1.

ROAD WORK

1.1 Asphalt density:

Asphalt weighs 2.56 gram per cubic centimeter or 2,560 kilogram per cubic meter,
i.e., density of, Asphalt is equal to 2.56 g/cm³.

1.2 Air voids:

Air voids are the percentage of void spaces within the aggregate–binder matrix that are not
filled with binder—sufficient voids should be provided to allow for a slight amount of additional
compaction under traffic and a slight amount of asphalt expansion due to temperature increases,
without flushing, bleeding, or loss of stability.

1.3 Percentage of air voids:

Percentage of air voids is between 4.0 and 8.0% for most surface course mixes.

1.4 Bitumen:

Bitumen is the liquid binder that holds asphalt together. The term bitumen is often
mistakenly used to describe asphalt. A bitumen-sealed road has a layer of bitumen sprayed and
then covered with an aggregate.

1.5 Asphalt bleeding:

Bleeding or flushing is shiny, black surface film of asphalt on the road surface caused by
upward movement of asphalt in the pavement surface. Common causes of bleeding are too
much asphalt in asphalt concrete, hot weather, low space air void content and quality of
asphalt.

1.5.1 CURE: Minor bleeding can often be corrected by applying coarse sand to blot
up the excess asphalt binder. Major bleeding can be corrected by cutting off
excess asphalt with a motor grader or removing it with a heater planer. If the
resulting surface is excessively rough, resurfacing may be necessary.

1.6 Asphalt Segregation:

1.6.1 Segregation in hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixture can be defined as the separation
of the coarse aggregate particles in the mix from the rest of the mass.
The segregation can take one of three forms—random, side-to-side or
longitudinal, and truckload to truckload.
1.6.2 Cause: The primary cause of truckload segregation is how the HMA mix is
delivered from the silo into the haul truck. Segregation of the mix occurs just as
segregation of the aggregate occurs when the material is dropped on top of a
conical pile.
1.7 Essential Properties of Asphalt:

1.7.1 Stability.
1.7.2 Durability.
1.7.3 Flexibility.
1.7.4 Fatigue Resistance.
1.7.5 Skid Resistance.
1.7.6 Impermeability.
1.7.7 Workability.

1.8 Bottom of subgrade: (Suitable material)

1.8.1 Compaction - 95% minimum of maximum dry density

1.8.2 1 test per every 200m2, 1 test for every 20m of pipe laying on trench.
1.8.3 Liquid limit shall not exceed 40 %, Plasticity index shall not exceed 11%
1.8.4 Gradation - Less than 20% passing on 0.075mm and 100% passing in 75mm.
1.8.5 1.8.5 PH Value of soil – min. 7 and max. 9

1.9 Top of subgrade: (Selected fill)

1.9.1 1st layer 200mm, 2nd and 3rd layer 150mm thickness. Total layer thickness is 500mm.
1.9.2 Compaction – not < 95% of maximum dry density (1 test per every 200m2)
1.9.3 Liquid limit shall not exceed 35 %, plasticity index shall not exceed 10%
1.9.4 Gradation - Less than 20% passing on 0.075mm and 100% passing in 75mm.
1.9.5 PH Value of soil – min. 7 and max. 9
1.9.6 Evenness not > 20mm at multiple point

1.10 Aggregate Road base:

1.10.1 150mm and 200mm - Depends on design.

1.10.2 Compaction – not < 100% of maximum dry density ( 2test per 500m2 ).
1.10.3 Liquid limit Max. 25 %, Plasticity index shall not exceed 6%
1.10.4 Gradation
1.10.4.1 Fine aggregate – Crushed mineral aggregate and natural sand
passing the 4.75mm sieve.
1.10.4.2 Coarse/Combined aggregate – Crushed stone and crushed gravel
with minimum of 50 % retained on 4.75mm sieve.
1.10.5 Los Angeles abrasion loss – Max.30% (1 test per 100m3)
1.10.6 CBR – Not less than 80% (1 test per 5000m3)
1.10.7 Evenness not more than 10mm
1.10.8 Site sampling (sampling from uncompact in placed layer): gradation, liquid limit,
plasticity index, sand equivalent, Uncompacted void content, Flat/elongated particles,
Los Angeles abrasion, micro-Deval abrasion, Magnesium sulphate soundness, CBR, Acid
soluble chloride, acid soluble sulfate.
1.11 Prime Coat

1.11.1 Spray bar length – 2.4m.

1.11.2 Cutback bitumen consisting of a 60/70 penetration grade bitumen and kerosene.
1.11.3 Application rate – 0.45 to 0.75 kg/m2 (1 test per 250m2/ 1 every 75m per lane).
1.11.4 Temperature – 60⁰C to 85⁰C, Ambient temperature >13⁰C nor during rain, fog, dust.

