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    Amti Gems Inter 2

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    ADARSH NAGARIYA

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    from THE MATHEMATICS TEACHER INTER-II ee SC GEMS From THE MATHEMATICS TEACHER INTER -II Edited by Sri. V. Seshan THE ASSOCATION OF MATHEMATICS TEACHERS OF INDIA B-19, Vijay Avenue, 85/37, Venkatarangam Street, Triplicane, Chennai — 600 005. Tel: (044)-28441523 E-mail : amti@vsnl.com Web site: amtionline.com LA BETWEEN US Dear Reader, The demand for our books based on NMTC questions had been increasing steadily. Hence it is decided to bring all the problems and solutions of NMIC every five or ten years without disturbing the earlier editions. To satisfy the needs of various age groups they are being brought out in five different books - Primary, Sub-Junior, Junior, Inter ‘and RMO and INMO. The Present period covered by these books are from 2004 to 2012. In the case of RMO and INMO it is 2005 to 2013. We hope and trust the beneficiaries of our service will continue to encourage us to help aspirants of excellence in Mathematics Education. We are grateful to Smt. K._— Maheswari, Sri G. Gnanasundaram, Dr. M. Palanivasan and Sri V. Seshan respectively for having gone through the pages and edited these books in record time, With best wishes. Yours sincerely, ret (M. MAHADEVAN) General Secretary, AMTI CONTENTS 1. Year 2004 Screening Test . Final Test .. 2. Year 2005 Screening Test...... Final Test....... 3. Year 2006 Screening Test . Final Tes! 4. Year 2007 5. Year 2008 6. Year 2009 7. Year 2010 Screening Test Final Test 8. Year 2011 Screening Test Final Test 9. Year 2012 Screening Test... Final Test RAMANUJAN CONTEST SCREENING TEST - 2004 1. When 12003 +. 22003 4 32003 + ... + 290370 ja divided by 2004, then the remainder is (A) 0° (B)1 (G) 1002 (D)2008 Solution: When in is odd, a” + 8” is divisible by a +b. So, 1208 +. (2004—m)?%08 is divisible by 2004 for n= 1,2,--+ ,1001. ‘Also 1002? is 1002 x 1002 x 1002! = 2004 x 501 x 10027, Hence it is also divisible by'2004. «1, Given sum’= (1208 4 29932008) 4. (22008 + 29027003) 4.0.4 (100173 + 100303) +1002 is also divisible by 2004. Answer: (A) 2. Rach number from 1,2,3,-** ,100(decimal scale) is written in base 6 and their product is also written in base 6. Then the number of zeroes at the end of this product is (A) 24 (B) 48 (Cc) 18 (D)97 Solution: The problem is equivalent to finding m such that when 100! is divided by 67, the. quotient is not divisible by 6. This is equivalent to finding-the greatest mi such that 124 is not divisible by 3. : Now 81 = 34, 27 = 38, 54=2 38, 9=9?, 18 = 2x 3%, 36 = 2 x37, 45 = 5 x 9,63 = 7x 3, .72 = 2 x 3%, 99 = 2x 5x 34, 99 = 11 x 3? while remaining multiples of 3 liave only one 3 as factor. The total-number of multiples: of 3 in 05 co Problems and Solutions 1,2,+++ 100 being 33 the numbers having just one 3 as factor will be 33 — 11 = 22, Hence total power of 3 in the product 100! will be ; 224-4 (from 81)+2x3(from 27 and 54)+8x2(Grom 9, 18,-+~ 99) = 24446416 = 48, Hence the number of zeros at the end of 100! of decimal expressed in base 6 will be 48. Answer: (B) . Given that aya2,--- ,a2094 are distinct positive real numbers then 21+ 224... 4 gum. 4 sans jg (A) less than 2004 (B) less than 1 (C) greater than 2004 (D) equal to 1 Solution: Let eq = g242,m = 1,2,++- ,2003, Then 4.09 = Be at fm ay tp.t9-+ 9008 Using the property thet A.M> G.M, we get {21 +22+-+-+ 22003 + ==} —— SE 2004 > {x10 + 2003-5 1 “taney! = omtmte om + 22 5 as i. 21g 2g RD 5 ME apg a ag 22004 a Equality can hold only if each term on the left hand side is 1 Je., only if ¢) = aq = --- = azogy. But, we are given that the feta Stata a et positive real numbers. Hence at: Banos: 3 ata +p Stto8 ee 7008 > 2004, Answer: (C) Problems and Solutions 4, Two chords of acircle bisect each other. Then (A) The chords are of equal length but less than the length of the diameter. (B) The chords are of unequal length. (C) The chords should be perpendicular bisectors of each other. (D) The chords are any two diemeters. Solution: Let AB,CD be the chords intersecting at P such that AP = PB,OP =, PD: As PG.PD = PA.PB, we get PA? = PC? or PA = PC. This means YP AB = CD, i‘e., the chords are of equal length. ‘The perpendiculars to AB and CD at their midpoints pass through the centre of the circle. Unless P is the centre of the circle this cannct happen. Thus ‘AB and CD are diameters.of the circle, They need not be mutuelly perpendicular. Thus option (D) is the correct one. Answer: (D) 5. A man tosses a fair coin till he gets a head. ‘The probability that he gets head in at most n tosses is (Ads ®)* (1-3 (D)1-* Solution: If P(Z) denotes the probability of event E, then P(Head is got in at most 7 tosses) is equivalent to the sum of the probabilities for the n mutually exclusive cases of getting tails in the first r tosses and then head in the (r + 1)th toss, r=Q1,++,n-1. Problems and Solutions Thus the required probability nel - = yp (getting tails in the first r tosses and then head 70 in the (r + 1)th tosses) - > LiL $ 1 =e a> Da eo yh : Note that P(Head in a toss) = P (Tail in a toss) = } and the tosses in each case are independent. «, Required probability = jtpetethé a2-G@")_, 1 ~ G-f ( ) Answer: (D) 11. Kumar never lies except ou ‘Tuesdays. On Tuesdays, he alvays lies. On how many days of the week can he say “If I did not lie yesterday then I will lie tomorrow* (A)1 (B)2 ()3 (D) 4 Solution: If the statement is true Kumar could have spoken this truth only on Monday. If the statement is false, Kumar could have lied only on Tuesday. Thus his statement given in the problem could have been given only on two days, Answer: (B) 12, The range of function f(¢) =7.r Ag where mP, represents Permutations of ‘ra’ things taken ‘n’ at a time end where ris 4 non-negative integer is ‘ (A) 0,23,4,5} (8) (1,234) (GQ, 2} (D) {1,2,3) Problems and Solutions g Solution: For f(r) =y-1 Prs to be defined, 7—r > 17-3 orr <5, Also r—3 > 0 implies r > 3, Thus domain of the function f is {3,4,5} and range of f is {F(3),f(4), f(5)} i.e, {4Po, 8P,,2Pa} ive, {1,3, 2} Answer: (D) 18: The roots of 642° ~ 1442? + 92¢ — 15 = O-are in A.P. Then the difference between the lergest and the smallest is Aa (8) 4 5 @y Solution: As the roots.are in‘A.P., take them as a—d, o and o+d, Then ; Sum of the roots =3a = Yt = 3 or + §. Product. of.the roots=a(a?— d®) = 2B... Asa=3; f= §- R= gad. wae th. “The difference’ between the largest and the smaliést of the roots Ko+d = (eal = 2a] = 2] #3} = 1. Answer: (D) 14, In the’ following figure, if “AD=DC =z and BO=y then AB =? (A)a+y (B) yt Ss (©) 2y (D) 22 . Solution: From isosceles triangles ABC and ADC we Reve mZABC = mZAGB = 80° and mZDAC = mZDGA -= 40°, " Therefore, mZBAD = 60° and mZBCD = 120° Let AB =z. .Then AC’ = z. Using cosine formule, BD? can be got from AABD arid ABCD, ‘Eqiating these two’ values of BD?, we have Problems and Solutions 10 22422 2z¢cos60? = 2?+y?— 2zycos 120° i 2492 1 rer) 1 ie, 2+ tas = oy’ —2y, >) (F-y)-a(y+2) = Oor(z-y—a)(yt+2)=0 Asy+2¢0, 2=2+y, Answer: (A) 15. ABCD is a tetrahedron. The number of planes from which the distances to A, B,C, D are equal is (A)o (B) 5 (c)4 (D)3 Solution: Let ABCD be the tetrahedron and E and F be the midpoints of BD and DG respectively. Then every plane intersecting the plane BDC along EF will be at the same distance, say p, from B,D and C. Of these one plane alone will be at distance p from A also, Thus for every face of tetrahedron ABCD there is one plane satisfying the conditions of the problem. As there are four faces for the tetrahedron, there are four such planes. Answer:. (C) 16. The three last digits of 7°? are (A) 263 (B) 148 (C) 343 (D) 523 Solution: The last three digits are given by the number got when 79°99 is expressed congruent modulo 1000. Now 74 = 2401 = 401(mod 1000), 78 = 801(mod1000), 7"? = 201(mod1000), 7 = 601(mod1000) and 7° = 001(modi000). This implies that 7°" = 1(mod1000) for any integer n > 0. Let 79% = x(mod 1000). Then 7710000 = (72)500 — 7—(mod 1000). Problems and Solutions 11 ‘This implies that'7s = 1(mod'1000)as 7°° = 1(mod 1000) 143 x 7a" 143(motl 1000) or 10012 = 143(mod 1000). or 1000z + x = 143(mod 1000) ie,, ¢ =143(mod1000)' oo ~. Last three digits of 79° are 143. Answer: (B) 17. Each of.the faces of a cube is coloured by a different colour. How:many of.ttie colourings are distinct? (A) 6 (B) 30 - (C18 (D) 24 Solution; Let'the different colours he denoted by A, B, C;DE and F, If A and B are painted on adjacent faces, then the remaining four colours can be painted om the remaining: four faces in 4! = 24 ways. If A and.Biare painted:on two. opposite faces and considering C as painted on an adjacent face to them, the remaining three faces ¢an be painted in’3! +'6 ways, Thus the,total ‘ntimber of distinct’ colourings will be 24 4 6'= 90: Answer: (B) 16. "Which of:the follawing is @ continuous fubction { eatisfyitg 3f(2e-+-4)= f(a) + 52? (A) f(z) = ant 8 (BY f(z)=o+1 (C) fz) =2~$ ©) f@)s2t+4 Solution: Given $f(2¢ +1) = f(z) + 5a. When = = 0,(3f(1)- (0). We now form. the following table: 12 Problems and Solutions (A) f(e) = 2n+5 5 7 (B) f(@@)aa+l uf 2 (©) f@)=2-$ -¥) -3 (0) f@=2+} ; So, option (C) gives correct f. Ansier: (C) Is 3f(1) = f(0)? ‘No 19. A,B,C,M are four points on a circle such that: ABC forms an equilateral triangle and M lies on the arc BC as in the figure. Which c of the following holds good? (A) |MA| +|MB| + |MC| = 2|AB| f (B) |MA| = |MB| +c} (C) [MA[? = |MBI? + [Mo (D) [MA/?