Trigonom aq | Mathematics is both the queen and the hand-maiden of the sciences EEE WrRODUCTION ieee Ree ea ee nS ee ens application. Understand Trigonometric Functions and Fundamental ero Understand T-Ratios of Compound angles. Understand Transformation Formulae and their applications. eet eat es Wao The word ‘trigonometry’ is derived from two Greek words ‘irigonion’ ant ‘metron’ meaning ‘three angle measure’. So the li I meaning of the word ‘trigonometry’ is the measurement of a triangle. It is a branch of Mathematics, PAGES: whic deals wth the measurements of sides and angles oa tngle, Now the 24 {CONGHRRS | oe hts ben widened and ow 8a branch of Mathenaiss whi deals 2"~® $40 448 22-20 22-08, 40-4, With the sides and angles ofa triangle or of any other figure. 's ILDGSERATIVE EXAMPLES ics convenie! tous gonontr to measure the nes Badia wo 2” Ua teas nat Myon 96-98, Lanark sith and depth of ves o eights of aia, 82-45, 82, 8-62, 05, 60°70, 70-77 It is a matter of great pride for us that the study of Trigonometry was first ,* EXERCISES & ANSWERS started in India. Its elements can be found even in Rigyeda. All the ancient Ee 78 Ex3g 58 Indian Mathematicians like Aryabhatta, Bhaskara | and Il and Brahmagupta first went from India to Middle East ‘got important results. All this knowle ‘and from there to Europe. In this chapter we will study the following concepts + Angles + Trigonomettic functions + Trigonomettic ratios of allied angles + Tigonometre ratios of compound a + Transformation formulae ‘+ ratios of multiple and sub-multple angles + Trigonomettic equations. Rigveda Europe| tH ait Ex) 1213 Ex) 60 Ex{q 21-22 Ex 3a) 61 Ex. 3(d) 30-31 Ex.3() 62 Ex. He) 98-39 Ex 3m) 65-66 Ex.3(f 45-45 Ex 3x) 70-73 Ex.3(g) 62-63 Ex. 3(0) 77-78 Bx. 38) 56 + Revision Exercise 91-96 + HINTS TO SELECTED QUESTIONS Ex. 3a) 8 Ex. 3(g) 53 Ex. 3() 13 Ex. 31H) 56 Ex. 3() 22 Ex. 34 59 Ex. 3() 31 Ex. 3a) 73 Ex. 3(0) 40 Ex. 3(0) 79 Ex.3(4 46 ‘+ HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Stille) 7-8, 11-13, 20-22, 36-37, 39, 43-46, 49-53, 56, 58, 60, 76, 91-94 + NYTRA, 14,17, 32 + NCERT-FILE (Questions from NCERT Book 79-88 (Questions from NCERT Exemplar "38-91 + CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 96 + CHAPTER SUMMARY 97-98 * Mca 99-104 ‘+ CHAPTER TESTS 105 + Exclusively for JEE (Advanced) 108-109 + UNIT TEST. 110MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (x1) ‘SUB CHAPTER: 3.1 Ean olf tx} ANGLE This isthe amount of revolution undergone by a revolving line in a plane Leta revolving ling, starting from its ntal position OX tothe terminal position OP. ‘Thea EXOP is said to have been teed out Here OX is lle nil side and OP as terminal side, whee O is called the verex. © Rules for signs of angles o {0 The angle XOP is regarded as postive if iy traced out in the iz anticlockwise direction as in the inne figure a i) The angle XOP is regarded as negative if it is raced out inthe clockwise direction as in the adjoining figure. QUADRANTS In the plane of the paper, let X'OX and YOY be two ‘mutually perpendicular lines. These lines divide the plane of ‘the paper into four equal parts, which are called quadranis. The regions XOY, YOX’, X'OY’ and Y'OX are termed as first, second, third and fourth quadrant respectively. tauapranr | 1auADRANT SEEY-E8 ANGLE IN ANY QUADRANT If the final position of OP, the revolving line, lies in any particular qualrant, then the angle is said to lie in that quadrant ‘These are shown as below : - me AB Tradian 1 Hence, @ = = radians. r tan are AP Number of raid in 2AOP = Caution : 1 @ is always expressed in radians. Fig. (OES EXAMPLES Example 1. (2) Fina de radian measure eurrespon ing o the following measures : @@ 35° (Uy ~ 45° 30°. Solution, (a) () Since 180° = 2 radians, i (1) 1508 (708 50°. (b) Find the degree measure corresponding (0 the following radian measures : x @ 6 (NCERT) 38 = 5x75 1 = aap radians.TRIGONOMETRY ase’ Cassy = ao © a0 180 gia 2 ins, Sine 2008 =a radians, 71 a (i Sine 2008 vada, 218 = 52 rai, i mo sso = 1502 = rations y= (05) x aye = Ox TS 10 ~ 200 ~ 400" “ANS: 180° 180 1080 (0 rains = 22 6 cages = 87 ges 11” app. Se oe © nians = BE x Example 2. If G, D and @ be the number of grades, degrees and radians respectively in any angle, prove that : ® 307 t00 Le I rtd = 90°) eared 3 onde 0) M9 % ty] o x a) x (3) x (6) D From (5), (4) and (6), we have (ii) Subtracting (2) from (1), G — D = 10x, cay tom x0 2 208 Putting the value of xin (7), GD =. which is te, Example 3. Express the angular measurement of the angle of a regular decagon in degrees, grades and radians, Solut We know that the angle of m-sides polygon 2n-4 rt angles. Here 6, the angle of a regular decagon, is given by : (2-4) A 10) 7 smaneles 8 = 5x0 14s" [eT nt angle = 90° 8 = $100 = 1608 [1 rt. angle = 1008) Example 4, A wheel rotates making 20 revolutions pper second. If the radius of the wheel is 35 em., what inear distance does a point of its rim traverse in three minutes ? Solution, Radius of the wheel = 35. + Circumference of the wheel = 2x 220 em. Thus the Finear distance travelled by a point of the sim in one revolution = 220 em, No. of revolutions made in 3 minutes = 20x x3 =360. 10 x 3600 792000 em 792000 100000 Example 5. The perimeter of a certain sector of a ircle is equal to the length of the are of a semi-circle having the same radius. Express the angle of the sector in degrees, minutes and seconds. Solution, Let ‘r’ be the radius of the circle and ‘6 the sector angle. By the question, perimeter of the sector of a circle = length of the are of the semi circle 2 2rt Dame ledan Hence, the reqd. linear distanc km, 3 0c ~ 2) radians #0 = {ix -2) ™ sos 19022) = rao 114 sea Hence, 6 = 65° 27' 16”.‘Example 6, Find the angle in radians through which ‘a pendulum swings if its length is 75 em and the tip describes an arc of length (i) 10 em (ii) 1S em iii) 21 em. (APB, 2016, 11) Solution, () Here r= 75 em and = 10 em. wo_2 a2 sation 75715 ives: (i) Here r= 75 emand 1= 15 217 Fog rian Example 7. Find the angle between the minute hand, ‘and the hour hand of a clock when the time is 720. Solution, Angle described by the minute hand in 60 ints, = 360°. +. Angle deseribed by the minute hand in 20 mts. gives 20 = 120", Fig. Hence, the reqd. aingle between hour hand and minute hhand = 220°~ 120° = 100°. Example 8. Kartarpur ix 64 kilometres from Amritsar. Find to the nearest second the angle subtended at the centre of the earth by the arc joining these two towns, earth being regarded as a sphere of 6400 kilometre radius. Solution, Let O be the centre of the earth. Let K and A be the positions of Kartarpur and Amritsar respectively. MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (x1) Here 1 = aw AK = 64 km, radius of the earth 6400 km. Fe 110 in ile nox, ves 0 is : oY. oS etn or wo our 2 Sa 3x22 CTE o8 . Cay 7 may Am Important Fact, When the angle subtended at the centre of a circle is a small one, then : ‘the length of the are subtending the angle = chord of the arc. Example 9, The distance ofthe moon from the centre of the earth is 385,000 kilometres and moon's diameter subtends an angle of 31” at the eye of the observer. Find the diameter of the moon. Solution. Let AOB be the diameter of the moon and E, the eye of the observer so that ZAEB = 31 Since ZABB is a small one, <<} Woon Fig. +. diameter AOB = are AB of the circle whose centre is, E and radius EA or EB i.e, 385,000 kms. 31° _ 31 ai wo oon Hans and r = 385,000 kms. IF be the length of are AB, then = 7 givesTRIGONOMETRY Gen 31 ay "7 1 a x 385. Tap = 385.000 Hence, diameter of the moon = 3473-1 km, nearly. Fast Track Answer Type Questions 1. Find the radian measure corresponding to the (@) following degree measures @ 1° «i 40°20 () following grade measures : (S08 a) 1508, (CERT) 2 Very Short Answer Type Questions 2 (4x\) Dae 2 he aes te we (2) a 2 which has three angles 46° 30' 10", 75° 44’ 45'" and 11" 5. The sum of two angles is 80 grades and their difference 123° 9° 35°" respectively, taking 7. The vertical angle of an isosceles triangle is [ri of each 3 Of its base angles. Find it in radians. 8. In a rightangled triangle, the difference between, two ceueangss# init meas aes he anes ‘eee Short Answer Type Questions 14, If G D and @ be the sumber of grades, degrees and radians in any angle, prove that: D_G_ 26 OF 10 D a) G=D4e wo 7 15. Find the circular measure of an internal angle ofa regular: ( pentagon (7) hexagon (it) polygon of 40 sides. (@ The angles of a triangle are in A.P. and the ‘greatest angle of the triangle is double the least angle, find the greatest angle in radians, 16. (i The angles of a triangle are in A.P. and the number of degrees in the least to the number of 9. 