ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL

Cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism and it is microscopic. So, based on the
number of cells All living organisms are classifies into unicellular and multicellular.

Unicellular: Organisms are made up of only one cell. Unicellular included bacteria, protists and yeast.
Multicellular: Organism used many different cells to function. Example in human and animal: muscle
cells which compose the body muscle to function, skin cells, example in plant: steam cells which
compose the steam plant to function.

Based on the cells structure the organism’s cells are classified as prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Prokaryotic: is single-cells/one celled organism that lacks of nucleus and other membrane bound. Size
0.1-10 micrometer. Prokaryote has circular DNA form
Eukaryotic: is organism cells multicellular/unicellular that contain a nucleus and other membrane bound
organelles. 10-100 micrometer. Eukaryote has linear DNA form

Organelles are structure that enable the cell to live, grow and reproduce

WORK:
1. Make a summary about cell and classification
2. Make a table and the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic

Animal and plant cell are classified as Eukaryotic because those are multicellular that contain a
nucleus and other membrane bound organelles and the cell’s size between 10-100 micrometer.
The similarity
1. Both animal and plant cell have cell membranes that enclose the cell
2. Both are filled with cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria
The different
1. The Plant cells have cell wall that formed by cellulose
2. Plasma
3. The plant cells have fixed shape which rectangular, while animal cells have irregular shape
usually rounded shape.
4. The number of plant cell’s vacuoles one and large size, while animal cells have one or more in
small size.
5. The plant cells have chloroplast to make their own food
6. The plant cells have plastids
7. The animal cells have lysosomes (digestive system of the cell) that occur in cytoplasm, while in
the plant cells the lysosomes usually not evident.
8. The animal cells have cilia and some cells such as Mammalia sperm have flagella as locomotion,
while plant cells some have flagella such as sperm of bryophytes and pteridophytes, cycads and
Ginkgo
 Works Sheet