-+ |MB/? + |MC/? = Area of AABC Solution: Join B,M and C,M. Then being angles in the same segment, mZAMB: = mZACB = 60° and mZAMC = mZABO = 60°. Using cosine formula AB? = AM? + BM? —2AM - BM cos 60° and AC? = AM? + CM? —2AM «CM cos 60° Subtracting the second equation above from the first, since AB = AC and vos 60° = 4, we get BM*- CM? = AM .(BM — om) 1c (BM ~ OM)(BM + CM) = AM «(BM ~C™M). Either BM = CM ot BM+CM = AM. When BM =CM, M is the midpoint of the arc BMC and as A is the midpoint of the arc BAC, we have AM as the diameter of the circle. From Problems and Solutions 13 right angled AABM, BM = AMsin30° = 4¥, Similarly from right angled AAMC, CM = 4}¢, Hence AM = BM + OM. Thus in any case AM = BM +.0M. Answer: (B) 20. The positive riumbers « and y satisfy zy = 1. The mininum value of Jy + gir is (a4 8 (1 ©) Solution: sees} or 2 =}, we have a = =(?-4)t121 atqanwt gre ae) +121. Hence the inininium value required is 1 and is got when y? = gi or yt =}. Then 24 =2, Answer: (C) 21. A cubie polynomial P is such that P(1) = 1, P(2) = 2, P(8) = 3 and P(4) =5. The value of P(6) is (Az (B) 10 (©)13 (D) 16 For Solution , see page: 245 22. In AABC, the altitude from A to BC meets BC at D and the altitude from B to GA meets AD at H. If AD = 4,BD = 3,CD =2 then the length of HD is (a) 8 (8) § (©) v5 )§ Solution: Let BH produced meet AC in E From cycle quadrilateral DCEH, tan BHD = tanDGA ie, 22 4? 1,8. = 4 ‘1 ED DO’ “HD ~ 2 * HD=}. Answer: (B) 4 Problems and Solutions 23. A fair coin is tossed 10,000 times." The probability pot obtaining at least 3 heads in a row éatisfies’ (A\O.0. OSps Answer: (A) 24, The number of different Positive. integer triplets (a4) satisfying the equations 2? + y~ z= 100 and x+y —g-— 194 is (A) 0 (B)1 (C)2 (D)3 Solution: From the two given equations, on subtraction, we get y-stte-yam Problems and Solutions 15 or (y—2)(y+e—1) = 24. As ,y,z are positive integers, z+ y—1> 1 y-zc>Oory>ar..: & Since yt x and y— a are of the same.parity (i, either, both odd.or both.even) y+.2 —1 andy —« are of opposite parity. Also (y-+2—1)- (y—2) = 22-1 > 0. Hence y+ 2-1 > y—2 Considering the factors of 24 two cases are possible: @yts 8, y- r= Sor (i) yt o—-1= 4, yoo = Case (i) gives z = 3 and y = 6. These values of 2 and y substituted in the given equations give'two different negative values for z..Hence.case(#), is not admissible. €asex(ti). gives'e.= 1jg>=43- Then from both. the given equations we get 2'+ 57. Thus there is a unique solution. Answer: (B) Noteryta —1= 1g+e=2andy+o-1=6y-c=4 ate inadmissible cases as in these cases y +z —1 and y—z are both of the same-parity: i 25, If o(n) denotes the number of positive integers less than n and prime to n and"A'= {n|p(n) = 17} then the number of elements. in“A.isi (A) hifinit (B) 16 (C) 47 (D):zero Solution: For any integer NV, $(1V) is always even. Hence, the set A is empty. 5 Answer: (D) Note: If N =p? for some-prime p,.then the numbers which are nub.coprimme ton” are p,2p,3py: + :p"—!.p and, these account for .P°-1 pumbers. ‘Lhe remaining numbers in the set {1,2,-+- ,p"} will.be Jess than p” and, prime to, if. ‘These p" — p*-! numbers 16 Problems and Solutions must be therefore the number of riumbers in #(p"). e") =p" — pt =p D. As p— 1 is always even, ¢(p”) is even. If N has the prime factorization p{'p}?--“pf*, then $(N) = GOT" OPP) --- (Pf) and as each $(p*) is even, the product is also éven. Answer:(A) 2§. For what’ values off is an n-digit number uniquely determined from-the sim and product of its digits? (A) 1 (B) 2 @)3 (D) 4 Solution: For any n digited nuniber for all permutations of the digits the sum of the digits-and the product of the digits will remain the same. Hence the number cannot be uniquely determined unless n = 1. When n = 1, trivially, the number coincides with both product and sum. Answer: (A) 27. The number of polynomials P(x) satisfying the equation P(e?) + 2a? + 10a = 22P(z +1) +3 is (A)2 “(B)1 (C)3 {D) infinite Solution: Let P(x) be @ polynomial of degree n. Then the left hand side is of degree 2n in x while the right hand side is of degree (n+ 1). This means that n = 1, Let us take ‘P(a) = oz +6, Then ag? +b +207 + 1c = 2zla(x+1)+0)4+3 ie, (a+ 2)x? + 102 +0 = Qaz? +/2(a+ Be +3 This implies a = 2.and b = 3; Hence: P(z) is the polynomial 2x +3 and is of the firs degree. P(a).= 22 +3 is the unique polynomial satisfying the given identi Answer: (B) Problems and Solutions a7 28. Let 2 be. a positive integer. Then the number of common factors of n? + 3n+1 and n?