Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Eng ineeri ng
Treatment and Resource Recovery
Fifth Edition
Metcalf & Eddy I AECOM
Revised by
George Tchobanoglous Contributing Authors:
Profcssor Emcritus of Civil and Mohammad Abu·Orf
Environmental Engineering North America Biosolids Praccice
University of Califomia at Davis Leader. AECOM
Franklin Burton
Consulting Engincer
Los Altos, CA
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING: TREATMENT AND RESOURCE RECOVERY, FIFfH EDITION
Sorne ancillaries, includiog eJectronic and print components, may not be avaiJable to customers outside
the United States.
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ISBN 978-0-07-340118-8
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About the Authors
Ryu¡iro Tsuchihashi is a technical leader wilh AECOM. He received his B.S. and M.S. in
civil and environ mental engineeringfrom Kyoto University, Japan, anda Ph.D. in environmen-
tal enginee1ing from che Uníversity of California, Davis. The areas of his expe1tise include
wastewater/water reclamation process evaluation and design, evaluation and assessment of
water reuse systems, biologicaJ nutrient removal, and eval.uation of greenhouse gas emission
V
vi About the Authors
reduction frorn wastewater treatment processes. He was a co-author of the textbook "Water
Reuse: lssues, Technologies and Applications;' a companion textbook to this textbook. He is a
technical practice coordinatorfor AECOM's water reuse leadership team. Ryujiro Tsuchihashi
is a member of tl1e Water Environment Federation, Ame1ican Society of Civil Engineer, and
International Water Association, and has been an employee of AECOM for 10 years, during
which he has workecl on various prqjects in the United State, Australia, Jordan, and Canacla.
Franklin Burton served as vice presiden! and chief engineer of the western region of
Metcalf & Eddy in Palo Alto, California for 30 years. He retired from Metcalf & Edcly in
1986 and has been in prívate practice in Los Altos, California, specializing in treatment
technology evaluation, facilities design review, energy management, and value engineer-
ing. He received his B.S. in mechanical engineering from Lehigh University andan M.S.
in cívil engineering from the University of Michigan. He was co-author of tbe third and
fourth editions of the Metcalf & Eddy textbook "Wastewater Engineeru1g: Treatrnent and
Reuse." He has authored over 30 publications on water and wastewater treatment
ancl energy managernent in water and wastewater applications. He is a registered civil
engineer io California and is a liJe member of lhe American Society of Civil Engineers,
American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation.
Gregory Bowden is a technical leader with AECOM. He received his B.S. in chem.i-
cal engineering from Oklahoma State University anda Ph.D. in chemical engineering from
the University of Texas at Austin. He worked for Hoechst Celanese (Celanese AG) for
10 years as a senior process engineer, supporting wastewater treatment facility operations
at chemical production plants in North America. He also worked as a project manager in
the US Filter/Veolia North American Technology Center. His areas of expertise include
industrial wastewater treatment, biological and physical/chemical nutrient removal tech-
nologies and biological process modeling. Greg Bowden is a meinber of the Water Envi-
ronment Fecleration and has been an AECOM employee for 9 years.
vii
viii Contents
3-3 Analysis o f Was tewate r Flowrate Data 208 Owner Needs 270
S1atistical Ancilysis of Flowrate Data 208 E11vironmer11at Considerations 270
Developing Design Parameters .fimn Flowrate Compatibiliry with Exis1ing Facilities 27 1
Data 2 11 Energy and Resource Requirements 271
Observed Variability Íl1 lnfluent F/owrates 2 12 Cost Considerations 272
3-4 Analysis of Wastewater Constituents 214 Other Design Considerations 273
Was1ewater Consti1Ue11ts Discharged By 4-2 Considerations in Process Selection 274
lndividuals 21 4 lmpor1ant Fac1ors in Process Selection 274
Constiluent Co11ce11tra1ions Based on Individual Process Selection Based on Reaction Kinetics 276
Mass Discharges 218 Process Selection Based On Mass Tran.¡fer 277
Mineral lncrease Resulting from Water Use 2 18 Process Desig11 Based on Loading Criteria 277
