isecss | Prineiples of Communication Systems —__SVIT _ SAMPLING MoDULE-5 ¢ & QUANTIZATION 22» CONTINUATION BS . The Quant gatten process tm Definition? The process of trantforming Sampled amplitude Values eRamessage Signal ts a discrete ampl?tude value @ digcreta amplitude Level 14 Called aS * QUANTIZATION” RRR ae oe (NT; ) —>| QUANTIZER ‘Bxplanaton : (nts) a(n) parce © Constder a continuoyptine 4gna zct) , whose Excursions axe Confined 1b the voliage Tange Yt Vj 108 Shown bn Figur. s.1. Let (NTs) be The Sampled vession oan ou] © Lek the numbes af Tepuired Quant ser Levelg t& ‘8’ [bot Ly \ = IO Genera), te Number of levels i a Quaaliger fe given : R O& be So yi Lod yo 2 R= No Aine ° Ny corte , Wepre oo wy Migev {ns Wo udvp-— : = — Pay tol Ls év $e gy] 100 Ly sv oc u A gq] ol av fq : fas yY- ok Us 3b YG SG 6K TE BG 915 Fig.5-)2 Quaatigation Pess Dr. Venkatesha M, Associate Professor, Department of ECE, SVIT venkatesha.m@saividya.ac.inPrinciples of Communication Systems svIT ECS 2 « SlepSize 16 denoted by A and % given by Az Ya tohew L=gh + Number o Levels ,R2Number of bil tw Zach fevel -V, "Step Size, A= eM a 41} the Skepsize ‘A Tg matnlained Same treoughoud em prwcess of Quant ation hen 3+ 1.4 vepewed I a3 “UNIFORM QUANTIZATION” # Tre diPferenc between the Contauous amplitude leve) aad Quantized Bignal level is known of Quant gaHon €#07” Le, Quantization ev, C= %aCnTs)— X (NTS) whese Quantal en ewor varies fom +2, Te ~4/ ¥ Te andom eworg due fe QuaatiZation process psoduces A Noise atte output of the Quantizes and 76 ne Pesred 15 a3 " Quaokaation sfc" + Consider Piguee Sl, the Sampliog , Quankiziog aad coding OF aa analog Signal 16 of Follows Sampled Values ” 3y | bev] Sav] 6av] 1 Analog £igna) ev) sav 6av] t3v | Fev fav Nearest Quantizes Leve} by faa fig Lyf be [Lg fly | Ly Quankzer level} av | 3v jav|Sv| 6v | tv] av] tv Voltage Binasycede [904 Jolo ou |too {t0) [tio fi | tio Dr. Venkatesha M, Associate Professor, Department of ECE, SVIT venkatesha,m@saividya.ac.inPrineiples of Communication Systems ——___SVIT. isecs3 SS Blas NH ZEws 2- wil? TAB ESATA ; Frere are Q-Typ fF Quaakzews Nam y Zy Mid-Txead type Quant zer . dit) Mid- Raiser type Quantizea: <> mid Tread uaatizer t= © aie Seed Hee BAS «Im mid-tread Quaati3ex, “he decision stireshold of fhe Puaarizers are located oF $4,434,454 2 and “ah 2 Zz? ° + Representation levels axe cated ap 0, to, $24, 434,. A> slepsize. +A ucifesm Quaatizes Chasactesi3ed fn AKI way 1 aefened 1 ag a : ~ AC RQucniizer of mid tread type. ' © Osigio lies tm the middle of ateag Fa Sreaivose graph- ' Mid-Twead QUadHZer ° Tothis type Quantization level ase wee ODD Numbes Derive the expression forthe eukpuk Signal te Neise Rabo of a Quant zer _— + fe Use ef Quankigation wtmducer an ewe defined a8 the itpesence behveen the & inpuk &igra) ‘7m? aoe the eubpul- Aiqna) ‘V’, This eam 1 Galled Quant gation NeSE- = P__ Signal power __, day . (sn), a 7 lols power Magnitude FS9-S-2 Tilushaton of Quantiza hie Paces & Neise F7g.5.2, Bhows atyplod Variation of the QU antigatioy Noise aga fuachan af tine, assuming Ihe Use of a uni Foren Quaasizes of Ihe mid- tread type. + Let QRandear Variable 'Q’ denotes tie Quaatizabian corer g- ‘4? 747G Sample Value te, YEM-V _@ phar m=Tapus Signa) Value , Veourpur fe Value. consider aa tapub ign (m’ Paving Gntiauous anp)ihile fo the Tage Verax > Veiae )» Then te Btep Ab% 4 fhe | Quant zer is, | Shep 5} — VHT VL Vetae~ Mii) _ 2a | Ze, Az Hk = Sax = 2Max ) 7 “i fe L=No- sf Level - Dr. Venkatesha M, Associate Professor, Department of ECE, SVIT venkatesha m@saividya.ac.inPrinciples of Communication Systems SVIT 1sEcs3. 