȒȝȜȚȜȑțȎȠ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖȠȓ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ
ȡȟȝȓȦțȎ ȞȓȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ ȟșȓȒ ȒȖȝșȜȚȖȞȎțȓȠȜ.
ǽȜ ȝȞȜȓȘȠ „ǶțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțȓț ȝȜȞȠȎș ȕȎ ȎȞȣȖȐțȜ-ȒȜȘȡȚȓț-
ȠȎșțȜ țȎȟșȓȒȟȠȐȜ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȐȨȕȞȎȔȒȎțȓ“ (ǲȜȑȜȐȜȞ Ǹǽ-
06-ǻ 25/2,13.12.2018) ȏȓȦȓ ȝȞȜȐȓȒȓțȜ ȎțȘȓȠțȜ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȓ
„ǼȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ ȝȜ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȑ ȟȨȐ-
466
ȞȓȚȓțțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ“ (Atanasov, Eftimova,
Garvanova, Miliþ & Todorova 2021), ȘȜȓȠȜ ȖȚȎ ȕȎ Ȥȓș ȒȎ
ȜȏȜȏȧȖ, ȎțȎșȖȕȖȞȎ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖ țȎȑșȎȟȖȠȓ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ,
ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȠ Ȑ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ „ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓț-
ȠȎșȖȟȠȖȘȎ“. ȀȨȞȟȭȠ ȟȓ ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞȖȠȓ țȎ țȭȘȜșȘȜ ȘșȬȥȜȐȖ ȟȝȜ-
ȞȓȒ țȎȟ ȑȞȡȝȖ ȜȠ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȖ. ȅȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȖȠȓ Ȑ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓȠȜ
ȏȭȣȎ țȎȟȜȥȓțȖ ȘȨȚ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȏȎȘȎșȎ-
ȐȨȞȟȘȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț Ȑ ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ „ǮȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎ-
șȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ ȘȨȚ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȨȠ
„ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ – ȢȎȕȎ 2“. ǼȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ ȕȎȘșȬȥȓțȖȭ, ȒȜ
ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȒȜȟȠȖȑțȎ țȎ ȏȎȕȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȜșȡȥȓțȖȠȓ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠȖ, ȜȠȥȖ-
ȠȎȠ ȐȖȟȜȘ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ ȘȨȚ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ; ȑȜșȭȚ ȝȞȜȤȓțȠ ȜȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ
ȟȚȭȠȎȠ, ȥȓ ȟȎ ȑȜȠȜȐȖ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȞȓȎșȖȕȖȞȎȠ ȡȟȝȓȦțȜ țȎ ȝȎȕȎȞȎ țȎ
ȠȞȡȒȎ ȟȨȟ ȕțȎțȖȭȠȎ Ȗ ȡȚȓțȖȭȠȎ ȝȞȖȒȜȏȖȠȖ Ȑ ȁțȖǯǶȀ; ȞȓȑȖȟ-
ȠȞȖȞȎț ȓ Ȗ ȐȖȟȜȘ ȝȞȜȤȓțȠ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ, țȎ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȞȎȏȜȠȜȒȎȠȓșȖȠȓ
ȟȎ ȝȞȓȒșȜȔȖșȖ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ ȟșȓȒ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ ȖȚ Ȝȏȡ-
ȥȓțȖȓ (Eftimova 2021).
ǰ ȁțȖǯǶȀ ȟȓ ȞȎȏȜȠȖ ȕȎ ȝȜȟȠȖȑȎțȓ țȎ ȏȎșȎțȟ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȠȓȜ-
ȞȖȭ Ȗ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ, ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎ ȟȓ ȟȨȜȏȞȎȕȓțȜ ȟ ȝȜȠȞȓȏțȜȟȠȖȠȓ țȎ
ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȜȠȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȡȥȓȏțȜȠȜ ȟȨȒȨȞ-
ȔȎțȖȓ. ǳȒțȜ ȜȠ ȜȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȎȠȓșȟȠȐȎ ȝȞȓȒ ȡțȖȐȓȞ-
ȟȖȠȓȠȖȠȓ Ȑ XXI ȐȓȘ ȓ ȝȜȐȖȦȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȘȎȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ Ȗ ȓȢȓȘ-
ȠȖȐțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ. ǰ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ țȎȡȥțȖ ȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȖ Ȗ Ȗȕ-
ȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ ȏȓȕȟȝȜȞțȜ ȟȓ ȐȨȕȝȞȖȓȚȎ ȟȠȎțȜȐȖȧȓȠȜ, ȥȓ ȓ țȓȜȏ-
ȣȜȒȖȚȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȏȜȠȖ Ȑ ȝȜȟȜȘȎ ȘȨȚ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ
ȡȚȓțȖȭ, ȜȠȑȜȐȎȞȭȧȖ țȎ țȡȔȒȖȠȓ țȎ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȜȠȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ.
ǰ ȟȐȭȠ țȎ Ȑȟȓ ȝȜ-ȕȎȒȨșȏȜȥȎȐȎȧȜ ȟȓ ȑșȜȏȎșțȜ ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȜ,
ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȜ, ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȥțȜ, ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȜ Ȗ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȜ
ȟȨȠȞȡȒțȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȖȠȓ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖȠȓ ȐȨȐ ȐȖȟȦȓ-
ȠȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ, ȟȓ ȝȜȟȠȎȐȭȠ ȟ ȜȟȜȏȓț ȝȞȖȜȞȖȠȓȠ Ȗ ȟȖșȎ (Savo-
va & Eftimova 2021).
ǽȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȎȠȓșȟȠȐȎȠȎ ȝȞȓȒ ȏȨȒȓȧȖȠȓ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȟȝȓȤȖȎ-
șȖȟȠȖ ȟȓ ȡȐȓșȖȥȎȐȎȠ ȟ țȎȐșȖȕȎțȓȠȜ țȎ Ȑȟȓ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ țȎ
ȏȎȕȎȠȎ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖȠȓ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȝȜȞȎȒȖ
țȓȝȞȓȟȠȎțțȜȠȜ ȡȐȓșȖȥȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȖȭ ȝȜȠȜȘ. ǻȡȔțȜ
ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȏȜȠȖ ȎȘȠȖȐțȜ Ȑ ȝȜȟȜȘȎ ȘȨȚ ȜȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȨș-
țȜȤȓțțȎ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȞȎȏȜȠȜȒȎȠȓșȖȠȓ Ȗ ȏȨȒȓȧȖȠȓ ȟȝȓȤȖȎ-
șȖȟȠȖ, ȘȎȠȜ ȟȓ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎȠ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȢȜȞȚȖ țȎ ȟȨȠȞȡȒțȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ.
467
ǽȞȜȓȘȠȨȠ „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ“ ȓ Ȝȧȓ ȓȒțȎ ȜȠ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ-
Ƞȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȦȖȞȭȠ ȣȜȞȖȕȜțȠȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȒ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȑ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ.
ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȒȎțțȖȠȓ Ȑ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ, ǸȎȠȓȒȞȎ „ǯȖȏ-
șȖȜȠȓȥȓț ȚȓțȖȒȔȚȨțȠ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ ȓ ȐȜȒȓȧȎ ȟȞȓȒ ȘȎȠȓȒ-
ȞȖȠȓ ȘȨȚ ȐȨȐ ȂǯǸǻ ȝȞȖ ȁțȖǯǶȀ ȝȜ ȏȞȜȗ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ, ȝȞȖȘ-
șȬȥȖșȖ ȡȟȝȓȦțȜ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ ȝȜ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ. ȀȓȕȖ Ȟȓ-
ȕȡșȠȎȠȖ ȝȜȠȐȨȞȔȒȎȐȎȠ ȠȓțȒȓțȤȖȭȠȎ ȜȠ ȝȨȞȐȎȠȎ ȢȎȕȎ țȎ ȝȞȜ-
ȓȘȠȎ Ȗ ȟȎ ȖțȒȖȘȎȠȜȞ ȕȎ ȡȟȠȜȗȥȖȐȖȭ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ
ȘȨȚ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖȠȓ ȒȎ ȟȠȎțȎȠ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎȠȎ Ȝȏȧ-
țȜȟȠ Ȝȧȓ ȝȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ țȎ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ.
1. ǾȓȕȡșȠȎȠȖ ȜȠ ȝȨȞȐȜȠȜ țȎȤȖȜțȎșțȜ ȝȞȜȡȥȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎș-
țȎȠȎ ȜȞȖȓțȠȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȚȜȠȖȐȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ. // http://www.youth
bg.net/node/156
2. [ȅȓȠȖȞȖȒȓȟȓȠ Ȗ ȦȓȟȠ] 46 ȚȖșȖȜțȎ ȟȎ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȓțȖ ȕȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ
ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ Ȑ ȞȓȎșțȎ ȞȎȏȜȠțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ. [ȜȢȖȤȖȎșȓț ȟȎȗȠ]. ǽȜȟȓȠȓț țȎ:
28.07.2021. ǲȜȟȠȨȝțȜ ȜȠ ȎȒȞȓȟ: <https://mon.bg/bg/news/3867>
3. ȁȓȏȟȎȗȠ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠ „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ – ȂȎȕȎ 2“
(BG05M2OP001-2.013-0001) țȎ ǺǼǻ. [ȜȢȖȤȖȎșȓț ȟȎȗȠ]. ǽȜȟȓȠȓț
țȎ: 28.07.2021. ǲȜȟȠȨȝțȜ ȜȠ ȎȒȞȓȟ: <http://praktiki.mon.bg/>
4. ǶțȠȓȞȓȟȨȠ ȘȨȚ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖȠȓ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ țȎȞȎȟȠȐȎ. [ȜȢȖȤȖȎșȓț
ȟȎȗȠ]. ǽȜȟȓȠȓț țȎ: 28.07.2021. ǲȜȟȠȨȝțȜ ȜȠ ȎȒȞȓȟ: <https://mon.bg/
bg/news/3944>
5. ǽȞȜȐȓȒȓ ȟȓ ȐȖȒȓȜȘȜțȢȓȞȓțȠțȎ ȟȞȓȧȎ ȝȜ ȝȞȜȓȘȠ „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ
ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ – ȂȎȕȎ 2“. [ȜȢȖȤȖȎșȓț ȟȎȗȠ]. ǽȜȟȓȠȓț țȎ: 28.07.2021.
ǲȜȟȠȨȝțȜ ȜȠ ȎȒȞȓȟ: <https://mon.bg/bg/news/4003>
6. ǻȎȒ 37 000 ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ ȟȎ ȝȜȔȓșȎșȖ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ Ȑ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖ-
ȘȖ. [ȜȢȖȤȖȎșȓț ȟȎȗȠ]. ǽȜȟȓȠȓț țȎ: 28.07.2021. ǲȜȟȠȨȝțȜ ȜȠ ȎȒȞȓȟ:
<https://mon.bg/bg/news/4101>
7. ȁȓȏȟȎȗȠ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠ „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ – ȂȎȕȎ 1“ țȎ ǺǼǻ.
[ȜȢȖȤȖȎșȓț ȟȎȗȠ]. ȖȕȘȎȕȐȎțȓ țȎ ȕȎȚȓȟȠțȖȘ-ȚȖțȖȟȠȨȞȎ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜ-
ȐȎțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ țȎȡȘȎȠȎ ȝȞȜȢ. ǻȖȘȜșȎȗ ǲȓțȘȜȐ țȎ ȟȞȓȧȎ ȟ ȞȎȏȜȠȜȒȎȠȓ-
șȖ, ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ țȎ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȖȠȓ ȟȞȓȒȖ ȝȜ ȝȞȜȓȘȠ
„ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ“.
ǮȐȞȎȚȜȐȎ, ǰ., ȀȜȒȜȞȜȐȎ, Ȁ., ȄȐȓȠȘȜȐȎ, ǳ., 2017. ǶțȠȓȞȎȘȤȖȭ ȎȘȎ-
ȒȓȚȖȥțȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ - ȞȎȏȜȠțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ: ǼȝȖȠ ȝȜ ȝȞȜȓȘȠ „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ
ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ“ țȎ ǺǼǻ. ǰ: ǼȏȧȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȕțȎțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ ȣȡȚȎțȖȕȚȨȠ
468
țȎ XXI ȐȓȘ: țȎȤȖȜțȎșțȎ țȎȡȥțȎ ȘȜțȢȓȞȓțȤȖȭ ȟ ȚȓȔȒȡțȎȞȜȒțȜ
ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ, 427 – 431.
ǮȠȎțȎȟȜȐ, ȃȞ., 2019. ǼȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ ȝȜ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠȖȘȎ Ȑ ȁțȖǯǶȀ Ȗ Ȗț-
ȠȓȞțȓȠ ȝȜȞȠȎșȖȠȓ ȟ ȎȞȣȖȐțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ. ǰ: ǮȞȣȖȐȖ Ȗ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭ:
ȐȕȎȖȚȜȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȭ, ȝȓȞȟȝȓȘȠȖȐȖ. ǿȏȜȞțȖȘ ȒȜȘșȎȒȖ ȜȠ țȎȤȖȜțȎșȓț
ȟȓȚȖțȎȞ, ǿȜȢȖȭ, ǿȁ „ǿȐ. ǸșȖȚȓțȠ ǼȣȞȖȒȟȘȖ“, 16 – 17 ȜȘȠȜȚȐȞȖ
2019, 99 – 106.
ǯȜȞȖȟȜȐȎ, Ǻ., 2018. ǽȞȜȓȘȠ „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ“ – ȢȜȞȚȎ țȎ ȝȎȞ-
ȠțȪȜȞȟȠȐȜ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȞȎȏȜȠȜȒȎȠȓșȖ. ǰ: ǯȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥțȖȭȠ Ȗ
ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțȓț ȚȓțȖȒȔȚȨțȠ: 10 ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȝȜȟȠȖȔȓțȖȭ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖ-
ȘȎȠȓșȟȠȐȎ: ǻȎȡȥȓț ȟȏȜȞțȖȘ ȟ ȒȜȘșȎȒȖ ȜȠ ǻȎȡȥțȎ ȘȜțȢȓȞȓțȤȖȭ ȝȜ
ȝȜȐȜȒ 10 ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȜȠ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȘȎȠȓȒȞȎ „ǯȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥȓț ȚȓțȖ-
ȒȔȚȨțȠ“ ȝȞȖ ȁțȖǯǶȀ, 4 ȒȓȘȓȚȐȞȖ 2018. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ȁțȖǯǶȀ, 208 –
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ǰȓșȥȓȐȎ, Ǯ., 2019. ǽȞȜȡȥȐȎțȓ ȡȒȜȐșȓȠȐȜȞȓțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ țȎ
ȢȖșȖȎș ȃȎȟȘȜȐȜ ȘȨȚ ȀȞȎȘȖȗȟȘȖ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠ ǿȠȎȞȎ ȕȎȑȜȞȎ, ȡȥȎȟȠ-
ȐȎșȖ Ȑ ȝȞȜȓȘȠ „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ – ȢȎȕȎ 1“. ǰ: 28th International
Conference for Students and Young Scientists, 10 – 11 May 2019,
Trakia University – Stara Zagora, FTȀ – Yambol, 349 – 356.
ǲȔȜȞȜȐȎ, ǯ., 2016. ǽȞȜȓȘȠ „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ“ – ȡȟȝȓȦȓț ȜȝȖȠ
ȕȎ ȒȜȝȨșțȖȠȓșțȜ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ. ǽȓȒȎȑȜȑȖȘȎ, 1, 41 – 70.
ǳȢȠȖȚȜȐȎ, ǿ., 2018. ǮȘȠȖȐțȜȟȠ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȘȎȠȓȒȞȎ „ǯȖȏșȖȜ-
Ƞȓȥȓț ȚȓțȖȒȔȚȨțȠ“ Ȑ ǽȞȜȓȘȠ BG05M20P001-2.002-0001 „ǿȠȡȒȓțȠ-
ȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ – ȂǮǵǮ 1“. ǰ: ǿȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖ ȖȕȚȓȞȓțȖȭ țȎ ȓȐȞȜȝȓȗȟ-
ȘȜȠȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȜ Ȗ țȎȡȥțȜ ȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȟȠȐȜ : ǿȏȜȞțȖȘ ȟ ȒȜȘșȎȒȖ
ȜȠ XII, ǺȓȔȒȡțȎȞȜȒȓț ȝȨȠȡȐȎȧ ȟȓȚȖțȎȞ țȎ ȁțȖǯǶȀ: ǸȡșȠȡȞțȖ
ȐȞȨȕȘȖ ȚȓȔȒȡ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ Ȗ ǿȡȐȓȞȓțțȖȭ ǺȎșȠȖȗȟȘȖ ȜȞȒȓț, ǯȨșȑȎ-
ȞȖȭ – ǶȠȎșȖȭ, 18 – 23 ȚȎȗ 2018, 6, 155 – 163.
ǵȒȞȎȐȘȜȐȎ, ǯ., 2019. ǮȘȠȡȎșțȖ ȝȜșȖȠȖȘȖ Ȗ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ Ȑ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎ-
țȖȓȠȜ. ǰ: [ǳșȓȘȠȞȜțȓț ȞȓȟȡȞȟ]: ȟȏȜȞțȖȘ ȟ ȒȜȘșȎȒȖ ȜȠ țȎȡȥțȜ-
ȝȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȎ ȘȜțȢȓȞȓțȤȖȭ, 17 – 18 ȎȝȞȖș 2019, ǽșȓȐȓț. – ǽșȓȐȓț:
ǰȀȁ „ǿȐ. ȟȐ. ǸȖȞȖș Ȗ ǺȓȠȜȒȖȗ“, 470 – 478.
ǸȖȥȓȐȎ, Ȁ., 2017. ǻȎȑșȎȟȖ ȕȎ ȠȞȡȒ Ȗ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚȖ ȝȞȖ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȜțȎșțȎȠȎ
ȞȓȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȚșȎȒȖȠȓ ȣȜȞȎ Ȑ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ. ǯȖȕțȓȟ ȝȜȟȜȘȖ, 3, 75 – 93.
ǹȎȕȎȞȜȐȎ, ǹ., 2019. ǿ ȝȜ-ȑȜșȭȚ ȏȬȒȔȓȠ ȧȓ ȟȓ ȜȏȡȥȎȐȎȠ 44 000
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ȞȖș ǱȓȞȎȠșȖȓȐ]. Ǯȕ-ȏȡȘȖ, 23, 6 – 12 ȬțȖ 2019.
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ȠȜȟȠ ȜȠ ȑșȓȒțȎ ȠȜȥȘȎ țȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ (ȝȜ ȝȞȖȚȓȞȎ țȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ).
ǻȎȞȜȒțȜȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖ ȎȞȣȖȐ, 2, 75 – 94.
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ȘȎȠȓȒȞȎ „ǯȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥȓț ȚȓțȖȒȔȚȨțȠ“. ǰ: ǯȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥțȖȭȠ Ȗ Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțȓț ȚȓțȖȒȔȚȨțȠ: 10 ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȝȜȟȠȖȔȓțȖȭ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖ-
ȘȎȠȓșȟȠȐȎ: ǻȎȡȥȓț ȟȏȜȞțȖȘ ȟ ȒȜȘșȎȒȖ ȜȠ ǻȎȡȥțȎ ȘȜțȢȓȞȓțȤȖȭ ȝȜ
ȝȜȐȜȒ 10 ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȜȠ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȘȎȠȓȒȞȎ „ǯȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥȓț ȚȓțȖ-
ȒȔȚȨțȠ“ ȝȞȖ ȁțȖǯǶȀ, 4 ȒȓȘȓȚȐȞȓȖ 2018, ȁțȖǯǶȀ, ǿȜȢȖȭ, 19 – 39.
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ȟȖȜțȎșțȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȝȞȜȢȓȟȖȭȠȎ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȟȠ. ǰ: ǺȓȔȒȡțȎȞȜȒțȩȗ
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konferentsia po povod 10 godini ot sazdavaneto na katedra
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– 23 may 2018, 6, 155 – 163.
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INVESTMENT IN THE FUTURE: PARTICIPATION OF

STUDENTS INVOLVED IN “ARCHIVAL AND
DOCUMENTARY STUDIES“ PROGRAM IN A PROJECT
ORIENTED TOWARDS THE POSSIBILITY OF A
SMOOTH TRANSITION FROM THE EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTION TO THE LABOR MARKET REALIZATION
Abstract: In 2020, during a global pandemic period the project
BG05M2OP001-2.013-0001 entitled “Student Internships – Phase 2”
was launched with a 40-month implementation period. The project is
implemented by the Ministry of Education and Science under the
Operational Program “Science and Education for Smart Growth” (OP
SESG) 2014-2020, co-financed by the European Social Fund. The total
budget of the project is BGN 46 million. The project is an opportunity
for 44,000 students to successfully undergo practical training (practice)
in a real work environment. All students from the project's partner
universities, including the University of Library Studies and
Information Technologies, can participate in the training.
Participation in the project is an excellent opportunity for
472
Bachelor's and Master's degree students to undergo practical
training, which does not duplicate or replace the mandatory practical
training according to the curriculum.
The purpose of the scientific study is to examine part of the
practical trainings in which the students involved in the “Archival
and Documentary Studies“ program at the Department of Library
Management and Archival Studies at ULSIT took part. An analysis
of the students' attitudes towards involvement in similar projects
was made and data on the degree of student activity as of September
2021 was presented.
Keywords: students’ participation, UNIBIT, Archival and
Documentary Studies, real work environment.
Assist. Prof. Sabina Eftimova, PhD
Tel.: (+ 359) 876 123 113
E-mail address: s.eftimova@unibit.bg
Web of Science ResearcherID: AAX-7285-2020
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6033-7663
473
ǵǮȇǶȀǮ ǻǮ ǮǰȀǼǾǿǸǶȀǳ ǽǾǮǰǮ
ǰ ǿǶǱȁǾǻǮ ǳǹǳǸȀǾǼǻǻǮ ǿǾǳǲǮ
ǽǾǶ ǶǵǽǼǹǵǰǮǻǳ ǻǮ ǽǾǼǶǵǰǳǲǳǻǶȍ
ǿ ǼǯǾǮǵǼǰǮȀǳǹǻǮ Ȅǳǹ
Ǳș. Ȏȟ. Ȓ-Ȟ ǻȎȒȓȔȒȎ ȀȜȚȜȐȎ, ǲȖȚȖȠȞȖțȎ ǯȜȭȒȔȖȓȐȎ,

ǺȖȚȖ ȀȜȦȓȐȎ, ǻȓșȖ ǻȖțȜȐȎ, ǶȞȓț ǶșȖȓȐȎ

ǾȓȕȬȚȓ: ǰ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȑșȜȏȎșțȎ ȘȞȖȕȎ, ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȎțȎ ȜȠ

ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǸȜȐȖȒ-19, ȟȖșțȜ ȕȎȟȓȑțȎȠȎ ȟȓ ȜȘȎȕȎ Ȗ ȟȢȓȞȎ-
ȠȎ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ ȐȨȐ ȐȟȖȥȘȖȠȓ ȖȚ ȢȜȞȚȖ, Ȑ ȘȜȭȠȜ
ȟȓ țȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎ țȓȝȞȓȘȨȟțȎȠȎ ȒȖțȎȚȖȘȎ Ȑ ȜȝȖȠȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎțȓȠȜ
țȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ ȕȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ, ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ Ȗ ȚȜȏȖșțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȡȥȎȧȖȠȓ,
ȡȥȖȠȓșȖȠȓ Ȗ ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ. ǵȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ Ȗȕȏȓȑțȓ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȧȎȠȎ
ȝȞȎȐțȎ țȓȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ ȜȠțȜȟțȜ ȠȜȐȎ ȒȎșȖ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȕȎȐȓȒȓțȖȭ
ȡȥȎȟȠȐȎȠ Ȑ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȭ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ țȎȞȡȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ, Ȗ
ȠȞȭȏȐȎ șȖ ȒȎ ȝȜșȡȥȎȠ ȞȎȕȞȓȦȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ȝȞȎȐȜțȜȟȖȠȓșȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎ-
țȖȓ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȘȎȥȐȎȠ ȜțșȎȗț ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ ȟȖ, ȟșȓȒȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ
țȎȝȞȎȐȖ ȎțȎșȖȕ țȎ ȝȞȎȐțȖȠȓ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ ȕȎ ȝȞȖșȎȑȎțȓ țȎ ȖȕȘșȬ-
ȥȓțȖȭȠȎ ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȕȎȘȜțȎ.
ǻȎȟȠȜȭȧȜȠȜ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ ȚȎȞȘȖȞȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȎ ȝȞȖ ȘȎȘȐȖ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭ
ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȕȎȘȜțȜȟȨȜȏȞȎȕțȜ ȒȎ ȐȨȕȝȞȜȖȕ-
ȐȓȔȒȎȠ Ȑȓȥȓ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȖ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȏȓȕ ȟȨȑșȎȟȖȓȠȜ țȎ țȜȟȖ-
Ƞȓșȭ țȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ Ȗ ȏȓȕ ȕȎȝșȎȧȎțȓ țȎ ȐȨȕțȎȑȞȎȔȒȓțȖȓ.
ǸșȬȥȜȐȖ ȒȡȚȖ: ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȖ ȝȞȎȐȎ, ȡȥȓȏțȎ Ȥȓș, ȖțȠȓȞțȓȠ, ȟȖ-
ȑȡȞțȎ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ.
ǰȨȐȓȒȓțȖȓ
ǵȎȝȜȥțȎșȎȠȎ Ȑ ȘȞȎȭ țȎ 2019 ȑ. ȝȎțȒȓȚȖȭ ȜȠ ǸȜȐȖȒ-19
ȞȎȕȘșȎȠȖ Ȗȕ ȜȟțȜȐȖ ǳȐȞȜȝȎ Ȗ ȟȐȓȠȎ, ȕȎȟȭȑȎȗȘȖ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȓșȓ-
ȚȓțȠȖ țȎ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȖȭ, ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȖȭ Ȗ ȝȜșȖȠȖȥȓȟȘȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ.
ǻȎȟȠȨȝȖȣȎ ȠȞȡȒțȖ ȐȞȓȚȓțȎ, Ȑ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȓ ȝȜȟȠȎȐȓțȜ ȝȞȓȒ ȖȕȝȖ-
ȠȎțȖȓ ȡȝȞȎȔțȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȜȟțȜȐțȖ ȥȜȐȓȦȘȖ ȝȞȎȐȎ –
ȝȞȎȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȕȎȘȞȖșȎ țȎ ȕȒȞȎȐȓȠȜ, ȝȞȎȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȟȐȜȏȜȒȎ Ȗ șȖȥțȎ
474
ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ, ȝȞȎȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȟȐȜȏȜȒțȜ ȝȞȖȒȐȖȔȐȎțȓ, ȝȞȎȐȜȠȜ țȎ
ȠȞȡȒ, ȝȞȎȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ, ȝȞȎȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȟȐȜȏȜȒțȜ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ Ȑ
ȘȡșȠȡȞțȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ. ǰ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȑșȜȏȎșțȎ ȘȞȖȕȎ, ȝȞȓȒȖȕ-
ȐȖȘȎțȎ ȜȠ ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǸȜȐȖȒ-19, ȝșȎțȜȐȓȠȓ ȕȎ ȏȨ-
ȒȓȧȓȠȜ ȟȓ ȜȘȎȕȎȣȎ ȜȏȑȨȞțȎȠȖ Ȑ țȓȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ. ȅȜȐȓȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȟȓ
ȖȕȝȞȎȐȖ ȝȞȓȒ ȜȑȞȜȚțȜ ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȜ ȟ Ȝȏȧȓȟ-
ȠȐȓțȜȠȜ ȕȒȞȎȐȓ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȏȨȞȕȜ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȐȨȞțȎ Ȑ ȒȞȎȟȠȖȥțȎ ȖȘȜțȜ-
ȚȖȥȓȟȘȎ ȘȞȖȕȎ.
ǽȞȓȕ 2015 ȑ. ǳȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȘȜȚȖȟȖȭ ȝȜȟȠȎȐȖ țȎȥȎșȜȠȜ țȎ
ȤȖȢȞȜȐȖȭ ȓȒȖțȓț ȝȎȕȎȞ, ȘȎȠȜ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖ ȜȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ ȕȎȘȜțȜ-
ȒȎȠȓșțȖ ȝȞȓȒșȜȔȓțȖȭ Ȑ ȜȏșȎȟȠȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȟȠȖȚȡșȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȎȠȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȖȭ, ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ, ȝȞȎȐȜȠȜ țȎ țȓȝ-
ȞȖȘȜȟțȜȐȓțȜȟȠ țȎ șȖȥțȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ Ȑ ȟȓȘȠȜȞȎ țȎ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖȠȓ
ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȖ, ȣȎȞȚȜțȖȕȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȤȖȢȞȜȐȖȠȓ ȝȞȎȐȎ, ȣȎȞ-
ȚȜțȖȕȖȞȎțȖȠȓ ȝȞȎȐȖșȎ ȕȎ ȒȎțȨȘ ȒȜȏȎȐȓțȎ ȟȠȜȗțȜȟȠ (ǲǲǿ) Ȗ
ȘȖȏȓȞȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠȠȎ.
ǽȞȓȕ ȬțȖ 2020 ȑ. Ȑ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȟȨȜȏȧȓțȖȓ „ȅȎȟȨȠ țȎ ǳȐȞȜȝȎ:
ȐȨȕȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎțȓ Ȗ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȜȐȘȎ ȕȎ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧȜȠȜ ȝȜȘȜșȓțȖȓ“
(COM(2020)456), ǸȜȚȖȟȖȭȠȎ ȜȏȭȐȖ, ȥȓ ȤȖȢȞȜȐȖȭȠ ȓȒȖțȓț ȝȎ-
ȕȎȞ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȓ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ ȟȠȨșȏȜȐȓȠȓ țȎ ȐȨȕȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎțȓȠȜ ȟșȓȒ
ȘȞȖȕȎȠȎ, ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȎțȎ ȜȠ ǸȜȐȖȒ-191.
ǾȓȒȜȚ ȟ ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȘȎȠȎ, ȟȖșțȜ ȕȎȟȓȑțȎȠȎ ȟȓ ȜȘȎȕȎ Ȗ ȟȢȓȞȎȠȎ
țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ ȐȨȐ ȐȟȖȥȘȖȠȓ Țȡ ȢȜȞȚȖ. ǰ ȠȎȕȖ
ȟȢȓȞȎ ȟȓ țȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎ ȒȖțȎȚȖȘȎ Ȑ ȜȝȖȠȖȠȓ țȎ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȖȠȓ ȒȎ Ȟȓ-
ȑȡșȖȞȎȠ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ ȕȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ, Ȝȏȡȥȓ-
țȖȓ Ȗ ȚȜȏȖșțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȡȥȎȧȖȠȓ, ȡȥȖȠȓșȖȠȓ Ȗ ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ.
ǽȜȟșȓȒȖȤȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȖȕȏȡȣțȎșȎȠȎ ȝȎțȒȓȚȖȭ Ȑȓȥȓ ȟȎ țȎșȖȤȓ.
ǻȎșȖȥȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȞȡȒțȜȟȠȖ ȜȏȎȥȓ ȚțȜȑȜ ȥȓȟȠȜ ȜȠȐȎȞȭ ȐȞȎȠȖȠȓ
țȎ țȜȐȖ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ. ǰȖȟȦȖȠȓ ȡȥȓȏțȖ ȕȎȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȟșȓȒȐȎ ȒȎ
ȞȎȕȐȖȐȎȠ ȟȐȜȭ ȘȎȝȎȤȖȠȓȠ Ȑ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȏȜȞȏȎ ȟ ȝȎțȒȓȚȖȭȠȎ
Ȗ ȝȜȟșȓȒȖȤȖȠȓ ȜȠ țȓȭ, ȝȜȞȎȒȖ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȎ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȖ ȏȨȞȕȖ Ȗ
ȎȒȓȘȐȎȠțȖ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȭ ȟ Ȥȓș ȐȨȕȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȧȓȠȖȠȓ, ȝȞȖ-
ȥȖțȓțȖ ȜȠ ȘȞȖȕȎȠȎ Ȗ ȝȜȒȑȜȠȜȐȘȎ țȎ ȝȜ-ȒȜȏȞȜ ȏȨȒȓȧȓ ȕȎ ȟșȓȒ-
ȐȎȧȜȠȜ ȝȜȘȜșȓțȖȓ.
ǽȎțȒȓȚȖȭȠȎ ȡȟȘȜȞȖ ȝȞȖșȎȑȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȖ
ȜȠ ȝȜȟȠȜȭțțȜ țȎȞȎȟȠȐȎȧȎȠȎ Ȑ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ ȑȜȒȖțȖ ȠȓțȒȓțȤȖȭ
ȘȨȚ ȝȞȓȚȖțȎȐȎțȓ ȜȠ ȘȜțȐȓțȤȖȜțȎșțȜ ȘȨȚ ȤȖȢȞȜȐȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜ-
ȐȎțȖȓ2. ǰ ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȎ țȎ ȡȟȠȜȗȥȖȐȜȠȜ Ȗ ȓȢȓȘȠȖȐțȜ ȎȒȎȝȠȖȞȎțȓ
475
țȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ țȎ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȖȠȓ ȜȠ
ǿȨȬȕȎ ȘȨȚ ȤȖȢȞȜȐȎȠȎ ȓȞȎ, ǳȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȘȜȚȖȟȖȭ ȝȞȖȓ
ȝșȎț ȕȎ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȓ Ȑ ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȤȖȢȞȜȐȜȠȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ ȕȎ
ȝȓȞȖȜȒȎ 2021 – 2027 ȑ. ǰ țȓȑȜ ȟȎ ȐȘșȬȥȓțȖ ȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ ȝȞȖȜȞȖ-
ȠȓȠțȖ ȜȏșȎȟȠȖ: ȝȜ-ȒȜȏȞȜ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ țȎ ȤȖȢȞȜȐȖȠȓ ȠȓȣțȜșȜ-
ȑȖȖ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎțȓ Ȗ ȡȥȓțȓ; ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ țȎ ȤȖȢȞȜȐȖȠȓ ȘȜȚȝȓ-
ȠȓțȠțȜȟȠȖ Ȗ ȡȚȓțȖȭ; ȝȜȒȜȏȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ ȥȞȓȕ ȝȜ-
ȒȜȏȨȞ ȎțȎșȖȕ țȎ ȒȎțțȖ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȔȒȎțȓ3.
ǶȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓȠȜ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚȖ ȜȠțȜȟțȜ ȠȜȐȎ ȒȎșȖ
ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȕȎȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȡȥȎȟȠȐȎȠ Ȑ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȭ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ
țȎȞȡȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ, Ȗ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ șȖ ȒȎ ȝȜșȡȥȎȠ
ȞȎȕȞȓȦȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ȝȞȎȐȜțȜȟȖȠȓșȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȕȎȧȖȠȓțȖ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ,
ȘȜȖȠȜ ȘȎȥȐȎȠ ȜțșȎȗț ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ ȟȖ, ȘȎȠȜ ȟȓ țȎȝ-
ȞȎȐȖ ȎțȎșȖȕ țȎ ȝȞȎȐțȖȠȓ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ ȕȎ ȝȞȖșȎȑȎțȓ țȎ Ȗȕ-
ȘșȬȥȓțȖȭȠȎ ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȕȎȘȜțȎ, ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȠȓȕȖ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȭ ȟȎ ȟȐȨȞȕȎ-
țȖ ȟ ȝȜȟȠȖȑȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖ ȤȓșȖ.
ǽȞȜȓȘȠȨȠ „InfoLIB: ǶȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓ

țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȜ-ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥțȎ ȖțȠȓȞȎȘȠȖȐțȎ
ȝșȎȠȢȜȞȚȎ ȝȜ ȣȡȚȎțȖȠȎȞȖȟȠȖȘȎ“
ǯȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȖȠȓ ȟșȡȔȎȠ țȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȘȎȠȜ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȖȞȎȠ,
ȟȨȏȖȞȎȠ Ȗ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎȠ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȐȖȒȜȐȓ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖ, Șȡș-
ȠȡȞțȖ Ȗ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖ ȞȓȟȡȞȟȖ ȟ Ȥȓș ȒȎ ȑȖ țȎȝȞȎȐȭȠ ȒȜȟȠȨȝ-
țȖ ȕȎ ȣȜȞȎȠȎ.
ǿȠȎȠȡȠȨȠ țȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȠȓ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȖ ȓ țȜȞȚȎȠȖȐțȜ
ȡȞȓȒȓț Ȑ ȥș. 2 ȜȠ ǵȎȘȜțȎ ȕȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȠȓ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȖ, ȟȝȜȞȓȒ
ȘȜȗȠȜ Ƞȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎȠ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖ, ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖ Ȗ
ȘȡșȠȡȞțȖ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȠȖ ȟ țȎȤȖȜțȎșțȜ Ȗ ȚȓȟȠțȜ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ
ȟȨȏȖȞȎȠ, ȜȏȞȎȏȜȠȐȎȠ, ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȖȞȎȠ, ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎȠ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭȠ
ȕȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȜ ȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ ȝȓȥȎȠțȖ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ Ȗ
ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȐȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȕȎ ȘțȖȔȜȐțȜȠȜ Ȗ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞțȜȠȜ
ȘȡșȠȡȞțȜ țȎȟșȓȒȟȠȐȜ.
ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȖȠȓ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȖ ȜȠ ȟȐȜȭ ȟȠȞȎțȎ ȖȚȎȠ ȝȜ-
ȠȭȟțȜ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȎ ȢȡțȘȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȞȎȕșȖȘȎ ȜȠ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȠȓ ȏȖȏ-
șȖȜȠȓȘȖ ȝȜȞȎȒȖ ȢȎȘȠȎ, ȥȓ ȝȜșȕȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖȠȓ
ȞȓȟȡȞȟȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ Ƞȓ ȟȨȏȖȞȎȠ Ȗ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎȠ, ȟȎ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ, ȒȜȘȠȜ-
ȞȎțȠȖ, ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎȠȓșȖ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ șȖȤȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȠȭȟțȜ ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ
ȟ ȡȥȓȏțȖȭ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ. ǳȒȖțȟȠȐȓțȜȠȜ șȓȑȎșțȜ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖȓ țȎ
476
ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȖȠȓ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȖ ȓ ȒȎȒȓțȜ Ȑ ǵȎȘȜțȎ ȕȎ ȐȖȟȦȓȠȜ
ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ, ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ȘȜȗȠȜ Ƞȓ ȟȎ ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȜ ȕȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȜ
ȜȏȟșȡȔȐȎțȓ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ Ȗ țȎȡȥțȖȠȓ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ ȐȨȐ
ȐȖȟȦȖȠȓ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ.
ǾȖȟȘȜȐ ȢȎȘȠȜȞ ȕȎ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȎ ȖȕȜșȎȤȖȭ Ȑ țȎȦȖ ȒțȖ ȓ ȞȎȕ-
ȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ǸȜȐȖȒ-19. ǼȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ ȝȞȖțȤȖȝȖ țȎ ȟȨȐ-
ȞȓȚȓțțȖȠȓ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȖ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȟțȜȐȎȐȎȠ țȎ ȘȜțȤȓȝȤȖ-
ȭȠȎ ȕȎ ȜȠȐȜȞȓțȜȟȠ, ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞțȜȟȠ, ȓȢȓȘȠȖȐțȜȟȠ, ȟȨȑșȎȟȡȐȎțȜȟȠ Ȗ
ȟȜȤȖȎșțȜ ȟȏșȖȔȎȐȎțȓ (Mileva 2019).
ȅȞȓȕ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖȠȓ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȖȠȓ ȖȚȎȠ
ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȒȎ ȞȎȕȐȖȐȎȠ Ȗ ȝȜȒȜȏȞȭȐȎȠ ȡȟșȡȑȖȠȓ ȟȖ ȝȜ țȜȐ țȎ-
ȥȖț, ȘȎȠȜ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎȠ ȖțȜȐȎȠȖȐțȖ ȞȓȦȓțȖȭ ȕȎ ȒȜȟȠȨȝȎ ȒȜ ȕțȎ-
țȖȓ. ȅȞȓȕ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșțȎȠȎ ȘȜțȐȓȞȟȖȭ țȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥțȖ ȞȓȟȡȞȟȖ
ȡȥȓțȖ Ȗ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ ȜȠ Ȥȭș ȟȐȭȠ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȐȨȕȝȜșȕȐȎȠ ȜȠ ȒȜȟ-
ȠȨȝ ȒȜ ȎȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȎ Ȗ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȟȘȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȘȜȭȠȜ
ȒȜȟȘȜȞȜ ȓ ȏȖșȎ ȒȜȟȠȨȝțȎ ȓȒȖțȟȠȐȓțȜ ȕȎ ȠȓȕȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ
ȜȠȖȒȎȠ ȒȜ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎȠȎ.
ǿ ȝȜȭȐȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȎțȒȓȚȖȭȠȎ ȜȠ ǸȜȐȖȒ-19 ȟȠȎțȎ ȭȟțȜ, ȥȓ ȟȚȓ
ȖȕȝȞȎȐȓțȖ ȝȞȓȒ ȞȓȒȖȤȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖ ȜȑȞȎțȖȥȓțȖȭ: șȖȝȟȎ
țȎ țȎȒȓȔȒțȖ țȎȥȖțȖ ȕȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎȠȖȕȎȤȖȭ țȎ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȎȠȎ ȕȎ
ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎȡȥțȎ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎ, ȐȜȒȓȧȎ ȒȜ țȓȜȠȘȞȖȐȎȓȚȖ,
țȎȗ-ȥȓȟȠȜ ȝȜȞȎȒȖ șȖȝȟȎ țȎ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ ȕȎȑșȎȐȖȭ, ȘȜȓȠȜ
ȕțȎȥȖ ȜȟȠȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȓȞȖȜȕțȖ ȕȎȑșȎȐȖȭ ȖȕȐȨț țȎșȖȥțȎȠȎ Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȖ ȢȜțȒȜȐȓ Ȗ ȚȎȟȖȐȖ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȜȠ ȟȐȜȭ
ȟȠȞȎțȎ ȐȜȒȖ ȒȜ ȢȞȎȑȚȓțȠȎȞțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȜȠȘȨȟșȓȥțȜȟȠ ȘȎȘȠȜ țȎ
ȠȨȞȟȓțȎȠȎ țȎȡȥțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ țȎ ȝȜȟșȓȒȐȎȧȖȠȓ țȎ-
ȡȥțȖ ȠȞȡȒȜȐȓ.
ǽȞȜȓȘȠȨȠ „InfoLIB: ǶȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȜ-
ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥțȎ ȖțȠȓȞȎȘȠȖȐțȎ ȝșȎȠȢȜȞȚȎ ȝȜ ȣȡȚȎțȖȠȎȞȖȟȠȖȘȎ“
ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎ ȖțȠȓȞȒȖȟȤȖȝșȖțȎȞțȜ ȢȡțȒȎȚȓțȠȎșțȜ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ,
ȘȜȓȠȜ ȖȚȎ ȕȎ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȡȓȏ ȏȎȕȖȞȎțȎ ȝșȎȠ-
ȢȜȞȚȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟȨȏȖȞȎ, ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȖȞȎ Ȗ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎȠȖȕȖȞȎ țȎȡȥțȜ-
ȟȝȞȎȐȜȥțȎ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎ Ȑ ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ țȎ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȜȠȜ ȜȏȞȎ-
ȕȜȐȎțȖȓ. ǽȞȜȓȘȠȨȠ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȖȕȖȞȎ țȎșȖȥțȎȠȎ Ȑ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥțȖȭ
ȢȜțȒ Ȗ ȘȨȚ ȚȜȚȓțȠȎ țȓȒȜȟȠȨȝțȎ ȕȎ ȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜț-
țȎ ȏȎȕȎ țȎ ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȎ ȝȜ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȜȕțȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎ-
ȤȖȜțțȖ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ (ȁțȖǯǶȀ). ǽȜ ȠȜȕȖ țȎȥȖț ȝȞȜȓȘȠȨȠ ȟȨȕ-
ȒȎȐȎ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭȠȎ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȜȒȜșȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖȠȓ ȜȑȞȎ-
477
țȖȥȓțȖȭ Ȗ ȞȎȕȝȞȨȟțȎȠȜȟȠ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒșȎȑȎ ȚȜȧȓț ȖțȟȠȞȡȚȓțȠ ȕȎ
ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎȠȖȕȖȞȎțȓ Ȗ ȤȓțȠȞȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȓ țȎ țȎȡȥțȜ-ȟȝȞȎȐȜȥțȎ
șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎ ȝȜ ȣȡȚȎțȖȠȎȞȖȟȠȖȘȎ ȕȎ ȤȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȣȡȚȎțȖȠȎȞțȜ-
ȠȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ Ȑ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȭȠȎ.
ǶȕȘșȬȥȓțȖȓȠȜ ȜȠ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȝȞȎȐțȎ ȕȎȘȞȖșȎ

ȕȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖ ȤȓșȖ
ǰȟȓȘȖ ȜȏȓȘȠ țȎ ȖțȠȓșȓȘȠȡȎșțȎ ȟȜȏȟȠȐȓțȜȟȠ4 ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ
ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȓț Ȑ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȎ ȢȜȞȚȎ – ȝȞȜȒȡȤȓțȠȟȘȖ ȝȞȓȒȎȐȎțȖȭ,
ȞȓȝȜȞȠȎȔȖ, ȢȖșȚȖ, ȚȡȕȖȘȎ, ȟȠȎȠȖȖ, șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞțȖ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓ-
țȖȭ, ȒȖȕȎȗț, ȝȞȓȐȜȒȖ Ȗ Ƞ.ț., Ȗ ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎ ȝȜȒ ȕȎȘȞȖșȎȠȎ țȎ
ȕȎȘȜțȎ Ȑ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖȠȓ ȣȖȝȜȠȓȕȖ. ǽȓȥȎȠțȖȠȓ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ ȘȎȠȜ
ȘțȖȑȖ, ȡȥȓȏțȖȤȖ, ȟȝȖȟȎțȖȭ, ȏȞȜȦȡȞȖ Ȗ ȒȞ. ȜȏȖȘțȜȐȓțȜ ȟȎ ȝȜȒ
ȕȎȘȞȖșȎȠȎ țȎ ǵȎȘȜțȎ ȕȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ. ǸȎȠȜ ȜȏȧȜ ȝȞȎȐȖșȜ
ȓ ȝȞȖȓȠȜ, ȥȓ țȜȟȖȠȓș țȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ ȓ ȢȖȕȖȥȓȟȘȜȠȜ șȖ-
Ȥȓ, ȟȨȕȒȎșȜ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȓȠȜ, țȎȞȓȥȓțȜ ȎȐȠȜȞ, țȜ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȠ
Ȗ ȖȕȘșȬȥȓțȖȭ (ȕȎȘȜțȜȐȖ ȖșȖ ȒȜȑȜȐȜȞțȖ), ȝȞȖ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȎȐȠȜȞȟ-
ȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȐȨȕțȖȘțȓ Ȗ ȕȎ ȒȞȡȑȜ șȖȤȓ, ȢȖȕȖȥȓȟȘȜ
ȖșȖ ȬȞȖȒȖȥȓȟȘȜ, țȎȞȓȥȓțȜ țȜȟȖȠȓș țȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ,
ȘȎȘȠȜ țȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ, ȝȞȖ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȘȜȚȝȬȠȨȞțȖ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȖ
ȖșȖ ȏȎȕȖ ȒȎțțȖ Ȑ ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ țȎ ȠȞȡȒȜȐ ȒȜȑȜȐȜȞ ȖșȖ ȘȜȑȎȠȜ
ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȓ ȓ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓțȜ ȝȜ ȝȜȞȨȥȘȎ Ȗ ȓ ȡȑȜȐȜȞȓțȜ, ȥȓ ȟȨȜȠ-
ȐȓȠțȖȠȓ ȝȞȎȐȎȠȎ ȧȓ ȐȨȕțȖȘțȎȠ ȒȖȞȓȘȠțȜ ȕȎ ȐȨȕșȜȔȖȠȓșȭ.
ǲȖȞȓȘȠȖȐȎ (ǳǿ) 2019/790 țȎ ǳȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖȭ ȝȎȞșȎȚȓțȠ Ȗ
țȎ ǿȨȐȓȠȎ ȜȠ 17 ȎȝȞȖș 2019 ȑ. ȜȠțȜȟțȜ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ Ȗ
ȟȞȜȒțȖȠȓ Țȡ ȝȞȎȐȎ Ȑ ȤȖȢȞȜȐȖȭ ȓȒȖțȓț ȝȎȕȎȞ Ȗ ȕȎ ȖȕȚȓțȓțȖȓ
țȎ ȒȖȞȓȘȠȖȐȖ 96/9/ǳǼ Ȗ 2001/29/ǳǼ, țȎȞȖȥȎțȎ ȝȜ-țȎȠȎȠȨȘ
„ǲȖȞȓȘȠȖȐȎ ȕȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ“, ȓ țȜȐ ȕȎȘȜțȜȒȎȠȓșȓț ȎȘȠ
țȎ ǳȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖȭ ȟȨȬȕ (ǳǿ), ȟ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȓ ȜȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțȭȐȎȠ ȝȞȎȐȖ-
șȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ, ȠȎȘȎ ȥȓ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȎȒȎȝȠȖȞȎțȖ ȘȨȚ
ȠȓȕȖ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ Ȗ ȘȨȚ ȟȐȓȠȎ țȎ ȖțȠȓȞțȓȠ. ȄȓșȠȎ ȖЉ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȨȕ-
ȒȎȒȓ ȐȟȓȜȏȣȐȎȠțȎ ȞȎȚȘȎ, ȜȠ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȧȓ ȖȚȎȠ ȝȜșȕȎ ȦȖȞȜȘ ȘȞȨȑ
ȜȠ ȡȥȎȟȠțȖȤȖ Ȑ ȤȖȢȞȜȐȜȠȜ ȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȟȠȐȜ: ȝȜȠȞȓȏȖȠȓșȖ țȎ Ȗț-
ȠȓȞțȓȠ, ȠȐȜȞȤȖ, ȔȡȞțȎșȖȟȠȖȠȓ Ȗ ȝȞȓȟȎȠȎ, ȢȖșȚȜȐȖ Ȗ ȚȡȕȖ-
ȘȎșțȖ ȝȞȜȒȡȤȓțȠȖ, ȜțșȎȗț ȡȟșȡȑȖ, ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȖ, ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎ-
ȠȓșȖ, ȚȡȕȓȖ Ȗ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȖ, țȎȞȓȒ ȟ ȚțȜȑȜ ȒȞȡȑȖ. ǵȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ
ȝȜȟȠȖȑțȓ ȠȜȐȎ, ǲȖȞȓȘȠȖȐȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ ȝȜȟȠȎȐȭ Ȝȟ-
țȜȐțȜȠȜ ȡȒȎȞȓțȖȓ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȠȞȖ ȑșȎȐțȖ ȤȓșȖ:
478
ǽȜ-ȑȜșȓȚȖ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ ȕȎ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ țȎ ȕȎȧȖȠȓțȖ ȟ
ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ ȕȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖ Ȗ țȎȡȥțȜȖȕȟșȓ-
ȒȜȐȎȠȓșȟȘȖ ȤȓșȖ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ ȟ ȜȑșȓȒ ȜȝȎȕȐȎțȓ țȎ ȘȡșȠȡȞțȜȠȜ
țȎȟșȓȒȟȠȐȜ: ȖȕȘșȬȥȓțȖȭȠȎ, ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎȧȖ ȠȓȕȖ ȐȖȒȜȐȓ ȖȕȝȜș-
ȕȐȎțȓ, ȟȎ ȜȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțȓțȖ Ȗ ȎȒȎȝȠȖȞȎțȖ ȘȨȚ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȥțȖȠȓ
ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ, ȕȎ ȒȎ ȟȠȎțȓ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓȠȜ ȜțșȎȗț Ȗ ȠȞȎț-
ȟȑȞȎțȖȥțȜȠȜ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ.
ǽȜ-ȒȜȏȨȞ ȠȞȎțȟȑȞȎțȖȥȓț Ȗ ȜțșȎȗț ȒȜȟȠȨȝ ȕȎ ȑȞȎȔȒȎțȖȠȓ
ȒȜ ȕȎȧȖȠȓțȜ ȟ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ: ȒȖȞȓȘȠȖȐȎȠȎ
ȒȜȝȞȖțȎȟȭ ȕȎ ȞȎȕȦȖȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȒȜȟȠȨȝȎ ȒȜ ȎȡȒȖȜ-ȐȖȕȡȎșțȖ
ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ țȎ ȝșȎȠȢȜȞȚȖ ȕȎ ȐȖȒȓȜ ȝȜ ȕȎȭȐȘȎ, ȡșȓȟțȭȐȎ
ȤȖȢȞȜȐȖȕȖȞȎțȓȠȜ Ȗ ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ,
ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȖȕȐȨț ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȜ ȜȏȞȎȧȓțȖȓ, Ȗ ȑȎȞȎțȠȖȞȎ, ȥȓ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ
ȝȜȠȞȓȏȖȠȓșȖ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȭȐȎȠ ȜțșȎȗț ȝȞȖ ȝȨșțȎ
ȝȞȎȐțȎ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ ȘȜȝȖȭ țȎ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ țȎ ȖȕȘȡȟȠȐȜȠȜ, ȘȜ-
ȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȜ ȒȜȟȠȜȭțȖȓ.
ǽȜ-ȟȝȞȎȐȓȒșȖȐȖ ȝȞȎȐȖșȎ ȕȎ ȝȎȕȎȞ țȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ,
ȘȜȗȠȜ ȢȡțȘȤȖȜțȖȞȎ ȝȜ-ȒȜȏȞȓ Ȗ ȟȠȖȚȡșȖȞȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȐȖȟȜȘȜȘȎȥȓȟȠȐȓțȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ: țȜȐȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ ȕȎ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ
ȝȡȏșȖȘȎȤȖȖ Ȑ ȝȞȓȟȎȠȎ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȨȕȘȎ ȟ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ
ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ ȜȠ ȒȜȟȠȎȐȥȖȤȖ țȎ ȜțșȎȗț ȡȟșȡȑȖ, ȡȘȞȓȝȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȝȜȕȖȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ țȜȟȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȝȞȎȐȎ, ȠȎȘȎ ȥȓ Ƞȓ ȒȎ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ
ȒȜȑȜȐȎȞȭȠ Ȗ ȒȎ ȝȜșȡȥȎȐȎȠ ȐȨȕțȎȑȞȎȔȒȓțȖȓ ȕȎ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓȠȜ
ȜțșȎȗț țȎ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ ȜȠ ȟȠȞȎțȎ țȎ ȝșȎȠȢȜȞȚȖȠȓ,
țȎ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȘȎȥȐȎȠ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ ȝȜȠȞȓȏȖȠȓșȖȠȓ, Ȗ ȝȞȎȐȖșȎ ȕȎ
ȝȞȜȕȞȎȥțȜȟȠ ȝȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȐȨȕțȎȑȞȎȔȒȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȖ-
Ƞȓ Ȗ ȖȕȝȨșțȖȠȓșȖȠȓ5.
ǮȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȝȞȎȐțȖȠȓ ȜȑȞȎțȖȥȓțȖȭ, ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒȓțȖ Ȑ ǲȖȞȓȘȠȖ-
ȐȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ, țȓ ȟȓ ȝȞȖșȎȑȎȠ țȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ ȕȎ ȒȜȟ-
ȠȎȐȥȖȤȖȠȓ țȎ ȡȟșȡȑȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȜțșȎȗț ȓțȤȖȘșȜȝȓȒȖȖ ȟ țȓȟȠȜȝȎț-
ȟȘȎ Ȥȓș, ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖ Ȗ țȎȡȥțȖ ȣȞȎțȖșȖȧȎ ȟ țȓȟȠȜ-
ȝȎțȟȘȎ Ȥȓș, ȝșȎȠȢȜȞȚȖ ȕȎ ȞȎȕȞȎȏȜȠȐȎțȓ Ȗ ȟȝȜȒȓșȭțȓ țȎ
ȟȜȢȠȡȓȞ ȟ ȜȠȐȜȞȓț ȘȜȒ, ȒȜȟȠȎȐȥȖȤȖ țȎ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖ ȟȨȜȏȧȖ-
ȠȓșțȖ ȡȟșȡȑȖ ȟȨȑșȎȟțȜ ǲȖȞȓȘȠȖȐȎ (ǳǿ) 2018/1972, ȜțșȎȗț
ȝȎȕȎȞȖ, ȡȟșȡȑȖ „Ȑ ȜȏșȎȘ“ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȟȠȜȝȎțȟȘȖ ȟȡȏȓȘȠȖ Ȗ ȡȟșȡȑȖ
„Ȑ ȜȏșȎȘ“, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎȠ țȎ ȝȜșȕȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ ȒȎ ȘȎȥȐȎȠ ȟȨ-
ȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ ȕȎ ȟȜȏȟȠȐȓțȎ ȡȝȜȠȞȓȏȎ, ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ Ƞȓ țȓ ȟȓ ȟȥȖȠȎȠ ȕȎ
ȒȜȟȠȎȐȥȖȤȖ țȎ ȜțșȎȗț ȡȟșȡȑȖ ȕȎ ȟȝȜȒȓșȭțȓ țȎ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ
479
ȝȜ ȟȚȖȟȨșȎ țȎ ȒȖȞȓȘȠȖȐȎȠȎ. ǿȝȜȒȓșȭțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ Ȑ
ȜțșȎȗț ȓțȤȖȘșȜȝȓȒȖȖ ȝȜ țȓȘȜȚȓȞȟȖȎșȓț țȎȥȖț, ȘȎȠȜ țȎȝ-
ȞȖȚȓȞ Ȑ Wikipedia, ȟȨȧȜ ȓ ȖȕȘșȬȥȓțȜ ȜȠ ȜȏȣȐȎȠȎ țȎ ǲȖȞȓȘ-
ȠȖȐȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ. ǻȓȗțȖȠȓ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȝȞȎȐțȖ ȜȑȞȎ-
țȖȥȓțȖȭ țȭȚȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȖșȎȑȎȠ Ȗ ȝȞȖ ȤȖȢȞȜȐȜ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ ȕȎ
ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎȠȓșȟȘȖ ȖșȖ ȖșȬȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖ ȤȓșȖ.
ǻȎ țȎȤȖȜțȎșțȜ țȖȐȜ ȥș. 24, Ȏș. 1, Ƞ. 9 ȜȠ ǵȎȘȜțȎ ȕȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȟ-
ȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ Ȗ ȟȞȜȒțȖȠȓ Țȡ ȝȞȎȐȎ (ǵǮǽǿǽ) ȐȨȐȓȔȒȎ ȖȕȘșȬȥȓ-
țȖȓ ȜȠ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȝȞȎȐțȎ ȕȎȘȞȖșȎ ȝȜȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȜȚ ȟșȓȒțȎȠȎ ȢȜȞȚȡ-
șȖȞȜȐȘȎ: „ȏȓȕ ȟȨȑșȎȟȖȓȠȜ țȎ țȜȟȖȠȓșȭ țȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ Ȗ
ȏȓȕ ȕȎȝșȎȧȎțȓ țȎ ȐȨȕțȎȑȞȎȔȒȓțȖȓ ȓ ȒȜȝȡȟȠȖȚȜ ȐȨȕȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȔ-
ȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ Ȑȓȥȓ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȖ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȜȠ ȜȏȧȜȒȜȟȠȨȝțȖ
ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȖ, ȡȥȓȏțȖ ȖșȖ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖ ȕȎȐȓȒȓțȖȭ, Țȡ-
ȕȓȖ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖ ȡȥȞȓȔȒȓțȖȭ, ȟ ȡȥȓȏțȎ Ȥȓș ȖșȖ ȟ Ȥȓș ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎ-
țȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȓȠȜ, ȎȘȜ ȠȜȐȎ țȓ ȟșȡȔȖ ȕȎ ȠȨȞȑȜȐȟȘȖ ȤȓșȖ“6.
ǲȓȢȖțȖȤȖȖȠȓ țȎ ȐȨȕȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȔȒȎțȓ Ȗ ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓțȖȓ
țȎ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȓ ȟȎ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖ Ȑ § 2, Ƞ. 2 Ȗ 3 ȜȠ ȒȜȝȨșțȖȠȓșțȖ-
Ƞȓ ȞȎȕȝȜȞȓȒȏȖ țȎ ǵǮǽǿǽ. „ǰȨȕȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓ-
țȖȓ“ ȓ ȝȞȭȘȜȠȜ ȖșȖ țȓȝȞȭȘȜȠȜ ȞȎȕȚțȜȔȎȐȎțȓ Ȑ ȓȒȖț ȖșȖ ȝȜ-
Ȑȓȥȓ ȓȘȕȓȚȝșȭȞȖ țȎ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȓȠȜ ȖșȖ țȎ ȥȎȟȠ ȜȠ țȓȑȜ, ȝȜ
ȘȎȘȨȐȠȜ Ȗ ȒȎ ȓ țȎȥȖț Ȗ ȝȜȒ ȘȎȘȐȎȠȜ Ȗ ȒȎ ȓ ȢȜȞȚȎ, ȝȜȟȠȜȭțțȎ
ȖșȖ ȐȞȓȚȓțțȎ, ȐȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȕȎȝȎȚȓȠȭȐȎțȓȠȜ Țȡ ȝȜȒ ȤȖȢȞȜ-
ȐȎ ȢȜȞȚȎ Ȑ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțȓț țȜȟȖȠȓș. „ǽȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓ-
ȒȓțȖȓ“ ȓ ȒȜȐȓȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȓȠȜ ȒȜ ȕțȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ țȓ-
ȜȑȞȎțȖȥȓț ȘȞȨȑ șȖȤȎ ȝȜȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȜȚ ȐȨȕȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȔȒȎțȓ Ȗ ȞȎȕȝ-
ȞȜȟȠȞȎțȓțȖȓ țȎ ȓȘȕȓȚȝșȭȞȖ ȜȠ țȓȑȜ, ȐȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȘȎȠȜ ȕȐȡ-
ȘȜȕȎȝȖȟȖ ȖșȖ ȕȎȝȖȟȖ țȎ ȢȖșȚȖ ȖșȖ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȎȡȒȖȜ-ȐȖȕȡȎșțȖ
ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ, Ȑ ȒȜȟȠȎȠȨȥțȜ ȘȜșȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ Ȑ ȕȎȐȖȟȖȚȜȟȠ ȜȠ ȓȟ-
ȠȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȓȠȜ.
ǽȜȟȠȎȐȭ ȟȓ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȨȠ ȒȎșȖ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ ȟ
ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖ ȞȓȟȡȞȟȖ Ȗ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ ȕȎ ȡȥȓțȓ Ȗ ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎțȓ ȟ
ȜȠȐȜȞȓț ȒȜȟȠȨȝ ȧȓ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎ ȘȎȠȜ țȎȞȡȦȓțȖȓ ȟȚȖȟȨșȎ țȎ
ȥș. 94, Ȏș. 1 ȜȠ ǵǮǽǿǽ, ȝȞȖ ȡȟșȜȐȖȓ, ȥȓ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȕȎ-
ȧȖȠȓțȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȟȓ ȖȕȐȨȞȦȐȎ ȟ ȡȥȓȏțȎ Ȥȓș, ȏȓȕ ȟȨȑșȎ-
ȟȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȖȠȓ Ȗ ȏȓȕ ȕȎȝșȎȧȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȐȨȕțȎȑȞȎȔȒȓțȖȓ.
ǸȎȥȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȕȎȧȖȠȓțȜ ȜȠ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓ-
țȖȓ Ȑ ȜțșȎȗț ȝșȎȠȢȜȞȚȎ ȖȕȖȟȘȐȎ ȝȨȞȐȜ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ țȎȝȞȎȐȓțȜ
ȘȜȝȖȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȓȠȜ. ǿșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșțȜ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȓ țȎșȖȤȓ
480
ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȓ ȝȜ ȐȨȕȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȓȠȜ. ǿșȓȒȐȎ-
ȧȎȠȎ ȟȠȨȝȘȎ ȓ ȘȎȥȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȓȠȜ Ȑ ȝșȎȠȢȜȞȚȎȠȎ
Ȑ ȖțȠȓȞțȓȠ. ǻȓȖȕȏȓȔțȜ ȐȨȕțȖȘȐȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȨȠ ȕȎ ȒȜȟȠȨȝȎ țȎ
ȝȜȠȞȓȏȖȠȓșȖȠȓ ȒȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȧȎȠȎ ȟȓ Ȑ ȜțșȎȗț ȝșȎȠȢȜȞȚȎȠȎ
ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ – ȒȎșȖ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȓ țȓȜȑȞȎțȖȥȓț ȖșȖ ȜȑȞȎțȖȥȓț
ȟȎȚȜ ȕȎ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓț ȘȞȨȑ șȖȤȎ. ǳșȓȘȠȞȜțțȎȠȎ ȝșȎȠȢȜȞȚȎ țȎ
ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ InfoLIB ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎ ȝȜ ȟȚȖȟȨșȎ țȎ ǵǮǽǿǽ ȏȎȕȎ
ȒȎțțȖ ȜȠ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȜȠ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȎȠȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ –
„ȟȨȐȘȡȝțȜȟȠ ȜȠ ȟȎȚȜȟȠȜȭȠȓșțȖ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ, ȒȎțțȖ ȖșȖ ȒȞȡ-
ȑȖ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ, ȝȜȒȞȓȒȓțȖ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎȠȖȥțȜ ȖșȖ ȚȓȠȜȒȖȥțȜ Ȗ
ȖțȒȖȐȖȒȡȎșțȜ ȒȜȟȠȨȝțȖ ȝȜ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțȓț ȖșȖ ȒȞȡȑ ȝȨȠ“.
ȃȖȝȜȠȓȕȎȠȎ țȎ ȥș. 24, Ȏș. 1, Ƞ. 9 ȜȠ ǵǮǽǿǽ ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎ
ȐȨȕȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȔȒȎțȓ țȎ Ȑȓȥȓ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎțȖ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ țȎ Ȝȝ-
ȞȓȒȓșȓț ȘȞȨȑ ȟ ȡȥȓȏțȎ Ȥȓș ȖșȖ ȟ Ȥȓș ȕȎ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȜ-
ȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȓȠȜ.
ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȎȒȐȜȘȎȠ ǲȎțȖȓșȎ ǿȖȚȓȜțȜȐȎ-ǸȜȞȡȒȔȖȓȐȎ „ȝȞȖȓ-
ȠȜȠȜ ȜȠ ǰǸǿ[14], ȥȓ ȓ ȐȨȝȞȜȟ țȎ ȢȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȎ ȝȞȓȤȓțȘȎ ȒȎșȖ ȓ
țȎșȖȤȓ ȣȖȝȜȠȓȕȎ țȎ ȟȐȜȏȜȒțȜ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ țȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜ ȝȞȜȖȕ-
ȐȓȒȓțȖȓ ȓ ȠȜȥȓț. ȀȜȐȎ ȓ ȐȨȝȞȜȟ țȎ ȒȜȘȎȕȐȎțȓ Ȗ țȭȚȎ ȘȎȘ ȜȠ
țȎȝȞȓȒ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȖȕȐȓȒȓțȎ ȝȞȓȕȡȚȝȤȖȭ, ȥȓ ȓȒȖț ȖșȖ ȒȞȡȑ ȐȖȒ
ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ Ȑ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠȓț ȟșȡȥȎȗ ȧȓ ȝȜȝȎȒțȓ ȝȜȒ țȭȘȜȭ ȜȠ ȣȖ-
ȝȜȠȓȕȖȠȓ țȎ ȥș. 24 ǵǮǽǿǽ, ȏȓȕ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȒȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȖȠȓ
ȢȎȘȠȖ. ǽȜ ȐȟȭȘȜ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȜ ȒȓșȜ ȝȞȖ ȜȏȟȨȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ȐȨȕȞȎȔȓ-
țȖȓ, ȥȓ ȓ țȎșȖȤȓ ȟȐȜȏȜȒțȜ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ, ȟȨ-
ȒȨȠ ȟșȓȒȐȎ ȒȎ ȝȞȎȐȖ ȝȞȓȤȓțȘȎ țȎ ȡȟȠȎțȜȐȓțȖȠȓ ȝȜ ȒȓșȜȠȜ
ȢȎȘȠȖ Ȗ ȜȏȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȎ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȒȎ ȓ ȜȟțȜȐȎțȎ țȎ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȖȠȓ
ȜȏȟȠȜȭȠȓșȟȠȐȎ ȝȜ ȒȓșȜȠȜ“ (Simeonova-Korudzhieva 2018).
ǼȠ ȖȕșȜȔȓțȜȠȜ ȒȜȠȡȘ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓț țȎȝȞȎȐȓț ȖȕȐȜȒȨȠ,
ȥȓ ȟșȓȒȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜșȡȥȖ ȟȨȑșȎȟȖȓȠȜ țȎ țȜȟȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȟ-
ȘȖȠȓ ȝȞȎȐȎ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭȠȎ Ȑ ȟșȡȥȎȗ, ȥȓ ȏȨȒȓ ȝȞȓȒȜȟ-
ȠȎȐȓț ȒȜȟȠȨȝ ȒȜ ȠȜȐȎ ȘȜȝȖȓ țȎ țȓȜȑȞȎțȖȥȓț ȏȞȜȗ ȝȜȠȞȓȏȖȠȓ-
șȖ țȎ ȝșȎȠȢȜȞȚȎȠȎ, ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ ȠȓȕȖ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȭ țȓ ȝȜȝȎȒȎȠ Ȑ Ȝȏ-
ȣȐȎȠȎ țȎ ȟȐȜȏȜȒțȜ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ, țȖȠȜ ȟȓ ȟȥȖȠȎ, ȥȓ ȓ ȖȕȝȨșțȓțȜ
ȡȟșȜȐȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȥș. 24, Ȏș. 1, Ƞ. 9 ȜȠ ǵǮǽǿǽ, Ȏ ȖȚȓțțȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ
ȝȞȓȟșȓȒȐȎ ȓȒȖțȟȠȐȓțȜ ȡȥȓȏțȎ Ȥȓș. ǻȎșȖȥȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȡȥȓȏțȎ Ȥȓș
ȓ ȝȜșȜȔȖȠȓșțȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȜȟȠȎȐȘȎ ȕȎ ȜȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȣȖȝȜȠȓȕȎ-
ȠȎ țȎ ȝȞȎȐțȎȠȎ țȜȞȚȎ țȎ ȥș. 24, Ȏș. 1, Ƞ. 9. ǸȎȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȒȎ-
Ȓȓț ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠ, ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȎ ȖșȖ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȎ Ȗțȟ-
481
ȠȖȠȡȤȖȭ ȜȠ ȖȕȏȞȜȓțȖȠȓ Ȑ Ƞ. 9 ȟȎȚȜ ȝȜ ȟȓȏȓ ȟȖ țȓ ȓ ȒȜȟȠȎȠȨȥțȜ
ȒȎ ȝȞȖȒȎȒȓ ȕȎȘȜțȜȟȨȜȏȞȎȕțȜȟȠ țȎ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȭȠȎ ȝȜ ȐȨȕȝȞȜȖȕ-
ȐȓȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȓ ȜțșȎȗț, ȎȘȜ țȓ ȓ ȒȜȘȎȕȎțȜ ȠȓȕȖ
ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȭ ȒȎ ȟȎ ȖȕȐȨȞȦȓțȖ ȟ ȡȥȓȏțȎ Ȥȓș.
ǿȨȧȓȐȞȓȚȓțțȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖȠȓ
șȖȤȎ, ȡȝȜȚȓțȎȠȖ Ȑ ȥș. 24, Ȏș. 1, Ƞ. 9 ȜȠ ǵǮǽǿǽ, ȟșȓȒȐȎ ȒȎ
ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȎȠ ȚȓȞȘȖ ȕȎ ȞȎȕȡȚțȜ ȜȑȞȎțȖȥȎȐȎțȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȒȜ țȓȜȏȣȜ-
ȒȖȚȜȠȜ ȕȎ ȤȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȡȥȓȏțȖȠȓ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȖ ȟ ȜȑșȓȒ ȝȜȒȒȨȞȔȎțȓȠȜ
țȎ ȏȎșȎțȟ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟȖȠȓ țȎ ȡȥȎȧȖȠȓ ȟȓ Ȗ ȎȐȠȜȞȖȠȓ țȎ
ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ. ȀȎȘȖȐȎ ȟȎ ȚȓȞȘȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȥțȎ ȕȎȧȖȠȎ,
ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟșȓȒȐȎ ȒȎ ȜȏȓȕȝȓȥȎȠ ȓȒțȎ ȟȖȑȡȞțȎ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ.
ǻȎ ȟȐȜȗ ȞȓȒ ȟȎ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȖ Ȗ ȚȓȞȘȖ ȕȎ ȝȜȐȖȦȎȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȖțȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȝȜȠȞȓȏȖȠȓșȖȠȓ ȜȠțȜȟțȜ ȕȎȏȞȎțȎȠȎ ȕȎ
ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ țȎ ȕȎȧȖȠȓțȖȠȓ ȡȥȓȏțȖ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȏȖȣȎ
ȜȟȖȑȡȞȖșȖ ȓȒțȎ ȒȜȝȨșțȖȠȓșțȎ ȑȎȞȎțȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȝȜșȎȑȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
ȒȨșȔȖȚȎȠȎ ȑȞȖȔȎ ȜȠ ȟȠȞȎțȎ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȎȠȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȭ
țȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ ȝȞȖ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȟ ȡȥȓȏțȎ Ȥȓș
ȜțșȎȗț. ǺȎȘȎȞ ȒȎ ȓ ȐȎșȖȒțȜ ȝȞȎȐȖșȜȠȜ “Ignorantia juris
neminem excusat”7, ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȖȓȚȓ, ȥȓ ȐȨȐȓȒȓțȖȠȓ ȚȓȞȘȖ
ȕȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȜȟȠ țȎ ȝȜȠȞȓȏȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȝșȎȠȢȜȞȚȎȠȎ ȕȎ
ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȠȎ ȒȎ ȖȕȐȨȞȦȎȠ țȎȞȡȦȓțȖȓ ȟȝȞȭȚȜ ȕȎȘȞȖșȭțȜ
ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȓ Ȗ ȝȜȟșȓȒȐȎȧȎȠȎ ȬȞȖȒȖȥȓȟȘȎ ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞțȜȟȠ, ȏȖȣȎ
ȚȜȑșȖ ȒȎ ȖȚȎȠ ȐȨȕȝȖȞȎȧ ȕșȜȡȝȜȠȞȓȏȖȠȓ ȓȢȓȘȠ.
ǼȏȓȚȨȠ țȎ ȐȨȕȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȟȡȏȓȘȠȖȠȓ, ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖ Ȑ
ȥș. 24, Ȏș. 1, Ƞ. 9 ȜȠ ǵǮǽǿǽ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ, țȓ ȟșȓȒȐȎ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ
ȜȑȞȎțȖȥȎȐȎț ȝȞȖ ȝȞȖșȎȑȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȝȞȎȐȖșȜ, ȠȨȗ ȘȎȠȜ
ȟȚȖȟȨșȨȠ țȎ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȏȣȐȎțȓ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȒȎ ȓ Ȑ ȡȟșȡȑȎ țȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ, ȟȠȖȑȎ ȒȎ țȓ ȟȓ
ȖȕșȖȕȎ ȖȕȐȨț ȜȏȣȐȎȠȎ țȎ ȝȜȟȜȥȓțȖȠȓ Ȑ ȕȎȘȜțȎ ȤȓșȖ – ȡȥȓȏțȎ
Ȥȓș Ȗ Ȥȓș ȕȎ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭȠȎ.
ǽȞȓȒȐȖȒ ȑȜȞȓȖȕșȜȔȓțȜȠȜ ȚȜȔȓȚ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȨȑșȎȟȖȚ, ȥȓ „țȓ-
ȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜȟȠȠȎ ȜȠ ȡȟȘȜȞȓțȜ ȐȨȐȓȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȎȐȖșȎȠȎ țȎ ȟȨȬȕȎ
ȖȒȐȎ ȜȠ țȡȔȒȎȠȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ Ȗ ȝȞȎȐȜțȜȟȖ-
ȠȓșȖȠȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȜșȕȐȎȠ ȜȠ ȝȨșțȎ ȝȞȎȐțȎ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ ȝȞȖ ȝȞȜ-
ȐȓȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓ ȐȨȐ ȐȖȞȠȡȎșțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ. ǵȎ ȒȎ ȚȜȔȓ ȠȜ
ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȖ, ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖȠȓ ȟȞȓȒȖ ȟșȓȒȐȎ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȕȎȧȖȠȓțȖ
ȝȜ țȎȥȖț, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȒȎ ȑȎȞȎțȠȖȞȎ, ȥȓ ȒȜȟȠȨȝȨȠ ȓ ȜȑȞȎțȖȥȓț ȒȜ
ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȒȎȒȓțȜ ȡȥȓȏțȜ ȕȎȐȓȒȓțȖȓ ȖșȖ ȥȎȟȠțȎ Ȗț-
482
ȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȭ Ȗ ȕȎ ȡȥȓțȖȤȖ ȖșȖ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ, ȕȎȝȖȟȎșȖ ȟȓ ȕȎ ȡȥȓȏțȎ-
ȠȎ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȎ ȖșȖ ȘȡȞȟ, ȘȎȠȜ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒȭȠ ȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȧȖ ȝȞȜȤȓ-
ȒȡȞȖ ȕȎ ȡȒȜȟȠȜȐȓȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȎȐȠȓțȠȖȥțȜȟȠȠȎ“ 8.
ǿȖȑȡȞțȎ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ – ȘșȬȥȜȐ ȢȎȘȠȜȞ