+4n+3 is (A). (e+) (B) n-1 (C)2 (D).1 Solution: Tow positive integers p and q will have a common factor other'than one, only when, |p— 9| is 4 divisor of both p and g. Now, (ni? +4n+3) = (n?+3n+1) = n-+2 and itis not @ factor of # +4n $3 = (n+1)(nt 3) of n?+3n+1= (n+ 1P +n, Heneé the common factor of n? + 4n'4 3 and n? + 3n+1 is just 1, "Answer: (D) 20. If f(n +1) ="f(n) +n for all n> 0 or f(0) =1 then f(200) * equals . (A), 21100 (B) 21000 (C) 20900 (D)19901 Solution: As f(n+1) = f(n) +n, we get f(n+1)-f(n) =n. . Putting n = 0,1,2)-+- 199 in this equation successively And adding the two hundred resultant equations, we get after cancellations 7 (200) — f(0) =O+14+++.+199 = 199 x 2 $05 700 = 10900. “When f(0)= 1, f(200) = 19901. “30, The rays PX and PY cut off arc AB and CD of a circle with radius 4. If the length of arc CD is 2 times the length of the arc AB and length of CD is 4, then the angle APB is (A) 9° (B) 10° (c) 12° (D) 18° 18 Problems and Solutions Solution: Let O be the centre of the circle. Then OA = OB = OC = OD =4, . iy Length of the arc CD 4 implies that ZCOD = §. As arc AB = } arc. CD =, 2, LAOB = $. Let ZPAB =° 9: Then ZPDE = 8 (since ACDB is a. cyclic quadrilateral) From isosceles triangle OBD, ZOBD = ZODB. an Now Zope = 6-2 25 LODE = 3(n~ 4) and ZOBD = ZABD-i(n~*) i = 9+ ZAPB- 3. ; o~ = 0+ APB oe or LAPB = wag 1 ad RAMANUJAN CONTEST FINAL TEST - 2004 Find, all integers n > 1 such thet 2749 is en integer. Solution: We may write +3 __ In-3 mT tT So, Aad} is an integor if and only if Zee is an integer. Now Bet < G< 11 ifn> 7. Tabulating the values of 473 for ae, 2 ve <6 we get that for'n = 2and n= 5 only & met 3 is an integer being equal to 1, Thus 243 is the integer.2~ 1. =lor ~1=4 when n= 2 or n=5 respectively. A point is chosen on each side of a unit square. The four points form the sides of a quadrilateral with sides of lengths a,b, c,d. Show that 2s04 P44 Sd Wi. Assume that A,B and J" are fixed and C, D are variable points, 50 that the length of the segment C.D remains constant, Points X and ¥ are on the rays AC and BG respectively such that AX = AD end BY = BD. Prove that the distance between X and Y remains constant. Solution: We are given the quadrilateral ABCD is cyclic and therefore ZDAC = ZDBC = @, say. Then, ZDAX = ZDBY = 6. Comparing AADX and ABDY, we see-that the two triangles are similar since it is given that AD = AX, BD = BY. So, AD _ BD DX DY ZADB = ZADX — LBDX = ZBDY — ZBDX = ZXDY. Therefore, ADAB|||ADXY. This gives and ZADX = ZBDY DA _ AB Dx * X¥° : @ From the isosceles ADAX we get 10! DX =2ADsin 3 (2) 22 Problems and Solutions ‘As GD is of constant length, we see that 6 is a constant angle, From equations (1) and (2) we get XY = 2aBsin$ = constant . Y 4. In the adjoining figure, OB is the perpendicular bisector of DE. Ais a point on OB; AF is perpendicular to OB and EF intersects OB at C. Show that OC is the harmonic mean between OA and OB. ic, 2-0A-0B oc= OA+0B E 0. A B * Problems and Solutions 23 Solution: It is clear that AAFC is similar to ABEC. ‘Therefore : BE _ BC — =. 1 AF ~ AG a Again AAOF is similar to ABOD. So, ‘ DE _OB (2) FA OA From equations (1) and (2) we get BC _OB AG ~ OA OB-00 _OB oe OG- 0A ~ OA Therefore OA(OB- OC) = OB(OC - OA) or OC(OA+ OB) = 20A.0B 2.0A.0B Therefore oc= OAtOB’ . Find all integral values of 2, y, z,w given that cl + y] = 273” Solution: If z,y 2 5, then-5|z!+ yl. But § does not divide 27.3", Therefore x,y < 4. By. actually verifying for all the pairs.(x,y) € {1,2,3, 4} x {1,2,3, 4} we see that the solutions for the ordered quadruple (2, y, 2, 1) ate (0,0,1,0) (1,0,0,0) (0,1,0,0) (1,1,1,0) (1,2,0,1) (2,0,0,1) (@,2,0,1) (2,1,0,1) (2,2,2,0) (2,3,3,0) (8,0,1,2) (0,311) (8,2)8,0) (818,21) (4,4/4,1) . A convex polygon of nine vertices Fh, Pi, Pay+-> , Py is given along with six diagonals as shown in the diagram. We see that 7 triangles. PoP Ps, PoPsPs, PoPsPr, PoPrPa, PiPoPs, PyPaPs and P4PsPs are created. These triangles are to be numbered 24 Problems and Solutions A1,A9, As,+++ Ar 80 that P; is a vertex-of Aj. In how many ways can this be done? Justify your answer. Pi Py Po Pe Py Pp, Ps Solution: Ps Pa S.No | Triangle | PossibleA;s | Remark 1 | PPPs | Ar,Aa | from 2 Ag eliminated 2 | PoPPo| As,Ag _| from 3 Ag eliminated 3 | PoP6Pr | Ae,Ar _| from 4 Ay is eliminated 4 | AP Ar only possibility 5 | PAPPs | A1,A2,As | from 1 Ag is the only possibility 6 | PaPaPs | As,Aa,As | from 1,2,3,4 Ay is the only Possibility . T_| PePsPs | ards Ae | from 3,6 As is the only possibility Thus there is only one choice. Ai is APLPLPs, Ao is APLP:Ps, Ag is APLPsPs, Aq is AP: PaPs, As is AP4P5P5, Ag is AP PsPr, and Az is APyP;Ps- 7. Let f(e) be a linear function euch that f(0) = -5 and £(f(0)) = -15. Find all values of m for which the solutions of Problems and Solutions 25 the inequality f(a)f(m- 2) >0 from. an interval of length 2. Solution: Let f(z) = ax+b. Since it is given that f(0) = ~5, we see that b= —5. Also f(f(0)) = —15 gives f(—5) = —15 or ~5a+b=—15. So, ba = b+15 = 5 +15 = 10. ie, o = 2. Thus f(c) = 2-5. Let {| f(x) f(m — 2) > 0} = A. We want to find the values of m stich that A is an interval of length 2. We have i{2)f(m—2) > 0 <=> (22—5)(22 + 2m+5) <0 * 5 Im—-5 am-5 5 = ze (5, 2 ) ose (E85). "Therefore, length of the interval A = 2 if and only if 2 2 if i Solving the above equation we get m = 3 or m = 7. 