5D errr '®’ fg op follond? jt ola a igiaf 4° S69 49 0 , otherwise | + The Meriance CoG?) f Quantigaton enors ° oo = 2 R J ¢ tv49 2 Subs Hue, vat | : 4. a= J Px dy rc , |: Lye <2 42 Sle eal, 44 = [4] [2 4). m?_ 1 fea)“ 4 3 is oR esn ak [e+ Me} 515] I» : | —<4> Og Variance, ts alto Knowa az mean SWared QuacdiZabian Arex © NogmALi2ED Nose POWER ® QuankiZzakon Noise hn tems of i Power, % Lek 'R’ bethe shumbes oF bIB Dex Sample. thea the Quant Zaha) Levee: L= Qk —%> Gubsthite L=a® fry Alp Side 4,equah on @) Ac Bix 3 | ~* Dr. Venkatesha M, Associate Professor, Department of ECE, SVIT venkatesha.m@saividya.ac.inSVIT 18ECS3 6 Principles of Communication Systems Supsiiu equation &> th eyuatiun @ we gu- 2 ve - = & 1a Vitex) uot ig = Gee) 4 eine ie nee |e Ig = oo 3 Max Power — > der 'p’ be the average powex porsent in message Signal, mc) Fea output Bignal*neise Rakha SNR») 5: np), =— Stare pones = P— 0 Noige power = Og” ee Subs Khu Og = 5 Magan 2 In-cerm "$ ‘de’ a 7 AR = lo Loy ees) = 0a 4 i (SNR) ue wna) 1 shana! poner =? p = Vin fos Siausvida) Message ag @o Gabyy= tole [3 tial sxd (SNR)gdg = (2408 Cl 2) tenga (a +6R) dB Dr. Venkatesha M, Associate Professor, Department of ECE, SVIT venkatesha,m@saividya.ac.inPrinciples of Communicat systems sviT 1sECs3F 5eB% PULse CODE MODULATION $— #% VIUMODEL QPF AN rar ar es @& With aneat diagram explain tre basic elemeng of a Pow system. Ly ta pulse code Modulation (pcm), @ message 519 nal 8s Teprezented by a Seyuence ep. Coded Pe ls fom accomph Shed by representing the gna! fn a fn both Hime and amplitude , source & _ Conti nu ime ® }->|SampLer Message ignal Lay Transinites pistored Fi =, Regenesated Regenerative Ls .. . _»|Regenesalive eM Bigral produced Repeaters Repeaters Eoplied our 7 the Tecever Channe) Tap olp 2) Transmission PATH e — Final [Regeneration c E CONSTRUCTION | “3 cwany 18 s tes ee) Chane) E R <> REAR VER F'9.9-3 5 The Basic elemenk of a pem Aysiem FL, fg. 6-3, shows the basic Glemenk ma poem Aysiem Ly The bogte operakons performed in the tracemitier of a pem System are Sampling, Quantization and Encoding Ls the bloce diagram vf -transmitits 18 Bho tm FTg.5:3¢a>, Dr. Venkatesha M, Associate Professor, Department of ECE, SVIT venkatesha.m@saividya.ac.inPrinciples of Communication Systems svir isecs3 8 by Re Low pass Filler prion To Sampling. 1& facluded te prevent | alfaging of the Message &ignal : Ly The QuanhiZatian aad encoding operations are Usually pespormed fn the Same circuit, which 14 called ac Analog-te~ DIGITAL Converter * The daxic operations in the Pert Reciever ave vegeneration of Impaired Atgnals UBiAg regenesalion Gmult, Decoding aad recoreuchon of thetrain «f Quankzed Aamples © he block diagram sf Ihe Teaever 15 Bhowa fy FtG-5-3 40r — ~ — = * Regeneration algo occurs at the intermediate pinks aleng the | transmission path ep Communteation channel OS Bhown 55) | £T9-5.3. , Trasgmissian path - Explanahen 5 Ztmpordant elements > <1 Samphags- According fb Sampling treo “she Sampling Tate Must be greater than os equal Ie the highest Preqpenuy Component “IW” *% the rressage ignal”. ie, |Fa raw Kid Quast gation 2 the Sampled veusion of Te message signal fe guectad Quantizes produces anew wepresentatan of Ihe Aignal thar ta discaets wn both tome