Composifio11 of Wastewater in Collection Bench-Scaie Tests cmd Tesr-Bed Pilot-Scale
Sysrems 2 19 Srudies 277
Varia1io11s in Constifuellf Conce111ralions 2 19 Wastewater Discharge Permit Requiremen1s 278
Statistical Analysis o.f Constituenf 4-3 Treaunent P rocess Relia bility and Selection of
Concentmtions 225 Design Values 279
Observed Variability Í11 l11jhumt Constituent Vu.riability in Was1ewater Trearrnem 280
Concenr ratio11s 225 Se/ec1io11 of Process Desif?n Parame1ers to Mee,
3-5 Analysis of Conslituent Mass Loading Data 226 Dischcirge Permit Limils 286
Simple Average 226 Pe1formance (~{ Combined Processes 289
Flow-Weighted Average 226 4-4 Elements of Process Design 29 1
Mass Loadings 229 Design Period 29 1
E.ffect of Mass Loading Variability 011 Treaunent Treatment Process Flow IJiagrams 29 1
Plan/ Pe1forma11ce 23 1 Process Design Criferia 291
3-6 Selection of Design Flowrntes and Mass Prelimir1ary Sizing 292
Load ings 232 Solids Balance 293
Design Flowra/es 234 Pla11t Layout 294
Design Mass Loadi11gs 240 P/ant Hydrauiics 295
3-7 Flow ancl Consti tuent Load Equalization 241 Energy Management 296
Description!Applica1io11 of Flow Equalizatio11 242 4-5 Tmplementation of Wastewater Management
Tite Bene.fi1s of Fiow Equa/ization 243 Programs 297
Design Considercuions 243 Facilities P/c11111ing 297
Equalization of Constit11ent Mass Loading Design 297
Rates 253 Value E11gi11eeri11.g 298
Equalization of Sludge ami Bioso/ids Processing Co11struction 298
Rewrn Flows 253 Facilities Srcmup and Opera/ion 299
Problems and Discussion Topics 254 4-6 Financing 299
Long-Term Municipal Debt Fincmcing 299
Non-Debt Financing 300
4 Wastewater Treatment Leasing 300
Process Selection, Design, Privatization 300
and lmplementation 263 Problems and Discussion Topics 300
Biomass Synrhesis Yie/ds.for Different 7-9 Biological Oxidation of Inorganic Nitrogen 618
Growth Condirio11s 587 Process Descriptio11 6 19
Biomass Decay 587 Microbiology 6 19
Observed versus Synthesis Yield 588 Stoichiometry of Bíological Nitriftcation 622
7-5 Microbial Growth Kinetics 588 Nitijica1ion Kinetics 624
Microbial Growth Kinetics Terminology 589 AOB Kinetics 626
Rate of Uti/ization of Soluble Substrates 589 NOB Kinetics 627
Other Rate Expressions for Soluble Substrate Environmenta/ Factors 628
Utilization 591 7- 10 Denitrification 63 1
Rote of Soluble Substrcue Production from Pn1cess Descriptio11 632
Biodegradable Paniculate Organic Microbiology 633
M atrer 591 Stoichiometry oj Biologica/ Denilrijicatio11 ,md
Net Biomass Crowth Rate 592 Denirritation 634
Kinetic Coefficientsfor Su.bstrate Uti/ization and Organic Substrate Requirementsfor Denitrification
Biomass Growth 593 and Denitritaticm 635
Rare of Oxygen Uptake 593 Denitrification Kin.etics 637
Effects of Temperature 594 Em,ironmental Factors 640
Total \lolatile Suspended Solids cmd Active 7- 11 Anaerob ic Anunoitium Oxidation 640
Biomass 594 Proces.1· Description 640
Net Biomass Yield cmd Observed Yield 595 Micmbiology 641
7-6 Modeljng Suspended Growth Treatmem Anammox Stoichiometry 64 1
Processes 597 Growth Kinetics 644
Description of Suspended Growrh Trea/ment Environmemal f'actors 645
Processes 597 7- 12 Greenhouse Gas from Biological Nitrogen
Solids Reten/ion Time 597 Transform ations 645
Biomass Mass Balance 598 Source of Nitrous Oxide Emissions 645
Sub.mate Mass Balance 600 Nitrous Oxide Production Pathways 646
Mi.xed Liquor Solids Concemration and Solids
7-13 Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal 648
Production 600
Prvcess Descrip1io11 648
The Observed Yie[(l 603
Prvcesses Occurring in the Anaerobic Z.me 650
Oxygen Requirements 603
Proce1>\fes Occurring in a D0wns1ream Aerobic
Design and Operating Pararnerers 606
or Anoxic Zone 650
P1vcess Perfornumce and Stability 607
Microbiology 651
Modeling Plug-Flow Reaccors 609
Other Process Considerationsjor EBPR 652
7-7 Substrate Removal in Attached Growth Treatment
Swichiometry of Enhanced Biological Phosphorus
Process 610
Removed 653
Biofilm. Chara.cteristics 61 l Growtlt Kinetics 655
Biomass Characterizalion 611 Environmenral Facrors 655
Mechanistic Models 612
7- 14 Anaerobic Fermentation and Oxidation 655
Substrate Flux in Biojilms 612
Pivcess Description. 656
Substrate Mass Balancefor Biofilm 613
Microbiology 657
