LESSON THREE

STRUCTURE
OF ACADEMIC
TEXT
 WHAT IS

ESSAY
A type of academic text that
expresses the viewpoint or
opinion of the writer about a
particular problem or event
 FIVE MAJOR

TYPES OF
ESSAY
1. Expository
2. Argumentative
3. Persuasive
4. Descriptive
5. Narrative
 TYPES OF ESSAY

EXPOSITORY
- It is an essay that explains
something so that readers can
understand.
- an informative piece of writing
that presents a balanced
analysis of a topic.
 TYPES OF ESSAY

ARGUMENTATIVE
- An essay that proves an
opinion about an issue.
- The writer must build an
evidence using facts and logic, as
well as examples, expert opinion,
and sound reasoning.
 TYPES OF ESSAY

PERSUASIVE
- the goal of this essay is to
convince the reader to accept
the writer’s point of view.
-The writer must build an
evidence using his/her own
feelings, emotions, personal
experiences and ideas.
 TYPES OF ESSAY

DESCRIPTIVE
- Used to provide a vivid picture
of a person, location, object,
event, or debate.
- this essay offers details that
will enable the reader to imagine
the item described.
 TYPES OF ESSAY

NARRATIVE
– an essay that tells a story
about a real-life experience.
- The author may write about an
experience or event from the
past/present, or something that
happened to somebody else.
 STRUCTURE OF AN

ESSAY
1. Introduction
2. Body
3. Conclusion
 ESSAY

INTRODUCTION
- This is where the subject or
topic is introduced.
- it should catch the reader’s
attention.
 ESSAY

INTRODUCTION
- This is where the thesis
statement is located.
- Should be the shortest part
of the essay.
EXAMPLE:
INTRODUCTION
An environment is the natural world that
surrounds us. It is very important to keep it clean in
order to live healthy and peaceful life. However,
pollution endangers our existence and destroys our
living environment. It can affect our future one day.
People suffer from their own mistakes. Therefore, the
environmental pollution has become one of the biggest
threats for Earth that needs immediate action. Thesis Statement
 ESSAY

BODY
- Contains the evidence and
supporting details of the
essay in addition to the
author’s ideas.
- Should have a set of
transition words or
sentences to create a good
flow of the essay.
 ESSAY

BODY
- Consists of one or more
paragraphs.
- Should be the longest part of
the essay.
EXAMPLE:
BODY Water pollution is one of the pivotal problems nowadays. A lot of garbage is thrown directly into the water. Moreover, a lot
of factories, mills, and plants discharge the untreated industrial wastes and other unsafe substances into the water bodies. Water is
also polluted by fertilizations and pesticides which are widely used in agriculture. The contamination of the living environment leads to
the deaths of the entire natural ecosystems. There are many approaches to garbage utilization but most of the poor countries just
don`t have enough money to introduce such up-to-date technologies. Air pollution is another humanity`s challenge. The air we breathe
has contaminated because of uncontrolled release of harmful vehicular and industrial smokes. Burning fuels, nitrogen oxides, sulfur
dioxide, carbon monoxide, and chemical vapors are the major pollutants of the air. Sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide cause a situation
called Global warming when the radiation is absorbed while the heat is prevented from escaping. Our environment also suffers from
noise pollution which has negative effects on people and wild species.

Environment plays a significant role in making our existence on the planet possible. Everything we use to live a full life
comes under the environment. We just can`t live without air, water, land, sunlight, animals, and other natural things. Environmental
pollution is affecting our lives physically, emotionally, socially, economically, and intellectually. It has become a major worldwide issue
which cannot be solved by the effort of one. We should do our best in order not to put the end to the existence of all living things on
earth. Every person on our planet should take a little step to save our environment and maintain its originality.

We should reduce water wastage, save energy, use rechargeable batteries, reuse our old things in new ways, and throw
wastes properly to its place only. People use the components of the environment to fulfill their basic needs of living. We should stop
polluting and challenging our national resources to ensure sustainable living conditions for our future generations. The usage of non-
conventional sources of energy should be encouraged. Restriction on the use of fossil fuels and pollution control laws should be
imposed strictly. We have to control the emission of greenhouse gases strictly to save our environment from the threat of Global
warming.
 ESSAY

CONCLUSION
- Wraps up and summarizes
the essay, as well as the
arguments, ideas, and points.
- Restate the main arguments
in a simplified and clear
manner that must be
understood by the reader.
 ESSAY

CONCLUSION
- Guarantee that the reader is
left with something to think
about, especially the main
point of your essay.
EXAMPLE:
CONCLUSION
The remarkable growth of technological progress has negative impact on
the ecological state of our planet. The work of factories and plants and the
extraction of natural resources result in serious environmental problems that call
for radical actions for environmental rehabilitation and protection. The influence
of the devastative human activity shouldn`t be ignored. We should contribute
every day to the preservation of our natural environment. Mankind should be
sure that technological advances would never disturb the ecological balance of
the Earth. Environmental problems should be handled by the united efforts of the
global community. Nowadays, a lot of international summits, conferences, and
presentations are held to deal with recycling, waste treatment, and water and soil
contamination. We should always remember that environmental pollution is an
incurable disease. It can only be prevented. So, let`s take care of the world that
surrounds us!
EXAMPLE:
ESSAY Introduction

Body

Conclusion
 WHAT IS

IMRaD
- a shorter and simplified
version of research
- is a way of structuring a
scientific article
 STRUCTURE OF AN

IMRaD
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Result
4. Discussion
 IMRaD

INTRODUCTION
- states the research
background and the
question(s) you intend to
address through research
- Used to show the
researcher’s beneficiaries.
 IMRaD

INTRODUCTION
- Usually contains a summary
of existing research on the
subject, hypothesis and
relevant theories
- This is the Chapter 1 and 2 of
a traditional research
EXAMPLE:
INTRO
 IMRaD

METHOD
- Explains the specific
procedures, techniques used
to process and analyze the
data.
- This part accounts what the
author did and did not do.
 IMRaD

METHOD
- Includes the exact number of
respondents and the
population
- in Traditional research, this
section can be found in
Chapter 3.
EXAMPLE:
METHOD
 IMRaD

RESULT
- A relatively large part of the
paper
- This section presents,
organizes and categorizes the
findings
 IMRaD

RESULT
- The result is the essence of the
paper.
- At this point, you are building
your reader towards drawn
conclusions, but you are not yet
providing a full analysis.
EXAMPLE:
RESULT
 IMRaD

DISCUSSION
- In this section, the author
discusses the results of his
study/project
- This section determines the
strong and weak aspects of the
paper
 IMRaD

DISCUSSION
- The author makes
recommendations to be applied
for future practice.
- The Chapter 5 in traditional
research
EXAMPLE:
DISCUSSION
 LESSON THREE

STRUCTURE
OF ACADEMIC
TEXT