ȕȎ ȕȎȘȜțȜȟȨȜȏȞȎȕțȜȠȜ ȐȨȕȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȔȒȎțȓ
țȎ ȕȎȘȞȖșȭțȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ
ȟ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖ ȤȓșȖ
ǿ Ȥȓș ȒȎ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎ ȟȝȞȎȐȓȒșȖȐȎ, ȜȠȐȜȞȓțȎ Ȗ ȟȖȑȡȞțȎ
ȤȖȢȞȜȐȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ ǳȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȘȜȚȖȟȖȭ ȖȕȑȞȎȒȖ ȟȠȞȎȠȓȑȖȭȠȎ
ȕȎ ȤȖȢȞȜȐ ȓȒȖțȓț ȝȎȕȎȞ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȜ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȠȞȖ ȟȠȨșȏȎ: ȜȟȖȑȡ-
ȞȭȐȎțȓ ȕȎ ȝȜȠȞȓȏȖȠȓșȖȠȓ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȭȠȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȝȜ-ȒȜȏȨȞ ȒȜȟ-
ȠȨȝ ȒȜ ȤȖȢȞȜȐȖ ȟȠȜȘȖ Ȗ ȡȟșȡȑȖ Ȑ ȤȭșȎ ǳȐȞȜȝȎ, ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȧȖ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭ ȕȎ ȝȞȜȤȨȢȠȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȤȖȢȞȜȐȖȠȓ ȚȞȓȔȖ
Ȗ ȡȟșȡȑȖ Ȗ ȚȎȘȟȖȚȎșțȜ ȡȐȓșȖȥȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȜȠȓțȤȖȎșȎ ȕȎ ȞȎȟ-
ȠȓȔ țȎ ȤȖȢȞȜȐȎȠȎ ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȘȎ (ȝȜ-ȝȜȒȞȜȏțȜ Ȑ: Sarakinov
2013).
ǰ ȜȢȖȤȖȎșțȖȭ ȟȎȗȠ țȎ ǳȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȎȠȎ ȘȜȚȖȟȖȭ ȟȓ ȟȨȜȏ-
ȧȎȐȎ, ȥȓ țȜȐȜȠȜ ȖȕȘșȬȥȓțȖȓ ȕȎ ȤȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ, ȜȠ
ȘȜȓȠȜ ȧȓ ȟȓ ȝȜșȕȐȎȠ ȡȥȓȏțȖȠȓ ȕȎȐȓȒȓțȖȭ Ȗ ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ
(ȟȨȑșȎȟțȜ ȒȖȞȓȘȠȖȐȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ), ȜȏȣȐȎȧȎ ȤȖȢ-
ȞȜȐȖȠȓ ȠȞȎțȟȑȞȎțȖȥțȖ ȡȝȜȠȞȓȏȖ țȎ ȕȎȧȖȠȓțȜ ȟ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜ
ȝȞȎȐȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ ȕȎ ȜțȎȑșȓȒȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ, ȐȘșȬ-
ȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȜțșȎȗț. ǻȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ ȠȎȘȎ ȟȓ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȕȎ
ȡȥȓȏțȖȠȓ ȕȎȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭȠ țȎ ȞȎȕȝȜșȜȔȓțȖȓ, ȝȞȖ
ȝȨșțȎ ȝȞȎȐțȎ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ, țȎ ȡȥȎȧȖ ȟȓ ȒȖȟȠȎțȤȖȜțțȜ Ȑ ȒȞȡȑȖ
ȒȨȞȔȎȐȖ ȥșȓțȘȖ ȡȥȓȏțȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ ȝȜȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȜȚ ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȕȎ-
ȧȖȠȓțȎ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ, țȎȝȞ. ȖțȠȞȎțȓȠȎ țȎ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȎ
ȖșȖ ȐȖȞȠȡȎșțȎȠȎ ȡȥȓȏțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ țȎ ȡȥȖșȖȧȓȠȜ.
ǲȖȞȓȘȠȖȐȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ Ȑ ȤȖȢȞȜȐȖȭ ȝȎȕȎȞ
ȡȘȎȕȐȎ, ȥȓ ȖȕȘșȬȥȓțȖȓȠȜ ȖșȖ ȜȑȞȎțȖȥȓțȖȓȠȜ ȟșȓȒȐȎ ȒȎ Ȝȏȣ-
ȐȎțȓ ȘȎȘȠȜ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȖșȖ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȜȏȓȘȠȖ
Ȑ ȘșȎȟțȎȠȎ ȟȠȎȭ ȖșȖ țȎ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȚȓȟȠȎ ȥȞȓȕ ȤȖȢȞȜȐȖ ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎ,
țȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖ ȏȓșȖ ȒȨȟȘȖ ȖșȖ ȤȖȢȞȜȐȖ ȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȎ,
ȘȜȖȠȜ ȏȖȣȎ ȚȜȑșȖ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȘȨȚ ȖțȠȓȞțȓȠ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ
ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ ȜȠ ȞȎȕȟȠȜȭțȖȓ ȥȞȓȕ ȕȎȧȖȠȓțȖ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖ ȟȞȓȒȖ,
ȘȎȠȜ țȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ Ȑ ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ țȎ ȜțșȎȗț ȘȡȞȟȜȐȓ ȖșȖ ȒȜȟȠȨȝ ȒȜ
ȡȥȓȏțȖ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖ, ȒȜȝȨșȐȎȧȖ ȒȎȒȓț ȘȡȞȟ. ǲȖȞȓȘȠȖȐȎȠȎ ȕȎ
483
ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ ȒȎȐȎ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖȓ Ȗ țȎ ȝȜțȭȠȖȓȠȜ ȟȖȑȡȞțȖ
ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖ ȟȞȓȒȖ, ȘȎȠȜ ȠȎȘȖȐȎ ȟșȓȒȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȏȖȞȎȠ
ȤȖȢȞȜȐȖ ȟȞȓȒȖ ȕȎ ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎțȓ Ȗ ȡȥȓțȓ, ȒȜ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȜȟȠȨȝȨȠ ȓ
ȜȑȞȎțȖȥȓț ȒȜ ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȡȥȓȏțȜ ȕȎȐȓȒȓțȖȓ Ȗ ȕȎ
ȡȥȓțȖȤȖ ȖșȖ ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ, ȕȎȝȖȟȎșȖ ȟȓ ȕȎ ȡȥȓȏțȎ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȎ, ȝȜ-
ȟȝȓȤȖȎșțȜ ȥȞȓȕ ȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȧȖ ȝȞȜȤȓȒȡȞȖ ȕȎ ȡȒȜȟȠȜȐȓȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȎȐȠȓțȠȖȥțȜȟȠȠȎ, ȐȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȜȟțȜȐȎțȜ țȎ ȝȎȞȜșȎ ȡȒȜȟȠȜȐȓ-
ȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȎȐȠȓțȠȖȥțȜȟȠȠȎ8.
ǵȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȖ țȎȒȓȔțȎ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓș-
țȎȠȎ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȭ ȟșȓȒȐȎ ȒȎ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎ ȠȓȣțȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎ ȕȎ
ȕȎȧȖȠȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ ȖșȖ ȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȎ,
ȘȜȖȠȜ ȐȨȕȝȞȓȝȭȠȟȠȐȎȠ ȖȕȐȨȞȦȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȭ, ȘȜȖȠȜ țȓ
ȟȎ ȞȎȕȞȓȦȓțȖ ȜȠ ȎȐȠȜȞȎ ȖșȖ țȜȟȖȠȓșȭ țȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ
ȐȨȞȣȡ ȕȎȧȖȠȓțȜȠȜ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȓ Ȗ ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎȠ ȘȜțȠȞȜș ȐȨȞȣȡ
ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȓȠȜ ȜȠ ȎȐȠȜȞȎ ȖșȖ țȜȟȖȠȓșȭ țȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ
ȝȜȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȜȚ ȘȜȒ ȕȎ ȒȜȟȠȨȝ, ȕȎȑșȡȦȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȖȑțȎșȎ ȖșȖ
ȒȞȡȑ ȝȜȒȜȏȓț ȚȓȣȎțȖȕȨȚ ȕȎ ȘȜțȠȞȜș.
ǻȎ ȝȜȠȞȓȏȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȓ ȓ ȞȎȕȞȓȦȓțȜ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȜȒȜșȭȐȎȠ Ƞȓȣ-
țȖȥȓȟȘȖȠȓ ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎ ȕȎ ȕȎȧȖȠȎ, Ȑ Ƞ.ȥ. ȟ Ȥȓș ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȘȜ-
ȝȖȓ ȕȎ șȖȥțȜ ȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ. ǮȘȜ ȑȜ țȎȝȞȎȐȭȠ ȏȓȕ ȟȨȑșȎȟȖȓȠȜ țȎ
țȜȟȖȠȓșȭ țȎ ȝȞȎȐȜȠȜ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȖȚ ȏȨȒȓ ȝȜȠȨȞȟȓțȎ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȎȠȎ
ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞțȜȟȠ.
ǵȎ ȜȏȓȕȝȓȥȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȖȑȡȞțȎ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ ȝȞȜȓȘ-
ȠȨȠ „InfoLIB: ǶȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȜ-ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥțȎ
ȖțȠȓȞȎȘȠȖȐțȎ ȝșȎȠȢȜȞȚȎ ȝȜ ȣȡȚȎțȖȠȎȞȖȟȠȖȘȎ“, ȓ ȐȨȕȝȞȖȓș
ȝȜȒȣȜȒ ȕȎ ȜȑȞȎțȖȥȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȒȜȟȠȨȝȎ ȒȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖȠȓ Ȟȓ-
ȟȡȞȟȖ ȒȜ ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ, ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȒȜȘȠȜȞȎțȠȖ ȜȠ ȁțȖ-
ǯǶȀ, ȘȎȠȜ ȟȎ ȝȞȓȒȐȖȒȓțȖ ȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȧȖ ȝȞȜȤȓȒȡȞȖ ȕȎ ȡȒȜȟȠȜȐȓ-
ȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȎȐȠȓțȠȖȥțȜȟȠȠȎ, ȘȎȠȜ ȝȓȞȟȜțȎșȓț ȝȜȠȞȓȏȖȠȓșȟȘȖ
ȝȞȜȢȖș, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȓ ȟȐȨȞȕȎț ȟ ȖȚȓȗș ȎȒȞȓȟ, ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭț ȓȒȖțȟȠ-
ȐȓțȜ țȎ țȭȘȜȭ ȜȠ ȘȎȠȓȑȜȞȖȖȠȓ ȝȜȠȞȓȏȖȠȓșȖ (ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎȠȓșȖ,
ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖ, ȒȜȘȠȜȞȎțȠȖ), ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȎ. ǽȜ ȠȜȕȖ țȎ-
ȥȖț ȕȎȘȜțȜȟȨȜȏȞȎȕțȜȠȜ ȐȨȕȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ȕȎȘȞȖșȭțȖȠȓ ȜȠ
ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȟ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖ ȤȓșȖ ȓ țȎ-
șȖȤȓ Ȗ țȓ ȓ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȖȕȖȟȘȐȎ ȟȨȑșȎȟȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȎ Ȗ
ȒȎ ȟȓ ȕȎȝșȎȧȎ ȐȨȕțȎȑȞȎȔȒȓțȖȓ.
484
ǿ ȜȑșȓȒ ȝȞȓȜȒȜșȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȘȞȖȕȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȝȎțȒȓȚȖȭȠȎ ȜȠ ȘȜ-
ȐȖȒ-19 ȓ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȎ ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȎ ȜȠ ȟȠȞȎțȎ țȎ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȎȠȎ
ȟȝȞȭȚȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ Ȗ ȡȥȎȟȠțȖȤȖȠȓ Ȑ ȜȏȞȎ-
ȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖȭ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ ȕȎ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșțȎ ȠȞȎțȟȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȐȖȟȦȓȠȜ
ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ ȥȞȓȕ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȢȜȞȚȖ țȎ ȏȓȕȐȨȕȚȓȕȒțȎ ȢȖțȎț-
ȟȜȐȎ ȝȜȚȜȧ, ȘȎȘȨȐȠȜ ȓ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȖȭȠ ȟșȡȥȎȗ ȟ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ
„InfoLIB: ǶȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȜ-ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥțȎ Ȗț-
ȠȓȞȎȘȠȖȐțȎ ȝșȎȠȢȜȞȚȎ ȝȜ ȣȡȚȎțȖȠȎȞȖȟȠȖȘȎ“, ȢȖțȎțȟȖȞȎț
ȜȠ ȂȜțȒ „ǻȎȡȥțȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ“ ȘȨȚ ǺȖțȖȟȠȓȞȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜ-
ȐȎțȖȓȠȜ. ǽȜ ȠȜȕȖ țȎȥȖț ȏȖȣȎ ȚȜȑșȖ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȠ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖ-
ȚȖȠȓ ȘșȬȥȜȐȖ ȓȘȟȝȓȞȠȖ Ȗ ȞȨȘȜȐȜȒȖȠȓșȖ Ȑ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎȠȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ
ȒȎ ȏȜȞȎȐȭȠ ȟ ȒȎțțȖ Ȗ ȒȎ ȢȜȞȚȡșȖȞȎȠ ȞȓȦȓțȖȭ țȎ ȏȎȕȎ țȎ
ȒȎțțȖ Ȗ ȎțȎșȖȕ ȥȞȓȕ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȭ, ȓȘȟȝȓȞȠțȎ ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȎ Ȗ ȜȟȖȑȡ-
ȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ țȡȔțȎȠȎ ȠȓȣțȖȥȓȟȘȎ ȜȏȓȕȝȓȥȓțȜȟȠ.
ǿ Ȥȓș ȝȜȒȒȨȞȔȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȏȎșȎțȟ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȖțȠȓȞȓȟȖȠȓ țȎ
ȡȥȎȧȖȠȓ ȟȓ Ȗ ȎȐȠȜȞȖȠȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ, ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎȠȓșțȖȠȓ ȕȎ-
ȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȟșȓȒȐȎ ȒȎ ȝȞȓȒȝȞȖȓȚȎȠ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȖȠȓ ȚȓȞȘȖ ȕȎ ȞȎ-
ȕȡȚțȜ ȜȑȞȎțȖȥȎȐȎțȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȒȜ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜȠȜ ȕȎ ȤȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȡȥȓȏ-
țȖȠȓ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȖ. ȀȎȘȖȐȎ ȟȎ ȚȓȞȘȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȥțȎ ȕȎȧȖȠȎ,
ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟșȓȒȐȎ ȒȎ ȑȎȞȎțȠȖȞȎȠ ȓȒțȎ ȟȖȑȡȞțȎ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ.
ǸȜȑȎȠȜ ȡȥȓȏțȖȠȓ ȕȎȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȟȓ ȐȨȕȝȜșȕȐȎȠ ȜȠ ȝȞȎȐȜȠȜ ȟȖ
ȒȎ țȓ ȝȜȖȟȘȎȠ ȞȎȕȞȓȦȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ȎȐȠȜȞȖȠȓ Ȗ ȒȎ țȓ ȕȎȝșȎȧȎȠ
ȐȨȕțȎȑȞȎȔȒȓțȖȓ, ȜȠȐȜȞȓțȖȭȠ ȒȜȟȠȨȝ ȒȜ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȖ ȕȎ-
ȧȖȠȓțȖ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȜȑȞȎțȖȥȓț ȕȎ ȟȐȜȏȜȒțȜ
ȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ.
ǯǹǮǱǼǲǮǾǻǼǿȀǶ: ǲȜȘșȎȒȨȠ ȓ ȞȓȎșȖȕȖȞȎț ȘȎȠȜ ȥȎȟȠ