Substrate Flux Limitations 613
Stoichiometry of Anae,vbic Fermentation and
7-8 Aerobic Oxidation 615 Oxidation 659
Process Description 615 Process Kinetics 660
Microbio/ogy 615 Enviromn.ental 1'11ctors 663
Process Operation lssues 6 16
7- 15 Biological Removal of Toxic and Recalcitrant
Stoichiometry of Aerobic 8 iological Oxída1ion 617
Organic Compounds 663
Growth Kinetics 6 17
Development of Biological Trea/ment
Environmental Factors 6 18
Methods 664
Contents x iii
10-3 Avai la ble Anaerobic Technologies 1067 Avoi/t1ble Filtration Technologies 1144
Type.1 of Anaerobic Tecluwlogies 1067 Perfon11a11ce of Different Types of Deptl,
App/ication of Anaerobic Teclmologies !071 Fillers 1146
lo-4 Fundamental Considerations in the Appl ication of Considerations Re/ated to Design and Operation
Auaerobic Treatment Processcs 1075 of Treatment Facilities 11 56
Characteris1ics ofthe l.füstewater !075 Selecrion of Fi/tration Technolngy 1158
Pretrealment of Wastewa1er 1080 Design Considera1ions for Granular Medium
E.xpecled Gas Producli<m 1083 Filters 11 61
Energy Produc1io11 Pote111ial 1085 11-6 Surface Filtration 1171
Suljide Produclion 1088 Available Filtra1io11 Teclmologies 1172
Ammrmia Toxicily 1090 Description of the Swface Fi/1ratio11 Process 1175
10-5 Design Considerations for lmplementation Performance of S111face Filters J178
of Anaerobic Treatment Processes 1090 De~ig11 Considerations 1180
Treatmellt Efficie11cy Needed 1091 Pilot Plafll S!udies 1180
General Process Design Paromeiers 1091 11-7 Membrane Filtration Processes 1181
Process lmplememation Jssues 1093 Membra11e Process Ten11i110/ogy 1181
1()-6 Process Design Examples 1095 Membr<me Process Classijica1ion 1182
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanker Pmcess 1095 Memhrane Comaimnent Vessels 1185
Anaerobic Conracl Process 1103 Operationa.l Modes for Pres.mrized
Use of Simularion Models 1107 Conjigurations 1189
10-7 Codigestion of Organic Wastes with Munici pal Pmcl'ss Analysisfor MF and UF
SJudge 1108 Memhranes 1190
Opera1i11g Strategiesfor MF and UF
Problems and DiscllS.5ion Topics 1109
M embranes 1192
Process Analysis.for Reverse Osmosis 1193
11 Separation Processes for Membrane Fouling 1198
Removal of Residual Cnnr rol ofMembra11e Fo11Li11g 1201
Application and Pe,fnmwnce of Membranes 1204
Constituents 11 11 Fnrwtml Osmosis: An Emergi11g Membrane
11-1 Need for Additional Wastewater Treatment 1120 Technology 1212
11-2 Overview ofTcchnologies Used for Removal of Pilor-P/ant S111dies for Membrane
Residual Paiticulate and Dissolved Applications 12 14
Constituents 11 20 Management o.f Retentate 1215
Separa/ion Processes Based 011 Mass 11- 8 Elcctrodialysis 1217
Transfer 1120 Descriplion of the E/ectrodialysis Process 1217
Tra11sformation Based on Chemical and Electrodialysis Reversa/ 1218
Biologica/ Processes 1122 Power Co11sumprio11 1220
Applicalion of U11i1 Processes for Removed Opera1ing Cnnsidera1ions 1222
of l<esidual Constiwents J123 Electrodialysis Versus Reverse Osmosis 1223
11-3 Unit Processes for the Removal of Residual 11-9 Adsorplion 1224
Particulate and Dissolved Constituents 1123 Applications for Adsorptio11 1224
Typical Process Flow Diagrams 1124 Types of Adsorbe11ts 1224
Process Performance Expectations 1125 Fundam.entals of Ad.rnrp1io11 Processes 1227
11-4 lntroduction to Depth Filtration 1129 Deve/opmenr o/Adso,ption lsothenns 1227
Description of the Filtratio11 Process 1 129 Adsorption of Mix111res 1232
Filter Hydraulics 1134 Adsorption Capacity 1232
Mode/i11g 1/ze Fi/tration Process 1142 Sma/1 Sea/e Co/1111111 Tests 1240
11-5 Oepth Filtration: Selection and Analysis o/ Powdered Actil'{//ed Carbon
Design Considerations 1144 Co111ac1or 1243
xvi Contenfs
Byproduct Formation and Control 1374 13-2 Regulations for the Reuse aod Disposition of SJudge
Environmental lmpacts <~f Using Ozone 1374 in the U11ited States 1461
01her Bene.fits of Using Ozon.e 1375 Land Application 1461
Ozo11e DisinfeClion Systems Components 1375 Su,face Disposition 1462
12-8 O ther Chemical Disinfection Methods 1378 Paihoge11 and Vector Attraction Reduction 1462
Peracetic Acid l379 lncineration 1463
Use of Peroxone as a Disinfectant 1380 13-3 Sludge Processing Flow Diagrams 1466
Sequential Chlorination 1381 13-4 Sludge and Scum Pumping 1467