1.12 Asphalt base course:

1.12.1 Fine aggregate: Passing 2.36mm ASTM sieve; plasticity index – max. 4% (1
test every 2000m3, Visible change in material, 1 test daily)
1.12.2 Coarse aggregate: Retained 2.36mm ASTM sieve; (1 test every 2000m3,
Visible change in material, 1 test daily)
1.12.3 Weather limitation: No production or spreading if ambient temperature is less
than 8⁰C, nor during rain, fog, dust-storm or other unsuitable weather.
1.12.4 Temperature of bituminous mixer: ±10⁰C of JMF temperature in truck, 135⁰C
minimum at paver, 120⁰C minimum prior rolling.
1.12.5 Field Density (Nuclear gauge) for acceptance in-situ compaction: 97-101.8%
(At 50m interval in alternate wheel track).
1.12.6 Field Density (2 Cores) for acceptance in-situ compaction: 97-101.8% (1 test
per 200T per layer of base course).
1.12.7 Evenness: 3mm Maximum difference (Every 20m of road length for each lane)
1.12.8 Sampling of bituminous mixers: Compliance to the JMF on Marshall Design
criteria for Base courses. (Test based; one sample shall be sent to LSA each
production day)

1.13 Tack coat:

1.13.1 Application rate – 0.15 to 0.38 kg/m2 (1 test per 250m2/ 1 every 75m per lane)
1.13.2 Temperature – 10⁰C to 60⁰C

1.14 Asphalt wearing course:

1.14.1 Fine aggregate: Passing 2.36mm ASTM sieve; plasticity index – max. 4% (1
test every 2000m3, Visible change in material, 1 test daily)
1.14.2 Coarse aggregate: Retained 2.36mm ASTM sieve; (1 test every 2000m3,
Visible change in material, 1 test daily)
1.14.3 Weather limitation: No production or spreading if ambient temperature is less
than 8⁰C, nor during rain, fog, dust-storm or other unsuitable weather.
1.14.4 Temperature of bituminous mixer: ±10⁰C of JMF temperature in truck,
135⁰C minimum at paver, 120⁰C minimum prior rolling
1.14.5 Field Density (Nuclear gauge) for acceptance in-situ compaction: 98-101.8%
(At 50m interval in alternate wheel track)
1.14.6 Field Density (2 Cores) for acceptance in-situ compaction: 98-101.8% (1 test
per 100T of wearing course).
1.14.7 Levels: Cross section as shown on the drawing shall not vary by more than
±4mm from the required elevation.
1.14.8 Evenness: shall not exceed 6mm.
 1.14.9 Sampling of bituminous mixers: Compliance to the JMF on Marshall Design
criteria for wearing courses. (Test based; one sample shall be sent to LSA each
production day)

1.15 Paver machine:

1.15.1 Minimum paving width -2m

1.15.2 Paver speed - 3 to 6m/minute

1.16 Vibrating steel wheeled roller:

1.16.1 Dual drums with 7000kg minimum weight

1.16.2 Vibrating frequency – between 2000 and 3000 cycles/min with individual control
1.16.3 Equipped with reversing clutch.
1.16.4 Speed - 4 to 5 km/h (Over speed shall be approved by supervising consultant / mockup)

1.17 Steel wheeled rollers (Two axe and three axle rollers):

1.17.1 Contact pressure under the compression wheels of 45 to 65kg/cm.

1.17.2 Two axle wheeler – 10,000 kg minimum: three axle wheeler – 13,000 kg minimum

1.18 PTR (Pneumatic-tire rollers):

1.18.1 Speed – 8km/h

1.18.2 Weight - Operating weight: 9 to 17 tons. Ballasted weight: 16 to 30
tons. Compaction width: 2000 mm to 2750 mm

1.19 Core:

1.19.1 150mm diameter core for full depth sample of all bituminous paving courses.