1. The differences of Prokaryotes and eukaryote

Differences Prokaryote Eukaryote
Nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles
Cell structure
Cell size
Complexity
DNA form
Examples
1. Organelles and Function
1. The plasma membrane is also termed as a Cell Membrane or Cytoplasmic Membrane. It
is a selectively permeable membrane of the cells, which is composed of a lipid bilayer
and proteins. The plasma membrane is present both in plant and animal cells. It functions
as the selectively permeable membrane, by permitting the entry of selective materials in
and out of the cell according to the requirement. In an animal cell, the cell membrane
functions by providing shape and protects the inner contents of the cell. Based on the
structure of the plasma membrane, it is regarded as the fluid mosaic model. According to
the fluid mosaic model, the plasma membranes are subcellular structures, made of a lipid
bilayer in which the protein molecules are embedded.
2. The cytoplasm is present both in plant and animal cells. They are jelly-like substances,
found between the cell membrane and nucleus. They are mainly composed of water,
organic and inorganic compounds. The cytoplasm is one of the essential components of
the cell, where all the cell organelles are embedded. These cell organelles contain
enzymes, mainly responsible for controlling all metabolic activity taking place within the
cell and are the site for most of the chemical reactions within a cell.
3. The nucleus is a double-membraned organelle found in all eukaryotic cells. It is the
largest organelle, which functions as the control center of the cellular activities and is the
storehouse of the cell’s DNA. By structure, the nucleus is dark, round, surrounded by a
nuclear membrane. It is a porous membrane (like cell membrane) and forms a wall
between cytoplasm and nucleus. Within the nucleus, there are tiny spherical bodies called
nucleolus. It also carries an essential structure called chromosomes. Chromosomes are
thin and thread-like structures which carry another important structure called a gene.
Genes are a hereditary unit in organisms i.e., it helps in the inheritance of traits from one
generation (parents) to another (offspring). Hence, the nucleus controls the characters and
functions of cells in our body. The primary function of the nucleus is to monitor cellular
activities including metabolism and growth by making use of DNA’s genetic information.
Nucleoli in the nucleus are responsible for the synthesis of protein and RNA.
4. Nucleolus is a spherical structure found in the cell’s nucleus whose primary function is to
produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes. The nucleolus is also where ribosomal RNA
genes are transcribed.
5. The Endoplasmic Reticulum is a network of membranous canals filled with fluid. They
are the transport system of the cell, involved in transporting materials throughout the cell.
There are two different types of Endoplasmic Reticulum:
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – They are composed of cisternae, tubules, and vesicles,
which are found throughout the cell and are involved in protein manufacture.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum – They are the storage organelle, associated with the
production of lipids, steroids, and also responsible for detoxifying the cell.
6. Mitochondria are called the powerhouses of the cell as they produce energy-rich
molecules for the cell. The mitochondrial genome is inherited maternally in several
organisms. It is a double membrane-bound, sausage-shaped organelle, found in almost all
eukaryotic cells. The double membranes divide its lumen into two distinct aqueous
compartments. The inner compartment is called a ‘matrix’ which is folded into cristae
whereas the outer membrane forms a continuous boundary with the cytoplasm. They
usually vary in their size and are found either round or oval in shape. Mitochondria are
the sites of aerobic respiration in the cell, produces energy in the form of ATP and helps
 in the transformation of the molecules. For instance, glucose is converted into adenosine
triphosphate – ATP. Mitochondria have their own circular DNA, RNA molecules,
ribosomes (the 70s), and a few other molecules that help in protein synthesis.
7. Plastids are large, membrane-bound organelles which contain pigments. Based on the
type of pigments, plastids are of three types:
 Chloroplasts – Chloroplasts are double membrane-bound organelles, which
usually vary in their shape – from a disc shape to spherical, discoid, oval and
ribbon. They are present in mesophyll cells of leaves, which store chloroplasts
and other carotenoid pigments. These pigments are responsible for trapping light
energy for photosynthesis. The inner membrane encloses a space called the
stroma. Flattened disc-like chlorophyll-containing structures known as thylakoids
are arranged in a stacked manner like a pile of coins. Each pile is called a granum
(plural: grana) and the thylakoids of different grana are connected by flat
membranous tubules known as stromal lamella. Just like the mitochondrial
matrix, the stroma of chloroplast also contains a double-stranded circular DNA,
70S ribosomes, and enzymes which are required for the synthesis of
carbohydrates and proteins.
 Chromoplasts – The chromoplasts include fat-soluble, carotenoid pigments like
xanthophylls, carotene, etc. which provide the plants with their characteristic
color – yellow, orange, red, etc.
 Leucoplasts – Leucoplasts are colorless plastids which store nutrients.
Amyloplasts store carbohydrates (like starch in potatoes), aleuroplasts store
proteins, and elaioplasts store oils and fats.
8. Ribosomes are non membrane-bound and important cytoplasmic organelles found in
close association with the endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes are found in the form of
tiny particles in a large number of cells and are mainly composed of 2/3rd of RNA and
1/3rd of protein. They are named as the 70s (found in prokaryotes) or 80s (found in
eukaryotes) The letter S refers to the density and the size, known as Svedberg’s Unit.
Both 70S and 80S ribosomes are composed of two subunits. Ribosomes are either
encompassed within the endoplasmic reticulum or are freely traced in the cell’s
cytoplasm. Ribosomal RNA and Ribosomal proteins are the two components that
together constitute ribosomes. The primary function of the ribosomes includes protein
synthesis in all living cells that ensure the survival of the cell.
9. Golgi Apparatus is also termed as Golgi Complex. It is a membrane-bound organelle,
which is mainly composed of a series of flattened, stacked pouches called cisternae. This
cell organelle is primarily responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging
proteins and lipids to targeted destinations. Golgi Apparatus is found within the
cytoplasm of a cell and is present in both plant and animal cells.
10. Microbodies are membrane-bound, minute, vesicular organelles, found in both plant and
animal cells. They contain various enzymes and proteins and can be visualized only
under the electron microscope.
11. Cilia are hair-like projections, small structures, present outside the cell wall and work like
oars to either move the cell or the extracellular fluid. Flagella are slightly bigger and are
responsible for the cell movements. The eukaryotic flagellum structurally differs from its
prokaryotic counterpart. The core of the cilium and flagellum is called an axoneme,
which contains nine pairs of gradually arranged peripheral microtubules and a set of
 central microtubules running parallel to the axis. The central tubules are interconnected
by a bridge and are embedded by a central sheath. One of the peripheral microtubular
pairs is also interconnected to the central sheath by a radial spoke. Hence there are a total
of 9 radial spokes. The cilia and flagella emerge from centriole-like structures called
basal bodies.
12. Vacuoles are mostly defined as storage bubbles of irregular shapes which are found in
cells. They are fluid-filled organelles enclosed by a membrane. The vacuole stores the
food or a variety of nutrients that a cell might need to survive. In addition to this, it also
stores waste products. The waste products are eventually thrown out by vacuoles. Thus,
the rest of the cell is protected from contamination. The animal and plant cells have
different size and number of vacuoles. Compared to the animals, plant cells have larger
vacuoles.
13. Lysosomes is A tiny, circular-shaped, single membrane-bound organelles, filled with
digestive enzymes. The faction of lysosomes Helps in the digestion and removes wastes
and digests dead and damaged cells. Therefore, it is also called as the “suicidal bags”.
14. The differences of Animal and plant cells
Differences Animal Cells Plant Cells
Cell wall
Shape
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Plastids
Plasma membrane
Lysosomes
Cilia
 RESPITORY SYSTEM

Respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. This system
helps your body absorb oxygen from the air so your organs can work (inspiration/inhalation). It a
lso cleans waste gases, such as carbon dioxide, from your blood so during breathing we also
expels unwanted gases from our body (expiration/exhalation). And the exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide is called repiration.
Respiration is involuntry movement because most of the time wille you are breathing is not
under direct conscious control. Whya respiration is involuntry movement? Can you guys imagine
while sleeping we have to control the breathing? So that is why, because our body’s ogran need
oxygen to work. If there is no oxygen entring our body in periode of time, the body’s organ lack
of oxygen supply. What happen if lack of oxygen supply in our body’s organ? As soon as
possible the our heart and the others organ stop working and died.