10, a 2 v7 18. Ce ae Find the degree measure corresponding (othe following fa. measures, (Use 2 =) i Os Jo ear EO The wheel of a carriage is 91 em in diameter and makes 5 revolutions per second. How fast is the carriage running ? Find. the length of the are of a circle of radius 5 em subtending an angle measure 45°, Find the radius of a circle in which a central angle of 60° intercepts an are of 37-4 em, 2) 7] If the ares of the same length in two circles subtend angles 65° and 110° at the centre, find the ratio of their radii (NCERT) (@) Show that the minute hand of a wateh gains 5° 30 on the hour hand in a minut. Find the angle between the hour-hand and the ‘minute-hand of a clock at half-past three aw radians in the greatest sa 60 fi the anges in degrees and radians (HRB. 2013) ‘The angles ofa tangle are in AP. and one of them is 80°, Find all the angles in sexagesimal system. o %. weenns o (a, (iv) The angles of a triangle are in A.P. and the greatest is 84°, Find all the three angles in radians. ‘ne angles of a quadrilateral are an A.¥. and the greatest angle is double the least, find the least angle in radians. (APB. 2014) ‘The minute hand of a watch is 1-5 em long. How many tem. does its extremity move in 40 minutes ? 14) (NCERT) (Use x=a Long Answer Type Questions 19. A horse is tied to a post by a rope. If the horse moves along a circular path always keeping the rope tight, and describes 88 metres when it has traced out 72” at the centre, find the length of the rope. A railway engine is travelling along a circular railway track of radius 1500 metres with a speed of 66 kw/hour. FFind the angle tumed by the engine in 10 seconds. MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (x1) AO 21, At what distance des a man, whose height is 2 metres, Subtend an angle of 10° ? 22, Assuming that person of normal sight can read prin at Such a distance thatthe letters subtend an angle of 5” at his eye. Find what is the height of the letters that he can read ata distance of 756 iets ? 23. Assur ‘that the earth's radius is 6400 km and that it subtends an angle of 57! atthe centre ofthe moon, find the distance ofthe centre of the moon from the earth's centre. ix OOF oO Zz wor wi OWT wo (39° 22'30" Gi) 210", 60°, 24°, 96° 2 radians nearly Be 5. 459,27. eT 7 > 2 8. 99°, 35", Sa 9. 51-48 kawih 10, Fem. I, 35-7 em, —{{= Hints to Selected Questio 14, If the angle be x rt. angles, ax then D = 90s, G = 100.x and 0= >. =_ ‘SUB CHAPTER: 5 5 , 3.2 Trigo! tric Functions ‘TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS So far we have studied trigonometrcal ratios for acute ang ratio of the sides of a triangle, Now we extend the defi trigonometric ratios to any angle in terms of radian measure, ‘Consider a unit circle with origin as the centre Let P (a, b) be any point on the circle. Let LXOP = x radians, Length of are AP = x. We define osx =a and sin x= Since AOMP is a st. triangle, 2 ‘OM? + MP? = Op? > cos? + sin’y = eae al 12 22:18 13. 0) 78° 15 a . ai) 3 ua, wow = CG. 30°, 0, 90: aa 78 (iiy 40°, 60°, 80° (iv), vf. 18, 628m 19. 70 metres. 20. 7. 21. 687.3 mewes (neatly) 22. 1-1 metres. 23. 771674-64 km. (nearly). ns oe _ 15, Each intemal angle of a regular polygon of 1 sides 2n 4 At angles. les as the S foe was inition of Lt coe = cosets, Cor. cots Example 1. Prove that : ( sect A ~ see? A = tant A + tan? A i) sin® 0 ~ cos 8 = (sin? @ ~ cos? 8) (1 ~ 2 sin? cos? 6), Solution. (i) LHS sectAa — sec? A = sec? A (sec? A 1) (1+ tan? A) tan? A fe see? A=] = ran? A) = A+ tant A=tant As an? A = RHS. (a) Las = sini 0 — cost @ (sin 0 — cost 6) (sin! @ + cos* 8) (Gin? 6 ~ cos? 8) (sin? 0 + cos? 6) Usin? 8) + (cos? 8] = (sin? 4 — cos? 4) (1) [(sin? @ + cos? OY? = 2 sin? @ cos®6} be a +P =a + bP ~2ab) = (sin? @ ~ c0s? 6) (1? 2 sin? 8 eos? a} in? 0 — cos? 8) (1 — 2 sin®@ cos? 6) RUS, Example 2, Prove that : sec 0 — tan 0, ind sind Bp dt see 0 + tan 0, if 5 <0 < >. seo 0 # 1a), S20 _ fesind fa—sin Solution. sna = Vooan?e” Hence, . seed + tan, <0 << cosec? x ~ 1 and cosec? x ~ cot? x MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (x1) RRs) EXAMPLES Example 3, Prove that = cose cosee 6 coseeO—1* ‘cose? s Solution. LHS cose), cose 8 = GomecO= 1 conc OFT cosee O (cose +1) + cosee d (cosee 01) (cosec 81) (cosec 0+ 1) cased? H+ cosee 0+ cosee? O~ cosee 6 ( cosee? 9 = 1 = cof 8] sin?@ ___2 sec? 0= RHS, Example 4. Prove that : tan AtsecA-1 L+sin A tan Amsec A+1 = cos A tan A+ se A Lisin A Solution. Tan A—secA+I = cosa tan A+ sec A=1 iw tanA—secA+1 ~ cosA cosA . tan A+ sec A=1 " tan Aasec Ay] = SCA ANA ie tan A bene A= 1 = (eee A tam A) (tan A see A+ 1) [Cross-Multiplying] it tan A+sec A = 1 = (ee A+ tan A) (See A= tan)TRIGONOMETRY it tan A+ see A—1 = see A+ tan A ~ (see? A~ tan? A) it tan A+secA-1 = secA+tan AI it tan AtsecA—1 = tan A+ sec A~1, Which is true. Soe sin’ cost: | sinte Example 5.1 1, prove that : cos? sin? cost. sintp ° costa sin? (i) int + int = 2 sine sin? Solution, We have > cos! sin? B + sin! a cos = cost a (1 —c08? 8) + cos? f (1 cos? fl ~ cos? 8) = cos! «cos! «cox? B + cos? f 2 cos? cos? 8 + cos! «cos? p = vos? p — cos! > cost a —2 cos? a cos? f + cos! f= 0 (cos? a ~ cos? 6)? = 0 = cast a cos? fp si cos? f sin? 8 cos? a? [Using (1) and (2)) cos? B + sin? B = 1. (i) sin c+ sin B = (sin? ce ~ sin® B)%+ 2 Sin? c Sin? 2 sin? sin? B. (sing (2) Example 6.12 tan? a tan? tany + tana tan? p + tan? B tan? y + tan? y tan?.@ = 1, prove that sin? e+ sin? sin?y Solution, We have : 2 tan? ct tan? B tan? y + tan? tan? B+ tan? f tan? y + tan? tan? = 1 22 +000 7 + cof a+ cot B= cot a co? B cot y [Dividing by tan? tan? Btu?) > 2+ (cose? y=) + (cosee? ee — 1) + (cosee? 1) = (cose? a ~ 1)(coseo? f — 1) (cosec? y — 1) > cosee? a + cosec® B + cosee? y= 1 = cosect cosec? i cosec? y — cosec? a cose? p — cosec* cosec™ y — cosec y cose? & + cosec” + cosee? f + cosee?y — 1 > cosec? a cosec? B cosec? y = cosec? e cosec? B + cosee? f coser’ 1 sinty + sin? ee + sin? Hence sin? cr + sin? + sin? y = 1 + cosec? 7 cosec? a Example 7. Given that: (1+ c0s a) (1 + €08 B) (1+ 6087) = (Leos @) (1 - cos) (1 ~ e0s 7), show that one of the values of each member of this quality i sin @ sin B sin y. Solution, We have (1. = cos ez) (1 + 08 8) (1 + cos y) = (1= £082) (1 ~€0s A) (160s 7) > (1 4008 @)? (Lt cos 8? (1+ 608 99? = (1 = c08 ap (1 ~ co8p) (V— cos 7) (1 + cos a) (1+ c0sA) (1 + e089) [ubtplying both sides by (1 + cos «2 (+ cos) (I + cos] = (1+ 608 a)? (1 + 608 8)? (1 + cos 7? = (1 c0s? a) (1 ~ cos? B) (1 ~ cos? y) 1 + c0s BP? (1 + co y?? sin? a sin? si? > We0s a) (1 + e058) + cos 7) since sin sing. & (T be0s « Hence, one of the values of (1 +0084) (1 + 6088) (1 +087) is sin sin B sin y. Similarly, by multiplying both sides by (160s @) (108 B) (1 cos y), we can prove that one of the values of (1 = 0s 2) (1 ~ eos B) (1 = c0s y) is sin sin B sin y. Example 8 If tan A + sin A= mand tan Asin A =n, then show that mina? == dam Solution, We have: ta Kr sin A= m and tan Asin Asn Adding (1) and (2), 2 tan A= m +0 mtn = wnd="T* soot @) Subtracting (2) from (1), 2-sin A= > sin A = ccosee A “ Since cosec? A— cot? A= 1, (5) 5) (me ny 2 men? « oeastpeaa (=n (mene [Wsing (3) & (4)]2 bmn = oP? = Pe [Using (a + bP > (= 9 = 16mm, Hence, mW == adn Example 9. If m? +m’? + 2mm cos 0 = 1, +n’? + 2nn’ cos @ and mn + mn’ + (mn’ + m’n) cos @ = 0, (a- bf = dab] prove that m? +n? = cosec? 0. OTS) Solution, We have m+ m2+ 2mm’ cos O = 1 ay r+ n™+2nn' cos 9 =1 +2) and mn + m'n' + (nn + m'n) cos = 0 2) From (1), an’? + 2mm! cos 6 + m* cos? 8 — m* cos* 6 +m*=1 (4) (ote this step) > (mn! + moos BY +n? sin? O (ml +m cos 8)? = 1m? sin? (3) imilarly, from (2), (n' +n cos 0)? = 1 ~ n? sin? (6) Now (in! +m cos 6) (n! +n cos #) ‘m'n' + (mn + m'n) cos 8 + mn cos? @ = mn + mn cos? @ [Using (3) = = mn (1 ~ cos?) = — mn sis? 6 Squaring, (m’ +m cos 6)? (n’ +n cos 6) = mn? sin > (1 =i? sin? 8) (1 =n? sin?) = men? sin [Using (5) & (611 © 1 = (ne +0?) sin? 6 + m? 1? sint* @ = mPnPsint 0 (ni? + 0?) sin? 8. Hence, m? +n? = cosec? 