Combined Chemical Disinfection Processes 1381 Pumps 1467
12-9 Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation Disinfectioo 1.382 Headloss Determination 1475
Source of UV Radiation 1383 S/udge Piping 1480
Types o.f UV Lamps 1384 13-S Prelimioary Sludge Processing Operations 1481
UV Disiufecrion System Co11/iguratio11s 1387 Grindi11g 1481
Quartz Sleeve Cleanin.g Systems J 390 Screenillg l 482
Mechnnism of /11activatio11 by UV Degriuing 1482
lrradiation 139 l 8/ending 1483
Gennicida/ Effectiveness of UV Jrradiation J 393 Storage 1484
Estirnating UV Dose 1399 13-6 Thickening 1486
Ultraviolet Disi11fection Guidelines 1404 Application 1486
Relc1tionship of UV Guidelines to UV System Description and Design <~f Thickeners 1487
Design 1405
13-7 lntroduction to Slu dge Stabilization 1497
Validation of UV Reactor or System
Pe,formance 1405
13-8 Alkaline Stabilization 1498
Chemicai Rea.ctions in Lime Stabi/iza1io11 1498
Factors Effecti11g UV System Design 14 13
Heat Generation 1499
Se/ection and Sizi11g of a UV Disinfec1io11
Applicatiori oj Alkali11e Stabi/ization
System 1420
Processes 1500
Use of Spot-Check Bioassay to Validare UV System
Pe1.formance 1422 13-9 Anaerobic Digestion 1.502
Troub/eshooting UV Disinfection Systems 1426 Pmcess Fundamentals 1503
Enviror1111entaL lmpacts o.f UV Racliation Description of Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion
Disinfection 1428 Processes 1504
Process Design for Mesophi/ic Anaerobic
12-10 Dis.infection By Pasteurization 1428
Dige.1·1io11 1506
Description of the Pasreurization Process 1428
Selectio11 ofTank Design and Mixing System 1512
Thermal Disi1if'ec1ion Kinetics 1429
Methods for Enhancing Sludge Loading and
Germicida/ E.fj'ectivene.u of Pasteurizc,tion 1433
Digester Pe,forman.ce 1520
Regularory Requirements 1433
Gas Production, CoLlection, a11d Use 1520
Application of Pasteurization.for
Digester Heming 1525
Disi11fection 1433
Advancerl Anaerohic Digestion 1530
Problems and Discussion Topics 1434 Sludge Pre-treatment.for A11aerobic
Digestion l 533
13 Processing and Treatment Co-digesrion with Other Organic Waste
Material 1538
of Sludges 1449
13-10 Aerobic Digestion 154 1
13-1 Sludge Sources. Characteristics, and Process Description 1542
Quantities 1453 Conventional Air Aerobic Digestion l.544
Sources 1453 Dual Digestion 1549
Characteristics 1454 Autothermal Thennophilic Aerobic Digestion
Qua11tities 1456 (ATAD) 1549
xviii Contents
lmproved ATAD Systems 1553 14-6 Sludge and Biosolids Conveyance and Storage 1621
High-Purity Oxygen Digestion 1553 Conveyance Methods 1621
Problems and Discussion Topics 1554 Storage 1622
14-7 Solids Mass Balances 1623
Preparation of Solids Mass Balances 1623
14 Biosolids Processing, Resource
Performance Data.far Solids Processing
Recovery and Beneficial Facilities 1623
Use 1561 lmpact of Return Flows and Loads 1623
14-1 Chemical Conditioning 1564 14-8 Resource Recovery from Sludges ancl
Polymers 1564 Biosolids 1636
Factors A.ffecling Polymer Conditioning 1565 Recovery oj Nutrients 1637
Polymer Dosage Determination 1565 Agricultura/ Land Application 1637
Mixing 1566 Non-Agricultura/ Lana Applications 1637
Condirioning Makeup and Feed L567 14-9 Energy Recovery from Sludge and Biosolids 1638
14-2 Dewatering J567 Energy Recovery through Anaerobic
Overview of Dewa.tering Technologies 1568 Digestion 1638
Centrifugation 157 1 Energy Recovery by Thermal Oxidation 1639
Belt-Filter Press 1574 Energy Recoveryfrom Dried Material through
Rotary Press 1577 Gasifica/ion and Pyrolysís 1639
Screw Press 1580 Production <1f Oíl and Liquid Fue[ 1640
Filter Presses 1583 14-1 O Application of Biosolids to Land 1640
Elec1ro-Dewatering 1585 Benefits oj úmd Application 1640
Sludge Drying Beds 1588 U.S. EPA Regulations for Beneficia.( Use and
Reed Beds 1.592 Disposal of Biosolids 1640
Lagoons 1593 Management Practices 1641
14-3 Heat Drying 1593 Site Evaluation and Selection 1643
Heat-Trans.fer Methods 1593 Design Loading Rafes 1644
Process Description 1595 Application Methods 1648
Produce Characteristics and Use 1599 Application to Dedica.red Lands 1650
Product Transport and Storage 1600 Landjilling 1651
Fire and Explosion Hazards 1601 Problems and Discussion Topics 1651
Air Pollution and Odor Con.hvl 1601
14-4 Advanced Thermal Oxjdation 1602
15 Plant Recycle Flow Treatment
