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Short Questions
1. Zamindari settlements Zamindari Settlements Abolition Of Zamindaries
2. Doctrine of escheat Doctrine Of Escheat Absentee Landlordism
3. Land grabbing Land Grabbing Agricultural Land Ceiling
4. Land to the tiller Land To The Tiller Alienation
5. Agricultural land ceiling Agricultural Land Ceiling Assigned Land
6. Land holding Land Holding Assigned Land
7. Land acquisition Land Acquisition Assigned Land
8. Protected forests Protected Forests Assigned Land
9. Scheduled area Scheduled Area Assignment
1. Ownership of land Ownership Of Land Award
2. Abolition of zamindaries Abolition Of Zamindaries Award
3. Post independence reforms Post Independence ReformsBona Vacantia
4. Land to the tiller Land To The Tiller Classification Of Land
5. Award Award Compensation
6. Assignment Assignment Cultivating Tenant
7. Absentee landlordism Absentee Landlordism Cultivating Tenant
8. Intermediary Intermediary Doctrine Of Eminent Domain
9. Law relating to grabbing Law Relating To Grabbing Doctrine Of Eminent Domain
5. Public purpose Public Purpose Doctrine Of Eminent Domain
6. Assigned land Assigned Land Doctrine Of Eminent Domain
7. Cultivating tenant Cultivating Tenant Doctrine Of Eminent Domain
8. Land ceiling Land Ceiling Doctrine Of Escheat
9. Land lordism Land Lordism Doctrine Of Escheat
1. Escheat Escheat Doctrine Of Escheat
2. Land holding Land Holding Doctrine Of Escheat
3. Land to the tiller Land To The Tiller Doctrine Of Escheat
4. Scheduledarea Scheduledarea Fair Rent
4. Rent Controller Rent Controller Fair Rent
5. Urban land ceiling Urban Land Ceiling Fasli Year
6. Eminent domain Eminent Domain Forest Conservation
7. Large holdings Large Holdings Intermediaries
1. Remission of rent Remission Of Rent Intermediaries
2. Land grabbing Land Grabbing Intermediaries
3. Zamindari settlement Zamindari Settlement IX Schedule
8. Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Jura In Re Propria
9. Ryotwari settlement Ryotwari Settlement Land Acquisition
4. Land records Land Records Land Acquisition
5. Revenue officers Revenue Officers Land Acquisition
6. Tenant Tenant Land Ceiling
7. Survey officer Survey Officer Land Ceiling
8. Award Award Land Grabbing
9. Alienation Alienation Land Grabbing
1. Classification of land Classification Of Land Land Grabbing
2. Ryotwari settlement Ryotwari Settlement Land Holding
3. Assigned land Assigned Land Land Holding

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1. Ninth Schedule Ninth Schedule Land Records

2. Land grabbing Land Grabbing Land To The Tiller
3. Compensation Compensation Land To The Tiller
4. Market value Market Value Land To The Tiller
5. Un-alienated land Un-Alienated Land Land To The Tiller
6. Non-forest clause Non-Forest Clause Landlordism
7. Standard holding Standard Holding Large Holdings
8. Eminent domain Eminent Domain Law Relating To Grabbing
9. Fasli year Fasli Year Market Value
1. Doctrine of escheat Doctrine Of Escheat Ninth Schedule
2. Standard holding Standard Holding Ninth Schedule
3. Fair rent Fair Rent Non-Forest Clause
4. Assigned lands Assigned Lands Ownership Of Land
5. Protected tenant Protected Tenant Post Independence Reforms
6. Urban land ceiling Urban Land Ceiling Protected Forests
7. Solatium Solatium Protected Tenant
8. Doctrine of eminent domain Doctrine Of Eminent DomainPublic Purpose
9. Scheduled areas Scheduled Areas Remission Of Rent
Intermediaries Intermediaries Rent Controller
Fair rent Fair Rent Rent Controller
Reserved forest Reserved Forest Reserved Forest
Ninth schedule Ninth Schedule Revenue Officers
Urban Land Ceiling Urban Land Ceiling Ryotwari Settlement
Standard holding Standard Holding Ryotwari Settlement
Assigned lands Assigned Lands Salus Populi Est Suprema Lex
Doctrine of escheat Doctrine Of Escheat Scheduled Area
Solatium Solatium Scheduled Areas
Bona vacantia Bona Vacantia Scheduled Areas
Vacant land Vacant Land Scheduled Areas
Cultivating tenant Cultivating Tenant Scheduled Areas
Salus populi est suprema lex Salus Populi Est Suprema LeSolatium
Forest conservation Forest Conservation Solatium
Scheduled areas Scheduled Areas Standard Holding
Jura in re propria Jura In Re Propria Standard Holding
Eminent domain Eminent Domain Standard Holding
Zamindari system Zamindari System Survey Officer
Intermediaries Intermediaries Tenant
Land ceiling Land Ceiling Un-Alienated Land
Land acquisition Land Acquisition Urban Land Ceiling
Eminent domain Eminent Domain Urban Land Ceiling
Scheduled area Scheduled Area Urban Land Ceiling
Rent controller Rent Controller Vacant Land
Land to the tiller Land To The Tiller Zamindari Settlement
Escheat Escheat Zamindari Settlements
IX Schedule Ix Schedule Zamindari System