and aenphhude . TYyPB axe + Mid-Tread type | © mid- Rise type | diit> Encoding. te we Ly Tre outpud q Quantiger 16 fed lp Encodes. | | Dr. Venkatesha M, Associate Professor, Department of ECE, SVIT venkatesha,m@saividya.ac.inPrinciples of Communication Systems sviT _ isecss FT +The digital data Can be we paesented by diferent signalling. formatg | <0 tracamit dightal data eves Commun icitian channel : + TRe Various £ignalling formals @ Waveforms @Entodfang techniq- - Ue are Known o& Line codes + The Most commenly used line codes ave : | 4) Unt polay NRZ | > polas NRZ & Unipolax RZ Bipolay RZ & Jechni ue B% | i These | > MANCHESTER (spltt phase) 5 A ered ta next Sem > Be Ooh #* Regenesabon’- WA ane Regenerated pem piétorted Fampl Pie paw Zignad | equalizes Tirsing- circuit FIG 6-42 Block diagrae ch a regenerative Rpeake % Regeneration | pom tuave 1g dene at iokemedialk pein along! the hrassionission -pat ,zsheneves necessary TB block diagrae Bs , Showa fn Frg.6-4., ie + It Tavolves the generat on F a pulge. The amplitude 4 the decoded pulse must be equal Ib liocar fun the pulses fn the codeword. Lengths of codewosd fA ja] - Reih vid Filtering: : . Med ais a process Ff atcoveriag message Signal TH dene by passing decoded aignal theough the lowpass deconstau-| = hon Prev. vp Pa ets Lo Apphe@kus Using pom th 8 recesseay | to mudi plex diffeaent message souaces by Tom a AIBCUSSey fv Module-4 5 Dr. Venkatesha M, Associate Professor, Department of ECE, SVIT venkatesha m@saividya.acin__Principles of Communication Systems SVIT 18ECS3 10 =| Numerfea) Problems on aM & Quantisation oe Uigt of formulae + Ce es > Sampling: Fe= abl 2 Nyquier Rate ii) codeword length L= ak R=Numbes of brig U&ed 9 POM Quantined level? L= a® dv) Quachgation Alip Side: 4 = YMax7 Yan Avis Transmission Baadisidts #f peo : RR Brean) a te Wd signal & Quant zation noise BS Etre) BP gah Gna) = pxk” 2 Fer Sinupwida) messege oe % : w= Ax fnplil _ Aid er a (eeu) = Re pops “ST Prner Pa Sm i> A compad Dis¢ (cD) vecords audio Signal digiany wing Pom. Assume the audto Signa) bandwidth jg be ISKHZ . Za) Whab is Re Nyquist Rat? dbs TH the Nyquist Samples dae Quantized te L= 65,536. Level dad then binasy coded: Delesmine tre Number of brig TeVUided te @ncode a Sample - <> Assuming the Signa) 18 Ginusided & Tat the Mpximuar Aigna) amplitude 14 1¥5 Deleemé oe The Quantigahion Slip & The signa) fs Quantizahon bol"* Noler Ratio. ; | Belt Given Audio Bignal bandwidth »-W=ISKHZ | La> Nypuist Raa = Ql 2 QxK = 3OKHZ QS Avent L= 65/536, Nopbib R=? wet. L=ak af Apply Ing, onde Bee Lop pCt) = 199ya" = R dogs wi pe.op bi p= 209) _ $04 60,536) _ i. @) ~ 409 (a) R= 6 bik y Dr. Venkatesh M, Associate Profesor, Department of ECE, SVIT ‘oantan@abiiaach WVTU M@ELQp#Principles of Communication Systems vit wecs3 Mt <> Given: signa) ig Sinusvida). Veet AV os Viggen !¥ | Quantization tip, a= 2 2 GNR)= ? + Quarhzehn Slip, j— Vmax —V -¢ lip, A= Vmax—Voant 4-4) _ - ak a = 20> 0.0078126 Vier * Stgnal fb Quantizakun Noise Ratio Gwr),= SP_ gt 2, a mix | Signal powers Po Vier — C1 > - een yy= OSW 2 War *2 2 R=8 . 