Fundamental Aspect.~ of Complete
Combus1ion 1603 and Nutrient Recovery 1659
Multiple-Hearth lncineration 1606 15-1 Sidestream Identifü:ation and
F/uidized-Bed Incineration 1608 Characterization 1661
Energy Recovery from Thermal Oxidation 1610 Sidestreams Derived fivm Primary
Coincineration with Municipal Solid Waste 1611 and Secondary Sludges 1662
Air-Pollution Control ] 612 Sidestreams Derived from Fermen.ted Primary
14-5 Composting 1613 and Digested Prima,y and Secon.{Ú¡ry
P1vcess Microbiology 1614 Sludges 1662
Composting Process Sta.ges 1614 15-2 Mitigating Recycle Flows and Loads 1667
Composting Process Steps 1614 Sidestream Pretreatmenl 1667
Composling Methods 16 16 Equalization of Sidestream Ffows and Loads 1667
Design Considerations 1618 1S-3 Reduction of Suspended Solids and Colloidal
Co-composting with Municipal Solid Wastes [620 Material 1673
P11blic Health and Environmental lssues 1620 Sidesrreams Derived from Sludge Thickening 1673
Contents xix
Sidestreams Derived from Biosolids Design Loadi11.g and Load Equalizatio11 1717
Dewatering 1673 Sidestream Pretrea1111ent 1717
Remo val of Colloida/ Matter 1674 Sidestream Reactor Volwne 1718
Aeration System 17'18
15-4 Physiochemical P rocesses for P hosphorus
Recovery L674
Sl11dge Rete11tio11 Time and Mixed Liq11or Suspended
Description of 1/ie Crystailiza1ion Solids Concen1ratio11 1721
Process 1675 Chemica/ Requirements 1721
Recove1y of Phosphorus as Magnesium Ani111011iw11. Operaling Tempera111re and pH 1723
Plwsp/wte (Struvite) 1678 Opera1ing pH 1723
Recovery of Phosphorns as Q1lcium Energy Balance to De1ermine /?eactor Cooling
Requirements 1723
Phosphate J 683
Plwsphorus Recovery from Mainstream Problems and Oiscussion Topics l728
Pmcesses 1684
15-5 Physiochemical Processcs for Amrnonia Recovery 16 Air Emissions from
a11d Destruction 1686
Wastewater Treatment
Recove1y of Ammonia by Air Stripping
and Acid Absorption 1686 Facilities and Their
Recovery of Ammo11.ic1 by Steam S1rippi11g 1690 Control 1737
Air Stripping with Thermocatalytic: Destruction
16-1 Types of Em issions 1739
of Ar111nonia 1692
16- 2 Regu latory Req uirernents 1739
15-6 Beneficia! Use of Recovered Phosphate a nd
Ambienl Air Quaiity and Attainmenl
Ammonium Products 1693
Status 1739
Magnesium Am111011i11m Phosphate Hexahydrate Preconstruc1io11 and Operaling Permitting
(Struvite) 1693 Programs 1741
Calcium Phosphate (Hydroxapatite) 1694 S1a1ionary Source Control Technology
A111moniu111 Sulfme 1694 Requirements 1741
Ammonium Nitra/e 1695
16-3 Odor Management 1742
15-7 Biological Removal of Nitrogen from
Types of Odors 1742
Sidestrea ms 1696
S011rces of Odors 1742
Nitrogen Removal Processes 1696 Measurement of Odors 1745
Separate Trearme111 Processes .f<)r Nitrogen Odor Dispersion Modeling 1746
Removed 1697 Movement of Odors from W.:1stewcaer
lntegrated Sidestream-Mainstream Treannent
Treatment Facilities 1746
a11d Bioaugmentation 1699 Strategiesfor Odor Manageme,u 1747
15-8 Nitrification and Deuitrification Processes J700 Odor Treatment Methods 1751
F1.111da111e111al Process Co11.sideratio11s 1700 Selection and Design of Odor Control
Trea1me11t Processes 1703 Facilities 1760
15-9 Nitiitalion and Denitritation Prucesses 1706 Design Comideralions for Chemical
Fundamental Process Considera1io11s 1706 Scrubbers 1760
Trearment Processes 1709 Design Consideracions for Odor Control
15-10 Partial Nitritation and Anaerobic Am monium Bio.filters 1762
Oxidation (Deammonification) Processes 1709 16-4 Control of Volati le Organic Carbon
Fundamental Process Considera1ions 1710 Emissions 1767
Treatment Processes 17 15 Physical Properties of Selected VOCs 1768
15- 11 Process Design Considcrations for B iologicaJ Emission <i VOCs L768
Treau11ent Processes 1715 Mass Transfer Ra1es for VOCs 177 l
Sides1ream Characteristics and Treamrelll Mass Transfer of VOCs from Swjace
Objectives 1716 and Dijfused-Air Aerc,tion Processes 1771
XX Contents
Control Strategies for VOCs J774 Energy Recovery from Gaseous Fuels with
Trearmen1 ofOff-Gases 1774 Boilers 1824
16-5 Emissions frorn the Combustion Energy Recovery fmm Solid Fuels 1826
Of Gases And Sofids 1777 Energy Recovery from Syngas 1833
Sources of Fuels 1777 Energy Recovery with Fuel Cell J833
Combustion Systems Used al Wastewater 17- 7 Recovery and Utilization of Thermal
Treatmen.t Plants 1778 Energy 1834
