TABLE OF CONTENT

Tittle page i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgment iv

Abstract v

Table of content vi

List of tables vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Antimicrobial Utilization in Poultry Production 1

1.2 Antimicrobial Resistance 5

1.3 Bacteria Resistance to Antibiotics 7

1.4 Objective of study 7

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review 8

2.1 Prospects for Poultry Production 8

2.1.1 Problems of Poultry Production 9

2.1.2 Possible Solution to the Problem 10

2.2 Disease Infestation as a Challenge to Poultry Production 10

2.3 Antimicrobial Utilization 11

2.3.1 Microbial 11

2.3.2 Antimicrobial 11

2.3.3 Prophylactic Use 12

2.3.4 Metaphylactic Use 13

2.3.5 Impact on Antimicrobial in our Environment 13

2.4 Antibiotic substances approved for poultry. 13

2.4.1 Aminoglycosides 14

2.4.2 lincosamides 14

2.4.3 Ionophores 15

2.4.4 Beta Lactams Penicillin 15

2.5 Dietary Strategies to Reduce the use of Antimicrobial Resistance 15

2.6 Multi-drug Resistance in Bacteria 17

2.6.1 Selected Organisms with Antimicrobial Resistance in poultry 18

2.6.1.1 Enterococcus species 18

2.6.1.2 Mycobacterium species 20

2.6.1.3 Salmonella species 22

2.6.1.4 Escherichia species 25

2.6.1.5 Pseudomonas species 27

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Materials and methods 30

3.1 Study location 30

3.2 Sample collection 30

3.3 materials used for analysis 30

3.3.1 Media Preparation 32

3.3.2 Pseudomonas Cetrimide Agar 32

3.3.3 Eosine Methylene Blue Agar 32

3.3.4 Salmonella Shigella Agar 32

3.3.5 Peptone Water for Enrichment 33

3.3.6 Normal Saline Medium for Organism Suspension 33

3.3.7 Sterilization of Glassware 33

3.4 Isolation of specific organisms 33

3.4.1 Enrichment 33

3.4.2 Primary Isolation of Specific Organisms 34

3.5 Grams Stannic Procedures 34

3.6 pictures of samples collected 39

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Results 40

4.1 Anti-microbial Resistance Testing 40

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Discussion 45

5.1 Amoxicillin antibiotic 45

5.2 Cloxacillin 45

CHAPTER SIX

6.0 Conclusion and Recommendation 46

6.1 Conclusion 46
6.2 Recommendation 46
References
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Uses and Application of the selective media 34

Table 2: Samples Information 35

Table 3: Growth Yield from Primary Isolation on Pseudomonas Cetrimide Agar 42

Table 4: Antibiograms p. Aeruginosa from the Sample gotten from the various Locations 44