2(8) | (Ne) = Bx008 , gf = bsxae (> Exe), = 98,304 ® A Ty-signal with a Bacdwidt, op 4.8 MHz is trangmitied Using binasy pcm. The Numbes of mprezentatian levela & Big. Calculate <1) code Word length code word lengts : L=a® - fode word length R= A09CL) _ log (sia) 4og(a) 40902) . R= 9 bik ai Trades mission Bacel wid (- atven + we4erxio’ w BW page Refs = VAQW) = 4xQx 42x10" Bw pey= 15-6 MRE Lit Final br 2 Bit Rae = RE =9% boyy )- Is Final bik wale 28 Pale = Rea ga 26 MIbPS Dr. Venkatesha M, Associate Professor, Department of ECE, SVIT venkatesha.m@saividya.acinPrinciples of Communication Systems SvIT 18ECS3 12 ANY AAR Rs One : LQ) lhat ave the destsable properties of digital wavePorms ? To teansett a bTt Sequence {00 11011, Draw the resuling- Waveforms “Ustg- Llatpolas NRZ 3 polar NRZ 1 Unipolar R22 Btpolas RZ + Maachesiey Gplit phase). eMarks Pekistion Ofgtinl waveforms [Ling codes Ly a digital Wavefavm|Line code f& @ pattern of voltage @® current sed te Mpresenr drgtred data- 43 Poopertios F Digita) Waveform * NS a OES Ly Digital ‘wavefarm| signal 1s used bb Xpresent data of a Sequence of dtgcrele Values. L, At cay given fostant Te take, at Dumber ef Values. The Dusation of Cach level Ly Zt can have two possible Values. eee ure tt i& called binayy Signa) @ logic Signal. one value % Near & refeence Value (usually @rouad|‘0' wis) ang the other Value 75 near the Supply vollage (vee SV). THe Following Fiye Baste line codes [pigitel woweforms) axe “Ubed fe Wepresenh the d?gi}jal data. trey ave - &i> UNIPOLAR NRZ (Non Return bb Zew) Ki} polas NRZ Mid Unipolar R2 (Return bs Zem) moat, one of a Fonthe [bit Same Same gy Bipolas RZ kv) Manchester (spli tphase’)) Ler us confides a brt Sequence>? | 001) 0 J) venkatesha m@saividya.ac.in Dr. Venkatesha M, Associate Professor, Department of ECE, SVITPrinciples of Communication 8; I+ Unipolas NRz j- AA RA One ' ' ° 1ootiot | TE xct) be tke DIgi ded: formar ©. 88 4 KAAS wavefiam. Then Untpolas NRz Bia! TI Tet tw! Thy Th! To format 76 defined o& follows * Axe unied aR Nez , | Symbol’ AS ects 4A socteT, tAKY H Va! A salsa! \ Symbol O's xe 0 socen @| |olo] | [ol | L ' v ' t * POLAR NRE 2 Axwsrpoaahez ; | | | ~~ Ah \ | 4A Fymbol'Ls KZA 202 / te fas Aymbol'o’: 2W=-~A 2 ostey A va “al | °, S- UNIpoLAR RZ 2- Sy yg ttt “| ;-™ Re: UNipapRt » | | | | Sembol dS zeata sosteh ' 0 2 Teetea, | Bymbol 0: xLeH)= 9 2 oL+25, be [4+ Bipolar Rz + - Le aymbol-4: i oct © SBetet, OF XW= Ae ostlhy O° Bester, B SEOREEY CSPI phate Axes Aymbo\ d= pt)— fy. 206 SOAs ' ' Axjebol0” ‘ymbo} £0". oun § - Alodch ' +ASB Beth Lg \ | Nole? Using above Hnecoding | aie , ! | —kehniquies Digital IP's ean be dyawon Fox Aly Giver) Lreraey late. Dr. Venkatesha M, Associate Professor, Department of ECE, SVIT : venkatesha,m@salvidya.ac.inPrinciples of Communication Systems SVIT isecss 14 4 ] 55 beta Modulation > Spm) b Jo Delta Modulaten, an Tocoming message &ignal 746 evessampled Cie, aka vate much higher than the Nyyist rate) sto purposely increaze the cesrelatian behwoeen adjacent Samples of each ignal. Ly oversampling 88 dene js pesmi} the Use ofa simple Quant zing Shrabegy Per conshuding the encoded &gnal. Ly Delta modulation ZDM), provides @ Stale case approxtevatio} -to the oversampled Ve ssion of the message Brqnal @ Bhoun fa Fig-5 5. o the difference between the input and the approy- — bration i Yuanhzed ftp only two levels tr Come’ ponding by +ve &-ve dit feoences wesperively + T4138 found Whar Ataincare APPWMXimetian WmaiR “HSI FA of- the Snpud sie- OP OOTIIINII gg 96 Ly Ler’ mbt be the Fop SiR." Binany Sequency a+ Modular Op Ly matt) be Ike Bhar Case @) . appaoxionalion of mit). FIG 5.5; Tiiubbaten q Delle Modubkion the basic prindple of delta modulak on roup be Foareoli Zed fate Polloweng Sek discrete Home velatiens * evr Signa CNTs) = /(NTs)-Mq (NT-Ts ) ; Za ‘Guntised yerign oF : Cg (nT3) = asgn [ecntj] e) mg (Nb) = m4 (E-Ts) +64 lng) Whee TE i6 the Ram pling -pexiod. > @8) Dr. Venkatesha M, Associate Professor, Department of ECE, SVIT venkatesha.m@saividya.ac.inPrinciples of Communication Systems SVIT. 1sECs3_ 15 © £79 5-5 @) Llushetes the staircase gpproximabion rigct) Follow the Variations fn the fnpub Aigra) tr accordance sit ewoahons 1b 3. * Frgue. 