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Short Questions
Abolition Of Zamindaries
Absentee Landlordism
Agricultural Land Ceiling

Assigned Land
Assigned Land
Assigned Land
Assigned Land

Bona Vacantia
Classification Of Land
Compensation
Cultivating Tenant
Cultivating Tenant
Doctrine Of Eminent Domain
Doctrine Of Eminent Domain
Doctrine Of Eminent Domain
Doctrine Of Eminent Domain
Doctrine Of Eminent Domain
Doctrine Of Escheat
Doctrine Of Escheat
Doctrine Of Escheat
Doctrine Of Escheat
Doctrine Of Escheat

orest Conservation
ntermediaries
ntermediaries
ntermediaries

ura In Re Propria
and Acquisition
and Acquisition
and Acquisition

and Grabbing
and Grabbing
and Grabbing

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and Records
and To The Tiller
and To The Tiller
and To The Tiller
and To The Tiller

arge Holdings
aw Relating To Grabbing

Ninth Schedule
Ninth Schedule
Non-Forest Clause
Ownership Of Land
Post Independence Reforms
Protected Forests
Protected Tenant
Public Purpose
Remission Of Rent
Rent Controller
Rent Controller
Reserved Forest
Revenue Officers
Ryotwari Settlement
Ryotwari Settlement
Salus Populi Est Suprema Lex
Scheduled Area
Scheduled Areas
Scheduled Areas
Scheduled Areas
Scheduled Areas

Standard Holding
Standard Holding
Standard Holding
Survey Officer

Un-Alienated Land
Urban Land Ceiling
Urban Land Ceiling
Urban Land Ceiling

amindari Settlement
amindari Settlements
amindari System

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Short Questions Count

Doctrine Of Eminent Doma 5

Doctrine Of Escheat 5

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Scheduled Areas 5

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Land To The Tiller 4

Intermediaries 3

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Land Acquisition 3

Land Grabbing 3

Standard Holding 3
Urban Land Ceiling 3
Assigned Land 2
Assigned Lands 2
Award 2
Cultivating Tenant 2
Fair Rent 2
Land Ceiling 2
Land Holding 2
Ninth Schedule 2
Rent Controller 2
Ryotwari Settlement 2
Solatium 2

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Zamindari Settlements 2
Abolition Of Zamindaries 1
Absentee Landlordism 1
Agricultural Land Ceiling 1
Alienation 1
Assignment 1
Bona Vacantia 1
Classification Of Land 1
Compensation 1
Fasli Year 1
Forest Conservation 1
IX Schedule 1
Jura In Re Propria 1
Land Records 1
Landlordism 1
Large Holdings 1
Law Relating To Grabbing 1
Market Value 1
Non-Forest Clause 1
Ownership Of Land 1
Post Independence Reforms 1
Protected Forests 1
Protected Tenant 1
Public Purpose 1
Remission Of Rent 1
Reserved Forest 1
Revenue Officers 1
Salus Populi Est Suprema L 1
Survey Officer 1
Tenant 1
Un-Alienated Land 1
Vacant Land 1
Zamindari System 1

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The doctrine of ‘Eminent domain’ generally means that the sovereign power of
the king or the government under which property of any person can be inherited
in the interest of the general public. Eminent Domain is described as the power
given to the king or the government to take over the private property of a person
whenever it is needed for a public purpose.

The Doctrine of Eminent Domain is constructed on two maxims, which are:

Salus Populi Supreme Lex Esto – the welfare of the people in the dominant law.
Necessita Public Major Est Quan – the necessity of public is always greater than
the private necessity.

The inherent power given to the sovereign to acquire the property of an individual
without the necessity of his consent for public use is known as eminent domain.
The subsidiary limitation of this power is that the property shall not be taken
without giving the compensation.
Escheat is the jurisdiction of the government to own orphaned goods and assets.
When a person passes away without leaving a will or any heirs, the doctrine of
escheat is applied. It also applies to situations where property goes unclaimed for
a long time, though.