6. Example 10, If 10 sin‘ a@ +15 evstar = 6, find the value of 27 cose a + 8 see a Bu Very Short Answer Type Quest Prove the following identities : 1. @ sin cot O+sin Beosec 0 = 1+ 00s 0 (i) see (1 ~ sin BY (sec @ + tan 8) = 1 (il) sin @ (1 + tan 6) + cos 6 (1 + cot 8) woe O + ence 0. sin 8 tan 2 TOU 1 a se o Sai tec8 Lt cos@ tan? W088 ee d= sin 6 wn, = 1=sin6 MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (x1) Solution, We have : 10 si © 10 sint a + 15 cost a = 6 (sin? a + cos? a)? (ote this step) a+ 1S costa =6 S10 antas 15 =6 (ane + 1? [Dividing borh sides by cost a > 10 tant ee + 15 = 6 (tanta + 2 wan? a + 1) > 4 tanta - 12 ant a +920, > (2 tan? - 3)? = 0 2 2tan? as 2 > tan? a= 5 sothat coe = > a 2 Now 2TeosecS a + 8i8ec8 a = 27 (1 + cot? +8 +t? ay? . w= ofir2p s(t (sing (1)) ea(5) u25 + 125 = 250. Example 11, In a school, there are equal number of ‘male and female teachers. Ifthe total salary of the ‘male members i sine of the number of male members and the (otal salary ofthe female members i cosine of the number of female members. Represent the information in trigonometrie form, ifthe total salary of all the teachers is € 2,25,000, Solution. Let x" and ‘y" be the number of male and female teachers respectively inthe school. Also, total salary ofall teachers = & 2,25,000. In trigonometric form, we can write = sin x + cos y= © 2,25,000. Ew [I= cos 0 _foosee #- cot: if0<0 <1 scos@S1 and -1 sind <1 nthe first quadrant, 6 increases In the second quadrant, In the third quadrant, @ increases In the fourth quadrant, 8 increases Similar isthe ease with other 1atios, “Thus, we have the following Table: 1 unit from 0° w 90°, from 90° to 180", from 180F to 270°, from 270° to 360 8 increases TABLE, sin @ increases from sin @ decreases sin @ decreases sin 0 increases from from Ty sine increases from 0 to 1 ‘cosine decreases from 1 10 0. tangent increases from 0 to ‘cotangent decreases from 2 10 0 secant increases from 1 to 2 ccosecant decreases from 2 10 1 sine decreases from 0.10 — 1 ‘cosine inereases from — 1 (00 tangent increases from 0 (0 < ‘cotangent decreases from 2 10.0 secant decreases from — 1 to — oe ‘cosecant inereases from — 2 to ~ 1 Ten decreases from 1 to 0 decreases from 0 10 ~ 1 increases from — c to 0 decreases from 0 to ~ 2 increases from — 20 to increases from 1 t0 increases from — 1 10.0 increases from 0 (0 1 increases from —c to 0 decreases from 0 10 ~ 22 decreases from 2 to 1 decreases from — 1 10 — 2,TRIGONOMETRY ant (6. KEY POINT eee eee eee (= ee eee eee 2 z 0,5) and assumes arbitrary large positive values as @ increases to >. ‘Similar is the case with such similar statements. 'DRATIOS OF STANDARD ANGLES (@) To find the t-ratios of 45°. Let a revolving line OP, starting from OX, trace out LXOP = 45°, From P, draw PM perp. OX. Then ZOPM = 90° ~ 2MOP — 90° — 45° — 45°, ° ZOPM = ZMOP. Thus AOPM is isosceles. OM = MP =a (say) OP = Jom? +MP? = Ya? +07 we Mla an nae = BZ, cos = 2 MPa . nis = Moy, cous! = or fu . wots = comets? = (b) To find the t-ratios of 30°. Let a revolving line OP, starting from OX, trave out £XOF From P, draw PM perp. on OX. ‘Then ZOPM = 90° ~ ZMOP = 90° —30° = 60". Produce PM and cut off MP! (say) Join OP" The As OMP and OMP’ are bs MP = MP’, OM = OM, LoMP = om’ (cach = 90°) ZOP’M = ZOPM = 60", Fig Also in AOPP’, the third ZPOP! = 60°. ‘AOPP' is equilateral. OP = PP=2MP=20 an om = Jom swe! = fabaa = fag? = fia [= OM, being on the right O, is + vel we Me wo nae = Me cos 0° = a =. ME ay = nse = ME caso = OM wy & = wo - Hy se = OR Tra Ve sme = gp aAcceso a crue (c) To find the t-ratios of 60°. Let a revolving line OP, starting from OX, trace out ZXOP = 60 From P, draw PM perp. on OX. Then ZOPM = 90° — ZMOP = 90° ~ 60° Produce OM and cut off MP’ = OM =a (say) Join PP’. Thus As OMP and MPP* a [OM = MP’, MP = MP, LOMP = ZP'MP (each 90°) ZMOP = i a co = Lt Je wore Syaseh cosee O° = Fp =F > (meaningles) (6) To find the f-ratios of 90°, Leta revolving Line OP, stating from OX, trace out ZXOP = 90° Then P lies on OY, “1 From P, draw PM perp. on OX so that M coincides with ©. P Ten OP = MP=a say), OM=0. oo - MP sin > oo = ot os oP. x MP omy tango = OF (meaningless) Fig,reer von = My mmr = Mag 90 x oe a Se, couse sind E fete cos B= ar EVE When sine and cosine of an angle are known, then other t-raios can also’be fotind by ising the following formulae : sin cos a tan 0 = Tae 9 019 = Ging e800 = Top and cosec 8 = a. ASU Se EXAMPLES 2 a 13sind + 5sec 0 Example 1. Ifcot @ = ~—> and ‘6° lies in the second @ sin@ andtan® GD) Fisnaxecoseed™ ‘quadrant, find the values of the other five functions. 5 Solution. Here cos 8 = 5 Solution, We have : cot 8 = oM 5 ie, rit fan 2 Take OP = 13k and OM = Sk, where & > 0. Now sect = Vetan?o 25, _ 169 oN 7 ae > soo. Thus 500 [i> see 0 is ~ ve in 2nd quad} R evo = - 5 Now sin ® = tand cos 0 _ Vez 3S Now MP? = op? - OM? Fla Wages hee) 1 = (3? HF enced = Doak. 19252 = 1442 Example 2. If ‘6° lies in the fourth quadrant and MP = # 12k, 5 But as ° Ties inthe fourth quadrant, cos @ = =, find the values of : MP is ~ ve and =~ 12ko sin @ = tan @ = (i) Abo seed = cose @ = sin 845 sec 6 Stan 0+6 cosec O Example 3. Prove that sec?@ + cos? @ can never be less than 2. Solution. sec? @ + cos? = (see @ ~ cos 6)? +2 see O cos A = (see @ — cos 8)? + 2. Since (see 0 —cos 6), being a perfect square, can never be~ve, RHS can never be <2 Hence, sec? 6 + cos? never be < 2. Example 4. Show that no value of see 8 can satisfy the equation 6 sec? - SsecO+1=0. Solution. We have : 6 sec? @- 5 see @+ 1 =0. 5+ /5-1O 26 Solving, sec 0 = But see 6 cannot lie between 1 and 1, ‘Demy sec #5 OF Sy Hence, no value of see @ satisfies the given equation. Example 5. Prove that the equation : inoe et possible if x be real. 1 Solution, Here sin @ = X+— x sin@=27 +1 > uoxsinf+1=0 ay Since x is real, [Given D (ie,, 6? ~ 4ac) of (1) = 0 MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (x1) ie, sin)? —4 (1) (1) 20> sin? @ = 4, which is impossible. [> sin? @ cannot be > I] Hence, the given equation is impossible for any real value of x Example 6. If and y be real, show thal the equation: sin? @ is possible only when x = y #0. ee Solution, We have £ sin? 9 = “ Dy Clearly sin? @ 20,22 +? 30, £- (1) to be tue, welfust Rave xy > 0. Now sin? @ 1 vty 2 QYis mde onlyit > < 1.9 >0 fit P+ P Sua > 0 twit 2 +y2-2y s0ay > 0 te if (= ys 0,2 > 0 teit a [+ Gy. being « perfect square, can’ be ~ ve} te. it a iif ie if wey 20. Example 7. If tan 6 + cot @ = 2, then find the value of tan! 6 + cot! 6, Solution. We have tan @ + cot @ = 2 2 tan 0+ ‘and = tant +1 > wi @-2unO +I > (an 6-12 = 0 = tan @-1 = 0. Hence, tn@ = 1 «a Now tan! + cor! 9 = (tan 8° + an) = OM om (Using (D1 sitters 1TRIGONOMETRY Example 8. Prove that : Solution, LHS (sin 0° + cos 30°) (sin 30° + tan 48°) “g = sin? 2+ 6007 Stan? (tan 30° + cot 60°) (see 60° — cosee 90°) ~ 8° sin® 30° + cos? 60° — tan? 45° Solution, LHS (sin 0° + cos 30°) = “Gan 30° + cot 60°) (see 607 = Example 10, Prove that Sin? 30°, sin? 45°, sin? 60° are in AP. = AE Sag RH. if are in A.P,, which is true, Example 9. Prove that : . ‘ 7 Here: 473° Saas Fast Track Answer Type Questions ))/ saw. 1. Which of the six t-ratios are positive for the angles! 3 3. Prove that : (0 see 0 + cos @ can never be equal to 5 (210° (i) — 408°? (ii) cosec? @ + sin? @ can never be less than 2. 2 Mfsin @= Ty and tan 6 = 1, find the quadrant in + (Is the equation 2 cos? + cos ~6 (ii) Is the equation 2 sin* @ — cos 6+ which @ lis. Very Short Answer Type Questions sir, '5. Find the values of the remaining (all) fumetions in each 21 of the following problems : 6. (i) Ifeos A Dy and A lies in the fourth ; © sn9= Feingiatattn / o.ce.nn) tin nan 3 (ii) If sin A= and A lies in the second (i) cos 0 = ~> 6 in Guadtant I 29 (NCERLT. ; HPB. 2015) ‘quadrant, prove that sec A+ tan A 30 in quadrant 11 7. (If sin @ see @ =~ 1 and @ Ties in the second 3 . ‘quadrant, find sin @ and sec 0. iv) cov = 55: Bim quadrant HM (N.CELR.T) (ii) Theos 9 vosec =~ Land @ Ties in the fourth 1B ‘quadrant, find cos @ and cosee 8. On quadrant IV (N.CERT.) 0 in quaiant ML (i) an = () see 3 (od) sin 500.0 = = Short Answer Type Questions aw 8, Prove that the equation 9, fx and y are real, show that the equation : 0s {is impossible if.x be real sec? 9 =" ig valid only when x = y # 0 (i) (a+b)? = 4ab sin? 0 is possible only when a = b. Gry22 10, Find the values of the following, (0) sin? 30° + sin? 45° + sin? 60° + sin? 90° Gi) 2 sin? 30° ~3 cos? 45° + cos? 60°. AL. Prove that 2 B 08? 6 + sin? 45° + sin? 30° + 0s? 907 = 5 Long Answer Type Questions (@ If sin @ = 55. prove that sec 6 + tan @ = if @ lies between O and 2/2 (2) What will be the value of the expression when a 15. (@ tan, c0t (i) cos, sec. Third. (Hii) No. ro) Git) (iv) ys Om 13 Feosee d= 2 —4{©- Hints to Selected Questio: 8. P= x cos OF1=0,xis teal > cos? 0-4 20 = cox? 0 = 4, which is impossible. RD 2B. 4 16. 10. 