ȜȠ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȖȠȓ ȝȜ ȝȞȜȓȘȠ ȟ ǲȜȑȜȐȜȞ Ɋ Ǹǽ-06-Ǻ45/1 ȜȠ
30.11.2020 ȑ. țȎ ȠȓȚȎ: „InfoLIB: ǶȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖ-
ȜțțȜ-ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥțȎ ȖțȠȓȞȎȘȠȖȐțȎ ȝșȎȠȢȜȞȚȎ ȝȜ ȣȡȚȎțȖȠȎ-
ȞȖȟȠȖȘȎ“ ȝȜ ǸȜțȘȡȞȟ ȕȎ ȢȖțȎțȟȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȢȡțȒȎȚȓțȠȎșțȖ
țȎȡȥțȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ țȎ ȚșȎȒȖ ȡȥȓțȖ Ȗ ȝȜȟȠȒȜȘȠȜȞȎțȠȖ –
2020 ȑ., țȎ ȂȜțȒ „ǻȎȡȥțȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ“.
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1. ǿȨȜȏȧȓțȖȓ țȎ ǸȜȚȖȟȖȭȠȎ ȒȜ ǳȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖȭ ȝȞȎșȎȚȓțȠ, ǳȐȞȜ-
ȝȓȗȟȘȖȭ ȟȨȐȓȠ, ǿȨȐȓȠȎ, ǳȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖȭ ȖȘȜțȜȚȖȥȓȟȘȖ Ȗ ȟȜȤȖȎșȓț
ȘȜȚȖȠȓȠ Ȗ ǸȜȚȖȠȓȠȎ țȎ ȞȓȑȖȜțȖȠȓ, ǯȞȬȘȟȓș, 27.5.2020 ȑ.
COM(2020) 456 final. ǲȜȟȠȨȝȓț țȎ: https://www.europarl.europa.
eu/RegData/docs_autres_institutions/commission_europeenne/com/20
20/0456/COM_COM(2020)0456_BG.pdf
2. ǲȖȑȖȠȎșțȎȠȎ ȠȞȎțȟȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ ȓ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ ȢȜȘȡ-
ȟȖȠȓ țȎ ǽȞȜȑȞȎȚȎ „ǼȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ“ Ȗ ǽȞȜȑȞȎȚȎ ȕȎ țȎȡȥțȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎ-
țȖȭ, ȖțȜȐȎȤȖȖ Ȗ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ ȕȎ ȖțȠȓșȖȑȓțȠțȎ ȠȞȎțȟȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ
2021 – 2027 ȑ. (ǽǻǶǶǲǶȀ) ȕȎ ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȎ țȎ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ țȎȡȥțȜ-
ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȟȘȎȠȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȖȠȓ, ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ țȎ-
ȡȥțȎȠȎ ȘȎȞȖȓȞȎ țȎ ȝȞȓȝȜȒȎȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ, ȒȜȘȠȜȞȎțȠȖȠȓ Ȗ ȝȜȟȠȒȜȘȠȜ-
ȞȎțȠȖȠȓ, ȟ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȧȓ ȟȓ ȝȜȒȘȞȓȝȭȠ ȡȟȖșȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȐȖȟȦȖȠȓ ȡȥȖșȖȧȎ Ȑ
ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ ȕȎ ȝȞȖșȎȑȎțȓ țȎ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ǻǶǾǲ Ȑ ȜȏȡȥȓțȖȓȠȜ țȎ
ȟȠȡȒȓțȠȖȠȓ. ǽȜȐȓȥȓ ȐȖȔ țȎ: http://sf.mon.bg/?h=downloadFile&fileId
=2869
3. ǽșȎț ȕȎ ȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȓ Ȑ ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȤȖȢȞȜȐȜȠȜ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓ: https://
education.ec.europa.eu/bg/focus-topics/digital-education/action-plan
4. ǶțȠȓșȓȘȠȡȎșțȎ ȟȜȏȟȠȐȓțȜȟȠ ȓ ȝȜ-ȦȖȞȜȘȜ ȝȜțȭȠȖȓ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȜȏȣȐȎȧȎ
ȖțȒȡȟȠȞȖȎșțȎȠȎ ȟȜȏȟȠȐȓțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȖȠȓ Ȗ ȟȞȜȒțȖȠȓ ȖȚ ȝȞȎȐȎ.
5. ǰȨȝȞȜȟȖ Ȗ ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞȖ – ǻȜȐȖȠȓ ȝȞȎȐȖșȎ țȎ ǳǿ ȕȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎ-
ȐȜ, 4 ȬțȖ 2021 ȑ. ǲȜȟȠȨȝțȜ țȎ: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/
presscorner/detail/bg/QANDA_21_2821
6. ǵȎȘȜț ȕȎ ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ Ȗ ȟȞȜȒțȖȠȓ Țȡ ȝȞȎȐȎ. ǲȜȟȠȨȝțȜ țȎ:
https://www.mlsp.government.bg/uploads/3/zakonodatelstvo/zakon-
za-avtorskoto-pravo-i-srodnite-mu-prava.pdf
7. ǻȓȕțȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȎȐȜȠȜ țȓ ȜȝȞȎȐȒȎȐȎ țȖȘȜȑȜ.
8. ǰȖȔ Ƞ. 22 ȜȠ ǽȞȓȎȚȏȬșȎ țȎ ǲȖȞȓȘȠȖȐȎ (ǳǿ) 2019/790 țȎ ǳȐȞȜ-
ȝȓȗȟȘȖȭ ȝȎȞșȎȚȓțȠ Ȗ țȎ ǿȨȐȓȠȎ ȜȠ 17 ȎȝȞȖș 2019 ȑȜȒȖțȎ ȜȠțȜȟțȜ
ȎȐȠȜȞȟȘȜȠȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ Ȗ ȟȞȜȒțȖȠȓ Țȡ ȝȞȎȐȎ Ȑ ȤȖȢȞȜȐȖȭ ȓȒȖțȓț ȝȎȕȎȞ Ȗ
ȕȎ ȖȕȚȓțȓțȖȓ țȎ ȒȖȞȓȘȠȖȐȖ 96/9/ǳǼ Ȗ 2001/29/ǳǼ, ǼȢȖȤȖȎșȓț
ȐȓȟȠțȖȘ țȎ ǳȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖȭ ȟȨȬȕ L 130/92 ȜȠ 17.5.2019. ǲȜȟȠȨȝțȜ țȎ:
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/BG/TXT/?uri=celex:32019L0790
ǺȖșȓȐȎ, Ǯ., 2019. ǯȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȖȠȓ – ȣȞȎțȖșȖȧȓ țȎ ȕțȎțȖȓ. – ǰ:
ǯȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȖȠȓ – ȘșȬȥ ȘȨȚ ȚȖțȎșȜȠȜ – ȝȜȞȠȎș ȘȨȚ ȏȨȒȓȧȓȠȜ.
ǿȏȜȞțȖȘ ȟ ȒȜȘșȎȒȖ ȜȠ XXIX ǻȎȤȖȜțȎșțȎ ȘȜțȢȓȞȓțȤȖȭ țȎ ǯǯǶǮ
ǿȜȢȖȭ, 6 – 7 ȬțȖ 2019 ȑ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥțȜ-
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ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȎȟȜȤȖȎȤȖȭ. ǲȜȟȠȨȝțȜ țȎ: https://www.lib.bg/
publish/BBIA/sbornik_konf_2019.pdf
ǿȖȚȓȜțȜȐȎ-ǸȜȞȡȒȔȖȓȐȎ, ǲ., 2018. ǼȠțȜȟțȜ țȭȘȜȖ ȣȖȝȜȠȓȕȖ țȎ ȟȐȜ-
ȏȜȒțȜȠȜ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȭ. ǽȞȓȑșȓȒ țȎ ȎȘȠȡȎșțȎ ȟȨ-
ȒȓȏțȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ Ȑ ȟșȡȥȎȖȠȓ țȎ Ƞ.țȎȞ. ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ ȟ ȡȥȓȏțȎ Ȥȓș, ȕȎ
țȎȡȥțȜ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȟșȡȥȎȖ. ǲȜȟȠȨȝțȜ țȎ: https://www.law-
firm-bg.com/
ǿȎȞȎȘȖțȜȐ, Ǳ., 2013. ǮȐȠȜȞȟȘȜ ȝȞȎȐȜ Ȗ ȟȞȜȒțȖȠȓ Țȡ ȝȞȎȐȎ Ȑ Ǿȓ-
ȝȡȏșȖȘȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǿȖȏȖ.
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Bulgaria. Sofia: Sibi.
COPYRIGHT PROTECTION IN A SECURE

ELECTRONIC ENVIRONMENT FOR THE USE
OF WORKS FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES
Abstract: In the context of a global crisis triggered by the
spread of the Covid-19, the field of education and training in all its
forms has been severely affected, with a continuous dynamic in the
attempts of states to regulate the provision of education, training and
mobility opportunities for students, teachers and trainers. In order to
avoid the existing legal uncertainty as to whether educational
establishments engage in acts of copyright infringement and obtain
permission from copyright holders for content they upload online in
connection with their activities, an analysis of the legal options for
applying the exceptions under the law should be undertaken.
This study answers the question related to the conditions needed
for the educational institutions to lawfully reproduce already
published works without the consent of the copyright holders and
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without payment of remuneration.
Keywords: copyright, educational purpose, internet, secure
electronic environment.
Chief Assist. Prof. Nadezhda Tomova, PhD
Scientific Secretary of the Student Scientific Society
Department of Culture, Historical Heritage and Tourism
E-mail address: n.tomova@unibit.bg
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2649-5251
Dimitrina Boyadzieva, PhD

E-mail address: dimitrina81@gmail.com
Mimi Tosheva-Mazneva
E-mail address: mihaylova_m1@abv.bg
Irena Ilieva
E-mail address: iren_1974@abv.bg
Nelly Ninova
E-mail address: neli.ninova1@abv.bg
488
ǻȍǸǼǶ ǿȈǰǾǳǺǳǻǻǶ ǮǿǽǳǸȀǶ
ǻǮ ǸȁǹȀȁǾǼǻǼǺǶȅǻǮȀǮ
ǲǼǸȁǺǳǻȀǼǹǼǱǶȍ Ƕ ǾǮǯǼȀǮȀǮ
ǿ ǲǼǸȁǺǳǻȀǶ. ǮǾȃǶǰǶǾǮǻǳ
Ƕ ǿǶǱȁǾǻǼǿȀ ǻǮ ǲǼǸȁǺǳǻȀǻǮȀǮ
ǶǻȂǼǾǺǮȄǶȍ
ǻȓșȖ ǻȖțȜȐȎ, ǶȞȓț ǶșȖȓȐȎ,

ǲȖȚȖȠȨȞ ǲȖȚȖȠȞȜȐ

ȠȓȣțȜșȖȑȖȖ
ǾȓȕȬȚȓ: ǰ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖȠȓ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭ ȐȖȟȜȘȎȠȎ ȒȖțȎȚȖȘȎ țȎ

ȔȖȐȜȠȎ Ȗ țȓȜȏȖȥȎȗțȜ ȑȜșȭȚȎȠȎ ȖțȠȓțȕȖȐțȜȟȠ țȎ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȖȠȓ Ȑ
ȟȐȓȠȜȐȓț ȚȎȧȎȏ ȐȜȒȭȠ ȒȜ ȜȑȞȜȚțȜ ȞȎȕȦȖȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȜț-
țȖȭ Ȗ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖȭ ȝȞȜȤȓȟ. ǿ ȖȕȘșȬȥȓțȖȓ țȎ țȓȖȕȞȎȕȓțȖȠȓ
ȑșȎȟțȜ ȥȜȐȓȦȘȖ ȚȖȟșȖ, ȐȟȭȘȎ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎ
ȓȒȖțȟȠȐȓțȜ Ȗ ȟȎȚȜ ȐȨȐ ȐȖȒ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ. ȀȜȐȎ ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎ ȐȎȔțȜȠȜ
ȚȭȟȠȜ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȑ țȎȦȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ. ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȓț ȟȠȎȠȡȟ ȖȚȎȠ
ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȢȜȞȚȖ țȎ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȎ Ȗ țȓȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȎ ȖțȢȜȞ-
ȚȎȤȖȭ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓțȖ ȜȟțȜȐțȜ ȟȨȟ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȜ-ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎ
Ȥȓș, țȜȟȭȠ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȜ ȕțȎȥȖȚȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȭȐȎȠ Ȑ
ȟȜȤȖȎșțȜȠȜ ȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȟȠȐȜ Ȗ ȐȞȓȚȓ. ǻȎȟȠȜȭȧȎȠȎ ȟȠȎȠȖȭ ȧȓ țȎȝȞȎȐȖ
ȜȝȖȠ ȒȎ ȞȎȕȑșȓȒȎ ȚȭȟȠȜȠȜ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȑ ȑșȜȏȎșȓț ȚȎȧȎȏ Ȗ
ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓȠȜ ȖȚ ȕȎ ȐȨȝȞȜȟȖ, ȕȎȟȭȑȎȧȖ ȟȐȓȠȜȐțȎȠȎ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȭ Ȗ
ȠȭȣțȎȠȎ țȎȞȎȟȠȐȎȧȎ ȞȜșȭ Ȑ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȜȠȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ. ȇȓ ȏȨȒȎȠ
ȚȎȞȘȖȞȎțȖ ȎȘȠȡȎșțȖ ȚȓȠȜȒȖ ȕȎ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȞȎțȓ Ȗ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ țȎ ȒȜȘȡ-
ȚȓțȠțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȟȨȒȓȗȟȠȐȎȧȖ ȕȎ ȏȓȕȝȞȜȏșȓȚțȜȠȜ
ȟȨȣȞȎțȓțȖȓ Ȗ ȞȎȕȥȖȠȎțȓ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȑ ȏȨȒȓȧȓ.
ǸșȬȥȜȐȖ ȒȡȚȖ: ȎȞȣȖȐȖȞȎțȓ, ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ, ȘȡșȠȡȞȜțȜȚȖȥțȎ
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȜșȜȑȖȭ, ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ.
ǰȨȐȓȒȓțȖȓ
ǵțȎȥȖȚȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖȠȓ, ȎȘȠȡȎșțȖ ȎȟȝȓȘȠȖ țȎ
ȘȡșȠȡȞȜțȜȚȖȥțȎȠȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȜșȜȑȖȭ1, ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȟ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ
Ȓțȓȟ, ȖțȜȐȎȠȖȐțȖȠȓ țȎȥȖțȖ ȕȎ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȞȎțȓ Ȗ ȟȖȑȡȞ-
489
țȜȟȠ ȟȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭȠ ȜȠ ȔȖȕțȓțȜȐȎȔțȜȠȜ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓț-
ȠȖȞȎțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ Ȑ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȜȠȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ.
ǱșȜȏȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ Ȗ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȔȖȐȜȠȎ țȎ ǵȓ-
ȚȭȠȎ ȜȏȡȟșȎȐȭȠ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ Ȑ ȚȓȠȜȒȖȠȓ Ȗ ȟȝȜȟȜȏȖȠȓ ȕȎ ȒȜȘȡ-
ȚȓțȠȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖ țȜ-
ȟȖȠȓșȖ ȟ ȐȖȟȜȘȎ ȕȎȧȖȠȎ, ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ.
ȀȓȣțȜȑȓțțȜȠȜ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ țȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȥȜȐȓȘȎ, ȠȓȣțȜȑȓț-
țȜȠȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ ȢȜȞȚȖȞȎȠ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭ ȕȎ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
țȜȟȖȠȓșȖȠȓ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȕȎȧȖȠȎ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȞȎțȎȠȎ
ȠȎȘȎȐȎ Ȗ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȜ ȖțȠȓțȕȖȐțȜ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ
Ȓțȓȟ.
ǰ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖȠȓ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭ țȎ ȑșȜȏȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭ ȜȟțȜȐțȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ
ȕȎȓȚȎȠ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ. ǯȓȕȟȝȜȞțȖ ȟȎ Ȣȡț-
ȘȤȖȖȠȓ Ȗ ȠȭȣțȎȠȎ ȞȜșȭ Ȑ ȒțȓȦțȜȠȜ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ.
ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȨȠ ȓ ȢȜȞȚȎ țȎ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭțȓ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȞȎțȎ-
ȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ. ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȓț ȟȠȎȠȡȟ ȖȚȎȠ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȢȜȞȚȖ țȎ
ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȎ Ȗ țȓȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȘȜȖȠȜ
ȟȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓțȖ ȟȨȟ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȜ-ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖ ȤȓșȖ, ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȠ
ȟȜȤȖȎșțȜ ȕțȎȥȖȚȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȭȐȎȠ ȟȓ Ȗ ȤȖȞ-
ȘȡșȖȞȎȠ Ȑ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȜȠȜ ȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȟȠȐȜ Ȗ ȐȞȓȚȓ, Ƞ.ȓ. ȥȞȓȕ Ƞȭȣ ȟȓ
ȜȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȭȐȎ ȟȜȤȖȜȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȠȖȐțȎ, ȘȡșȠȡȞȜțȜȚȖȥțȎ ȖțȢȜȞ-
ȚȎȤȖȭ (Sachev 2015, 37). ǲțȓȟ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȖȚȎȠ ȠȐȨȞȒȓ
ȞȎȕȦȖȞȓțȜ ȝȞȖșȜȔȓțȖȓ, ȒȜ ȠȎȘȎȐȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț, ȥȓ ȘȎȠȜ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ
ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȖ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ ȢȖȘȟȖȞȎțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȐȨȞ-
ȣȡ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțȓț ȖșȖ ȣȎȞȠȖȓț țȜȟȖȠȓș. ǿȝȜȞȓȒ țȭȘȜȖ ȞȎȕȏȖȞȎ-
țȖȭ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȨȠ ȖȑȞȎȓ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȜȕțȎȥȖȚȎ Ȗ ȘȡșȠȡȞȜțȜȚȖȥțȎ
ȞȜșȭ Ȗ ȕȎȠȜȐȎ ȟȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭ ȘȎȠȜ ȟȜȤȖȜȘȡșȠȡȞțȎ ȤȓțțȜȟȠ Ȑ Ȝȏ-
ȧȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ. ǿȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȎȠȎ ȒȖțȎȚȖȘȎ țȎ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȖȠȓ Ȗ
ȑșȜȏȎșȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȐȟȭȘȜ țȓȧȜ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȚȭȠȎ ȕȎ
ȝȞȜȒȡȘȠ țȎ ȖțȜȐȎȠȖȐțȎȠȎ Ȗ ȘȞȓȎȠȖȐțȎ, ȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȘȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ țȎ
ȥȜȐȓȘȎ, țȜȟȖ Ȑ ȟȓȏȓ ȟȖ Ȑ ȓȒțȎ ȖșȖ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț ȟȜȤȖȎșțȎ Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȖȚȎ ȏȓȕȟȝȜȞțȎ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȜȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȕțȎȥȖ-
ȚȜȟȠ. Ǯ ȐȟȭȘȜ ȜȠȞȎȔȓțȖȓ țȎ ȐȕȎȖȚȜȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȭȠȎ ȖșȖ ȐȕȎȖȚȜ-
ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȭȠȎ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȣȜȞȎȠȎ, ȐȘșȬȥȐȎȧȜ Ȑ ȟȓȏȓ ȟȖ ȜȏȚȓț țȎ
ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȝȜ șȖțȖȖȠȓ „ȥȜȐȓȘ–ȥȜȐȓȘ“, „ȥȜȐȓȘ–ȝȞȖȞȜȒȎ“
ȖșȖ „ȥȜȐȓȘ–ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ“, Ȗ ȘȜȓȠȜ ȓ ȞȓȎșȓț țȜȟȖȠȓș țȎ ȜȝȞȓȒȓ-
șȓțȎ ȟȜȤȖȜȕțȎȥȖȚȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȏȖ ȚȜȑșȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎ Ȑ
ȘȎȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ Țȡ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ (Sachev 2015, 39).
490
ǸȜȑȎȠȜ ȑȜȐȜȞȖȚ ȕȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ-
țȎ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȭ, ȖȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȐȎȔțȜ ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȏȓȞȓ Ƞȭȣ-
țȎȠȎ ȕțȎȥȖȚȜȟȠ Ȑ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȑșȜȏȎșȖȕȎ-
ȤȖȭ. ǵȎȏȓșȭȕȐȎ ȟȓ ȠȓțȒȓțȤȖȭ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȓȚȓȠȜ ȘȨȚ ȕȎȟȖșȐȎțȓ țȎ
ȞȓȑȡșȎȠȖȐțȎȠȎ ȢȡțȘȤȖȭ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎ, țȎȗ-Ȑȓȥȓ ȝȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓ-
țȖȓ țȎ ȖȒȓțȠȖȥțȜȟȠȠȎ Ȗ ȟȜȏȟȠȐȓțȜȟȠȠȎ. ȀȜȐȎ ȟȓ ȜȠțȎȟȭ ȝȞȓ-
ȒȖȚțȜ ȕȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ȚȓȔȒȡțȎȞȜȒȓț ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞ. Ȁȓ ȟȎ
ȓȒȖț ȜȠ ȘșȬȥȜȐȖȠȓ ȢȎȘȠȜȞȖ ȕȎ ȡȟȠȜȗȥȖȐȜ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ țȓ ȟȎȚȜ
ȕȎ ȒȎȒȓțȜȠȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ, țȜ Ȗ ȕȎ ȜȏȧȖȭ ȟȐȓȠȜȐȓț ȤȖȐȖșȖȕȎȤȖȜ-
țȓț ȝȞȜȤȓȟ.
ǶțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȜȠȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ ȖȕȖȟȘȐȎ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞ-
ȚȎȤȖȜțțȖȠȓ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ Ȗ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȜ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓ-
țȖȓ. ǰ ȟȖțȣȞȜț ȟ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȓ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎȠ ȒȖȑȖȠȎșțȖ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ, ȟțȎȏ-
ȒȓțȖ ȟ Ȑȟȓ ȝȜ-ȟȠȎȏȖșțȖ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȖ, ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎȧȖ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠȠȎ Ȗ
ȕȎȧȖȠȎȠȎ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ Ȑ Ƞȭȣ (Denchev 2019, 173).
ǽȜȑșȓȒțȎȠȜ Ȑ țȎȡȥțȜ-ȠȓȜȞȓȠȖȥȓț ȝșȎț, ȘȎȠȜ ȜȟțȜȐȎ țȎ
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȖȓȚȓ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȜȠȜ ȟȨȜȏȧȓțȖȓ.
ǼȠ ȟȐȜȭ ȟȠȞȎțȎ ȠȜ ȟȓ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎ ȟ Ȥȓș ȝȞȓȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȒȎȒȓțȎ Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȟȨȟ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȜ ȕțȎȥȖȚ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȝȞȭȘȜ ȓ țȎ-
ȟȜȥȓțȎ ȘȨȚ ȘȜțȘȞȓȠȓț ȝȜȠȞȓȏȖȠȓș. ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎ ȒȐȎ ȜȟțȜȐțȖ ȓȠȎȝȎ. ǽȨȞȐȖȭȠ ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȓ ȟȜ-
ȤȖȜȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțȓț, Ȏ ȐȠȜȞȖȭȠ – ȟȜȤȖȜȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȠȖȐȓț. ǽȜ
ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȟȨȧțȜȟȠ ȠȓȕȖ ȓȠȎȝȖ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎȠ ȝȜȭȐȎ țȎ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȜ ȕțȎ-
ȥȖȚȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȟȨȜȏȧȓțȖȓ Ȗ ȢȖȘȟȖȞȎțȓ
țȎ ȠȜȐȎ ȟȨȜȏȧȓțȖȓ țȎ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓț ȐȖȒ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȓț ȖșȖ ȓșȓȘȠ-
ȞȜțȓț țȜȟȖȠȓș. ǻȎ ȟșȓȒȐȎȧ ȓȠȎȝ Ȑȓȥȓ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎȧȜȠȜ Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȜ ȟȨȜȏȧȓțȖȓ ȟȓ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎ Ȑ ȒȎȒȓțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖ-
ȜțțȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎ. ȀȡȘ ȐȟȓȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ țȎȚȖȞȎ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȚȭȟȠȜ, ȠȎȘȎ
ȥȓ ȒȎ ȖȕȝȨșțȖ ȜȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ ȢȡțȘȤȖȖ, ȝȜȞȎȒȖ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȓ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓț
(ȜȝȓȞȎȠȖȐțȎ, ȘȜȜȞȒȖțȎȤȖȜțțȎ, ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȎ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ).
ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ǳȐȑȓțȖȗ ǿȎȥȓȐ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȟȓ
ȞȎȕȐȖȐȎ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȓȚȓȠȜ, ȜȟțȜȐȎȐȎȗȘȖ ȟȓ ȘȎȘȠȜ țȎ ȎȘȠȡȎșțȖ ȚȎ-
ȠȓȞȖȎșțȖ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ țȎ țȓȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșțȖ, ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖ ȢȜȞȚȖ, ȝȞȓ-
ȚȖțȎȐȎȗȘȖ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȞȜȠȜȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ, ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȗ ȝȜȟȠȒȜȘȡ-
ȚȓțȠțȖȠȓ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȜțțȖ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȖ. ǽȨȞȐȜțȎȥȎșțȜȠȜ ȞȎȕȏȖ-
ȞȎțȓ ȝȜ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșțȖȠȓ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȖ ȟȓ ȟȐȨȞȕȐȎ
ȟȨȟ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȨȜȏȧȓțȖȭ, ȖȕȝȨșțȭȐȎȧȖ ȟȜȤȖȜȘȜȚȡțȖ-
ȘȎȠȖȐțȖ ȢȡțȘȤȖȖ ȝȞȖ țȎșȖȥȖȓ țȎ ȝȞȭȘȎ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȭ.
491
ǰ ȝȜ-țȎȠȎȠȨȦȓț ȓȠȎȝ ȟȓ ȕȎȏȓșȭȕȐȎ ȞȎȕȦȖȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȠȜȐȎ
ȞȎȕȏȖȞȎțȓ, ȜȟțȜȐȎȐȎȧȜ ȟȓ țȎ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȠȖȐțȖ-
Ƞȓ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȒȜȐȓȔȒȎȠ Ȗ ȒȜ ȝȜȭȐȎȠȎ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎș-
țȖ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȖ, ȖȕȑȞȎȒȓțȖ țȎ ȜȟțȜȐȎȠȎ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȎȠȎ
ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎ. ǽȞȎȘȠȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȝȜȑșȓȒțȎȠȜ, ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȨȠ
ȓ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȓț ȜȏȓȘȠ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȓ ȝȞȭȘȜ ȕȎȐȖȟȖȚ Ȑ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ
ȘȎȠȜ ȟȜȤȖȎșȓț ȢȓțȜȚȓț ȜȠ ȟȠȓȝȓțȠȎ țȎ țȎȝȞȓȒțȎșȜȟȠ țȎ ȘȜ-
ȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȜțțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖȠȓ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȤȭșȜ.
ǿșȓȒȐȎȧȖȭȠ ȠȞȓȠȖ ȓȠȎȝ ȜȠ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎȠȎ ȕȎ
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȎ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȭ ȟȓ ȕȎȞȎȔȒȎ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȓȚȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȜȟ-
ȠȖțȒȡȟȠȞȖȎșțȜȠȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ Ȗ ȝȜ ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȟȨȧțȜȟȠ ȖȚȎ ȝȜȟȠȒȜ-
ȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȓț ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞ (Sachev 2015, 37).
ȅȓȠȐȨȞȠȖȭȠ ȓȠȎȝ ȟȓ ȞȓȎșȖȕȖȞȎ țȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ Ȑ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭȠȎ
țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȜȠȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ. ǰ țȓȑȜ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȎȠȎ Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȝȞȓȒȖ ȐȟȖȥȘȜ ȟȓ ȟȐȨȞȕȐȎ ȟ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȜȘȡ-
ȚȓțȠȎșțȎȠȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎ țȎ ȚȓȟȠțȜ țȖȐȜ, ȒȜ ȠȎȘȎȐȎ ȟȠȓȝȓț, ȥȓ
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȨȠ ȝȞȖȓȚȎ țȜȐȎ ȢȜȞȚȎ Ȗ ȟȠȎȐȎ țȎȝȨșțȜ ȎȏȟȠȞȎȘȠȓț
ȖșȖ ȐȖȞȠȡȎșȓț. ǻȎȗ-ȜȏȧȜ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȘȎȔȓ, ȥȓ ȓȐȜșȬȤȖȭȠȎ
țȎ ȥȜȐȓȦȘȎȠȎ ȤȖȐȖșȖȕȎȤȖȭ ȓ ȟȨȝȨȠȟȠȐȎțȎ Ȗ ȐȜȒȖ ȟȨȟ ȟȓȏȓ ȟȖ
ȓȐȜșȬȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȞȎțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ-
Ƞȓ. ǶȚȓțțȜ ȝȜȞȎȒȖ ȠȎȕȖ ȝȞȖȥȖțȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȎȠȎ ȘȜȚȡțȖ-
ȘȎȤȖȭ ȐȖțȎȑȖ ȓ ȏȖșȎ ȜȟțȜȐȓț ȘȜȚȝȜțȓțȠ ȜȠ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȭ
ȔȖȐȜȠ. ǼȠțȜȐȜ ȟȝȜȞȓȒ ǳȐȑȓțȖȗ ǿȎȥȓȐ „ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȎȠȎ Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșțȎȠȎ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȭ ȟȎ ȘșȬȥȨȠ ȘȨȚ
ȑȎȞȎțȠȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȡȟȠȜȗȥȖȐȎ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ țȎ ȐȟȭȘȜ
ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ, țȎ ȐȟȭȘȎ ȒȨȞȔȎȐȎ Ȗ țȎ ȐȟȭȘȎ țȎȤȖȭ. ǰ ȠȜȕȖ ȞȓȒ țȎ
ȚȖȟșȖ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȏȜȟțȜȐȓ Ȑȟȓ ȝȜ-ȞȎȕȦȖȞȭȐȎȧȖȭȠ ȟȓ Ȗ Ȑȟȓ
ȝȜ-țȎșȎȑȎȧȖȭȠ ȟȓ Ȑ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖȠȓ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭ ȖțȜȐȎȠȖȐȓț, Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȜ-ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎșȓț ȚȜȒȓș țȎ țȎȦȓȠȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ,
ȒȨȞȔȎȐȎ Ȗ țȎȤȖȭ. ǶȕȚȓțȭȗȘȖ ȟȞȓȒȎȠȎ, Ȑ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȔȖȐȓȓȚ, țȖȓ
ȣȜȞȎȠȎ ȟȨȧȜ ȟȓ ȝȞȜȚȓțȭȚȓ. ǸȡșȠȡȞȜțȜȚȖȥțȖȠȓ ȘȜțȤȓȝȤȖȖ
ȝȜȘȎȕȐȎȠ, ȥȓ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȥȜȐȓȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȓ ȝȜșȓȕțȎ, țȓ ȕȎȧȜȠȜ
Ȑ țȓȭ ȥȓȠȓȚ ȚȖțȎșȜȠȜ, Ȏ ȕȎȧȜȠȜ Ȑ țȓȭ ȥȓȠȓȚ ȏȨȒȓȧȓȠȜ“
(Sachev 2015, 9).
ǵȎ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȘȡșȠȡȞȜțȜȚȖȥțȜ
ȭȐșȓțȖȓ ȓ ȒȜȟȠȎȠȨȥțȜ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȟȝȜȚȓțȓ, ȥȓ ȠȜȗ ȐȨȐ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȓȠȎȝȖ
țȎ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ ȜȠ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓȠȜ ȟȖ ȟȓ ȓ ȐȨȕȝȞȖȓȚȎș ȜȠ ȥȜȐȓȥȓȟȠ-
ȐȜȠȜ ȘȎȠȜ ȢȓțȜȚȓț ȟ ȒȜȘȎȕȎȠȓșȟȠȐȓțȎ ȟȠȜȗțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȟ ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ
492
ȐȖȟȜȘȜ țȖȐȜ țȎ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȎ ȕțȎȥȖȚȜȟȠ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȓ ȜȟțȜȐȓț ȚȜȠȖȐ
ȕȎ ȖȕȏȜȞȎ țȎ țȎȟȠȜȭȧȎȠȎ ȠȓȚȎ.
ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠțȎȠȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȞȎȧȎȠȎ ȢȡțȘȤȖȖ

