COLEGIO DE MUNTINLUPA

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

LESSON 07:
COMPLEX NUMBERS

Engr. Onofre E. Algara, Jr.

BS Electrical Engineering (DLSU-D)
MS Electrical Engineering (Mapua University)
PhD EnM ongoing, (NEUST)
Course Instructor
COMPLEX NUMBERS
To see a complex number, we have to first see where it shows up:
Solving equations:
x − 81 = 0
2
x + 81 = 0
2

x = 81
2 x = −81
2

x = 9 Uhoh…….what do I do
here?

x =  −81 does not have a real answer.

• It has an “imaginary” answer.
• To define a complex number we have to create a new variable.
• This new variable is “ i “
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Definition: i = −1

Note: i is the representation for −1, not a

simplification of −1

So, following this definition:

i = −1
2
i = −i
3
i =1
4
COMPLEX NUMBERS
And it cycles….
i = −1 i = i i = i
5 4
i = i i = i
9 8

i = −1
2
i = i  i = −1
6 4 2
i = i  i = −1
10 8 2

i = −i
3
i = i  i = −i
7 4 3
i = i  i = −i
11 8 3

i =1
4
i = 1 i = 1
8 4 4
i = 1 i = 1
12 8 4

Do you see a pattern yet?

COMPLEX NUMBERS

What is that pattern?

We are looking at the remainder when the power is divided by 4.
Why?
4
Every i doesn’t matter. It is what remains
4
after all of the i are taken out.

Try it with
92233
i
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Hints to deal with i
1. Find all “i”s at the beginning of a problem.
2. Treat all “i”s like variables, with all rules of exponents holding.
3. Reduce the power of i at the end by the rules we just learned..
Examples
1. −36  −81

2. −36 + −81
COMPLEX NUMBERS

OK, so what is a complex number?

A complex number has two parts – a real part and an imaginary part.

A complex number comes in the form

a + bi imaginary
real
COMPLEX NUMBERS

And just so you know…

All real numbers are complex → 3 = 3 + 0i

All imaginary numbers are complex → 7i = 0 + 7i

Again, treat the i as a variable and you will have no problems.

EXERCISES
Simplify
−5
1. (8 + 3i) + (6 − 2i) 5. 6i

2. (8 + 3i) − (6 − 2i) 6 - i 4 + 2i
6. +
4 3+i
3. (8 + 3i)  (6 − 2i)

4. (8 + 3i)  (6 − 2i)
COMPLEX NUMBERS
-In the set of real numbers, negative numbers do
not have square roots.

-Imaginary numbers were invented so that negative

numbers would have square roots and certain
equations would have solutions.

-These numbers were devised using an imaginary

unit named i.

i = −1
COMPLEX NUMBERS

-The imaginary numbers consist of all numbers bi,

where b is a real number and i is the imaginary unit,
with the property that i² = -1.

-The first four powers of i establish an important

pattern and should be memorized.

Powers of i
i =i
1
i = −1
2
i = −i
3
i =1
4
COMPLEX NUMBERS

i =14

Powers
of
i = −i
3
i i
Divide the exponent by 4
No remainder: answer is 1.
remainder of 1: answer is i.
i = −1
2
remainder of 2: answer is –1.
remainder of 3:answer is –i.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Powers of i
1.) Find i23
= −i
2.) Find i2006
= −1
3.) Find i37
=i
4.) Find i828
=1
COMPLEX NUMBERS Complex Number System
Reals
Imaginary

Rationals i, 2i, -3-7i, etc.

(fractions, decimals)
Integers
(…, -1, -2, 0, 1, 2, …)

Irrationals
Whole (no fractions)
(0, 1, 2, …) pi, e

Natural
(1, 2, …)
COMPLEX NUMBERS

Simplify. -Express these numbers in terms of i.

3.)
1.) −5 = −1*5 = −1 5 = i 5

2.)
4.) − −7 = − −1* 7 = − −1 7 = −i 7

5.)
3.) −99 = −1* 99 = −1 99
= i 3 311
= 3i 11
COMPLEX NUMBERS

Simplify. -Express these numbers in terms of i.

6. −7 = i 7

7. − −36 = −6i
8. −160 = 4i 10
COMPLEX NUMBERS

To multiply imaginary numbers or

an imaginary number by a real
number, it is important first to
express the imaginary numbers in
terms of i.
COMPLEX NUMBERS

Simplify. -Express these numbers in terms of i.

9. 47i  2 = 94i
10.
2i  −5 = 2i  −1 5 = 2i  i 5
= 2i 2
5 = −2 5
11. − −3  −7 = −i 3  i 7 = −i 2
21
= −(−1) 21 = 21
COMPLEX NUMBERS

a + bi
real imaginary
The complex numbers consist of all sums a + bi,
where a and b are real numbers and i is the imaginary
unit. The real part is a, and the imaginary part is bi.
COMPLEX NUMBERS

Simplify. -Express these numbers in terms of i.

12.
7.) 7i + 9i = 16i

13.
8.) (−5 + 6i) + (2 − 11i) = −3 −5i

14.
9.) (2 + 3i) − (4 + 2i) = 2 + 3i − 4 − 2i
= −2 + i
COMPLEX NUMBERS
REMEMBER: i² = -1
Multiply
1) 3i  4i = 12i = 12(−1) = −12
2

2) (7i )
2
= 7 i = 49(−1) = −49
2 2
COMPLEX NUMBERS

3)
−7i 12i = −84i = −84(−1)
2

= 84
4) (− 11i ) = (− 11) (i ) = 121(−1)
2 2 2

= −121
COMPLEX NUMBERS

5) (4 + 3i )(7 + 2i )
= 28 +8i +21i +6i
2

= 28 + 29i + 6i 2

= 28 + 29i + 6(−1)
= 28 + 29i − 6
= 22 + 29i
COMPLEX NUMBERS

6) (2 − i )(3 + 10i )
= 6 + 20i − 3i − 10i 2

= 6 + 17i − 10i 2

= 6 + 17i −10(−1)
= 6 + 17i + 10
= 16 + 17i
COMPLEX NUMBERS

7)
(5 + 7i )(5 − 7i )
= 25−35i +35i −49i 2

= 25 − 49(−1)
= 25 + 49
= 74
COMPLEX NUMBER CONJUGATE

-The conjugate of a + bi is a – bi

-The conjugate of a – bi is a + bi
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Find the conjugate of each number…
8) 3 + 4i 3 − 4i

9) −4 − 7i −4 + 7i
10) 5i −5i
11) 6 6
Because 6 + 0i is the same as 6 − 0i
COMPLEX NUMBERS
12)
−5 + 9i 1 + i −5 − 5i + 9i + 9i 2
=
1− i 1 + i 1+ i − i − i 2

−14 + 4i −14 + 4i
=
1− i 2 =
2
= −7 + 2i
COMPLEX NUMBERS
13)
2 − 3i 3 − 5i 6 − 10i − 9i + 15i 2
=
3 + 5i 3 − 5i 9 − 15i + 15i − 25i 2

−9 − 19i −9 − 19i
= =
9 − 25i 2
34
END OF PRESENTATION