Emissions of Concem .from Combustion Sources of Heat 1835
Sources 1779 Dem.andsfor Hea1. 1836
Flaring of Digester Gas 1780 Devices for Waste Heat Recovery and
16-6 Emission of Greenhouse Gases 1784 Utilization 1838
Frameworkfor Greenhouse Gases Reduction 1784 Design Considerations for Thermal Energy
Assessment Protocols 1784 Recovery Systems 1843
Opportunitiesfor GHG Reduction at Wastewater 17-8 Recovery and Utiljzation of Hydraulic Potential
Trealment Facilities 179 1 Energy 1846
Problems and Discussion Topics 1793 Type of Hydraulic Potential Energy Recovery
Devices 1846
Application of Hydraulic Energy Recovery
17 Energy Considerations in Devices 1847
Wastewater Management 1797 Use of Residual Pressure Head in Treatment
17-1 Factors Driving Energy Managemen1 1799 Processes 1849
Potentialfor Energy Cost Savings 1799 17-9 Energy Management 1850
En.ergy Supply Reliability 1800 Process Optimization and Modijication
Considera.tüms far Sustainability 1800 far Energy Saving 1850
17-2 Energy in Wastewater 1800 Process Modificationfor lncreased Energy
Chemical Energy 1800 Produclion 1856
Thermal Energy 1804 Peak Flmvrate Ma.nagement (Peak Energy
Hydraulic Energy 1805 Usage) 1857
Selection of Energy Sources 1858
17-3 Fundamentals of a Heat Balance 1807
Concept of a Heat Balance J807 17-1 O Future Opportunities for Ahernative Wastewater
Preparatio11 of a Heat Balance 1808 Treatment Processes 1858
17-4 Energy Usage in Wastewater Treatrnent Enhanced Energy Recove,y of Particulate Organic
Plants 1809 Matter 1858
Reduced Energy Usage in Biological
Types of Energy Sources Used at Wastewater
Treatment 1859
Treatment Facilities 1810
Reduced Energy Usage through the Use of
Energy Usefor Wastewater Treatment 1810
Altern.ative Treatment Processes 1859
Energy Use by In,lividual Treatment
Prospects for the Future 1860
Processes 18 lO
Advanced and New Wastewater Treatment Problems and Discussion Topics l860
Tecfmologies 1811
17-5 Energy Audits and Benchmarking 1813 18 Wastewater Management:
Benchmarking Energy Usage 1814
Future Challenges and
Benchmarking Protocol 1815
17-6 Recovery and Utilization of Chemical
Opportunities 1865
Energy 1819 18-1 Futurc Challenges and Opportunities 1867
Fuels Derivedfrom Waslewater 1819 Asset Management 1867
Energy Recovery fmm Gaseous Fuels with Engines Design for Energy and Resource Recovery 1869
and Turbines 1821
Contents xxi
697
698 Chopter 8 Suspended Growth Biologicol Treolment Processes
WORKING TERMINOLOGY
Term Definition
Activoted sludge process Biologicol treotment process thot involves the convers ion of orgonic motter ond/or other constit-
uents in the wostewoter to gases ond cell tissue by o lorge moss o f oerobic microorgonisms
mointo ined in suspension by mixing ond oerotion. The microorgonisms form flocculent particles
that are separoted from the process efAuent in a sedimentation tank (clorifier) and are returned
subsequently to the aeration process or wasted.
Chopter 8 Suspended Growth Biological Treatment Processes 699
Term Definition
Aerobic (oxic} processes Biologicol treatment processes that occur in the presence of free d issolved oxygen; oxygen is
consumed by oerobic microorgan isms in oxidation/reduction reaclions to produce energy for
cell growth o nd cell maintenonce.
A naerob ic processes Biologicol treatment processes that occur in the absence of oxygen.
A noxic process Biologica l treatment process that occurs in the absence of free d issolved oxyg en where nitrate
and nitrite ore used as the main electron acceptors in biologi cal oxidotion/reduction reocti ons;
denitrification is an exomple of an a noxic process.
Biomoss The total mass of solids in a reactor consisti ng mainly of organic matter ond microorgonisms.
Biological nutrient removal The term opplied to the removol of nitrogen ond phosphorus in biologica l trea tment processes.
{BNR)
Denilrification The biological process by w hich nilrate ar nitrite is reduced to nitrogen ond other gaseous end
products.
Enhanced biologica l phos- Removal of phosphorus by exlraord inary storoge in bacteria selected in anoerobic/oerobic
phorus removal (EBPR) process configuration ond subsequent solids separation.
Hindered settling Settling which occurs when the octivoted sludge flocs interfere wi th each other as they settle.