țȎ ȘȡșȠȡȞȜțȜȚȖȭȠȎ
ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠțȎȠȎ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȞȎȧȎ ȢȡțȘȤȖȖ țȎ ȘȡșȠȡȞȜ-
țȜȚȖȭȠȎ Ȑ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖȠȓ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭ ȟȓ ȞȓȎșȖȕȖȞȎȠ ȝȞȓȕ ȝȞȖȕ-
ȚȎȠȎ țȎ ȜȠȞȎȔȓțȖȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȎ țȎ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ țȎ ȐȕȎȖȚȜȜȠțȜ-
ȦȓțȖȭȠȎ „ȥȜȐȓȘ–ȥȜȐȓȘ“, „ȥȜȐȓȘ–ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ“ Ȗ „ȥȜȐȓȘ–ȝȞȖȞȜ-
ȒȎ“. ȀȎȕȖ ȢȡțȘȤȖȭ ȟȓ ȜȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȭȐȎ ȝȜȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȜȚ ȟȨȏȖȞȎțȓ Ȗ
ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȥțȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ – ȝȎȚȓȠțȖȤȖ țȎ
ȘȡșȠȡȞȎȠȎ Ȗ țȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ, ȝȞȖȞȜȒțȜ-ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ Ȗ ȝȞȖȞȜ-
ȒȜțȎȡȥțȖ ȝȎȚȓȠțȖȤȖ. ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȞȎȧȎȠȎ ȢȡțȘȤȖȭ țȎ ȘȡșȠȡ-
ȞȜțȜȚȖȭȠȎ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎ ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȕȎȘȞȖșȎ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ
ȟ ȒȜȘȎȕȎțȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȎ ȟȠȜȗțȜȟȠ (Sachev 2015, 66).
ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠ
ȀȡȘ ȧȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖȚ ȝȜțȭȠȖȓȠȜ „ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ“, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȓ Ȝȏȟ-
ȠȜȗțȜ Ȗ ȐȟȓȜȏȣȐȎȠțȜ. ǽȜ ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȟȨȧțȜȟȠ „ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ“ ȝȞȜȖȕșȖ-
ȕȎ ȜȠ șȎȠȖțȟȘȎȠȎ ȒȡȚȎ “documentum”. ǰ ȦȖȞȜȘ ȟȚȖȟȨș țȎ
ȒȡȚȎȠȎ, „ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ“ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ țȎȞȓȥȓț ȐȟȓȘȖ ȜȏȓȘȠ, ȘȜȗȠȜ
ȓ țȜȟȖȠȓș țȎ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȎ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȜ ȕțȎȥȖȚȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ,
Ƞ.ȓ. ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȟșȡȔȖ ȕȎ ȞȓȑȡșȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓț
ȐȖȒ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖ ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȭ.
ǰ ȝȜ-Ƞȓȟȓț ȟȚȖȟȨș, ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȨȠ ȟȓ ȝȜȭȐȭȐȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȝȎȞȎșȓș-
țȜ țȎ ȕȐȡȘȜȐȎȠȎ Ȟȓȥ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȜ ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȜ ȕȎ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȎ
ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȭ; ȕȎ ȝȞȓțȎȟȭțȓ Ȑ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȜȠȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ Ȗ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȜ-
ȠȜ ȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȟȨȜȏȧȓțȖȭ ȟȨȟ ȟȖșțȜ ȖȕȞȎȕȓțȜ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȜ-
ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȜ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ. ǻȜȟȖȠȓșȖȠȓ, ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșțȖȠȓ ȜȏȓȘ-
ȠȖ, țȎ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȢȖȘȟȖȞȎțȖ, ȕȎȝȓȥȎȠȎțȖ, ȖȕȜȏȞȎȕȓțȖ ȞȎȕțȜȜȏ-
ȞȎȕțȖ ȢȜȞȚȖ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠțȎ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȟȨȜȏȧȓțȖȭ, Ȝȧȓ
ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȟȠȎȞȖ ȐȞȓȚȓțȎ ȟȎ ȖȕȝȨșțȭȐȎșȖ ȒȜȘȎȕȎȠȓșȟȠȐȓțȖ Ȣȡț-
ȘȤȖȖ ȟ Ȥȓș ȜȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȜ țȖȐȜ țȎ ȒȜȟȠȜȐȓȞțȜȟȠ
țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȜȠȜ ȟȨȜȏȧȓțȖȓ. ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȨȠ
ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓț ȘȎȠȜ ȚȎȠȓȞȖȎșȓț ȖșȖ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțȓț
ȜȏȓȘȠ Ȑ ȕȎȐȖȟȖȚȜȟȠ ȜȠ țȜȟȖȠȓșȭ, țȎ ȘȜȗȠȜ ȟȓ țȎȚȖȞȎ. ȀȜȗ
ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭ ȖșȖ țȜȟȖ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȜ ȕțȎȥȖȚȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ (Meto-
dicheski kodeks 2013).
493
ǼȞȑȎțȖȕȖȞȎțȎȠȎ ȟȨȐȘȡȝțȜȟȠ ȜȠ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȝȜ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓ-
țȖ ȝȞȖțȤȖȝȖ, ȟȖȟȠȓȚȖ, ȘȞȖȠȓȞȖȖ ȖșȖ ȝȞȎȐȖșȎ, ȟȓ țȎȞȖȥȎ
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎȤȖȭ.
ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȜȏȓȘȠ ȕȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȜ ȐȨȕȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȓ Ȑ
ȘȜțȘȞȓȠțȎ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ. ȀȭȣțȜȠȜ ȝȞȓȒțȎȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ ȓ țȎȟȜ-
ȥȓțȜ ȘȨȚ ȞȓȑȡșȖȞȎțȜ ȖȕȞȎȕȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȖ
ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȭ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȜ ȎȘȠȖȐțȖ ȟȡȏȓȘȠȖ. ǶțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ-
ȠȎ Ȑ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȢȖȘȟȖȞȎțȎ ȐȨȐ ȐȖȒ țȎ ȠȓȘȟȠ,
ȎȡȒȖȜ ȕȎȝȖȟ ȖșȖ ȖȕȜȏȞȎȔȓțȖȓ. ǰ ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ țȎ ȘȡșȠȡȞȜțȜȚȖȥ-
țȎȠȎ ȘȜțȤȓȝȤȖȭ, ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ, ȢȖȘȟȖȞȎțȎ Ȑ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ,
ȖȚȎ ȟȜȤȖȜȘȡșȠȡȞȓț ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȨȠ ȟȓ ȝȞȖȓȚȎ ȘȎȠȜ
ȟȜȤȖȜȘȡșȠȡȞțȎ ȤȓțțȜȟȠ.
ǰȟȓȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ ȓ ȝȞȓȒțȎȕțȎȥȓț ȒȎ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎ ȐȨȐ ȐȞȓ-
ȚȓȠȜ Ȗ ȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȒȎ ȭ ȞȎȕȝ-
ȞȜȟȠȞȎțȭȐȎ ȖșȖ ȒȎ ȭ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȭ ȕȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȜ ȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ.
ǰ ȟȐȜȓȠȜ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȟȎ ȜȕțȎȥȎ-
ȐȎțȖ ȟ ȠȓȞȚȖțȖȠȓ: „ȘțȖȔȎ“, „ȟșȡȔȓȏțȖ ȘțȖȔȎ“, „ȟșȡȔȓȏțȖ
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ“, „ȎȘȠȜȐȓ“ , „ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ“. ǵȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖ-
ȥȓȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȟȎ ȟȚȭȠȎțȖ șȓȠȜȝȖȟȖ, ȣȞȜțȖȘȖ, ȟȝȜȚȓțȖ,
ȕȎȝȖȟȖ ȖșȖ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȢȖȘȟȖȞȎțȖ ȝȖȟȚȓțȖ ȖȕȠȜȥțȖȤȖ, ȟȐȖȒȓȠȓș-
ȟȠȐȎȧȖ ȕȎ țȭȘȎȘȐȜ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȜ ȟȨȏȖȠȖȓ, ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȎ șȖȥ-
țȜȟȠ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ.
ǶȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȖȠȓ ȟȚȭȠȎȠ, ȥȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȨȠ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȨȒȨȞ-
ȔȎ ȠȞȖ ȘȜȚȝȜțȓțȠȖ:
ȝȞȎȐțȜ-ȬȞȖȒȖȥȓȟȘȖ;
ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȟȘȖ;
ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ.
ǸȜȑȎȠȜ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȨȠ ȓ ȝȞȓȒȚȓȠ țȎ ȖȕȡȥȎȐȎțȓ ȜȠ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ
țȎȡȥțȖ ȒȖȟȤȖȝșȖțȖ, ȠȜ Ȑ țȓȑȜȐȜȠȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ ȖȚȎ ȞȎȕșȖȥ-
țȖ ȘȜȚȝȜțȓțȠȖ, ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞȖȕȖȞȎȧȖ ȠȓȕȖ ȒȖȟȤȖȝșȖțȖ, ȕȎ ȘȜȖ-
ȠȜ ȟȓ ȜȠțȎȟȭ ȠȜȗ (Metodicheski kodeks 2013).
ǯȨȒȓȧȓȠȜ Ȗ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȟ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ

ǿȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȎȠȎ ȟȜȤȖȜȘȡșȠȡȞțȎ ȟȖȠȡȎȤȖȭ ȐȝșȖȠȎ Ȑ ȟȓȏȓ ȟȖ
ȝȞȜȠȖȐȜȞȓȥȖȐȜȟȠȖ, ȜȏȡȟșȜȐȓțȖ ȜȠ ȑșȜȏȎșțȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖ, ȝȞȜ-
ȖȕȠȖȥȎȧȖ ȜȠ țȓȝȜȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȓțȜȠȜ ȐȨȕȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȓ țȎ țȎȡȥțȖȠȓ ȝȜȟ-
ȠȖȔȓțȖȭ Ȗ ȜȠ ȒȖțȎȚȖȥțȜȠȜ țȎȐșȖȕȎțȓ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖȠȓ
ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖ ȐȨȐ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȟȢȓȞȖ țȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ.
494
ǼȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖȓȠȜ ȕȎ ȒȐȎȒȓȟȓȠ Ȗ ȝȨȞȐȖ ȐȓȘ ȜȠ ȐȜȒȓȧȖ ȟȐȓȠȜȐ-
țȖ ȓȘȟȝȓȞȠȖ ȓ, ȥȓ ȠȜȐȎ ȓ ȐȓȘȨȠ țȎ „țȎȡȘȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȔȖȐȜȠȎ“. ǰ ȠȜȕȖ
ȟȚȖȟȨș ȜȠ ȜȟțȜȐțȜ ȕțȎȥȓțȖȓ ȕȎ ȐȟȭȘȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ ȓ ȒȎ ȞȎȕȐȖȐȎ Ȗ
ȟȐȜȭȠȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠțȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠțȎ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎ-
ȤȖȭ țȎ ȜȟțȜȐȎȠȎ țȎ țȜȐȜȐȨȐȓȒȓțȖȭȠȎ (Sachev 2015, 66).
ǰ țȎȦȖ ȒțȖ țȎȗ-ȦȖȞȜȘȎ ȝȜȝȡșȭȞțȜȟȠ ȖȚȎȠ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖ-
Ƞȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ.
ǿȓȑȎ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖȭȠ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎ ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȜ ȕȎ
ȝȜȐȖȦȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȓȢȓȘȠȖȐțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ Ȗ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȖȠȓ
Ȑ țȎȡȥțȖȠȓ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ, ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ, ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȜȠȜ
ȜȏȟșȡȔȐȎțȓ, ȏȖȕțȓȟȎ Ȗ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȜȏșȎȟȠȖ țȎ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȭ ȔȖ-
ȐȜȠ. ǿȠȓȝȓțȠȎ țȎ ȎȐȠȜȚȎȠȖȕȎȤȖȭ ȝȞȖ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȟ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖ
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȓțȓȟ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ ȜȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ ȝȜȘȎȕȎȠȓșȖ
ȕȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎȠȎ Ȗ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȥțȎ ȑȞȎȚȜȠțȜȟȠ țȎ ȓȒțȎ ȜȞ-
ȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭ. ǼȟȜȏȓț ȝȞȜȑȞȓȟ ȟȓ ȕȎȏȓșȭȕȐȎ ȝȞȖ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȟ ȠȓȘȟ-
ȠȜȐȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȏȜȞȎȐȓțȓȠȜ ȟ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖȭ ȠȓȘȟȠ Ȑ ȟȚȖȟȨșȎ
țȎ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖȠȓ ȢȜȞȚȖ țȎ țȓȑȜȐȜȠȜ ȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȡȐȎțȓ Ȗ ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠ-
ȞȎțȓțȖȓ. ǿȨȧȓȟȠȐȓț ȚȜȚȓțȠ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐșȭȐȎ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ Ȗ
ȝȞȓȣȜȒȎ ȜȠ ȠȞȎȒȖȤȖȜțțȎȠȎ, șȖțȓȗțȎ ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȎ țȎ ȠȓȘȟȠȎ Ȑ
ȜȏȖȥȎȗțȖȭ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ, ȘȨȚ ȚȜȒȡșțȎȠȎ ȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȎ ȟ ȚțȜȔȓȟȠȐȜ
țȖȐȎ țȎ ȝȞȓȣȜȒȖȠȓ Ȑ ȣȖȝȓȞȠȓȘȟȠȜȐȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ (Larkov
2010, 37).
Ǽȧȓ ȜȠ ȝȞȨȐ ȝȜȑșȓȒ ȟȠȎȐȎȠ ȭȟțȖ ȜȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȒȖȚȟȠȐȎ
țȎ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ. ǿȓȏȓȟȠȜȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖ-
Ƞȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȓ ȚțȜȑȜ ȝȜ-țȖȟȘȎ Ȑ ȟȞȎȐțȓțȖȓ ȟ ȣȎȞȠȖȓțȖȠȓ ȒȜ-
ȘȡȚȓțȠȖ, ȘȎȠȜ Ȑ ȟȨȧȜȠȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ ȝȨȞȐȖȠȓ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȭȐȎȠ
ȝȜ-șȓȟțȜ Ȗ ȝȜ-ȏȨȞȕȜ. ǰȞȓȚȓȠȜ ȕȎ ȠȭȣțȜȠȜ ȐȨȕȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȔȒȎțȓ ȟȓ
ȖȕȚȓȞȐȎ Ȑ ȚȖțȡȠȖ Ȗ ȟȓȘȡțȒȖ, Ȏ țȓ ȟ ȒțȖ Ȗ ȥȎȟȜȐȓ.
ǯȓȕȝȜȞțȜ ȓȒțȜ ȜȠ ȜȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ ȝȞȓȒȖȚȟȠȐȎ țȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȟ
ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȓ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȠȎ ȕȎ ȝȨșțȜȠȓȘȟȠȜȐȜȠȜ
ȠȨȞȟȓțȓ ȝȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȜȠ ȟȐȜȭ ȟȠȞȎțȎ ȏșȎȑȜȝȞȖȭȠȟȠȐȎ
Ȗ ȕțȎȥȖȠȓșțȜ ȡșȓȟțȭȐȎ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȭȠȎ Ȗ ȐȕȎȖȚȜȒȓȗȟȠȐȖȓȠȜ
Ȑ ȞȎȚȘȖȠȓ țȎ ȓȒțȎ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭ ȖșȖ ȚȓȔȒȡ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȖȠȓ.
ǰ ȤȓșȖȭ ȟȐȭȠ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖȠȓ Ȗ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȜțțȖ Ƞȓȣ-
țȜșȜȑȖȖ ȟȓ ȭȐȭȐȎȠ ȑȓțȓȞȎȠȜȞ țȎ țȜȐȎ ȖțȒȡȟȠȞȖȎșțȎ ȞȓȐȜșȬ-
ȤȖȭ. ȀȜȐȎ ȓ ȞȓȐȜșȬȤȖȭ, ȜȟțȜȐȎȐȎȧȎ ȟȓ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȘȜȭ-
ȠȜ ȜȠȞȎȕȭȐȎ ȥȜȐȓȦȘȜȠȜ ȝȜȕțȎțȖȓ ( Sachev 2011, 89).
„ǽȞȜȑȞȓȟȨȠ Ȑ ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȖȠȓ Ȓțȓȟ ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȜȏȞȎȏȜȠ-
495
ȐȎ, ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎ, ȐȨȕȟȠȎțȜȐȭȐȎ Ȗ ȝȞȓȒȎȐȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ Ȑ ȘȎȘ-
ȐȎȠȜ Ȗ ȒȎ ȓ ȢȜȞȚȎ – ȘȎȞȠȖțȎ, ȕȐȡȘ ȖșȖ ȒȎțțȖ, țȓȕȎȐȖȟȖȚȜ ȜȠ
ȞȎȕȟȠȜȭțȖȓȠȜ, ȐȞȓȚȓȠȜ Ȗ ȜȏȓȚȎ ȖЉ. ȀȎȕȖ ȞȓȐȜșȬȤȖȭ ȒȎȐȎ țȜȐȖ
ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȖ ȕȎ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ țȎ ȥȜȐȓȦȘȎȠȎ ȖțȠȓșȖȑȓțȠțȜȟȠ,
ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎȗȘȖ ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȝȞȜȚȓțȭȠ țȎȥȖțȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȘȜȚȡțȖ-
ȘȖȞȎ, ȒȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȏȜȠȖ ȕȎȓȒțȜ, ȒȎ ȟȓ ȔȖȐȓȓ ȟȨȐȚȓȟȠțȜ“ (Sachev
2011, 101). ǳșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ ȕȎȓȚȎȠ ȐȎȔțȜ
ȚȭȟȠȜ Ȑ ȠȜȕȖ ȝȞȜȑȞȓȟ, ȟȝȜȚȎȑȎȗȘȖ ȕȎ ȝȜȒȜȏȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȘȜȚȡ-
țȖȘȎȤȖȭȠȎ. Ȁȓ ȟȎ ȏȨȒȓȧȓȠȜ. ǽȞȓȒȖȚȟȠȐȎȠȎ ȜȠ ȑșȓȒțȎ ȠȜȥȘȎ
țȎ ȞȎȕȣȜȒȖȠȓ Ȗ ȐȞȓȚȓȠȜ Ȑ ȟȞȎȐțȓțȖȓ ȟ ȠȞȎȒȖȤȖȜțțȖȠȓ ȚȓȠȜȒȖ
ȟȎ, ȥȓ ȐȓȒțȨȔ ȝȞȖșȜȔȓțȖ, ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȤȓȒȡȞȖ ȏȨȞȕȜ
ȟȠȎȐȎȠ ȝȞȓȒȝȜȥȖȠȎțȜ ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȜ ȕȎ ȝȞȎȐȓțȓ țȎ ȏȖȕțȓȟ. ǲțȓȟ Ȗ
ȕȎțȎȝȞȓȒ ȐȨȐ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȖ ȧȓ ȟȓ ȡȐȓșȖȥȎȐȎ
ȜȏȓȚȨȠ țȎ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ Ȗ Ƞȓ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȎȠ
ȜȟțȜȐȓț ȟȝȜȟȜȏ ȕȎ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȭ Ȑ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȜȠȜ Ȗ ȏȨȒȓȧȖȠȓ
ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȎ.
ǼȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ

țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ
ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ǿȠȜȭț ǲȓțȥȓȐ „ȓȒțȎ ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȜȏȧȖȠȓ ȒȓȢȖțȖȤȖȖ
ȕȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ ȓ ȕȎȧȖȠȎȠȎ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ
Ȗ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȖȠȓ ȜȠ țȓȜȠȜȞȖȕȖȞȎț ȒȜȟȠȨȝ, ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎțȓ, ȝȞȜȚȭțȎ,
ȡțȖȧȜȔȎȐȎțȓ ȖșȖ „ȝȞȜȏȖȐȎțȓ“ (Denchev 2019, 173). ǺȜȔȓ ȒȎ
ȝȜȟȜȥȖȚ, ȥȓ ȤȓșȠȎ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎȠȎ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ ȓ ȕȎȧȖȠȎ
țȎ ȤȓțțȖȠȓ ȞȓȟȡȞȟȖ/ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȘȜȚȝȬȠȨȞȓț ȣȎȞȒȡȓȞ Ȗ
ȟȜȢȠȡȓȞ țȎ ȒȎȒȓțȎ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭ ȥȞȓȕ ȝȜȒȏȜȞ Ȗ ȝȞȖșȎȑȎțȓ țȎ
ȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȧȖ ȝȞȓȒȝȎȕțȖ ȚȓȞȘȖ Ȗ ȟȨȕȒȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚȎ ȕȎ
ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ.
ǸȎȠȜ ȘȞȖȠȖȥțȖ ȢȎȘȠȜȞȖ ȕȎ ȡȟȝȓȦțȜȠȜ ȝȞȖșȎȑȎțȓ țȎ Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎȠȎ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎȠȎ Ȗ ȜȝȖȠȨȠ țȎ ȟȝȓȤȖ-
ȎșȖȟȠȖ ȘșȎȟȖȞȎȠ ȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ ȝȜ-ȐȎȔțȖ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭ ȘȎȠȜ ȒȜȏȞȎ Ȝȟ-
țȜȐȎ ȕȎ ȖȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ȓȢȓȘȠȖȐțȎ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖ-
ȜțțȖȠȓ ȞȓȟȡȞȟȖ:
ȞȎȕȏȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȖȕȖȟȘȐȎțȖȭȠȎ ȕȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȟȖȑȡȞ-
țȜȟȠ, țȎ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜȟȠȠȎ ȜȠ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭțȓ Ȗ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ țȎ ȞȖȟȘȎ;
ȝȜșȖȠȖȘȎ ȕȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ.
ǶțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎȠȎ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ ȤȓșȖ ȐȨȐȓȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȘȜțȠ-
ȞȜș țȎ ȒȜȟȠȨȝȎ ȒȜ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖȠȓ ȞȓȟȡȞȟȖ, ȕȎȝȎȕȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ
496
ȤȓșȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ Ȗ țȓȗțȖȭ ȘȜțȢȖȒȓțȤȖȎșȓț ȣȎȞȎȘ-
ȠȓȞ. ǽȜȟȠȖȑȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȜȏȞȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ țȓȚȖțȡ-
ȓȚȜ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȦȓȟȠȐȎ ȜȠ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖȠȓ țȎ ȖȒȓțȠȖȢȖȘȎȤȖȭ, ȎțȎșȖȕ,
ȜȤȓțȘȎ, ȝȞȖȓȚȎțȓ Ȗ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ țȎ ȞȖȟȘȎ (Denchev 2019,178).
ǽȞȜȑȞȎȚȎȠȎ ȕȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎ
ȟșȓȒțȖȠȓ ȓșȓȚȓțȠȖ:
– ǶȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȓ Ȗ ȜȤȓțȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȞȖȟȘȜȐȓȠȓ ȕȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖ-
ȜțțȎȠȎ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ;
– ǼȝȞȓȒȓșȭțȓ țȎ ȝȜșȖȠȖȘȖȠȓ, ȟȠȎțȒȎȞȠȎ Ȗ ȘȜțȠȞȜșȎ, ȘȜȖȠȜ
ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȖȕȝȨșțȭȐȎȠ ȟ Ȥȓș țȎȚȎșȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȠȓȕȖ ȞȖȟȘȜȐȓ;
– ǻȎȟȨȞȥȎȐȎțȓ ȖțȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȜȟȠȠȎ Ȗ ȝȜȐȖȦȎȐȎțȓ ȕțȎțȖȭ-
ȠȎ Ȗ ȡȚȓțȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȝȓȞȟȜțȎșȎ;
– ǼȤȓțȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȨȑșȎȟȡȐȎțȜȟȠȠȎ Ȗ ȓȢȓȘȠȎ ȜȠ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖ-
ȓȠȜ.
ǿȠȜȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȟȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭ ȜȠ
ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȥțȖȠȓ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞȖȟȠȖȘȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ Ƞȭ ȝȞȖȠȓȔȎȐȎ Ȑ ȟȓȏȓ
ȟȖ, Ȏ ȖȚȓțțȜ:
– ǻȎșȖȥțȜȟȠ – ȝȜȕȐȜșȭȐȎ țȎ ȎȐȠȜȚȎȠȖȕȖȞȎțȖ ȝȜȠȞȓȏȖȠȓ-
șȖ (ȣȜȞȎ ȖșȖ ȘȜȚȝȬȠȨȞțȖ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȖ) ȒȎ ȖȚȎȠ ȒȜȟȠȨȝ ȒȜ Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȏȓȕ ȐȨȕȝȞȓȝȭȠȟȠȐȎțȓ;
– ǮȘȡȞȎȠțȜȟȠ – ȎȘȡȞȎȠțȜȟȠ ȖȚȎ ȠȜȑȎȐȎ, ȘȜȑȎȠȜ Ȑ ȖțȢȜȞ-
ȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȭȚȎ ȑȞȓȦȘȖ Ȗ țȓȠȜȥțȜȟȠȖ Ȗ Ƞȭ țȜȟȖ ȐȖȟȜȘȎȠȎ ȟȠȜȗ-
țȜȟȠ, ȘȜȭȠȜ ȘȞȎȗțȖȠȓ ȝȜȠȞȓȏȖȠȓșȖ ȜȥȎȘȐȎȠ ȒȎ ȖȚȎ;
– ǮȐȠȓțȠȖȥțȜȟȠ – ȒȜȟȠȜȐȓȞțȜȟȠȠȎ ȓ ȘȎȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞ-
ȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȜȞȖȑȖțȎșțȎ, Ȏ țȓ ȐȨȕȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȎ ȖșȖ Ȗȕ-
ȚȖȟșȓțȎ.
„ǵȎ ȕȎȧȖȠȎ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȏȨ-
ȒȎȠ ȝȞȖșȎȑȎțȖ Ȗ ȚȓȞȘȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎȠ ȘșȎȟȖȢȖȘȎȤȖȭ țȎ
ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ, ȟȖȑȡȞțȜ ȟȨȣȞȎțȓțȖȓ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ Ȗ ȝȞȖșȎ-
ȑȎțȓ țȎ ȜȏȧȖ ȝȜșȖȠȖȘȖ ȕȎ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ“ (Larkov 2010, 37).
ǿ Ȥȓș ȕȎȧȖȠȎ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ
ȏȨȒȎȠ ȝȞȖșȎȑȎțȖ ȚțȜȔȓȟȠȐȜ ȚȓȞȘȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȐȘșȬȥȐȎȠ:
1. ǸșȎȟȖȢȖȘȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ.
2. ǿȖȑȡȞțȜ ȟȨȣȞȎțȓțȖȓ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ.
3. ǽȞȖșȎȑȎțȓ țȎ ȜȏȧȖ ȝȜșȖȠȖȘȖ ȕȎ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ.
4. ǼȏȡȥȓțȖȓ, ȘȎȘȠȜ țȎ ȟșȡȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ, ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎȧȖ ȒȜȘȡ-
ȚȓțȠțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ, ȠȎȘȎ Ȗ țȎ ȘȞȎȗțȖȠȓ ȝȜȠȞȓȏȖȠȓșȖ.
„ǸȜțȢȖȒȓțȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȓ
497
ȐȎȔȓț ȐȨȝȞȜȟ, ȜȟȜȏȓțȜ ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȘȎȟȎȓ șȖȥțȖ ȒȎțțȖ. ǰȟȖȥȘȖ, ȘȜȖ-
ȠȜ ȘȜțȠȎȘȠȡȐȎȠ ȟ ȒȎȒȓțȎ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭ, ȜȥȎȘȐȎȠ ȝȞȓȒȜȟȠȎȐȓțȎȠȎ
ȜȠ Ƞȭȣ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȟ șȖȥțȖ ȒȎțțȖ ȒȎ ȜȟȠȎțȓ ȟȠȞȜȑȜ ȘȜțȢȖȒȓț-
ȤȖȎșțȎ“ (Larkov 2010, 37). ǽȜțȭȘȜȑȎ ȞȎȕȘȞȖȐȎțȓȠȜ ȖЉ ȓ ȝȞȓȒ-
țȎȚȓȞȓțȜ, Ȏ Ȑ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȟșȡȥȎȖ ȠȜȐȎ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȠȎțȓ ȟșȡȥȎȗțȜ.
ǰ țȭȘȜȖ ȟșȡȥȎȖ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ ȕȎȟȠȞȎȦȓț ȖțȠȓȑȞȖȠȓȠȨȠ
ȖșȖ ȤȭșȜȟȠțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȞȎțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ. ǶțȠȓȑ-
ȞȖȠȓȠȨȠ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȓ ȕȎȟȠȞȎȦȓț, ȘȜȑȎȠȜ ȓ ȜȏȓȘȠ țȎ ȝȜȐ-
ȞȓȒȎ, ȞȎȕȞȡȦȎȐȎțȓ ȖșȖ țȎȞȡȦȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȎȐȠȓțȠȖȥțȜȠȜ Țȡ ȟȨȟ-
ȠȜȭțȖȓ. ǺțȜȑȜ ȘȜȚȝȬȠȨȞțȖ ȐȖȞȡȟȖ Ȗ ȥȓȞȐȓȖ ȟȎ ȟȨȕȒȎȒȓțȖ ȟ
ȭȟțȎȠȎ Ȥȓș ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ ȞȎȕȞȡȦȓțȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠțȖ ȒȎțțȖ. ǽȜȞȎȒȖ
ȠȎȕȖ ȝȞȖȥȖțȎ ȜȟțȜȐȓț ȚȓȠȜȒ ȕȎ ȕȎȟȖȥȎțȓ țȎ ȐȖȞȡȟ ȖșȖ ȥȓȞȐȓȗ
ȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȜȐȓȞȖ ȕȎ ȝȞȜȚȓțȖ Ȑ ȤȓșȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȢȎȗșȜȐȓȠȓ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȟȓ
ȘȜțȟȠȎȠȖȞȎ ȜȠ ȠȓȣțȖȭ ȞȎȕȚȓȞ. ǻȜ ȝȜȐȞȓȔȒȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȢȎȗșȜȐȓȠȓ
țȓ ȐȖțȎȑȖ ȓ Ȑ ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠ țȎ ȐȨțȦțȎ țȎȚȓȟȎ. ǿȚȡȧȓțȖȭ Ȑ ȝȞȓ-
țȜȟțȎȠȎ ȟȞȓȒȎ ȟȨȧȜ ȚȜȑȎȠ ȒȎ ȝȞȖȥȖțȭȠ ȕȎȑȡȏȎ țȎ ȖțȠȓȑȞȖȠȓȠ.
ǽȜșȓȕțȜȟȠȠȎ ȟȨȧȜ ȓ ȘȎȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȖșȖ ȟȨȟȠȜȭțȖȓȠȜ țȎ Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȒȎ ȖȚȎ ȟȠȜȗțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȝȜȟȠȖȑȎțȓ țȎ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȎ
Ȥȓș. ǮȘȜ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȓ țȎșȖȥțȎ, țȜ țȓ ȓ Ȑ ȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȧ ȢȜȞ-
ȚȎȠ, ȕȎ ȘȞȎȗțȖȭ ȝȜȠȞȓȏȖȠȓș Ƞȭ ȓ ȏȓȕȝȜșȓȕțȎ.
ǽȞȖȠȓȔȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ ȓ ȘȎȥȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ ȖșȖ ȟȨȟȠȜȭ-
țȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȜȏȟȠȐȓțȜȟȠ ȖșȖ ȘȜțȠȞȜș. ǻȎȞȡȦȎȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȘȜțȢȖ-
ȒȓțȤȖȎșțȜȟȠȠȎ ȐȖțȎȑȖ ȐȜȒȖ ȒȜ țȎȞȡȦȎȐȎțȓ țȎ ȝȞȖȠȓȔȎțȖȓ-
ȠȜ. ǮȘȜ țȎșȖȥțȎȠȎ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎ ȕȎ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ ȜȟȖȑȡ-
ȞȭȐȎ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȎȠȎ ȕȎȧȖȠȎ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȥȞȓȕ ȝȜȒȏȜȞ Ȗ
ȝȞȖșȎȑȎțȓ țȎ ȝȜȒȣȜȒȭȧȖ ȝȞȓȒȝȎȕțȖ ȚȓȞȘȖ, ȠȜ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ
ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎȠȎ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȭȠȎ ȚȜȔȓ ȒȎ ȟȓ
ȟȥȖȠȎ ȕȎ ȒȜȟȠȎȠȨȥțȜ ȓȢȓȘȠȖȐțȎ.
ǰ țȎȦȓȠȜ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȖȓ ȟȐȓȠȜȐțȎȠȎ ȝȞȎȘȠȖȘȎ ȝȜȠȐȨȞȔȒȎȐȎ
țȎȡȥțȜȠȜ ȠȐȨȞȒȓțȖȓ, ȥȓ „ȖțȠȓțȕȖȢȖȘȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠțȜ-
ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖ, Ȑȟȓ ȝȜ-ȕȎȒȨșȏȜȥȓțȎȠȎ ȝȞȓȞȎȏȜȠ-
ȘȎ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȐȟȓȟȠȞȎțțȜȠȜ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ
țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠțȜ-ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖȠȓ ȞȓȟȡȞȟȖ Ȑ ȡȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓȠȜ
ȝȜȐȖȦȎȐȎ ȡȟȠȜȗȥȖȐȜȟȠȠȎ Ȗ ȝȞȖȟȝȜȟȜȏșȭȓȚȜȟȠȠȎ ȘȨȚ țȓȝȞȓ-
ȘȨȟțȎȠȜ ȖȕȚȓțȭȧȖȠȓ ȟȓ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭ… (Bachilo 2000, 234).
ǼȟțȜȐȎȐȎȗȘȖ ȟȓ țȎ ȘȡșȠȡȞȜțȜȚȖȥțȎȠȎ ȤȓțțȜȟȠ, ȜȏȓȚȨȠ
498
țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ țȓȝȞȓȘȨȟțȎȠȜ țȎȞȎȟȠȐȎ ȐȨȐ
ȐȞȓȚȓȠȜ. ǿȝȜȒȓșȓțȖȭȠ ȘȡșȠȡȞȜțȜȚȖȥȓț ȜȝȖȠ, ȕȎȝȎȕȓț Ȑ ȒȜ-
ȘȡȚȓțȠțȖȠȓ țȜȟȖȠȓșȖ, ȖȚȎ Ȑȟȓ ȝȜ-ȐȖȟȜȘȎ ȟȠȜȗțȜȟȠ Ȑ ȜȏȧȓȟȠ-
ȐȜȠȜ Ȗ ȥȜȐȓȘȨȠ țȎ țȜȐȜȠȜ ȐȞȓȚȓ ȞȎȕȏȖȞȎ Ȗ ȟȨȕțȎȐȎ țȓȑȜȐȎȠȎ
ȤȓțțȜȟȠ. ǾȎȕȞȎȏȜȠȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȓȜȞȓȠȖȥțȎȠȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȎ țȎ ȘȡșȠȡ-
ȞȜțȜȚȖȥțȎȠȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȜșȜȑȖȭ ȜȠȞȎȕȭȐȎ ȜȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ, ȎȘȠȡȎșțȖ
ȠȓțȒȓțȤȖȖ Ȑ ȞȎȕȏȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȝȞȓȒȚȓȠțȎȠȎ ȖЉ ȜȏșȎȟȠ.
ȂȎȘȠȖȠȓ ȝȜȟȜȥȐȎȠ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȡțȖȘȎșțȎ ȘȡșȠȡȞȜțȜ-
ȚȖȥțȎ, ȟȜȤȖȜȘȡșȠȡȞțȎ Ȗ ȟȜȤȖȜȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȠȖȐțȎ ȤȓțțȜȟȠ. Ƕ țȓ
ȟȎȚȜ ȝȞȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȜȝȜȠȞȓȏșȓțȖȓȠȜ, Ȏ Ȗ ȝȞȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȜȜȏȞȎ-
ȕȡȐȎțȓȠȜ ȠȜȗ ȟȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭ ȘȎȠȜ ȚȡșȠȖȢȡțȘȤȖȜțȎșȓț ȖțȢȜȞ-
ȚȎȤȖȜțȓț ȜȏȓȘȠ, ȘȜȗȠȜ ȖȚȎ ȚțȜȔȓȟȠȐȜ ȟȜȤȖȎșțȜ ȕțȎȥȖȚȖ
ȢȡțȘȤȖȖ. ǶȚȓțțȜ ȠȎȕȖ ȘșȬȥȜȐȎ ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞȖȟȠȖȘȎ țȎ ȒȜȘȡ-
ȚȓțȠȎ ȖȕȖȟȘȐȎ ȝȞȖșȎȑȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȘȡșȠȡȞȜțȜȚȖȥțȖȭ ȚȓȠȜȒ. ȀȜȗ
ȒȎȐȎ ȐȨȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȞȎȕȞȎȏȜȠȭȠ ȜȟțȜȐțȖȠȓ, ȟȨȧțȜȟȠțȖ
ȝȞȜȏșȓȚȖ țȎ ȠȓȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎ Ȗ ȒȎ ȟȓ ȢȜȞȚȖȞȎ ȭȟțȜ
ȞȎȕȏȖȞȎțȓȠȜ ȕȎ ȠȞȎțȟȒȖȟȤȖȝșȖțȎȞțȜȠȜ țȎȡȥțȜ țȎȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȜșȜȑȖȭ.
ǰ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖȠȓ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭ ȝȜȝȡșȭȞȖȕȖȞȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȠȓ Ȗ
ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȟȓ ȜȟȨȧȓȟȠȐȭȐȎ ȥȞȓȕ ȟȨȐȘȡȝțȜȟȠ ȜȠ Ȗț-
ȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖ Ȗ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȜțțȖ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȖ, ȜȟțȜȐțȜ țȎȟȜȥȓțȖ
ȘȨȚ ȦȖȞȜȘ ȟȝȓȘȠȨȞ ȜȠ ȕȎȖțȠȓȞȓȟȜȐȎțȖ șȖȤȎ Ȗ ȖțȟȠȖȠȡȤȖȖ.
ǻȎȟȠȜȭȧȎȠȎ ȟȠȎȠȖȭ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȖ țȎȘȞȎȠȘȜ ȐȎȔțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȗ ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȟ Ƞȭȣ, ȕȎȧȜȠȜ Ƞȓ ȟȎ ȝȞȭȘȜ ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ
ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȭ, ȝȜșȖȠȖȥȓȟȘȖȭ, ȘȡșȠȡȞțȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ ȐȨȐ ȐȟȭȘȜ Ȝȏ-
ȧȓȟȠȐȜ Ȗ ȞȓȢșȓȘȠȖȞȎȠ ȐȨȞȣȡ ȐȨȕȝȖȠȎțȖȓȠȜ, ȜȏȞȎȕȜȐȎțȖȓȠȜ,
țȎȡȘȎȠȎ, ȘȡșȠȡȞȎȠȎ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȟȢȓȞȖ.
ǶȕȘșȬȥȖȠȓșțȎȠȎ ȐȎȔțȜȟȠ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ
Ȑ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓțȖȭ ȔȖȐȜȠ Ȓțȓȟ ȝȜȟȠȎȐȭ ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȎȠȓșȟȠȐȎ ȝȞȓȒ
ȎȞȣȖȐțȎȠȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ. ǲȨȞȔȎȐȎȠȎ ȝȜșȎȑȎ ȑȞȖȔȖ ȕȎ ȜȝȎȕȐȎțȓȠȜ
țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȜȠ ǻȎȤȖȜțȎșțȖȭȠ ȎȞȣȖȐȓț ȢȜțȒ ȥȞȓȕ ȞȓȑȖȟ-
ȠȞȖȞȎțȓ, ȜȠȥȖȠȎțȓ Ȗ ȘȜțȠȞȜș țȎ ȠȭȣțȎȠȎ țȎșȖȥțȜȟȠ; ȜȟȖȑȡ-
ȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȨȣȞȎțȓțȖȓȠȜ ȖȚ Ȑ ȟȑȞȎȒȖ ȟȨȟ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȜ ȜȏȜȞȡȒ-
ȐȎțȓ, șȎȏȜȞȎȠȜȞȖȖ ȕȎ ȞȓȟȠȎȐȞȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȘȜțȟȓȞȐȎȤȖȭ, ȘȎȘȠȜ Ȗ
ȕȎȟȠȞȎȣȜȐȎȠȓșțȜ ȘȜȝȖȞȎțȓ. ǼȟȖȑȡȞȭȐȎȠ ȟȓ ȘȐȎșȖȢȖȤȖȞȎțȖ
ȘȎȒȞȖ ȕȎ ȞȎȏȜȠȎ Ȑ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȠȓ Ȗ ȟȨȜȠȐȓȠțȜȠȜ ȖȚ ȏȬȒȔȓȠțȜ ȢȖ-
țȎțȟȖȞȎțȓ.
ǲȨȞȔȎȐȎȠȎ ȝȜșȎȑȎ ȑȞȖȔȖ Ȗ ȕȎ ȜȝȎȕȐȎțȓ țȎ ȠȓȕȖ ȒȜȘȡ-
499
ȚȓțȠȖ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ ȜȝȖȟȎțȖ Ȑ ȞȓȑȖȟȠȨȞȎ țȎ ǻȎȤȖȜțȎșțȖȭ ȎȞȣȖ-
Ȑȓț ȢȜțȒ, țȜ ȟȎ ȟȜȏȟȠȐȓțȜȟȠ țȎ ȢȖȕȖȥȓȟȘȖ șȖȤȎ. ǽȞȖ ȜȝȎȕȐȎ-
țȓ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȟȎ țȎ ȠȓȞȖȠȜȞȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȒȞȡȑȎ ȒȨȞ-
ȔȎȐȎ, ȟȓ ȟȝȎȕȐȎ țȓȗțȜȠȜ ȐȨȠȞȓȦțȜ ȕȎȘȜțȜȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ Ȗ Ȑșȓȕ-
șȖȠȓ Ȑ ȟȖșȎ ȚȓȔȒȡțȎȞȜȒțȖ ȒȜȑȜȐȜȞȖ, Ȑ ȘȜȖȠȜ ǾȓȝȡȏșȖȘȎ
ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ ȓ ȟȠȞȎțȎ. ǰȝȞȜȥȓȚ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȠȓ, Ȗ Ȑ ȥȎȟȠțȜȟȠ ǲȨȞ-
ȔȎȐțȎ ȎȑȓțȤȖȭ „ǮȞȣȖȐȖ“, ȖȚȎȠ ȡȥȎȟȠȖȓ Ȑ ȠȓȕȖ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖ. Ȁȓ ȟȎ
ȐȘșȬȥȓțȖ Ȑ ǿȠȞȎȠȓȑȖȭȠȎ ȕȎ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓ țȎ ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțțȜȠȜ ȡȝ-
ȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ Ȑ ǾȓȝȡȏșȖȘȎ ǯȨșȑȎȞȖȭ 2014 – 2020 ȑ., ȘȜȭȠȜ ȤȓșȖ
ȝȜ-ȑȜșȭȚȎ ȖțȠȓȑȞȎȤȖȭ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖȠȓ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖ Ȗ ȞȎȕ-
ȞȎȏȜȠȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȖ Ȗ ȡȟșȡȑȖ ȕȎ ȞȓȎșȖȕȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȓȢȓȘȠȖȐȓț
ȓșȓȘȠȞȜțȓț ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȜȜȏȜȞȜȠ Ȗ ȎȞȣȖȐ (Atanasov 2016, 45).
ǲȖțȎȚȖȘȎȠȎ țȎ ȐȞȓȚȓȠȜ Ȗ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭȠȎ, Ȑ ȘȜȖȠȜ ȔȖȐȓȓȚ,
ȖȕȖȟȘȐȎȠ Ȑȟȓ ȝȜȐȓȥȓ țȎȒȓȔȒțȜȟȠ, ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞțȜȟȠ Ȗ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ ȝȜ
ȜȠțȜȦȓțȖȓ țȎ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠțȜȠȜ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓ
țȎ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ țȖȐȎ Ȑ țȎȦȓȠȜ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜ. ȄȓțțȜȟȠȠȎ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ-
ȞȎțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ țȎșȎȑȎ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓȠȜ țȎ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖ Țȓ-
ȠȜȒȖ ȕȎ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ Ȑ ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȖȠȓ Ȗ ȜȟȖȑȡ-
ȞȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȟȠȎȏȖșțȖ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȖ ȕȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȎ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ,
ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎȧȖ ȟȨȐȘȡȝțȜȟȠ ȜȠ ȕȎȘȜțȜȒȎȠȓșțȖ, ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐțȖ,
ȝȞȜȤȓȒȡȞțȜ-ȜȞȑȎțȖȕȎȤȖȜțțȖ, ȝȞȜȑȞȎȚțȜ-ȠȓȣțȜșȜȑȖȥțȖ, ȘȞȖȝ-
ȠȜȑȞȎȢȟȘȖ Ȗ ȒȞȡȑȖ ȚȓȞȘȖ Ȗ ȟȞȓȒȟȠȐȎ ȕȎ ȕȎȧȖȠȎ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ-
țȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ. ǰȟȖȥȘȖ ȠȓȕȖ ȢȎȘȠȖ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȭȠ ȑșȜȏȎșțȎȠȎ
ȕțȎȥȖȚȜȟȠ țȎ ȘȡșȠȡȞȜțȜȚȖȥțȎȠȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȜșȜȑȖȭ ȘȎȠȜ ȠȞȎțȟ-
ȒȖȟȤȖȝșȖțȎȞțȎ țȎȡȘȎ, ȞȎȏȜȠȎȠȎ ȟ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȖȕȘșȬȥȖ-
ȠȓșțȜ ȝȞȖȜȞȖȠȓȠțȎ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠ țȎ ȐȟȖȥȘȖ țȖȐȎ Ȑ ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȜȠȜ
ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȜȠȜ, Ȏ ȎȞȣȖȐȖȞȎțȓȠȜ Ȗ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠȠȎ ȝȜ ȜȝȎȕȐȎțȓ țȎ ȒȜ-
ȘȡȚȓțȠȖȠȓ ȘȎȠȜ țȓȜȏȣȜȒȖȚȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȟȨȣȞȎțȭȐȎțȓ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠțȎ-
ȠȎ ȤȓțțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȏȨȒțȖȠȓ ȝȜȘȜșȓțȖȭ.
ǯǹǮǱǼǲǮǾǻǼǿȀǶ: ǲȜȘșȎȒȨȠ ȟȓ ȞȓȎșȖȕȖȞȎ ȘȎȠȜ ȥȎȟȠ