8. In how many ways can you seléct two disjoint subsets from a set having n elements? Solution: Let X be a set having n elements, With every ordered pair of disjoint subsets (A, B) of X we denote a function fan from X to the three element set {0, 1, 2} as follows: 1, ifzeA fas(@@)=4 0, ifseB 2, if otherwise. 26 Problems and Solutions This association is in fact a one-one correspondence. So the number of ordered pair of disjoint subsets of X is equal to the number of functions from {0, 1,2} to X, which is equal to 3". One choice for (A, B) is (0,0). Therefore, the number of unordered pairs is 1 +1, On the other hand if selecting two disjoint subsets of X means selecting two disjoint non-empty subsets, then we have to remove the cases when A or B is empty. The unordered such pairs are 2" in number. Therefore, for disjoint non-empty subsets we have 3°=1419n — S19" 5, 2 as our required number of selections, RAMANUJAN CONTEST SCREENING TEST - 2005 1, The sum of digits of every possible 8 digit number is noted. Which sum occurs most: often? (A) Both 27,28 _(B) 41. (G) 32 ~— (D) Both 36,37 Solution: 1,00,00,000 and 9,99,99,999 are the first and Jast 8 digit number possible. Their sum of digits are 1 and 72 Tespectively. i.e. All other 8 digit numbers have the sum of their digits lying between 1 and. 72. We seek the most occurring number between 1 and 72. Since there are an even number.of (72) sums possible, its median aré the 2 middle most values which are 36 and 37. The distribution of the sums will.be symmetric and hence median and mode will coincide. The most occurring sum will be, therefore, both 36, 37. 1,2,-+» ,35,96,37,38,-+,72, Answer! (D) 35 Nos, 35 Noe, 2. 278-1 is exactly divisible by two numbers between 120 and 130: The sum of these two numbers is (A) 255 (B) 256 (©) 287 (D) 248 Solution: Factorising, 2-1 = (2-12 41) 4 (27 —1)(27 + 1)(2!4 4.2) (128 — 1)(128 + 1)(2'4 +1) = 127 x 129 x (2441) ke, (2% — 1) is divisible by both 127 and. 129 .which lie between 120 and 130. ‘Their sum is 256, Answer: (B) a 1 28 Problems and Solutions 3 3. & isa rational number satisfying (L—2)(L+e+2" +28 +24) = GY. Then l+zta?+oh+et+e% is (4) # ® # @ ©) % Solution: 3 (l-a)\Qlta+e2 423424) 33 2 orz= 1-2 _1-()% _ 6, _ Toe ep 1 2 gle "alr v lteter? +e3 pat p ed = Answer: (D). 4. Ifa tang +btany+ctanz = 1, then the minimum value of tan? x + tan? y+tan?z is (A) +042 (B) aokee (C) ab+be+ca (D) seitete: Solution: This is a problem of constrained minimisation using Lagrange’s multiplier method. Let f = (tan?2+tan?y+tan?z)+A(atenz-+btany-+etanz). For maximum (or) minimum $f =0=%o wt, os GL = 2tanesinat Aasin? © = 0or sin? 2(2tanz4-2a) = ie, A= MAE. Similarly \ = —248; and A= — Aung | Multiplying these values of 4 by a2, 62 we get A(a? + 0 + 6?) aoe mine _ cBtany — ~2tanz a+ a aeons and c? and adding, = —2(atanz + btany + ctanz) =—2, wk ¥ = a eo b “Mme = Serpe any = Se and Problems and Solutions 29 ¢ tone = Spey ae” Hence feteoh oe Pet an c= Tees rere) APO Answer: (B) 5. In the adjoining figure P,M,Q,R are collinear and PM = MQ = MS, SR? = PR-QR. Then (A) ZQSR= ZMSP {B) ZQSR= 2MSQ (C) 2QSM = 2PSM (D) ZSQR= ZSMP Solution: The given condition is SR? = PR-QR. M is the circumcentre of APQS Pp and ZPSQ = 90°. As SR? = PR.QR,RS is the tangent to the circle at S. + ZQSR = alternate AMPS = ZMSP (MS = MP). : : Answer: (A) 6. Two integers are declared equivalent if both are divisible by the same set of prime numbers, The number of non-equivalent positive integers less than 25 is (A) 9 (B) 10 (C) 16 (D) 17 Solution: 4,8,16 are equivalent (p = 2 is the common divisor) : 9,12,18,24 are equivalent (p =3 is the common divisor) 20,25 are equivalent (p= 5 is the common divisor). ., Number of non-equivalent positive integers less than 25 = 25— (8 +442) =16. Answer: (C) 30 Problems and Solutions If 2710 =0, then (r+ 1)(r +2)(r +4) is (A) integral (B) positive and irrational (C) negative and irrational (D) non real Solution: r?—r—10=0 implies r = 2¥2 is irrational. (r+ I(r +2)(r4+4) ‘This is irrational and positive for both signs. 