15, 16. ns 16. MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (x1) Prove that : (cox? 30°, cos? 45°, cos? 60° are in AP. (ii) cot? 30°, cot? 45°, cot? 60° are in GP. IFA = 45°, verify that : (i) sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A (ii) 605 2A = cos? A— sin? A, If A = 30° and B = 60°, verify that : sin (A+ B) = sin A cos B+ e08-A sin B. iy between x and 2 (between and a B 5 2 E cost= Sunes -2 5 cot @ “Ty cosee @ 1 1 (9) sin = J, cos @ = ~ Fe tan 0 =~ cot @ =~ 1, see @ = —y2 cosec = JP @ o o 1 (©) ~25 (i) impossible. vr r . Aznt, pz67t, c= > B=675, C=45 1 =sin 90° Here sin (B+ C-A) = B+C-A=90" etc ‘TRIGONOMETNIC FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED ANGLES © retin (Aral ssid be ald an angle x if hr sum or deren) eter zero ora maple of =_— For Examples : @ = xis allied to x The sum =—x+x=0) ) += S amutine or % (I) G2) is allied tox The sum = (71 Aaxpex fa multiple of Similarly (2 ~.) is allied to x. 3a 3a Also 1,244 x and 27 —x, 2a +3 are alli Also oa. id 2 "ERATIOS OF (—x) ‘To find the t-ratios of (~ x) in terms of those of x, for all values of x, Let a revolving line OP, starting from OX, trace out any ZXOP Let another revolving line OP’ (= OP), starting from OX, trace out any) ZXOP" = x in the opposite direction. Draw PM and P’M’ perps. from P and P” respectively on X'OX. ve Ye yy Then As OMP and OMP" are congnient Laas, = ads.) Ie ZMOR = M/OP’ (each being x), LOMP = LOM’P (each being a rt. £) and OP = OP" om’ (= 0M [They have same signs] MP MP ! They have opposite signs] and or or. MP _ -M om’ sin = Topo =~ si 5 0088) = SE waves) = MP gn scot (2 = OM MP ~ MP op op op. wo) = Oy — OM Tees eee a= Fpp — Typ comes For convenience, prove all she results in the first figure. Rule to draw the figures. Take x = 30°, 120°, 210°, 300°, for OP in four quadrants. = 30°, -120°, -210°, -300°, for OP" in four quadrants.MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (x1) ( Two angles are said to be complementary if their sum (or difference) is 90°. ach angle is called the complement of the other. For Example : 20° and 70° are complementary angles. COMPLEMENTARY FORMULAE (a) To find the (-ratios of (90° ~.x) in terms of those of x, for all values of x. (b) To find the (-ratios of (90° + x) in terms of those of x, for all values of x. (@ Leta revolving line OP, starting from OX, trace out any LXOP Let another revolving line OP (= OP), starting from OX, tace out ZXOY = 90° and then evolve back through an angle x s0 that ZXOP" = 90" — x. Draw PM and PM” perps. from P and P’ respectively on X'OX. ‘Then As OMP and OM'P" are congruent eas. = aas) [i ZMOP = ZOP'M' (each being x), LOP'M’ = LYOP" (alt. £3), ZOMP = LOM'P' (each being a rt. 2) and OP = OP") OM’ = MP [They have same signs) MP = OM [eo They have same signs) and op = oP. om, om MP sin (90° —3) = “Op = cos 0s (002) = “Opr = Op = sins, om MP tan (90%— 2) = wp = cs cot (90° = 3) o> ms . oP . oP see 0" = yap = SOE cose (90? =) om 7 ee Rule to draw the figures + Take x = 30% 120% 210% 300°, for OP in four quadrants, . 90° = 60, = 30°, 120%, 240, for OP" in four quadrants (b) Let a revolving line OP, starting from OX, race out any LXOP = x Let another revolving line OP’ ( = OP), stating from OX, ace out ZXOY = 90° and then revolve further through an angle x so that ZXOP" = 90" + x Draw PM and P’M’ perps. from P and P’ respectively on X'OX. ‘Then As OMP and OM'P’ are congruent, faas. = aas.] » MOP = LOP'M' (each being x), ZOMP = ZOM'P’ (cach being a rt. £) and OP = OP]_— om’ = -MP [They have opposite signs| MP = OM - They have same signs] Fig. OM’ =MP sin (00° +) = 0s (90? 42) tan (90° +8) = cot (90° +3) see (90° +) = eosee (90° + 8) Rule to draw the figures : Take x = 30°, 120°, 210%, 300°, Jor OP in four quucdrins 120°, 210°, 300°, 390°, for OP! in four quaddrans. (Two angles are said to be supplementary if their sum (or difference) is 180°. ) Each angle is ealled the supplesnent of the other. For Example : 60° and 120° are supplementary angles. SUPPLEMENTARY, FORMULAE (a) To find the (ratios of (180° —.x) in terms of those of x, for all values of x. () To find the t-ratios of (180° + x) in terms of those of x, for all values of x. (@)_ Let a revolving line OP, starting from OX, trace out any LXOP = x. Let another revolving line OP’ ( = OP), starting from OX, trace out ZXOX" angle x so that ZXOP! = 180° ~ x. Draw PM and P’M’ peips, from P and P” respectively on X'OX. }80° and then revolve back through sn Then As OMP and OM'P’ are congruent. laas. = as] LMOP = £M'OP" (each being x), ZOMP = ZOM’P* (each being at 1.2) and OP” = OP} om [+ They have opposite signs] I'v They have same signs]ed MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (xt) 05 (180? =.) (80? — 0) tan (180° ~ x) ‘cot (180° =) see (180° — x) e08ee (180° — 3) Rule to draw the figures : Take x = 30°, 120°, 210°, 300°, for OP in four quadrants, 180° — x= 1507, 60°, ~30°, -120°, for OP" in four quadrants. (6) Leta revolving line OP, starting from OX, trace out any .XOP = x Let another revolving line OP’ ( = OP), starting from OX, trace out £XOX’ angle x so that ZXOP’ = 180° + x. Draw PM and P'M’ perps. from P and P’ tespectively on X'OX. ‘Then As OMP and OM'P’ are congruent, [ly LMOP = £M'OP* (each being x), ZOMP = ZOM'P’ (each being at rt.£) and OP = OP’) 180° and then revolve further through an om’ = -oM They have opposite signs} MP = MP [+ They have opposite signs] and op’ = oP, om’ _ -oM cos (180? +4) = c08 x op” ~ OPTRIGonoMeTRY 180° += BE 0 +9 = SE tan 80° +.) = SE tan, cot (80° +) = oP’ OP" sec (180° +3) = SE cose (180° +3) OM Rule to draw the figures : Take x = 30°, 120°, 210°, 300°, for OP in four quadrants. ‘180° + x = 210°, 300°, 390°, 480°, for OP" in four quadrants. RATIOS OF 270° + x (2) To find the teratios of (270° — x) in terms of those of x, for all values of x. () To find the tratios of (270° + x) in terms of those of x, for all values of 3. OM _ OM =MP~ MP ots (sin 270° - x) sin (180° +90" =x) con 270° x)= 600 (180° +90") tan 270° =) tan (180° +90" =x) cot (270° = 2) cot (180° +90" =) see (270° - 3) see (180° +90) y cose (270" =) = cose (180° +90" =x) (sin 270° +) sin (180° +90" +2) cos (270° +2) cos (180° +90" #2) tan (270° +) tan (180° +90" +) cot (270° +) cot (180° +90" +.) see (270° +) see (180° +90" 4) and cose (270° +x) = cosee (180° +90" x) BEEEESEEA 7 RATIOS OF 360° x = sin (90° =») co: (90°) tan (90° — a9 cot (90° 8) = see (90” =) e086 (90? x) sin (90° +x) =c0s (90° + x) tan (90° +4) ot (90° +x) = see (90° +.) = cosee (90° + x) 08x cox tan cot cose x (a) To find the (-ratios of (360° =x) in terms of those of x, for all values of x. () To find the t-ratios of (360° +.r) Im terms of those of x, for all values of x. (a) sin (360° — x) = sin (180° +180" 59), cos (360° — 2) = o6s (1804 180" — x) tan (360° ~ x) = tan (180° +180 cot (360° =) = et (180° +180" sec (360° — 2)'= see (180° +180 cosee (360" 1) = cosee (180° +180" (b)_ sin (360° + 4) = sin (180° +180" +3) cos (180° F180") cos 360° + x) tan (360° + x) = tan (180° +180") cot (360° + 2) = cot (180° +180" +) see (360° + x) = see (180° +180" +3) ccoser (BAP + x) = conee (180° +180" +2) = sin (180° —x) = €0s (180° ~ x) tan (180° — x) cot (180° — x) = see (180? ~ x) cose (180° =x) = sin 180° +2) = c0s (180° +4) tan (180° +) cot (180° + x) = see (180° +.) cose (180° +.) tan sexAcceso a crue Observation, Each t-ratio of (360° + x) is equal to the corresponding tratio of x Cor, Similarly each sratio of (n, 360° + 2) is equal to the corresponding t-ratio of x, where m is any integer (+ ve or — ve). sin (7 360° +.) tan (71.360° +3) see (11 360° +») (6. KEY POINT in x, £08 (n- 360° + x) = €0s x, tan x, cot (71. 360° + x) = cot x, see x, cosee (n . 360° + x) = cosee x, To find the t-ratios of an angle, any multiple of 360° may be added or subtracted from the aiigle. ‘SUMMARY OF RESULTS =x _[oor—x] 90° +x [isor—x [180° +x [ 270°— x [270%ex [360° x | 300° + x cos cose | sinx | -sinx | —cosx | -cosx | -simx Joosina | cosx | cosx tan stanx | cotx | -cotx |—tanx | tnx | eotx | corr | -wnx | tnx cot scotx | tnx | -tanx |—cotx | cotx |/ tne) | Stanx | -cotx | cotx cosee | —coseex| seex | seex | coseex | —cosco|n— sex | -seex | -cosee x | cosee x Rule to write down the above formulae : (a) Assume that x lies in the first quadrant, find the quadiafit; in which the allied angle lies and get the sign ofthe s-ratio keeping in view that in : 1 Quadrant: All are positive 1H Quadrant: sin xis + ve and cosee x is + ve IM Quadrant tan x is + ve and cot x is + ve IV. Quadrant: cos xis + ve and see xis + ve. (©) @ I the allied angle is ~ x, 180° +, 360° the tratio is not changed ic, sine remains sine: ete. (i If the altied angle is 90° * x, 270° = x, the t-ratio is changed as follows Cat off co, if it exists Put on co, if it does not exist ice, sine is changed into cosine, cOkine into sine; etc. SEES C9 EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS Even Function, Def. A juction [i said to be an even function if: FE = fla) forall « For Example, cos ¥and sec «re even functions because cos (x) = cos x and see (—.x) = see x Odd Function, Def. A function ("is said to be an odd function if FC 3) = fix) forall x For Example. sin x, tan x, cot x and cosee x are odd functions because sin (~ x) = SEEN A PERIODIC FUNCTIONS (©) Definiti If on changing x 10 x + |, 1 being the least positive constant, the value of a function of ‘x’ remains unaltered, the function is said 10 be periodic and | is said to be the period of the function,TRIGONOMETRY Er ‘To prove that all circular functions are periodic, and to obtain their periods. We know that sin (x + 2n 22) = sin x, €08 (x + 2m m) = cos.x, see (+ 2a se, cosee (x + 2m ) = cosee x, where n EL Thus on changing x to.x + 27, the above functions remain unaltered. Hence, sin x, cos x, sec x, and cosee x are periodic and their period = 27. We know that (an x= tan (x 7) = tan (x 22) and cot x = cot (x 27) = cot (x + 22) = ene, tan x and eot x are periodic and their period = 2. Caution, Though tan (@ + 27) = tan 8, yet 27 is not the least. 