6-5 Shows Corresponding binaay Sequence ar the delta modulaty ouspub ° TO betta Modulation, The vale § Pnformatiin trarion 1% equ bb the Sawmpling wat f= Yr, - Compara tus Sampled +€ ecm) Jopur Ts) Accum ulabor Ca) Trace ter & (Ch) Receiver FFFg D6: (4) Delta: Modhil ation Custer Analog 15 cltgike) encoder . @® Digried & Analeg Decoder. (Recover) bythe principle virtue ef delta modulation wit simpli dty Ir may be generated by applying the Sampled vexsion of Zz facoming message Arigna) fs a Afgitalencodes fray tvolves & Gomparates, Quankizer and—Accuumulabar OS Bhown % Ferganne ee 6 Cb), tre BtUT@se approximahen, veciver shoudn *n Fig 5 ? ae ce weconbiry ced» TH bandieidts 16 Gy.tas 40 the oxtpird ad oid ts message ba 2 _*¢ Dr. Venkatesha M, Associate Professor, Department of ECE, SVIT venkatesha.m@saividya.ac.inPrinciples of Communication Systems SVIT 1sECs3 16 B68 DIG Zaton F VIDEO & MPEG t- (short nob) | nm ww mae wo + Modess Video compression techniques oFPer 4 Way de repramnt Video in an ef fice & TURE manner ¥ Video can be veprsented by 3-dienentions . Two dfmentions Are Spatial and separentk a Atl Image, while the third dimension te ‘Temporal’ and eepresentg how the image Evolves v9tth Hime . # The SHI Image tg actually vepocsented by Theee-dimensions vCfemed 18 as the LUMINANCE (Brightness) and Two CHROMINANCE (color) Compenenk [similar To R&B in as, aandleg Video signed) + The MPEG Standard Hekes advantage op. the high degree °F Spatta) andstempora) Gomelahion-thab ia Gopecied fr a Video igna) teardes is wdluce the No P bi b- yequired [6 sepeesent the’ 3ignad. + the Toles pretevion ef the Complex psvcessing thab occtras the MPEG-4 Video Cempoession Ktasdard bk Shown ty the block dicigrany of Figure 5-6 . F°8.5-6:Stmpltfied block diagramat. Video Signal) + the processing that 1s shown F1¢3+6,% applied Te each cE the three dimensions LumiNANCE & CHRpM): PrKessing . INANCE Compo Separately. en ad Dr. Venkatesha M, Associate Professor, Department of ECE, SVIT venkatesha m@saividya.ac.i| _Principles of Communication Systems sviT _ iecss 19 BT: Applighons f6 VocoDERS 3- (short noe) AN ARAN RA | ts Linear predrcian coding CLpc) VOCoDERS ctre model based pte’. Baed on tka human Kpeech mode), a voice encedfng appreach can be egtablished Ls Fig.5-7, Shows analysis and aynthesis of. Voice Signals in ao LPC encoder and cleceder. e lecisies, PIAMErP RSV SYNTHESIZER” Gain ANALYSE R F¢g-6.1 2 Analyses & Synthesizer f Voice Rgnak in Lpc +o the analysis fa Sampled Voice Segmenh, the pitch ondlipy will Freat determine whether the Speech 14 a Veiced © Uoveiced Piece/segmed The LpcAnalyser 155) e&tmale the all pole Filter Co- ebb Cienk . & The Synthesizer) Which Povduces the Speech Samples at the destination followed by tke Quanhzer , Channel ded Parameke Tecovery . paramestr wcovery Extrack” plich , Voiceluavoiad pices & Gain uPi Her co-cbircdenk . ww # HH END of MODULES # > Dr. Venkatesha M, Associate Professor, Department of ECE, SVIT venkatesha m@saividya.ae.in