1 a pT? + Mr +8 (7? =r —10)(r + 8) + 327 +88 0+88 +32r erate 8) (104 + 16/41) Answer: (B) 4h If 0° <2 < 90° and cosa = hy then logyg sinz+logyo cos z+ Jogi tanz is equal to Oe Bs Solution: (C)1 (D) -1 logio sine + logjg cos @ + logig tan = logio(sinzcosz- tan x) = logo sin? x = logya(1 — cos? 2) 9 = hogio(l ~ 5 = —logyg 10 = -1 1 = loga( 35) Answer: (D) Given that f is o function from R to R such that S(a +b) = f(ab) for all a,b and #(})=} find f (2005) (A) 2005 (B) Solution: f(z)= f(t +0) = f(@ x 0) = F(0). () 4 — (D) arabags = constant. But f(}) = }ygiven. Hence this constant = }. Problems and Solutions 31 Thus f(z) = 4 for all x ond iu particulur, f(2005) = }. Answer: (0). 10. A triangle has sides of lengths 6, 8 and 10. Find the distance “between its incentre and circumcentre . (A) vio (B) 25 () v2 (D) v5 Solution: Since 6? +8? = 102, © the given triangle ABC is a right . angled one as shown in the figure. 6 43) The circumcentre $' is the midpoint of the hypotenuse BC’ and réferred to AB, AC as axes of coordinates it a b is (4,3). 8 As in-radius r= 4 = } x6 x 8/}(6+8+10) =2, the in-centre I is the point (r,r) = (2,2). s1S = (E- IF OF = VB. Answer: (D) 11. The largest integer ‘n? which makes (“#4 also an integer is (A) greater than 470 (B) leas thai 460 (C) 21 . (D) greater than 460 but less than 470 Solution: Perform actual division to get (n+tP 484 nay 7 (21) + The greatest integer value of n, so that 484 is divisible: by (n +28) is 461. Then R.H.S will be an integer, ‘This the largest number 461 lies between 460 and 470. Answer: (D) Note: When n =.461, (n +.1)? = 462? and n— 21+ AS = 461 —21+1= 441, Qlearly. 441 x 484 = (462)?, 32 Problems and Solutions 12. If 2? +2+1= 0 , then 2 2 1\? LV? (4h) 44(e7 4b) i (=+2) +(#+3) +(2 +3 +2" + 7) is (A) 27 (B) 54 {C) 108 (D) 36 Solution: a Now = 14 yi=4_ -14 ivd : =m. cos( 2) 2 énin( a) = cos isin, say with 0 = z By De Moivre’s Theorem, ” = cosnd tisinnd a 1 Tet sq = wosnd Fisinnd. 8 a+ dD = 2cosné and (2” + a = 4.c0s7 nd. But cos § = 608 4 = co 70 = --- = cos 259 = cos 120° = —2. 0828 = cos 50 = cos8d = +++ = 008260 = cos 240° = —5 cos 38 = cos 68 = cos 99 = = cos 270 = cos 360° = .*. The given expression = 9(2.c088)? + 9(2.cos 20)? + 9(2 cos 30)? 1 1 = {-2 x 5)? +9(—2 x 5)? 49 x 2? = 54, Answer: (B) Problems and Solutions 33 Note: Even when 2?—2+1=0,since «= 144 we will have @ = , and we can argue as above and show that the given expression is 54. In this case 1 020 = 3, cos20 = -5, cos 38 = —1, cos 49 = — 1, co850 = 5 and cos 60 =1;--- Given expression 9(2.c0s 8) + 9(2.co8 20)? + 5(2.008 98)” + 4(2cos 69)? 0x (2% 298 + 9(8 x (—B))? + (2 > (1)? + 402 x? = 94945xK444x4=54 i] 13. If a, 30, 5a, 6, 6+3, b+5 are all roote of a fourth degree polynomial equation-where 0 < a < }, then the number of possible values of a is (a)o (B)A (©) 2 (D)3 Solution: 6,5+3 and b+5 are all distinct and positive. Therefore there can be only one more root ‘a’< 6. ‘Then Bo = b+3 and Sa =b+5 ora—-1=$ anda-1=$ which is not possible. So possible number of values of a is zer0. Answer: (A) 14. A triangle (non degenerate) bas integral sides and perimeter 8. Ifits area is A then A is (A) less than 2 (B) greater than 2 but less than 3 (C) greater than 3 but less than 4 (D) none of these Solution: The set of integer triples whose sum is 8 is {(1, 1,6), (12,8), (1,3,4), (2, 2, 4), (2,3,3)] . The set (2,3,3) alone gives a non-degenerate triangle. Then 2g = perimeter of the triangle = 2+3+3 = 8 and A=Arenof BA Problems and Solutions this triangle = /ale=ay@— 6) = VAA)G)A) = 2V2. Answer: (B) As 2<2V2<3,2 } implies n > 24% = 6684 ie, n> 669 aes < implies n < 295 = 1002} or n < 1002. Combining 669 6, the answer to our question is (-U-2) | We prove our claim by induction on n. We assume that the result is true for [X| 6, we have 14 3(n—3) < G@=N@-2) We have to check whether 2(3n —8) < (n~1)(n—2). Equivalently we have to check if n?-9n+18 = (n—3)(n—6) >0. This is clearly true for n > 6. So, in the case when each of the set in ¥ contains two elements of {1,2,3}, we are through. Let now assume that there is a set in § which contains exactly one element from 1,2,3. We may assume that this set is {1,4,5} . If all the sets in F contain 1, then |g] < =") and we are through again. Suppose now that there is one set in [| not containing 1. But this set has to intersect {1,2,3} and {1,4,5} and we may assume that it contains 2,4. We may take this set to be {2,4,6}. By induction hypothesis the number of sets in |$| not cqntaining 7 is at most =2K""8) since (rciyfaca) _ (n-ain-9) 2, If there are n—2 or less sets in |G| that do not contain 7, then we are through again!. So Problems and Solutions we assume that 7 belongs