ȜȠ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȖȠȓ ȝȜ ȝȞȜȓȘȠ ȟ ǲȜȑȜȐȜȞ Ɋ Ǹǽ-06-Ǻ45/1 ȜȠ
30.11.2020 ȑ. țȎ ȠȓȚȎ: „InfoLIB: ǶȕȑȞȎȔȒȎțȓ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜț-
țȜ-ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȥțȎ ȖțȠȓȞȎȘȠȖȐțȎ ȝșȎȠȢȜȞȚȎ ȝȜ ȣȡȚȎțȖȠȎȞȖȟ-
ȠȖȘȎ“ ȝȜ ǸȜțȘȡȞȟ ȕȎ ȢȖțȎțȟȖȞȎțȓ țȎ ȢȡțȒȎȚȓțȠȎșțȖ țȎȡȥ-
țȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ țȎ ȚșȎȒȖ ȡȥȓțȖ Ȗ ȝȜȟȠȒȜȘȠȜȞȎțȠȖ – 2020 ȑ.
țȎ ȂȜțȒ „ǻȎȡȥțȖ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ“.
500
1. ǸȡșȠȡȞȜțȜȚȖȥțȎȠȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȜșȜȑȖȭ ȝȞȓȠȓțȒȖȞȎ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȓ
ȠȞȎțȟȒȖȤȖȝșȖțȎȞțȜ țȎȡȥțȜ țȎȝȞȎȐșȓțȖȓ, ȘȜȓȠȜ ȖȕȡȥȎȐȎ
ȕȎȘȜțȜȚȓȞțȜȟȠȖȠȓ, ȐȕȎȖȚȜȐȞȨȕȘȖȠȓ Ȗ ȝȞȜȤȓȟȖȠȓ, ȟȐȨȞȕȎțȖ ȟ
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠțȎȠȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠțȎȠȎ ȘȜȚȡțȖȘȎȤȖȭ,
ȕȎțȖȚȎȐȎ ȟȓ ȟ ȢȜȞȚȖȞȎțȓȠȜ Ȗ ȟ ȞȎȕȐȖȠȖȓȠȜ țȎ ȠȓȣțȖȠȓ ȟȖȟȠȓȚȖ,
ȞȎȕȑșȓȔȒȎțȖ ȘȎȠȜ ȓȒțȜ ȤȭșȜ.
ǮȠȎțȎȟȜȐ, ȃȞ., 2016. ǽȜȐȠȜȞțȎȠȎ ȡȝȜȠȞȓȏȎ țȎ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ,
ǳȐȞȜȝȓȗȟȘȖȠȓ ȒȖȞȓȘȠȖȐȖ Ȗ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȖȠȓ ȒȨȞȔȎȐțȖ ȎȞȣȖȐȖ.
ǮȞȣȖȐȓț ȝȞȓȑșȓȒ, 2, 42 – 48.
ǯȎȥȖșȜ, ǹ., 2000. ǿȜȐȞȓȚȓțțȩȓ ȝȞȎȐȜȐȩȓ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚȩ
ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖȞȜȐȎțȖȭ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȖ. ǰ: ǲȜȘȡȚȓțȠȎȤȖȭ Ȑ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎ-
ȤȖȜțțȜȚ ȜȏȧȓȟȠȐȓ: ȫșȓȘȠȞȜțțȜȓ Ȓȓ-șȜȝȞȜȖȕȐȜȒȟȠȐȜ Ȗ ȫșȓȘȠȞȜț-
țȩȗ ȎȞȣȖȐ. ǲȜȟȠȨȝȓț țȎ: https://studizba.com/files/show/doc/47951-
5-17687.html
ǲȓțȥȓȐ, ǿ., 2019. ǶțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭ Ȗ ȟȖȑȡȞțȜȟȠ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǵȎ ȏȡȘȐȖȠȓ –
Ǽ ȝȖȟȚȓțȓȣȪ.
ǹȎȞȘȜȐ, ǻ., 2010. ǮȘȠȡȎșțȖ ȝȞȜȏșȓȚȖ țȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȜȕțȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ
ȟȨȐȞȓȚȓțțȖȭ ȓȠȎȝ. ǮȞȣȖȐȓț ȝȞȓȑșȓȒ, 3 – 4, 47 – 55.
ǺȓȠȜȒȖȥȓȟȘȖ ȘȜȒȓȘȟ, 2013. ǿȐȖȠȨȘ 4, ǻȎȡȥțȜ-ȟȝȞȎȐȜȥȓț ȎȝȎȞȎȠ,
ȒȜȟȠȨȝ Ȗ ȖȕȝȜșȕȐȎțȓ țȎ ȎȞȣȖȐțȖȠȓ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǲȨȞȔȎȐțȎ
ȎȑȓțȤȖȭ ǮȞȣȖȐȖ.
ǽȓȠȘȜȐȎ, ǿȠ., 2011. ȁȐȜȒ Ȑ ȎȞȣȖȐȜȕțȎțȖȓȠȜ. ǰȓșȖȘȜ ȀȨȞțȜȐȜ:
ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȜ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ „ǿȐ. ǿȐ. ǸȖȞȖș Ȗ ǺȓȠȜȒȖȗ“.
ǿȎȥȓȐ, ǳȐ., 2015. ǸȡșȠȡȞȜțȜȚȖȥțȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȜșȜȑȖȭ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: ǶǸ
„ǻȜȐȎȠȎ ȤȖȐȖșȖȕȎȤȖȭ“.
ǿȎȥȓȐ, ǳȐ., 2011. ǰȨȐȓȒȓțȖȓ Ȑ ȘȡșȠȡȞȜțȜȚȖȭȠȎ. ǿȜȢȖȭ: Ǯǰ
„ǲȖȕȎȗț ǱȞȡȝ“.
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dostap i izpolzvane na arhivnite dokumenti. Sofia: Darzhavna
agentsia Arhivi.
Petkova, St., 2011. Uvod v arhivoznanieto. Veliko Tarnovo:
Universitetsko izdatelstvo “Sv. Sv. Kiril i Metodiy”.
Sachev, Ev., 2015. Kulturonomichna dokumentologia. Sofia: IK
“Novata tsivilizatsia“.
Sachev, Ev., 2011. Vavedenie v kulturonomiyata. Sofia: AV “Dizayn
Grup“.
SOME MODERN ASPECTS OF CULTURONOMIC

DOCUMENTOLOGY AND THE WORK WITH
DOCUMENTS. ARCHIVING AND SECURITY OF
DOCUMENTARY INFORMATION
Abstract: The high dynamics of life and the unusually high
intensity of communications all over the world lead to a huge
expansion of the communication and information process. With the
exception of unspoken human thoughts, all other information exists
only in the form of documents. This shows the important place of
documents in our life. All forms of materialized and immaterialized
information have a documentary status, which are created mainly for
social information purposes, carry socially significant information
and are disseminated in the social space and time. This article
attempts to examine the place of documents on a global scale and
their significance on all issues concerning global communication and
their growing role in modern society. Up-to-date methods for
archiving and security of documentary information will be presented,
contributing to the trouble-free storage and reading of documents in
the future.
Keywords: archiving, document, culturonomic documentology,
security.
Nelly Ninova, ǺǮ
University of Library Studies and Information Technology/
Sofia 1784, 119 Tsarigradsko Shosse Blvd.
Phone number: 0897 27 27 07
502
Iren Ilieva, ǺǮ
DimitȎr Dimitrov, ǺǮ
E-mail address: d.dimitrov@unibit.bg
503
ǯȈǹǱǮǾǿǸǶȀǳ ǵǳǺǶ ǰ ǮǾȃǶǰǶȀǳ Ƕ ǲǼǸȁǺǳǻȀǶȀǳ
ǼȀ XVIII – XIX ǰǳǸ:
ǯȨșȑȎȞȟȘȎ
ǽȨȞȐȜ ȖȕȒȎțȖȓ
ǿȨȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ Ȗ țȎȡȥțȖ ȞȓȒȎȘȠȜȞȖ:

ȒȜȤ. Ȓ-Ȟ ȃȞȖȟȠȖȭț ǮȠȎțȎȟȜȐ, ȝȞȜȢ. Ȓ.ț. ǼȞșȖț ǿȨȏȓȐ
ǻȎȡȥțȖ ȞȓȤȓțȕȓțȠȖ:
ȥș.-ȘȜȞ. ȝȞȜȢ. Ȓ.Ȗ.ț. ǾȡȚȭțȎ ǾȎȒȘȜȐȎ,
ȝȞȜȢ. Ȓ.Ȗ.ț. ǰȓȞȎ ǯȜțȓȐȎ
ǾȓȒȎȘȠȜȞ Ȗ ȘȜȞȓȘȠȜȞ:
ǯȖȟȠȞȎ ǺȎȞȘȜȐȎ
ǲȖȕȎȗț țȎ ȘȜȞȖȤȎȠȎ:
Ȓ-Ȟ ȃȞȖȟȠȜ ȃȞȖȟȠȜȐ
ȂȜȞȚȎȠ 70/100/16
ǽȓȥȎȠțȖ ȘȜșȖ 31,5
ǽȞȓȒȝȓȥȎȠ Ȗ ȝȓȥȎȠ:
ǯǽǿ ǼǼǲ
ǮȘȎȒȓȚȖȥțȜ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ „ǵȎ ȏȡȘȐȖȠȓ – Ǽ ȝȖȟȚȓțȓȣȪ“

ISBN 978-619-185-585-8

1.4.5. Българските Земи в Архивите

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ǯȈǹǱǮǾǿǸǶȀǳ ǵǳǺǶ ǰ ǮǾȃǶǰǶȀǳ

Ƕ ǲǼǸȁǺǳǻȀǶȀǳ ǼȀ XVIII – XIX ǰǳǸ:

THE BULGARIAN LANDS IN THE ARCHIVES

ǳȘȖȝȨȠ țȎ ȝȞȜȓȘȠȎ țȜȟȖ ȤȭșȎȠȎ ȜȠȑȜȐȜȞțȜȟȠ ȕȎ ȟȨȒȨȞȔȎțȖȓȠȜ țȎ

© ǲȜȤ. Ȓ-Ȟ ȃȞȖȟȠȖȭț ǮȠȎțȎȟȜȐ, ȝȞȜȢ. Ȓ.ț. ǼȞșȖț ǿȨȏȓȐ, ȟȨȟȠȎȐȖȠȓșȖ Ȗ

Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɱɧɨ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ „Ɂɚ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ – Ɉ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɟɯɶ“

ǲǼǸȁǺǳǻȀǶ Ƕ ǶǿȀǼǾǶȅǳǿǸǶ ǾǮǵǸǮǵ

RECORDS AND HISTORICAL NARRATIVES

ǽȞȜȢ. Ȓ.ț. ǼȞșȖț ǿȨȏȓȐ

ǶțȟȠȖȠȡȠ ȕȎ ȏȎșȘȎțȖȟȠȖȘȎ ȟ ȄȓțȠȨȞ ȝȜ ȠȞȎȘȜșȜȑȖȭ

ǾȓȕȬȚȓ: ǰ ȟȠȡȒȖȭȠȎ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȒȟȠȎȐȭȠ Ȗ ȎțȎșȖȕȖȞȎȠ țȜȐȜȖȕȒȖȞȓ-

ǺȭȟȠȜȠȜ țȎ ȑȞȎȒ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ (ǯȜȠȓȐȑȞȎȒ ȜȠ 1934 ȑ.) Ȑ țȎȤȖȜ-

„ǻȎ 5 ȭțȡȎȞȖ 1865 ȑ. ȜȠȝȖȟȎȣȎ [ȜȘȜșȖȭ] ǳȠȞȜȝȜșȓ ȜȠ [ȜȘ-

ȀȎȘȎ ȠȞȎțȟȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȭȠȎ țȎ ȟȓșȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒ ǼȞ-

„ǲȜ ȐȎȟ, ȝȨȞȐȓțȤȖ țȎ ȟ. ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ. ǸȎȠȜ ȝȜșȡȥȖȠȓ

ǾȓțȖ ǹȎȕȎȞȜȐȎ ȒȜȝȡȟȘȎ, ȥȓ ȝȜȒ „ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȖ ȢȓȞȚȎț“ ǾȜ-

ǻȜȐȜȖȕȒȖȞȓțȖȠȓ ȜȟȚȎțȟȘȖ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠȖ

ǸȎȘȠȜ ȟȓ ȐȖȔȒȎ ȜȠ ȠȎȏșȖȤȎȠȎ, ȝȞȓȕ 1290/1873 – 1874 ȑ.

ǵȎȧȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȟȠȎȐȎ ȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȨȞ?

ǸȜȑȎ ȟȓșȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȟȓ ȝȞȓȐȞȨȧȎ Ȑ ȑȞȎȒ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ?

ǵȎȧȜ ǿȎȚȡțȒȔȖȓȐȜ ȓ ȝȞȓȖȚȓțȡȐȎțȜ țȎ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ?

1. ǹȓȠȜȝȖȟțȖ ȏȓșȓȔȘȖ țȎ ȃȎȒȔȖ ȄȓțȜ ǸȡȞȠȎțȜȐ

ǵȎȝșȎȠȖ țȎ ȟșȡȔȖȠȓșȖȠȓ, ȘȜȖȠȜ ȧȓ ȏȨȒȎȠ țȎȕțȎȥȓțȖ:

ǿȠȜȗțȜȟȠ, ȟ ȘȜȭȠȜ ȠȞȭȏȐȎ ȒȎ ȏȨȒȎȠ țȎȚȎșȓțȖ ȕȎȝșȎȠȖȠȓ,

ǿȝȖȟȨȘ țȎ ȕȎȝșȎȠȖȠȓ Ȑ țȜȐȖȠȓ ȜȘȜșȖȗȟȘȖ ȤȓțȠȞȜȐȓ ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț Ȗ ǼȞȣȎțȖȓ

ǲȜ ȐȖȟȜȥȎȗȦȓȠȜ ȐȓȒȜȚȟȠȐȜ țȎ ȐȓșȖȘȖȭ ȐȓȕȖȞ

ǱȞȎȒȨȠ (ȘȎȟȎȏȎ) ȀȡȠȞȎȘȎț e ȞȎȕȝȜșȜȔȓț țȎ ȏȞȓȑȎ țȎ ȞȓȘȎ

ǽȞȜȠȜȘȜș ȜȠ ȕȎȟȓȒȎțȖȓ țȎ ǼȏșȎȟȠțȖȭ ȎȒȚȖțȖȟȠȞȎȠȖȐȓț ȟȨȐȓȠ Ȑ Ǿȡȟȓ,

4. ǶȕșȜȔȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ȐȓșȖȘȖȭ ȐȓȕȖȞ ȒȜ ȟȡșȠȎțȟȘȎȠȎ

ǰȖȟȜȘȜȡȐȎȔȎȓȚȖ ȥȓȟȠȖȠȖ ȑȜȟȝȜȒȎȞȬ,

ǽȞȜȢ. Ȓ-Ȟ ǻȎȒȭ ǺȎțȜșȜȐȎ-ǻȖȘȜșȜȐȎ

ǿȜȢȖȗȟȘȖ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠ „ǿȐ. ǸșȖȚȓțȠ ǼȣȞȖȒȟȘȖ“

ǾȓȕȬȚȓ: ǰ ȟȠȎȠȖȭȠȎ ȟȓ ȝȡȏșȖȘȡȐȎ ȒȜȘȡȚȓțȠ – ȝȖȟȚȜ ȜȠ ȚȖȠ-

ǵȜȑȞȎȢȨȠ ǸȜȟȠȎȒȖț ǽȓȠȞȜȐȖȥ ǰȎșȪȜȐ (ȘȞ. XVIII Ȑ. – 1863),

„ǶȕȐȜșȓțȖȓ WȤȎ ǻȟȝȜȝȓȦȓțiȓ ǿȠȎȑȜ ǲȣȎ wȏțȜȐșȓțiȓ

ǽȜȞȠȞȓȠȨȠ ȝȞȓȒȖȕȐȖȘȐȎ ȖȕȐȓȟȠțȖ ȟȨȚțȓțȖȭ Ȗ ȝȖȠȎțȖȭ.

ǿȝȜȞȓȒ ȝȖȟȚȜȠȜ ȣȡȒȜȔțȖȘȨȠ ȟȓ ȓ țȎȚȖȞȎș Ȑ ȕȎȠȐȜȞȎ țȎ

UNKNOWN DOCUMENT ABOUT TRAN AND THE

ǽȞȜȢ. Ȓ.Ȗ.ț., Ȓ.ț.Ș. ǰȓȞȎ ǯȜțȓȐȎ

ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠ ȝȜ ȏȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȜȕțȎțȖȓ Ȗ ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȖ

ǾȓȕȬȚȓ: ǿȠȎȠȖȭȠȎ ȖȚȎ ȕȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȜȐȎȠȓșȟȘȖ ȜȏȓȘȠ ȒȓȗțȜȟȠȠȎ

ǲ-Ȟ ǽȓȠȨȞ ǸȨȞȒȔȖȓȐ (1868 – 1963) ȓ ȓȒȖț ȜȠ țȎȗ-ȐșȖȭ-

1. „ǽȞȖȕȜȐȎȐȎțȖȓ“ – ȜȏȞȨȧȓțȖȓ ȜȠ ȖțȖȤȖȎȠȖȐțȖȭ ȘȜȚȖȠȓȠ ȕȎ

ȁȟȠȎȐ ȕȎ ȡȟȠȞȜȗȟȠȐȜȠȜ țȎ ǻȎȞȜȒțȜȠȜ ȏȨșȑȎȞȟȘȜ

ǳȒȖț ȒȜȟȠȜȝȜȣȐȎșȓț Ȗ ȒȜȟȠȜȝȎȚȓȠȓț ȝȞȖȚȓȞ

ǽȞȜȢ. Ȓ-Ȟ ǶȞȖțȎ ǿȎȞȨȖȐȎțȜȐȎ

ǿȜȢȖȗȟȘȖ ȡțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠ „ǿȐ. ǸșȖȚȓțȠ ǼȣȞȖȒȟȘȖ“

ǾȓȕȬȚȓ: ȂȜȘȡȟȨȠ Ȑ ȠȜȕȖ ȠȓȘȟȠ ȓ ȝȜȟȠȎȐȓț ȐȨȞȣȡ țȭȘȜȖ ȜȟȜȏȓ-

ǻȎȟȠȜȭȧȖȭȠ ȠȓȘȟȠ ȓ ȝȞȜȐȜȘȖȞȎț ȜȠ ȟȝȓȤȖȢȖȘȖȠȓ țȎ ȝȞȓ-

ǻǯǸǺ, ǯǶǮ, II ǰ 9917ȓ

ǻǯǸǺ, ǼȞȖȓțȠȎșȟȘȖ ȟȏȖȞȘȖ, ǼǮǸ 30/97

A TRANSLATION IN OTTOMAN TURKISH

Assoc. Prof. Hristiyan Atanasov, PhD

University of Library Studies and Information Technologies

Abstract: This article includes translation of four documents

This article presents and analyses four documents that

The Bulgarians and the Ottoman armed forces

Who were the Bulgarians who were to be recruited to

The person who requested the surety bonds

The persons who issued the documents

“Council of the town (municipal) government” of Vidin.

Moreover, given the fact that revolutionary detachments

Draft of a letter to the Ministry of the Interior dated

Therefore, I can confidently assert that in Vidin and the