2 isnot the prod of tan 6 (ERTS) EXAMPLES ) Example 1. Find the values of the following Example 3 Find’ from the equatio trigonometric functions: cosee (30° = 0) x sin (90° —0) tan (180° + 0) an in (90° + 8). sing (CERT) Solus The given equation is (ii) cos (- 1710") (N.CER.T) cosee (90° — 8) — x sin (90° ~ 8) tan (180° + 4) oe on in (90" + 8) Gi) on = Solution. (i) sin = in (1004 > ect vem [ - sec 0-xsin 0 asin 7 > sin i) ©08 (= 1710°) = c08 1710° = 08 (360" x 4 +270") = cos 270° = 05 (180° + 90°) = — 60s 90° (i) tan fm tan (6242. (oraz Example 2. Prove that ¢ Solution, LHS: Example 4, Prove that : soos? Bee Stan? S 08 24° + 08 55° + cas 125° + cos 204° 3 cos? 45° + See 120° + 5 tan? 60° + cos 300° 3 cos? 45° + sec (90" + 30°) + 5 tan? 60" Solution. LHS 3 cos? 45° — cosec 30° + 5 tan? 60° = cos 24° + cos 55° + cos 125° + cos 204° + cos WN” > cos 24° + cos 55° + c05 (180° ~ 55°) = {%) -@ +508? + cos (180° + 24°) + cos (360° - 60") Be? = 0s 24 +08 55 008 55° —e08 24° + cos 60" = c0s 60°Acceso a crue Example §. IFA, B, C,D be the angles of a eyelic x ‘quadrilateral, taken in order, prove that : Solution. Since tan(3r42] 0s A + cos B+ cos C + cos D = 0. Solution, Since the sum of the opposite angles of acyclic = tan( Sse ) = tan( aca) = . ‘quadrilateral = 180°, \ 4 ASCH 180° and B+ D = 180° = a x SOME IM RIIR oa anor] fant 08 A= 608 (180°=C) andeos B = os (180"-D) = casA=—cosC und cos B =~ cos D > cos A+c0s C =0 ji mf (= and c0s B + 00s D =0 @ Adding (I) and (2), 08 A + 608 B + eos C + 60s D=0, : p= 5(s2%) which is tue o/s ‘Example 6, Show that the function + Hence, 7 (4) 1s periddie and its period = is periodic and find its period. ty ta ERCISE 3 (d) Fast Track Answer Type Questions/em. “Wa VO™ 1. Find the values of 1 (@ cos 210° (ii) sin 225° (W) sin 420° cos 390°+c08 (~ 660") sin (-390°) ==. (if) tan 330° Gv) cot 315°) 4. Simplify the following + Ua acai, (Hsin (90° + 6) tan (270° + 8) cot (90" +6) cosee (270° + 4) sin(=0) tan 180" +0) tan(90" +0) 0) see: rove thal () = (900° 6) c0s360"—0) sindgo’—8)” * fevens (© Z(00= 0) cos 360" —0) sin 180" 0 3. Prove that 8. Prove that: (0) sin 150° cos 120° + cos 330° sin 660°, sajouen+ 0 [oo 2-6) sours Very Short Answer Type Questions ow 6. Prove that 3sin- ec Asin cot = (W)_cosee (90° ~ 8) ~ x sin (90° ~ 8) tan (180° + 8) in (90° + 9). 9 In any quadrilateral ABCD, prove that sin (A+B) + sin (C + D) = 0, 10, Find all the values of “8° satisfying 0-<@ <2 and 3a. 1 poet: dae rr 2 Jou(SE=s}osoease] wetecote + cosee (90° +A) = 0 Gti) tan 2x.TRIGONOMETRY Short Answer Type Questions. 12, IFA, B, C and D be the angles of a cyclic quadrilateral, taken in order, prove that : ‘€05 (180" ~ A) + cs (180" + B) + cos (180° + C) = sin (90° + D) = 0. Li 13, @ c= prove that sin? x cos? x + 2 tan x ~ see? x (i) IE 88 = 2, prove that cos 8 + cos 70 = 0. (ii) IB + C= 60°, show that sin (120° — B) ~ sin (120°C), 14, Prove that o Powe [recuse 15. In any triangle ABC, prove that : (i) sin (A+B) = sinc A (i) cos tan: ii) 16, IF cot A= tn (r~ 1) As show that one valve of Ais (@) Show that the function f (2) = cos 2x is periodic and find its period. otis) () Show hat the function F (x) periodic and find its period L @ wR Gain FR wt o WE 4 @-1 (i) cosee 8. Bi) sin Gi) tan. —4J= Hints to Selected Questio: 4.) LHS IL « ) cay 2 : - 2 1% @s 0) 4x 16. cot A= tan (n— 1) AEe MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (x1) ‘SUB CHAPTER 3.3 Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles MEENA INTRODUCTION ‘The algebraic sum of two oF more angles are said to be compound angles and the angles ae said to be constituent angles. For Examples : AB, A+B +C,A+B—C; ete. are compound angles, where A, B and C are constituent angles, [Now we shall establish the formulae, which will express trigonometric ratios of compolind anigley’in terms of those of constituent angles ‘TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF TWOUANGLES (@) Cosine of the Sum and Difference of Two Angles. S v (cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B Gi) €08 (A ~ B) = c0s A cos B+ sin A sin B for all angles A and B. (@ Let X'OX and Y'OY be the co-ordinate axes. Draw a unit circle with centre O, the origin, Let £0,0P, = Aand 2P,0P,=B so that £P,0P, = AB, Let 20,0, = B Py phorencarny The co-ordinates of Py, P, P, and B/Laae gy Daa, {cos A, sin A), (cos (A + B), sin (A + B)), (cos - B), (€0s (-B),sin (-B)) sin - B) an (1, 0 respectively Ty ‘We know that equal angles subtend equal angles atthe centre, Fig. * 2P,OP, = ZP{OPy [rs each = B] = 2P,0P, + ZP,0P, = £P,0P, + ZP,0P, [Adding POP; on both sides) . 20,00, = 2P,0P Hence, chords P,P and PP, suber equ ales at = Chord P,Py= Chord P,P, a Now PZ = [cos A ~ cos ( BY)? + [sin A ~ sin ( B)P (Distance Formula) (cos A— cos B)? + (sin A+ sin BY cos? A + cos? B-2 cos A.cos B+ sin? A + sin? B+ 2 sin A sin B (cos? A + sin? A) + (cos? B + sin? B) ~ 2 (€0s A cos B ~ sin A sin B) 1+ 1-2 (€0s A cos B~ sin A sin B) 2-2 (eos A cos B~ sin A sin B) @ And PyPF = [1 —cos (A + B)P + [0 ~ sin (A +B)? (Distance Formula} = 1 ~2.cos (A + B) + cos? (A + B) + sin? (A + BY 1-205 (A+B) +1 = 2-2c0s(A +B) 8) rom (1), (2) and (3), we have 2-205 (A+B) = 2-2 (cos Acos B ~ sin A sin B). [es P,P) = PyPy > Py? = PPA Hence, cos (A +B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B. “w £08 (A= B) = cos (A + (- B)) = c0s A.c0s (— B)— sin A sin (— B), [Using part (i) Henee, cos (AB) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B.TRIGONOMETRY (b) Sine of the Sum and Difference of Two Angles. To prove tha () sin (A +B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B i sin (4 ~ B) = sin A cos B- cos A sin B for all angles A and B. 0 sin (A+B) = cos [90° —(A + B)] le sin x cos [(90" - A) + BY) .c0$ (90° — A) cos (~ B) ~ sin (90° — A) sin (—B). Hence, sin (A +B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B. io sin (AB) = sin (A+ (~B)) = sin A cos (~ B) + c0s A sin (— Bye Hence, sin (A -B) = sin A cos B~ cos A sin B. (©) Tangent of the Sum and Difference of Two Angles. ‘To prove that : fan A +tan B (tan (A+B) = Joana tan . tan A~tan B G@) tan AB) = Ty tank tan for all angles A and B. o tan (A +B) [Parts (a) (i) & (b) (3) cosAcosB) sinA sin B cos A cos Bos A vos B [Dividing numerator and denominator by cos A cos Bl Hence, fan (A +B) co} tan (A -B) [Paris (a) (ii) & (b) (ii) COMATB) cosAcosBesin A sinB SivA cosB cos sinB Eos c0sB cos ACOs B cos cosB cos cos B [Dividing numerator and denominator by cos A cos B) Hence, tan (A -B) (@) To prove that : COLA cout. cot +cot A (i) cot (A+B) cot cotB +1 i) cot A -B) “o ‘ 7 cotB cot A for all angles A and B.MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (x1) c0s (A+B) _ “cos cos B sin sin ‘ cot(Ae ny = SEASB) _ cosh coo B= sin sin Part (2) (i) & (OM) ° » sin (A+B) sin A cosB+cos A sinB " (0 LOM cos cosB_ sin A sinB sin sin B SMA CB , COA SINE Sin sinB * Sin Asin B [Dividing num, and denom. by sin A sin B as suggested by Zid term of mum. on RHS| cotA cotB—1 = CotB+ cotA cos(AB) cos cos B+ sin A sinB 7 sot B) ~ Sin(A=B) ~ Sin eos B— cos Asin [Part (a) Gi) & (bi) cos cosB sin sin B SinA snB ~ Sin sin B cos Asin B sinAsinB sin A sin B [Dividing mum, and denon, by Sin-A sin Bas suggested by 2nd term of num. on RHS] cot cotB +1 cot = cot A (©) To prove that: ; Letan A @ wn 4s+A) = Tana 1-tan (i) tam 8°) = Tyga forall angles A. MAR + tan _ Ltn A 0 tan 45° A)= Taras wana tan A tan4s°—tanA Ioan BAASSA) =~ Tytangs? tana = TUNA (f) To prove that : (sin (A +B) sin(A-B) = sin? A- sin? B (il) cos (A+B) cos (AB) = cos? A- sin? B for all angles A and B. sin (A+ B)sin (AB) (sin A cos B + cos A sin B) (sin A eos B ~ cos A sin B) sin? A cos? B — cos? A sin? B = sin® A (1 ~ sin? B) ~ (1 ~ sin? A) [ov cot in? A sin? B. B) sin? A ~ sin? A sin? B ~ sin? B + sin? A sin? B (©os A cos B ~ sin A sin B) (cos A cos B + sin A cos? A cos? B - sin? A sin? B e032 A (1 — sin? B) ~ (1 ~ cos? A) sin? B [+ cos? @ = J ~ sin? @ and sin? 8 cos? A — cos? A sin? B — sin? B + cos ?.A sin? B = cos? A ~ sin? B. (i) 608 (A#B) cos (AB) = cos? 8)TRIGONOMETRY (g) To expand : (sin (A+B+O) ) cos (A+B +O) Gil) tan (A+B +O) for all angles A, B and C. 0 sin (A +B +O) = sin (A+ B¥O) = sin A.cos (B+C) + cos Asin (B+) A (0s B cos C ~ sin B sin C) + c08 A (sin B cos C + €08 B sin C) sin A cos B cas C~ sin A sin B sin C + cos A sin B cos C+ ens A cos B sin C. ww cos (A +B +O) = cos (A + B+ C) = cos A cos (B + C) sin A sin (B +O) cc0s A (c0s B cos C ~ sin B sin C) ~ sin A (sin B cos C+ 608 B sin C) = cos A.cos B cos C~cos A sin B sin C ~ sin A sin B cos Cin Agos B sin C. id, tan (A+B +C) = tan (A+B40) tan A + LnB+udn C kan A + tan (BC) wan B tan C To tan Atan(B+O) ~ | gq q la tan T-tan B tan A=tan A tan B tanC+tamB +t tanB tanC—tan A tan Hence, tan(A+B+O) Frequently Asked Questions, Example 1. Prove that : Solution, Here 0+ 9 = 45°, tan (@-+ 9) = tan 45° coc uae . tan d+ tang sin 70° cos 10° ~ cos 70° sin 10° *Dimdags! Solution. > tan @+ tang = 1 — tan @ tan LHS jin 70° cos 10° — cos 70° sin 10° tan @ + tan g = 1 tan O tan © tan 8 + tang + tan 8 tang = 1 > L+tanO + tang + tn tang = 141 (ote this step) sin (70” — 10°) [+z sin (A ~ B) = sin'A cos B ~ G08 A sin B) = sino = 2 = atts: > (+ tan) + tang (1+ tan) =2. 2 Hence, (1 + tan 6) (1 + tan g)=2 Example 2, Prove that: cos 11° + sin ata cad Example 4, Prove that Sine gy 7 OS O-#) + col (+ 9) sin 0-9). sin (+4) cost1°+ sin 1° Solution. LHS = inet @) Solution, Lats = sin[(x+ 9)+(6- 9) eee (Note this step) [Dividing num. and denom. by cos 1° tan sin (x +9) cos (0 — 9) +c0s (x +9) sin(@- 9) = oP = sine+p) = cos (8 @) + cot (+p) sin (@— 9) = RAS. jan (45° + 11°) an 11° Ls tan 7 tan 6 [santas = Example 3.160 + $ = 45°, prove that : (1 + tan @) (1 + tang) = 2 = tan 56" = RHS.Example 5. Prove that : tan 39 tan 29 tan 9 = tan 39 ~ tan 29 - tan 0, Solution, tan 38 = tan (20 + 8) \Suggested by the question tan 26+ an - tan 30 = [fan 20 tan @ Cross multiplying, tan 39 — tan 36 tan 28 tan @ = tan 28 + tan ‘Transposing, tan 30 tan 20 tan @ = tan 36 — tan Which is true. Example 6, Prove that : 18 — tan 8, sin 90° sin 24° in 45° sin (= 28) = —V2 = RHS. Example 7. Prove tht tan 70° tan 27 + 2 tan 50, (NCERT) Solution, tan 70° = tan. (20° + 50°) ISuggesied By the question xa 20°-+ tan 50° © tan 70 tan 20° tan 50 > tan HP tan 70° tan 2 an SP = ta 2° 50° = tan 70° ~ tam (90° ~ 20°) tan 20° tan 50° = tan 20° = tan 50° (ote this step) = tan 70° ~ cot 20° tan 20° tan 50° = tan 20 ++ tan 50° = tan 70° tan S0° = tan 20° + tan SO Lez cot 20° san 20° = 1) Hence, tan 70° = tan 20° + 2 tan 50° MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (x1) Example 8. Prove that : sin? A= cos? (A ~ B) + cos? B = 2 c0s (AB) cos A cos B. Solution. RHS = cos? (A ~B) + cos? B~2 cos (A - B) 0s A cos B = cos? B+ cos? (A - B) - 2 c08 (A - B) 05 A cos B = cos? B + ¢0s (A—B) [eos (A ~ B) = 20s A-cos B] = cos? B + co8(A ~B) [eos A cos B + sin A sin B— 2 cos A cos B] = C7 B05 (AB) [ 008 A cos B = sin A sin B] cos? B — cos (A ~B) cos (A + B) 605? B~ (cos? A ~ sin? B) (€0s" B + sin? B) ~ cos? A cos? A = sin? A= LHS. Example 9, If 2 tan + cot = tan a, prove that : cot =? tan @ — f). Solution. We have :2tanf + cotf = tana (1) tana — tan, Now 2 tan ( ~ p) aee 2am f + cot — tan T+ Qtanp + corp) tanB [Using ()] tun f+ cot 2(one+ a) al ) 1420 B+1 pan A) tan? B+ 1 - ett oot tanpcl+ tnt py ~ nk SP Hence, cot =2tan (a P). 1 Kat xen Example 10. If tan A= prove that A+ B= C, Solution, We know that tan A+ tan B. tan (A +B) ern Yeoteeen ferret teen ae ost vo? tx4) e tatlTRIGONOMETRY stl 1 roe tet] 1a Ptxtl atl vtxtl © Yectesey TOFD Hence, A+B =C. Example 11, If tan (@ +0) =n tan (a - 0), show that = (a+ 1)sin20=(n-1)sin2a, ES Solution, We have : tan (@ + 8) = tan (a ~8) _ BNEHO on tan (a0) > 7 By componendo and dividendo, tan (@+0)-+tan(@—8) ntl tan (+6) tan (@— 8) ~ nT in (a +8) , sin (a8) cos(@ +8)" cos(@—) ntl sin@a+@) sin@e@) "1 cosas) cos(a—B) sin (a+ 8) c0s(a—6)+ c0s ¢+6) sin(a—8) ‘in (2+ 8) cos(a—@)— cos(@+ 8) sin(e=B) Na+ (0) bd sin(@+0)—1G=9) nt sin2e nL sin26 > 1-1 Hence, + 1) Sin 20/ = (n ~ 1) sin 2a. Example 12. If tan (7 cos 6) = cot (= sin 8), )-se Sahn, Vhs sn esr vat) ce * Costar cos) ~ Sin Grsin 8) ere = sin (7 cos @) sin (a sin @) = 0 prove ttn (0= > cos (1 cos O+ 7 sin) =0 > cos 8 +2 sin 1 ¥ [sition or sdesy x = 1 > cos cos E+ sin Asin = 2 4 4 WD tions os (0-*) 1 Le We 3 Example 13. Ifsin 8 = =, cos g ‘and @ both lie in second quadrant, find the value of sine +9). (NCERE) Solution, We know that si (@+ 9) = sin 0 cos p + cos 8 sin g 0 3 But sin = 3 cos? O sin? @ 4 > cos 0 = £5. 4 cos = - 4. (8 lies in tind quad} Also cos = cos? > sing sing = [5 lies in Und quad.) te) + From ().sin @ + 6) = Ql alk 6 2 6s 65 65 1 Example 14, 1f cos A= 7 and cos B=75 (AB being positive acute), prove thal A ~B = 60°,San, Wee A 8 imo A and sin B= fine [eA and B are acuse} + and cos 8 + and cos sind, MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (x1) Example 15. Find the maximum and minimum values of 7 cos @ + 24 sin 8. Solution, Here a = 24 and b 2 Max, value of 7 cos @ + 24 sin @ = 02a? + (97 = 576449 = fons =25 and Min, value of 7 cos + 24 sin @ =~ faa? + Oy? JST A = VERS =~25. ample 16 Prove tha $650 +3 (0+) + es between - 4 and 10. . Solution 5 co5 +3 os (342) +s 14° Now 60s (AB) = cos Acos B+ sin A sin B sf YEE -s00 £080 +3( cos cos — sin 8 sin “OAR ‘ vee : = 9g 7 9g “9872 Put a= rcos and b = rsinc wottdsa? ere leer andun ssa sin 8b eos B= r cos c sin 8 rsin cx cos 8 =rsin @ 0). Since ~ 1s sin(@£@) $1, tid) Fy 2 Fy Fis quadrant.onesie + ortarienems —=- Hints to Selected Questions cot cot =I cosa +B) _ cos acos f = sin exin B + os(e=B) eoscoos sina sin B cot ceorp+1 _ _ sin BeosC~cos Bin 21, A+B+C+D = 360" 10, Istterm on LHS. = = A+B =360"-(C+D. = tan Btn €. 25. Use tam 2c = tan [+ B) + tam (ee 8) 12, tan (0 +9) = an 45 and sin cos ay, Me ay» MOREE eosta=p) tang * cosOsing 16, Here cos (+B) ~ Sin(y=9) Apply componendo and dividend. Apply componendo & Dividendo a ‘SUB CHAPTER 3.4 Transformation Formulae “A, BY FORMULAE To prove that : (i) 2 sin A cos B sin (A +B) + sin (A ~B) ) 2-c09 A sin B sin (A + B)=sin (A=B) ) 2-c08 A cos B cos (A +B) + cos (A —B) (iv) 2sin Asin B= cos(A =B)=¢os (A+B). ( RES sin (A+B) + sin (A~B) Acos B + cos A sin B + Sin Cos B~ cos A sin B = 2 sin A cos B = LHS. Hence, 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (AB), (@ Rus sin (A +B) ~sin (A ~B) B— (sin’A cos B ~ cos A sin B) B sin A cos B + cos A sin B= 2 cos A sin B = LHS sin (A + B)= sin (A=B). cs (A +B) +cos (A ~B) cos A cos B~ sin A sin B + cos A cos B + sin A sin B = 2 cos A cos B = LHS. Hence, 2 €08 A €0s B = cos (A +B) + cos (A - B). (@) RES cos (AB) — cos (A+B) cos A e908 B + sin/A sin B ~ (cos A cos B ~ sin A sin B) cos A.cos B = sin A sin B — cos A cos B + sin A sin B= 2 sin A sin B = LHS. Hence, 2 sin 4 sin B = cos (A ~B) - cos (A +B). Caution : Jn (x), 2 Sind sin B = cos (A ~ B) ~ cos (A + B) and # cos (A + B) ~ cos (A ~ B). ‘Remember : (i) 2 sin (Ist angle) cos 2nd angle) = sin (sum) + sin (diff) (ii) 2 cos (Ist angle) sin (2nd angle) = sin (sum) — sin (iff) (iti) 2 cos (1st angle) cos (2nd angle) = cos (sum) + cos (dif.) (iv) 2 sin (Ist angle) sin (2nd angle) = cos (df) ~ cos (stm). EEE “Cc, D" FORMULAE nt To prove that (i) sin +sinD = 2sinTRIGONOMETRY (i) sin €-sinD. ii) cos C+ cos D = iy) cos C-e08 D = Put C=A+BanD=A-B so that and o Hence, Gi Hence, an Hence, ww) Hence, Caution, sin C+ sin D = sin C+ sin D sin C-sinD sin C= sin D = 08 C+ 05 D = cos C + cos D 08 C~ c08 D 4 cos C ~ cs D In (iv), cos C ced ~ ~@ o @ z ) sin (A+B) + sin (A~B) sin A.cos B+ cos A sin B+ sin A cos B— cos A gin B c-D 2 sin A.cos B= 2 sin & D oo: [Wsing (1) & (2)] C+D. c-p = 2sin Foose S sin (A +B) ~sin (A~B) sin A cos B + cos A sin B — (sin A eos B— 0s A sin B) sin A cos B + cos A sin B ~sin Acos B + cos A sin B= 2 cos A sin B C+D. c-D 20057? sin. [Wsing (1) & 2)] 2 2 C+D 20s <=" sin" 2 cos (A+B) + c0s (A~ B) 0s A cos B~ sin Aisin B + c0s A cos B+ sin A sin B cD c-p DeowA cis B= eo P oo. SP [Using (1) & 2) C+D c-D 2.6082? cos? 2 2 fe0s (A +B) ~ cos (A -B) eos A cos B ~ sin A sin B (cos A cos B + sin A sin B) 608 A cos B ~ sin A sin B~ e0s A cos B ~ sin A sin B ~2sin €*D [Using (1) and (2)) [e sin (8) =~ sin 8)a2 Frequently Asked Questions Example 1. Prove that : “oneal 2] x 1 2 Yan 22 Mosnstsn 2] «sns0 94 dd Tain sosin $2] «in 0s rs, Example 2. Prove that gy 202d tan (60° + A) tan (60° ~ A) = SO Solution. LHS = tan (60° + A) tan (60), sin (60° #A) | Sin (60?