Focultotive processes Biologico l treotm ent processes in w hich the organisms con function in the presence or obsence
of molecular oxygen.
Fermenlalion The conversion o f orgonic matter to volotile fatty ocids in the obsence of oxygen, nitrate, ond
nitrite.
Membrane bioreoctor (MBR) A process thot combines a suspended growth process with o membrone seporation systern
w ithin !he process oeration tan k; membrane seporotion is accomplished by either microfiltrotion
ar ultrofiltration.
Membrane flux The rote of flow ocross a membrane per unit of surloce orea, L/m 2 ·h.
Mixed liquor suspended The biomoss contoined in a treo tment reactor used to bring obout treotment of the organic
solids (MLSS} material in wastewater.
N itrificotion The two-step biological process by wh ich nitrogen (mostly in the form of ammonio) is converted
to nitrite and then to nitrate.
Nocardioform foom A thick layer of brown, biologica l foom caused by o filamentous bacteria that forms o n the top
of aeration tanks and secon dary clo rifiers.
Nonbiodegradable volatile These ore suspended solids contained in influent wastewoter to octivated sludge processes that
suspended solids (nbVSS) ore organic but not biodegradoble. They impacl sludge production.
Phosphorus occumuloting Heterotrophic bacteria selected in EBPR processes that hove the obility for high inlracellulor
orgonisms (PAOs) phosphorus storoge.
Readily biodegradable Dissolved biodegradoble orgonic substroles w hich ore removed by bacteria much faster ~, on
COD (rbCOD) colloidal or porticulate degradoble COD. Th e rbCOD impacts spotia l oxygen demand, EBPR
removal efficiency, and denitrification roles.
Sequencing ba tch reactor An SBR is a batch fill and draw octivated sludge lreatrnent process. lt involves o treatment
(SBR) sequence of fi ll, reoct, settling, supernaton t deconting, a nd idle. Activated sludge aerotion and
liquid solids separotion occurs in the sorne tank.
Simulo tion models Mathernoticol models, bosed on a set of equotions, used to ossess the effects of ki netics ond
changes in the wostewater characterizes on process performance.
Simultaneous nitrificalion Nitrogen removol occurs in sorne activated sludge floc or in a biofilm due to nitrificotion in
and denitrificotion {SNdN) oerobic outer layer and denitrification in interior due to the lack of dissolved oxygen and
presence of nitrate or nitrite.
700 Chopter 8 Suspended Growth Biologicol Treotment Processes
Term Definition
Sludge production The omount of solids produced during the biologicol processing of wostewoter including
influent nonbiodegradoble solids ond the biomoss resulting from the conversion of orgonic.
Sludge yield The omounl of solids produced relotive to the omount of BOD or COD removed during the
biologicol processing of wostewoter.
Solids flux onolysis A method used to determine the oreo requ ired for hindered settling bosed on on onolysis of the
solids (moss) flux.
Solids retention time (SRT) The average period of time in which solids remoin in o suspended growth process (olso called
sludge oge).
Stoged process Processes which occur with more thon one independent reactor or comportment in series.
Surface overflow rote The hydraulic flowrote applied relative to the clorifier surface oreo (m 3/m 2 ·d ).
Suspended growth processes Biologicol treotment processes in w hich microorgonisms responsible for the conversion of
organic matter or other constituents in the wostewaler lo gases ond cell tissue ore maintoined in
suspension within the liquid.
Volumetric orgonic loading The omount of BOD or COD opplied to the aeration tank volume per doy (e.g ., kg BOD or
role C0D/m 3 ·d).
Primary
clarifier
lnílu~ o _ _ , _ (: -)
(a) Sludge
Aeraüon tank
lnfluent
Figure 8-1
Typica l octivated sludge processes w ith di fieren! types of reactors: (a) schematic llow d iagram of p lug-
llow process ond view of plug-ffow reactor, (b) schematic flow diogrom o f complete-m ix process a nd
v iew of complete-m ix activoted sludge reactor, a nd (c) sc hemolic d iagram o f sequencing bolch
reactor process a nd view of sequenci ng batch reactor.
Plug-Flow Process Configurations. Since the process carne into common use in
the early 1920s and up until the late l 970s, the type of activated sludge process used most
commonly was the one in which a plug-tlow reactor with large length to width ratios
(typically > 1O: l) was used Lsee Fig. 8-1 (a)). In considering the evolution of the activated
sludge process, it is important to note lbat the discharge of industrial wastes to domestic
wastewater collection systems increased ÍJl the late 1960s. The use of a plug-flow process
became problematic when industrial wast.es were introduced because of the toxic effects
of sorne of the discharges.
Other Activated Sludge Processes. Other activated sludge processes that have
fou nd application, with their dates of major intcrest in parentheses, include the oxidation
ditch ( 1950s), contact stabilization ( 1950s), Krause process ( 1960s), pure oxygen activated
sludge (1970s), Orbal process (J970s), deep shaft aeration (1970s), and sequencing batch
reactor process ( 1980).