1. The first tract of repiratory system is nose the air entring the external nostril and the air
will be filltered from dust and dirt in nasal cavity by hair and mucus.
2. The air pass the pharynx, It is a passage behind the nasal chamber and serves as the com
mon passageway for both air and food.
3. Larynx – Known as the soundbox as it houses the vocal chords, which are paramount in
the generation of sound.
4. Trachea it is a long tube passing through the mid-thoracic cavity, it as connector betwee
larynx and trachea.
5. Bronchi as a connector between trachea and lungs. Bronchi divided into primary,
secondary and tertiary bonchi. The air will spserated and fill the left and right lung.
6. Bronchioles, the air will entring the alveoili through this tiny branch bronchiles
7. Alveoli is the bronchioles terminateor the structure like baloon.

Work sheet:
1. Draw the respiratory system then name the organ and also the function gives the number
on the picture that you guys already draw based on the respiratory system track continuity
2. Draw the diaphragm while inhale and exhale then write down below what happened
during the process

Exchange mechanism between lungs and bloodstream

Inside the lungs, the oxygen and carbon dioxide enter and exit respectively through millions of
microscopic alveoli. The inhaled oxygen diffuses into the pulmonary capillaries, binds to
haemoglobin and is pumped through the bloodstream. The carbon dioxide from the blood
diffuses into the alveoli and is expelled through exhalation.

Exchange of Gases between Bloodstream and Body Tissues

The blood carries the oxygen from the lungs around the body and releases the oxygen when it
reaches the capillaries. The oxygen is diffused through the capillary walls into the body tissues.
The carbon dioxide also diffuses into the blood and is carried back to the lungs for release.
The process inhale and exhale gets help from diaphragm.When you breathe in/inhale, your
diaphragm pulls downward so it is in straight form, because your lung full of air and the lung’s
volume increase and the pressure inside the chest is lowered.

The opposite happens with exhalation: Your diaphragm relaxes upward so it is in letter u form
because the lung’s volume decrease, pushing on your lungs because the pressure inside the chest
increase.
 Nose
Humans have exterior nostrils, which are divided by a framework of cartilaginous
structure called the septum. This is the structure that separates the right nostril from the left
nostril. Tiny hair follicles that cover the interior lining of nostrils act as the body’s first line of
defence against foreign pathogens. Furthermore, they provide additional humidity for inhaled air.

Larynx
Two cartilaginous chords lay the framework for the larynx. It is found in front of the neck
and is responsible for vocals as well as aiding respiration. Hence, it is also informally called the
voice box. When food is swallowed, a flap called the epiglottis folds over the top of the windpipe
and prevents food from entering into the larynx.

Pharynx
The nasal chambers open up into a wide hollow space called the pharynx. It is a common
passage for air as well as food. It functions by preventing the entry of food particles into the
windpipe. The epiglottis is an elastic cartilage, which serves as a switch between the larynx and
the oesophagus by allowing the passage of air into the lungs, and food in the gastrointestinal
tract.

Have you ever wondered why we cough when we eat or swallow?

Talking while we eat or swallow may sometimes result in incessant coughing. The reason
behind this reaction is the epiglottis. It is forced to open for the air to exit outwards and the food
to enter into the windpipe, triggering a cough.

Trachea
The trachea or the windpipe rises below the larynx and moves down to the neck. The walls
of the trachea comprise C-shaped cartilaginous rings which give hardness to the trachea and
maintain it by completely expanding. The trachea extends further down into the breastbone and
splits into two bronchi, one for each lung.

Bronchi
The trachea splits into two tubes called the bronchi, which enter each lung individually.
The bronchi divide into secondary and tertiary bronchioles, and it further branches out into small
air-sacs called the alveoli. The alveoli are single-celled sacs of air with thin walls. It facilitates
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules into or away from the bloodstream.

Lungs
Lungs are the primary organs of respiration in humans and other vertebrates. They are
located on either side of the heart, in the thoracic cavity of the chest. Anatomically, the lungs are
spongy organs with an estimates total surface area between 50 to 75 sq meters. The primary
function of the lungs is to facilitate the exchange of gases between the blood and the air.
Interestingly, the right lung is quite bigger and heavier than the left lung
PHOTOSYTHESIS