—A) ‘60s (607 FA) 0s (60° = A) 2 sin (60° A) sin (60° A) Teos(6OA) cos (60° — A) .c0s(60" +A = 60° A) ~cos(60" + A +60°— A) 0s (60° +A +60" A) + 60s (6° +A 60" +A) 608 2A — c08 120° ‘cos 120° 4 cos 2A _ eats} ( Toone MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (x1) 1 cos 2+ 082A Example 3. Prove that sin (180° + x) + sn 150 Solution. LHS = sin (1503) in 150° — (1507 Fi) 50" — 9 (150° +) 150° x) 2 = 2ssin 150? €0s «'= 2 sin (180° — 30°) cos x 220 one 22s = cok x = RHS. Example 4,1 the angles A, B, C are ia A.P, prove sin A=sin€ that gout = SRA=SRE Sofution. 5 = siNA=sin RUS cos C — cos A Asc Ase AC Example 5.Prove that : cos? (cas c¢ + c0s f)? + (sin a + sin B)? = Solution. LHS = (cos c + cos 8)? + (sin @ + sin 8? fomete « 2.08 SF con " 5 5‘TRIGONOMETRY cos? B (1) aenB = seo? 2 pus, Hxample 6 Itsin + sing = JF asp — cos 0, prove that Sin. + sin.96 0. Salon. We hve: sn 0+ sin = V5 (os @—c08 8) ase +0 0-9 u Fin 228 in tofu P isn?) > 2sin cost z b+ + either sin or cos PoP F sin +o 0 o-. 0 @ a = either sin! o 1 either “EF > cither @ = When 0 =~ 9. Here sin 34 + sin 39 = sin 39 + sin 3 ord-g= sin 39) + sin 39 Here 0-39 = 9 8 = 2439 vs 30-4 3in 39 = sin r+ 36) 90 39 =n 36+ sin 9p Example 7 Prove that: os A+ cos B\" (sin A +sin BY" Freed) pew(=2), wate . , if nis odd. Solution, us «( (Sina sin B) *\eos A—cos B AFB oy ASB)" 2 Ase 2 2e0 FED) + if misodd. Example 8. If sin x + sin y= a and €0s x + cos y = find the values of : @ (i) tan Solution. Here sin + sin y = a Sty x wf 2sin 08 a o FesAS a and cose cos y = b ty jokey > 2eos w= Q) xty (8 Dividing (1) by 2), tan J (i) Squaring (1) and (2) and adding, we get: axoy(oaxty 2 4eos sin’ +08" ( 2 = deo? xry 2 Example 9. Prove that : Hence, tan sew sn srsins snr = Sete SE ran we mt = 10° 50° 3 70° = 5F2 sint0" sin 50%) sin 70° (ote this step)= Brcosur = 50°) ~ €0s (10° + 50°)] sin 70° = Boose-a eon arin 10° = Sfeosr unr = cos 6 and cos 60" BB = Pain 70° cos 40” 3 = FFE sin 70° cos 40°) sin 70° Sy sin 70° (ote this step) 3 ' 40° ~ SPtvin70" + 40%) = sin 70" — 20% - Bato $ sin 70” B B = sine + 8 ° 6 Example 10, Prove that (cos dx +608 3N +€08 2X ‘sin dx-+sin 3y+sin 2x cot 3x. LPB. 2016) (60044-00521) + cos3xr (Sindy sin 2 +sin 3x Solution, La 2eos 3xeosx-+0083x 2sinBxcosasin3x cos 3x(2eos.x+1) sin x(2eos.x+1) ~ sin 3x Example 11, Prove that + 0s @ + cos B + cosy + cos (@ +f +7) cosZtB coy PEL cos Solution. [eos c+ cos 8] + 00s (a+ +7) +008 7] =col3x = RUS. pte 2 MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (x1) en a+8, ott voc SEB ety 2 2 i cost BEE z : B oo BAY py ¥tE a Example 12. If sin 8 = n sin (@ + 22), show U = eos len Solution, Here sin @ = 1 sin @ + 2a) sind - sin@+ 2a) = By componendo and dividend, sin(@ + 2a) + sind Sin(@+ 2a) —sin® din @t2E+0 0+ 2a = 0 ae eos SERA ig PF 2E= 8 = TR 2 2sinO+acosa Ltn - 2eos OF asina ~ In in@ +a) 1+n sina - cos +a) ~ Ton “cose” len Hence, tan @ +0) = 7 ne. Example 13. Ifa + = 90°, then find the maximum ‘and minimum values of sin «sin B. Solution, Let x= since sin “aTRIGONOMETRY 1 x= ZQsincesin B) (Note this step) = Hleos c= B)~ cos a+ I = Geos («= f) —c0s 90°] [eat p= 909 1 1 = feos (a p)— 0] = eos (a B) (2) Now = 1 < cos (@ =A) 1 $ {Using 20 it. * sing 7 4 sina snp < . Using (1 Hence, maximum and minimum values of sin ¢ sin B 1 1 are 3 and ~5 respectively Very Short Answer Type Questions Prove the following : Psinx (CERT) (2+ 1 @ cos(Z ex WBeosx iy es (N.CERD) Short Answer Type Questions\..y/ Prove the following (6 ~ 15) : L 6. (sin 10° sin 50” sin 70° = = (i, sin 10? sin 30° sin 50P s (it) sin 20° sin 40° sin 60° sin 80° = 6 1. cs 10 cos 50 670 E, (i) cos 10° cos 30° cos 50° cos 70° 3 (i) 08 20" 6s 4" os 8 = 6 cS oct = 2 & (0) c08 10° cos 50° cos 60° cos 70” tan 20° tan 40° tan 60° tan 80° = Gi) tan 20° tan 40" tan 80° = tan 60", 10. nL. R 1B. M 15. 16. (aE sine +siny’ O Waxt OR y “Fax = sind . Aesin A sin (600 + A) sin (60? ~ A) = sin 3A. 1 sin 10° + sin 20° + sin 40° + sin 50° in 70%4sin 80" sin 51° + cos 81 ew sin a+ sin + siny sin (a +B +7) 2A Oty i rea. 2 2 2 £08 30 + 60s 54 + 008 78+ 60s 98 £08 6 c0s 20 cos 66. sin 8 + sin 30 + sin 58+ sin 70 =4 cos 0 cos 28 sin 40, (NCERT; HB. 2011) = 4sin o 3 (i) 008A + cos (120" — A) + c0s (120° + A) = 0. ce sin +sin(«+ 4) ° 3 SinILA sin A +sin7A sin 3A ‘cos ITA sin A + cos TA sin3A = "8. ea comncsn (NCR) cot dx (sin Sx + sin 3x) = cot x (sin Sx ~ sin 3x). Ifa +f = 90, show that the maximum value of 3 cos «cos Bis 5soos ae + OF marian Long Answer Type Questions 17. (@ Teos (0+ 22) = m cos 8, prove that: a8 tan (0-40) (i aE =, prove tat Sn@at By n* sin (+ 2-3) + sin (@ #82) Hsin Ge + 2) _ -sin@et FD cot (a +B) = AO cota 20. I'cos (A +B) sin (C - D) = 60s (A —B) sin (C+D), show that tan Atay Btn C +tan D=0, a Hints to Selected Questions —__-—-@-© sin.20° sin 40° sin 60° sin80° $n 20° sn 40° sin 60" sin80°_ VA 8. LHS = 7. 20°c0s 40° cos 60° cos 80° sin@ +c) sin (0-«)) : cost 5 gibeal®olp) = 7Eiee 1 0 Soria we in @ PA) si & -a) ‘Apply componendo and dvidendo. 18. By componendo and divdendo, may sin (8 + a) + cos (8—a) 2 ee sce Apply componendo and dividend. in (@+ a) —cos(@—a) ~ar, SUEICHARTED) Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple 3.5 and Sub-Multiple Angles EE TN MULTIPLE AND SUB-MULTIPLEANGLES (@) Multiples Angles To prove that : 2tand (sin 2 = 2 sin 8 cos 8 (li) eos 20 = c0s%0 - sin? = ‘Te tan 9 (sin 20 = sin (046) = ¥in 0 60 0 + cos O sin 8. Los sin (A 4 B) = sin A cos B+ c0s A sin B] Hence, sin 20 =2 sin @ cos 8, i) cos 28/-= eos 048) = 2 sin? = 2 cos? —1 ii) tan 20 = 108 8 cos 6 ~ sin sin Les 08 (A + B) = cos A cos B ~ sin A sin B) = 0s? 0 ~ sin? @ = (1 ~ sin? 8) ~ sin? 0= 1 ~2 sin?@ [es cos? 8 = 1 ~ sin? 8) and 1608? ~ (1 — e057 8) = 2 cos? 8 ~ 1 [ee sin? @ = I~ cos? 6 Hence, eos 28 = cos? @ ~ sin? @ = 1-2 sin? @ = 2 eos?O— 1. Cor. 1. Leos 20 = 1-(1—2sin2@) = 1-142 sin? a, cos 20 Hence, 1=cos 26 = 2sin®@ or sin? @ > Cor. 2. L008 20 = 14 (2eos?@=1) = 142 cos?@= 1. 1+ 00526 Hence, 140820 = 20578 or eos? ® = —FTRIGONOMETRY "nr ayans os (double the angle) 2 oil cos? (any angle) = 14208 eae the angle) tan + tan @ ii) tn 26 = an 6+0= 7g ap 7 tan 20 2tand lence, m2 = 75. Cor. Sub:Multiple Angles, 6 Replacing by 5 in the above formulae, we get 0 sino = iy cos 8 = (ii) tan 8 sind Also $ wnt (6) To prove that : in20 =. 20008 00 i020 can 6 0 sin28 = 2sin 088 2sind cos = cote + sin? 2sind 60s 6 wos? vote, sin? 08" 8 cos? Henee, sin2p = 200 1+ tno wo cs 20 = cos? ~ sin cos? 8 sin? cor 0+ sin? cos? coro cos cos? [Part (a) ()] cos? 8 + sin? 8 = 1) [Dividing num. and denom. by cos? 6) [Part (a) Gi) + cos? 8 + sin? 8 = 1) [Dividing num. and denom. by cos? 8)Hence, cos 20 = (©) To prove that : (i) sin 38 = MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (x1) tena 1+ tna 3ssin 8-4 sin°@ (li) cos 3 = 4 cos O- 3 cos (Nagaland B. 2018) sin (6 + 28) 8 cos 20 + cos 6 sin 20 [-s sin (A + B)S sin A.cos B + cos A sin B) sin 6 (1 —2 sin? 8) + cos 8 (2 sin 4 cos 8) cos 28 = 1 — 2.sin? 6 and sin 28 Sin @ = 2sin? 642 Sin 8 (1 sin 8 cos 8 sin 8-2 sin3@ +2 sin B cos? @ = sin? 8 sin 02 sin3 +2 sin 82 sin? 8, 0s (0 + 20) = cos 6 cos 20 — sin O sin 2 [7:4 08 (A B) = cos A cos B ~ stn A sin B) = 1) ~ sin 8 (2 sin @ cos 6), [-z cos 20 2 cos? 0 — I and sin 20 = 2 sin 0 cos 6) 2.e0s3 8 — cos #2 sin?# cos 0 = 2.€0890.— eos 9— 2(1 ~ cos?) gos 0 sin? = cos? 8] 2 cos 6 — cos 0 — 2.c05 8 + 2.005% 4, Hence, sin 39 = 3 sin 0 ~ 4 sin? 8. wo cos 30 = cos 6 (2 cos? Hence, eas 38 = 4 cos 6 ~ 3 cos 6. ii) tan 36 = Hence, tan 30 = Frequently Asked Questions Example 1. Prove that : tans0 + tan39 an 30 — land? Solution, LHS, n'56 cos 30 + vos 50 sin 36 08 50 sin36 sinS@+36) _sin8@ SinG@— 36) ~ Sind6 2sin 40 cos 46 ‘sind tan + an 2A an (an 28 2(2sin28 eos 26)e0s 49 sin28 4 0s 28 cos 40 = RUS. Example 2. Find sin 26 when sin @ + cos Solution, We have: sin @+ cos @= 1, Squaring, (Gin 8 + cos 6)? = 1 (sin + cos? 6) +2 sin 6 cos 0= 1 > 1+ sin 20 = 1 Hence, sin 26 = 0. Example 3. Prove that : tan A + cot A=2 cosee 2A and deduce that tan 75° + cot 75° sin cos A sin Solution, (@) tan A+ cot A= To sin? A + cos? A, Sin eos ATRIGONOMETRY (i) Puing A= 75°, we get tan 75° + cot 75° = 2 cosee 150° = 2 cose (180° ~ 30°) = 2 cosee 30" = 2x 2=4. sec8A-1_ tan 8A Solution, LHS [ey Ecos 20 = 2 sin? 8] Paso leal 2 sin2A cos -) 2sin? 2A 1 | tan 8A ‘an 241) > tan 28 Example 8. 