Development of Selectors. Activated sludge process designs before and until the
late J970s generally involved the configurations shown on Figs. 8-l(a) and (b). These
designs very often suffered from solicls settli ng problems in the secoudary clarifiers dueto
704 Chopter 8 Suspended Growth Biologicol Treotment Processes
the proliferation of filamentous-type bacteria. Jn the early 1980s researchers and practiciJ1g
engineers advanced the concept of a "biological selector" in activated sludge design, wbich
was first introduced in a patent by Davidson (1957) to select for good settling "floc-
forming" activated sludge over fiJamentous bacteria. Selectors are smaller single or multi-
staged aerated reactors in front of the main activated sludge treatment aeration basin. The
selector concept is also inherent in designs with single or multi-staged anoxic or anaerobic
reactors before the main aeration tank to select for conditions for denitrification of nitrate/
nitrite or for phosphorus-storing bacteria. The anoxic or anaerobic reactors also serve as
selectors resulting in the development of good settling activated sludge. Selectors are con-
sidered in detail in Sec. 8-4.
Screened
influ ~ Screened
Aerobic influenl
zone Aeration
basin
Solids
towaste
Interna! r~ycle
Membrane Submerged
compartment membrane
(a) (oplional) (b) modules
(e) (d)
Figure 8-2
Membrane bioreoctor (MBR). A multi-stoged octivoted sludge system with membrones far liquid-solids
seporotion: (o) section through MBR wi th seporate comporfment far the membranes, (b) p io n view of
MBR, (e) view of membrana cassettes being placed in seporote compartment, and (d) view o f
seporate membrane comportment.
8-1 lntroduction to the Activoted Sludge Process 705
draws water (permeate) through the membrane while retaining solids in the reactor. To
minirnize the accumulation of solids and fouling on the exterior of the membranes, com-
pressed air is inrroduced through a disufüution manifold ar the base of the mernbrane
module. As lhe air bubbles rise to the surface, scouring of the membrane surface occurs;
the air also provides oxygen to maintain aerobic cooditions and solids suspension
within the reactor.
MBR Process Applications. The mosl frequent applications for MBRs have been for
domeslic wastewater treatme11t and water reuse, ranging in flows from smaU housing
developments and apartments to large centralized wastewater treatment facilities. The Iarg-
est facility, as of 2008, is the King County, Washington Brightwater wastewater treatment
plant, at an average design flowrate of 117,000 rn 3/d (Judd, 2008a). MBR designs have
also been used for industrial wastewater treatment applications, including food and
beverage processing, chenúcal plants, automotive plants, dairy wastewater, oíl refinery
wastewater, landfill leacbate and pharmaceuticals, and also in anaerobic treatment
processes (Yang el al., 2006).
Process applications of MBRs are described along with similar applications using
activated sludge and clarifiers for nitrification, nitrogen removal and enhanced biological
phosphorus removal in Secs. 8-7 and 8-8. Design considerations assocíated with the use
of gravity clarifiers or membranes for activated sludge liquid-solids separation are
706 Chapter 8 Suspended Growth Bialogical Treatmenf Processes
discussed in Secs. 8- 10, 8-11, and 8-1 2. Membrane systems used in advanced wastewater
applications including membrane materials, membrane designs, and operating conditions
are discussed in Sec. 11-6 in Chap. 11.
Interna! recycle
Anaerobic
lnfluent
Aerobic
(a) (b)
Figure 8-3
Modified Borden pha process with slage reoclo rs for biologico l nitrogen removal a nd enhonced
biologicol p hosphorus removol: (o) schemalic diagram o f slaged process and (b) view o f a Modified
Bardenp ho lreatmenl plan! in Pa lmetto, FL; the firsl o f ifs type in the United Stafes built in 1979.
[From H. D. Stensel.) (Coordinates 27.5256 N 82.5959 W, view a l oltitude 360 m, since then,
an oxidotion d itch has been built alo ng side.)
8-6 Processes fer 8od Removal and Nitrification 793
1 Table 8-19
Typical design parameters for commonly used activated sludge processes
Volumetric looding
F/M,
Type of kg BOD/ lb BOD/ kg BOD/ MLSS,
Process name reactor SRT, d kg MLVSS·d 1000 ft3·d m 3 ·d mg/L Total T, h
High-rate aeration CMAS or 0.5-2 1.5-2.0 75-150 1.2-2.4 500-1 500 1-2
(first step in AB Process) plug Aow
Contad stabilization CMAS or 5-10 0.2-0.6 60-75 1.0-1.3 1000-3000° 0.5... 1°
plug flow 6000-1 O,OOOb 2,_4b
may be completely mixed, staged, or plug flow. The oxidation ditch is a combj.nation
of complete mix and plug flow. The recirculation flowrate in the ditch provides a
flowrate that is typically 20-30 times the intluent flowrate so the dilution factor
approaches a complete mix substrate condition. In additíon, plug flow kinetics condi -
tions are approached as thc flow moves down the ditch channels away from the mixed
acration zone.