to at least n—1 sets in F. Bach of such sets must contain one of 1,2,3. If such a set contains 1, then it has to be {1,2,7} or {1,4;7} or {1,6,7}. If such a set contains 3, then it has to be {3,4,7}. This gives only six possible sets containing 7. So if n > 7 we cannot have n—1 sets in § containing 7 and we are through. It only remains to discuss the case when n = 7. In this case we compute the sets in $ that contain 6. We have now, the sets {1,2,3},{1,4,5}, {2,4,6},{1,2, 7}, (1,4,7}, {1,6,7},{2,4,7}, {2,5,7}, and {3,4,7} in §. Weare looking for sets in ¥ that contain 6 ad that intersect each of the above listed sets in $. They have to be {1,6,7} or {2,4,6}. Ifa set in ¥ contains 3 and 6 then it cannot overlap all the three sets {1,4,5}, {1,2,7},{2,5,7}. This means that the number of sets in F that contain 6 is less than n—2. Hence we are through by sets in $ that contain 6 is less than n—2. Hence we are through by induction. When n = 2005, the largest number of mutually disjoint 3-element subsets of X is 2004x2903 — 2007006 . . An infinite sheet.of paper is divided into unit squares by two families of parallel lines, which are mutually perpendicular. Some unit squares are coloured red so that every 2x 3 and 3x 2 rectangle contains exactly two red squares. How many red squares are there in a 9 x 11 rectangle? Solution: XX | XX XX | XX | XX RR [Xx ‘We claim that two red squares cannot share a common side. This is because, if they do s0, then look at the table above. Here row 2 and row 3 form a 2x 3 rectangle K and becawse of the given condition the squared marked XX in K are not Problems and Solutions 49 red. Again consider the 3.x 2 rectangle L formed by column 1 and column 2; the squares marked XX in L cannot be red. Now if we look at the 2x3 rectangle P formed by row 1 and row 2, we see that at best it can have one red square, violating the given condition. Thus no two red squares share & common side. R It is now clear that, for a red square, exactly one of the two diagonally adjacent squares marked XX must be a red square. It is also clear that all squares on that di: al are red and that tbe other red squares are those on every third parallel diagonal ine. Rm | xxpux] m | xx] xx] R [xx[ xx] Bl xx xx{ R | xx[ xx] R |[xx[xx|R | xx] xx[ R | xx | xx | R | xx | xx B {xx xx | R [xx | xx Rm | xx|xx[ Rr [xx| xx] pr [xx[xx| re [xx xx [xx [xx] pr | xx | xx xx [xx] Rk xx [xx [x [xx [xx] pf xx] xx] rR [xx [xx + R | xx | XX/ R |XX | XX| R | XX| XX] R | Xx — + xx} x | xx{xx| R | xx} xx] R | xx] xx] R xx | xx{ R [xx [xx] e [xx [xx] a [xx px We note that the first border column has exactly three red squares and the remaining 9x 10 rectangle can be partitioned into fifteen 3 x 2 rectangles each containing exactly two red squares. Thus we have 33 red squares in any 9 x 11 rectangle. RAMANUJAN CONTEST SCREENING TEST - 2006 1, The number of points (x,y) where x and y are real numbers such that, 2? + y? = 4, |z|-+|y|=1 is (A) 0 (B)1 (C)4 (D)8 Solution: If (x,y) is a solution then (¢,—y),(—z,y) and (—, —y) are also solutions. Let o20,y20. Then 2+y=1,and so 2?+(1-2)?=3, Le 22? —d24+4 = 0. This gives o = 4Y%,2-v3 ang =1-g= —YF 4 Thus we get 2 points (x.y) with 22> 0,y 20. The total number of points is 8. The answer is D. Note: The locus of the second equation is the square with vertices (1,0), (0, 1),(-1,0) and (0,—1). The circle intersects this in 8 points, 2 Let f,g : (0,00) — (0,00) be two fimctions where f is an increasing function and g is a decreasing function. Let h be a fimetion such that h(x) = f(g(z)). If h(0) = 0, then h(a) — h(1) is (A) always 0 (B) always negative (C) always positive (D) uone of these. Solution: Let 0 < & <-c0. Then g(:c) € (0,00) and F{g(2)) € (0.7). Further, 9(0) > g(x), as g is decreasing and hence f(9(0)) > f(9(a)), as f increases. Thus, F(o(z)) $ 4(9(0)) = (0) = 0 and f(9(2)) € (0,20). This implies that F(o(2)) = 0 for 0< e <0. Hence A(z) - h(1) =0—0, The answer is A. 3. Thice right triangles with the perpendicular sides (8em, 4em), so Problems and Solutions 51 (4om, Sem.) and (Sem, 3cm) are welded together so that the sides of equal length come together. How many cc of water will this hold? (A) 12c0 (B) 15ce (C) 10ce (D) 20ce Solution: The resulting A container is a tetrahedron whose base is a right triangle with perpendicular sides 3,4. The height of the tetrahedron is 5. So the volume is. 3(244) x § = 10. 4 ha The answer is C, 4, The equation z4—(r+1)x?