The idea of escheat upholds that every property has a recognised owner, which, in
the absence of any other claimants to possession who can be easily identified, will
be the state or government.

Escheat also describes the term for “property” whose owner has passed away
intestate even without leaving a will or any valid heir.
Doctrine of Escheat also finds mention in Article 296 of the Constitution
Section 29 of Hindu Succession Act sometimes expressly recognise right of the
State to acquire properties by escheat or as bona vacantia

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The term ‘Scheduled Areas’ has been defined in the Indian Constitution as “such
areas as the President may by order declare to be Scheduled Areas”.

Thereafter, the Article 244 (1), Paragraph 6 of the Fifth Schedule of the
Constitution prescribes procedure for scheduling, descheduling and alteration of
Scheduled Areas.

According to Article 339 of the Indian Constitution, the Union government is

responsible for managing Scheduled Areas and ensuring the welfare of Scheduled
Tribes.

Except for the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram, the provisions
of the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution apply to the administration and control
of scheduled territories and scheduled tribes in any state.

Under Article 342(1) and (2) of the Constitution, the majority of Indian tribes are
listed as Scheduled Tribes. Article 244 (Administration of Scheduled and Tribal
Areas) of Part X of the Constitution grants them broad immunity to the degree
that they have a substantial right to self-determination.

Scheduled areas contain the maximum forest cover and are mineral-rich to a large
extent. The corporate sector has been witnessed lobbying state governments
vigorously for favourable rulings and large profits due to the business possibilities
in such regions. It has an impact on the environment and the livelihoods of tribal
tribes.

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The term ‘Scheduled Areas’ has been defined in the Indian Constitution as “such
areas as the President may by order declare to be Scheduled Areas”.

Thereafter, the Article 244 (1), Paragraph 6 of the Fifth Schedule of the
Constitution prescribes procedure for scheduling, descheduling and alteration of
Scheduled Areas.

According to Article 339 of the Indian Constitution, the Union government is

responsible for managing Scheduled Areas and ensuring the welfare of Scheduled
Tribes.

Except for the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram, the provisions
of the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution apply to the administration and control
of scheduled territories and scheduled tribes in any state.

Under Article 342(1) and (2) of the Constitution, the majority of Indian tribes are
listed as Scheduled Tribes. Article 244 (Administration of Scheduled and Tribal
Areas) of Part X of the Constitution grants them broad immunity to the degree
that they have a substantial right to self-determination.

Scheduled areas contain the maximum forest cover and are mineral-rich to a large
extent. The corporate sector has been witnessed lobbying state governments
vigorously for favourable rulings and large profits due to the business possibilities
in such regions. It has an impact on the environment and the livelihoods of tribal
tribes.
During the British times, the tillers of the lands were not its owners. So a farmer
did not have actual ownership of the land. The ownership was with the
intermediaries, i.e. the zamindars, jagidars etc. The farmer would farm the land
and pay rent to these zamindars.

This did not motivate the zamindars to invest in the farm or invest in the
agricultural practices. They were only focussed on collecting their rent. And as
you can imagine the farm and the farmer both suffered.

But after independence, the government realized that the agricultural output was
not sufficient for the whole country. One way to boost the produce was to make
the tillers of the land its owner. And so efforts were made to abolish the
intermediaries and this was known as the land reforms.

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Land acquisition is the power of the union or a state government in India to take
private land for public, and to compensate the original owners and other persons
affected due to such acquisition.

Until 2013, the Land Acquisition Act of 1894 governed land acquisition in India.
The 1894 Act provided compensation to landowners but did not provide any form
of compensation to other persons affected by the acquisition.

The older law did not clearly define public purpose or fair compensation. After a
number of attempts, the UPA government was able to replace the 1894 Act with
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (2013 LARR Act).

The 2013 LARR Act focuses on providing not only compensation to the land
owners, but also extend rehabilitation and resettlement benefits to livelihood
looser from the land, which shall be in addition to the minimum compensation.
The minimum compensation to be paid to the land owners is based on a multiple
of market value and other factors laid down in the Act.
Section 2 of the Act provides that land grabbing means every activity of grabbing
of any land belonging to Government, local authority, religious or Charitable
Institution or Endowment including wakf or any other private person, by a person
or group of persons without any lawful entitlement and with a view to possess
illegally or enter into or create illegal tenancies or lease and licenses agreements
in respect of such lands.
Some of these activities could be the following'. They are;
a. Entering or creating illegal tenancies or lease agreements
b. Constructing unauthorized structures on such lands and
c. Giving such lands to any person on rental or lease and licence basis
for construction or use and occupation of unauthorized structures etc.

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