+r = 0 has 4 distinct real solutions which form an Arithmetic Progression. The number of such 7 is (yO (B)1_— (C)2_— (D) infinitely many Solution: The given equation is (7? - F(z? — 1) = 0. The roots are real and distinct. So, r > Or # 1, and the roots are +/r,41. Herce, ~1,—yr, ¥7,1 are in AP; or —v7,-1,1, fF arein A.P. Thus, 2’= 3(2Yr) or 2V7 = 3(2); ie, -7 =} or 9, The answer is C. 5. The smallest: value that 2? — 7x +6 takes in the set {@ € Riz? — 2-30 2 0} is (A) 0 (8) = (C) 66 (D} none of these Solution: Required to find the minimum value taken by f(x) = 2?—7a-+6 as x varies in theset {x : (—-6)(+5) 2-0). ‘This is the union of the intervals (—oo,—5) and (6,00). Now, f(z) decreases for < J and increases for z > 1, So the minimum of f(z) in the first interval is f(~-5) = 66, and its minimum in the second interval is f(6) = 0. Hence the required minimum is 0. The answer is A. 52 Probleme and Solutions 6., Given that 2x? + 2y? = 16+ 12y +22, where x and y are integers, what is the smallest possible value that 4a —2y can take? (A) ~2 (B) -14 (©) 24 (D) 34 Solution: The given equation can be written as sigy?-8e-6y= jie. (x—4)?+(y—3)? = 36. Thus, (w — 4)? and (y — 3)? are squares of integers with sum 36. So they can be 0 and 36 only. The solutions are given by z—-4=0,y-3 = +46, or r-4 = +6,y—-3 =0. Hence, (x.y) = (4,9), (4,-3), (10,3) or (~2,3). The corresponding values of 42 —2y are —2,22,34,—-14. The minimum is —14. The answer is B, ay . If x,y,z are nonnegative integers so that s+y+z = 12, then the maximum value of zyz+ zy +yz+22 is (A)115 (BY) 112 (C) Ht (D) none of these Solution: We have (z+ 1)(y+1)(2+ 1) = ayz+sy+ peteototyt+ e+] = ryz+oyt ye +20 +13; and (e+1)+(y+1)+(z+1) = 15. Using AM.GM inequality we get ayztaytyztsn+13 < (2)> = 125, syz-+aytyz+er < 112. Equality holds if 2+1=y+l=z+ljieifs=y=2=4. So the desired maximum is 112. The answer is B. 8. Three non-collinear points A,B and C are given in space. The number of lines I in space such that A,B and C are equidistant from J is (ayo (B) 3 (o)6 (D) infinitely many Solution: The points A,B,C determine a plane, Let A’,BC’ be the midpoints of BC,CA,AB respectively. Consider the plane II perpendicular to the plane ABC and containing the line B’C’. Let ! be any line in If and parallel to BIC’. The points A,B and C’ are equidistant from the line B/C’. Problems and Solutions 53 Using this we can see that they are equidistant from J also. ‘There are infinitely many such lines in II. So the answer is D. 9. Ina AABC, ZA = 30°, AC = 10 units and BC = 4 units. Which of the following statements is correct? (A) 2B is acute (B) 2B is obtuse (C) 2B is 90° (D) no such triangle exists For Solution , see page: 246 10. The number of solutions (,y) where a and y are integers, satisiying 22? + 3y? + 2c +3y = 10 is (A) 0 (B) 2 (c)4 (D) none of these For Solution , see page: 246 11. The range of the function f(r) = (7—r)P,-3, where 7 is a non-riegative integer is (A) (,2,3,4,5} (B) (1,2,3,4} (©) {1,2,3} (D) {4,2} Solution: The domain of f is given by 7—r >r—3>0, ie, 3<¢ 1 <5. So the domain is the set {3,4,5} and hence Range= {f(3), f(4), f(5)} = {4P0,3Pi,2P2} = {1,3,2}. The answer is C. 12, If the graph of the function y = f(x) is symmetrical about the line « = 2, then (A) f(z) = ~-f(-2) (B) fQ+2) = f(2-2) (C) f(z) = F(-2) (D) f(z +2) = f(x ~2) Solution: The condition of symmetry about the line 2 =2 is hoe F (ar) = f(z2) whenever x; —- 2 = 2~22. The answer 54 Problems and Solutions 13, The position number of the permutation 443321 when the numbers formed by the digitsl,2,3,3,44 are written in increasing order is (A) 720 (B) 180 (C). 120 (D) none of these Solution: The total number of permutations of 1,2,3,3,4,4 ie gr = 180. The greatest of the number formed is 443321; its position is the lest,i.e; the 180th. So answer is B. 14. We consider three edges of a cube, all’pointing in different direction, no two of them having common vertices. The plane that contains the three mid points of those ciges intersects the cube in: (A) An cquilateral triangle (B) A square (C) Two different polygons are possible (D) Regular Hexagon Solution: Each edge of the cube is the intersection of two faces. So the three chosen edges determine 6 faces. If w face meets two edges, then these two edges are parallel or intersecting in a vertex. It follows that no two of the three chosen edges can have an common face. In other words, tL the 6 faces determined by the three edges are different. ‘The plane containing the midpoints intersects each of the 6 faces of Problems and Solutions 55 the cube in a line segment. Hence we-get o hexagon in that plane, The answer is D. 15. The function f ;N— N defined by f(n) = [¥7] where N is the set of natural numbers and [z] is the greatest integer Sa. Then f(1) + f(2)+--- + f(200) equals (A) 625 (B) 615 (C) 525 (D) none of these Solution: Clearly, f(x) = [VZ] =k for

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