1f2 tan a= 3 tan B, show that : sin2p. Sos 3p Solution. Here 2 ton a =3 tan tan @-f) Fun 3 Sun () 3 tan B [Using (1) 14S tan tan 6 tan tang 23 2e3unp sin _ asf sinP cos B To gS Boo au cos? B 2sin pcos dcos? f + 6sin? B (ote this step) sin 26. S(eos* fi + sin® B) + (sin? fi — cos? f) (ote this step) _ sin? © S(l= (eos? p - sin? p) 2p e S—cos2P = RES. Example 6. Prove that : 608 A cos 2A 08 2? A 08 29 A sone €08 2"—1 A sin2" A a (Manipur 8. 2018) OTS 2" sin os LHS = cos A.cos 2 A cos 2A cos 2 A. cos 2" Solution, cos 3 A... cs 2"! A] cos 2 A..... cos "=! A) 1 PsinA « 2 sin 22 A cos 2? A) 08 23 An. €08 2-1 A] waa [sin2"=! A cos 2"—"a] Frama P2 sin 2"-1 A cos 2" Paina 25% Acos 2 sind" A = OM sin A RES. : sts Beta) og Solution, We have ol) Now sin3A = 3sin A—4 sin? ALay Hence sin3A +tfe +5)-0 Example 8. Prove that: 230 cos? = + cos 8 8 Solution, LHS RS. Example 9, Prove tht : cote = VBS fee. = cot 2 ae Sato. 8 = ot = MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (x1) t+ G+noS+n G-nb+p WN6 +2V2+34+V3 +03 +1 a1 _ Nes nbanie 2 =V6 +V2 + V3 42 = V2 +V3 + Vd + V6 = RHS. Example 10, Find the value of tan 22° 30°, Solution, tan 6 _ sino > ‘m5 = Ted Putting 0 = 45°, we get sin4s° tan 22°30" = Tyce aerTRIGONOMETRY Example 11.1 sin @ + sing =a and 08 8 + cos @ = b, find : @ sin (@ +) i) cm O29) (i) cos = 9). Solution, Here sin + sing = @ w e+e 0- = arin EB co PEt wg ° and cosO+cosg = b ® a+ = Deas > a) oe Dividing @) by tan © @ sin@+@)= “Paw Gaiy Squaring (1) and G3) and adding, we get sin? + sin? @ +2 sin @ sin + cos? 8+ cos? +2 cos Pcos pa? +b? (Gin20 + c0s°9) + (sin? + 6059) + 2(c0s 8 cos g + sin @sin g) =a? + HP 2 14142 (C080 cos p + sin Bing) =P + 0 > 2080-9) aa +2 ae Ro? Hence, cos (0 @) = StH =? Example 12. If winx => 2 tind th sample 12 If tan x = 3. ae is negative. Now eck = 1+ tan? x Again from (J), 2c0s = 2eot?S = 1 2 Brest at 275 = ett ob 27 10 = owt Example 13. If @ and B are distis a cos @ + b sin 8 = c, prove that ; 2ab sina +f)= yy Solution. Since « and fi are di acos +b sin = 6, Facosa+bsine a.cos B +b sin f = Subtracting, (a cos c+ b sin «) — (a cos B+ b sin B) * a (cos @— cos B) + b (sin a — sin) = 0 © a{osin 28 sin B=") (enh) +0 (tout sin 22) ogT+ tan zich 2a Now sin @ + )=—ae [mene] z EXERCISE Very Short Answer Type Questions A. Prove that sins gy 2 © Trex "2 cor A — (i co2a- Fo Ls sin 2x iO TF in 2x 2 Prove that (@ tan 15° + cot 15° = 4 Short Answer Type Questions /. Yow / 5. Prove that sin 44 = 4 sin A cos? A 4 cos A sin? A. tan. cose? 6. Prove that set 20. tan? 0 —1 sec? — cosee? tit 7. eos @= > [4+], prove that & ate 2.608 6, prove that 9. Prove that : 2 cos 10, Prove that (605 A 605 (0? =A) 605 (60" +) (i) tan A+ tan OP+A)— ta (60° —A) 11, Prove that sho (1 & KB, Model Paper 2018) 0 et rt0d (x4 3 (ii) cos? A + cos? (A + 120°) + cos? (A~ 1209) = > 12, I tan® = 2 tan? p + 1, show that cos 20 + sin? = 0. MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (x1) which is true, re [Using (D) SE (i) tan 75° + cot 75% 4. 1 1 3. Given cos 45° = JF finde value of eos 22> Li sin 26 — cos 26 4. Prove thats Ty yindadeosae tne cos tsinx cos x~sin x (2 tan v= cos x — sin x cos x sin x Cw 13, Find sin, cos and tan in each of the followit y 2 2 @ tn. vin U quadrant (H.PB. 2014, 10) i cos xin WM quadrant (LPB. 2010) (iii) sin in IT quadrant. (NCERT) 14. tn $2 pone mins nore 2 (i team 0 2, rove tte sin 2+ boos 28 =b cos? 8—cos sin? 8-+sin 15, Prove that £22 0608 38, sin! Otsin 30 cond ino 16, vine on Gy at © in sin Gay (N.CERT) 17, Prove hat: int 2 int 2 int sin 2 $ Ts a 18, Prove tat: ot.‘TRIGONOMETRY 19, Prove that (0) sin?6x ~ sin? = sin 2x sin 10x Gi) cos*2x — cos*6x = sin dx sin Br. 3 r r r 20. Find sin 7, 08 7 and tan 11 r 21. Prove that : tan 1425>= 2+ V2 —3 - V6. 22, 1 @ be any real, prove that (0 cos 40 = 1-8 sin? 8 cos? = 1-8 0s? 0 +8 costa (i) sin 50 = 5 sin 6 ~20 sin 0 + 16 sinS 0. 23, Prove that cot x cot 2x— cot 2x cot 3x— cot 3x cot x= 1 (NCERT) 24, Prove that : (sin 3x + sin 2x ~ sim x 3x = 4sin.xeos eos (NCERL) (Zi) (in 3x + sin xsin x + (Cos 3x ~ cos x) cos x = 0. (NCERL) 25, Prove hat :¢05" x-c08" (24+) pean? ope Ta eos p SHOW that 26. If cos @ —= Hints to Selected Questior ip cos 45° = 2 cos? 225, 3 cos 45° = 200s? 225 = 2440s? 28 = V2+2 00s 26 = facto = 20s = LHS. van? 2 tan? +1 1+ tan?@ = 2.(1 + tan? gy sec2 8 = 2 sec? 9 cos? p = 2 cos? @ 1 sin? g cos 20 + sin? p = 0. 9. RHS om +008 20 ooene cos 30 LHS = (cos? @ + sin? 6) - (SS MS = ( ) (2 i sin 36) } sin ® pe 7 Gi Tov (i) ~(sn sana. ns ‘a 16, (ii) sin morc cll | mee 22. Gi) sin 5 50 + sin 8) ~ sin 8,CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS OF MORE ANGLES MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (x1) 90° > 2A +34 = 90" sin (90° — 3A) 4 cost A~ 3 05 A. 4 (1 ~sin?a) = 3 (@) To find the value of sin 18°. Let A= 18 SA = 2a ‘ sin 2A = > sin 2A > 2sinAcosA = Dividing by cos A [cos A = cas 18° # 0), we get: 2sinA = 4 cost A-3 = sind > 2QsinA = 4-4 sintA 3 4 sin? A+ 2 sin A~1 = 0. ‘This is a quadratic in sin A. 5 - sina = PEE = sin But 18° lies in the fist quadrant, sin 18° is + ve eres snag = ES. Hence, sin ts» = B= Cor. 1. To find the value of cos 18°. Since cos? 18° + sin? 18° = 1, . cos? 18° = 1 ~ sin? 18° > . tig e ( oy SHEARS _ 19+ 5-14208 cos = 4 ~ 16, w 16 iow 2v5, But 18° lies inthe fst quadrant, e618" is #¥e cos 9° = iO# 2S, 4 ence, con uss = 042s Cor. 2. find the vats of @) sin 72° (@ sin 72° = sin $02 Sg") cos 18° Gi) cos 72° = cos G0" 18°) = sin 18° Cor. 3. To find the value ofcosec 18°. 4 4/541) AgS+p oes 18) sin 1S” a 5-0 540 S-1 (0) To find the value of cos 36, Let A= 36° SA = 2A = 180° 3A sin2A = = sin 2A = sin3a 2 2sinAcosA = aVTHI6 8 8 [Rejecting — ve sign] 10425, 16 [Rejecting — ve sign) = B41 180° > 24 +3A = 180", sin (180° - 3a) 3 sin A= sin} A.reer Dividing by 2eos A = 2eos A Ae sin A = sin 36° ¥ 0), we get 3-4 sin? A = 2eosA = 3-4 (1 cos A) 3-444 costa > 4 cos? A-2 cos A-1=0. 2+2N5 1tv5 = cane 22 2 wae 8 1ev5 0s 36° = {Rejecting — ve sign] NEa1 Hence, cvs 36° = Cor, 1. To find the value of sin 36°. Since cos? 36° + sin? 36° in? 36° = 1 — cos? 36° 16-5-172N5,_ 10-25, 16 16 sin 36° But 36° lies im the first quadrant, -. sin 36° is + ve. sin 36° (Rejecting ~ ve sign] Hence, sin 36° Cor, 2. To find the values of (i) sin 54° (ii) cas 54°, 5 09 sin 58 =n 97-369 =o 3o= SL Gi, c08 54° = 60s (90° — 36°) = sin 36° Cor, 3. To find the value of see 36°. 1 4 405 =) cose VS41 ~ ISHN OE-D ~ Frequently Asked Questions see 36” Hxample 1. Prove that sit re ~? = B= Solution. sin? 60° ~ 18%) ~ sin? 60° sos? 18° ~ sin? 60° sin 36° sin 72° sin 108° sin 144° 4.soos ae + OF marian Solution, LHS = sin sina sina sin somsoms ns = sin 36° sin 72° sn 108° sin 44° (+ 7 radians = 180°) = sin 36° sin (90° — 18°) sin (90° + 18°) sin (180° ~ 36%) (ssrsca8) (screen) sin. 36° cos 18° cos 18° sin 36° sin? 36° cos? 18° = (1 ~ cos? 36°) (1 ~ sin? 18°) = (eed Very Short Answer Type Questions /_\\ ASL x, Ba 1 4, Prove that: sin 754 sin 7 =~ 5 (ii) sin? 24° — sin? 6° 2 Prove that (i) ton 9? ~ tan 27° — tan 63° + tan 81° = 5 3. Prove that sin 18° and cos 36° are the roots of the (sin? 18° + cos? 36° = 7 equation : 42-25 x41=0. Short Answer Type Questions 4nw. 4. Prove that (sin 12° sin a8" sin 54° = | CG) sin 6 sin 42° sin 66" sin 79° Long Answer Type Questions 6, Prove that (isco 1 sud) (itt) (1-002) 7. Prove that 4 sinh ey5a V5 —b— 5 a Hints to Selected Questions —____—_—_—@-@-0-8-» — = [sin cos 0s cos eos AS. es Ts 15 | °° 15 15 1S 15 «sm = oo | fe cn 7. 16 sin? 27° = 8 (1 ~ cos 54°) = 8 (1 ~ sin 36°); ete,TRIGONOMETRY ‘SUB CHAPTER: a . 3.6 Conditional Trigonometric Identities SE 79 CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES © Definition {A condiionatidenticy is that which hotds good forall values ofthe angles involved jn it wider certain condition HREE IMPORTANT TYPES TYPE I. Identities between sines (or cosines) when three angles are connected by a given relation, ALGORITHMIC APPROACH : (Express the sum of frst wo terms as a product by using “C, D” formulae i) Express the tratio of the sum of neo angles occurring in this product into t-tatios of third angle from the given relation. (iii) Expand the third term in terms of simplified factors by using : sin 20 = 2 sin cos 8, cos 20 = 2 cos? 0-1 = 1-2 sin. (iv) Take the common factor outside. (©) Express the tratio of a single angle occurring in the'bracke¥ into the tratio of the sum of two angles. (ei) Use “A, B” formulae Frequently Asked Questions) » _ / A Example 1. IfA +B + C=, prove that : sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sin A sin B sin C. 2A+2B 0 2A-28 = ton eon Satin LHS = (sin 2A + sin 2B) + sin 2C = 20s (A +B) cos (AB) + 2 cos? C-1 t, Use oy RAS) = 2 in AEB oy BACB ic = dem te-Chom (Ab) dente 4+B4+ Cam, .AtB=a-C] = 2.608 C 60s (A ~ B) +2 cos? C = = 1=2.608 € [cos (A ~ B) ~ 608 C] = 1 =2.c08 € [eos (A - B) 2 sin (A + B) cos (A ~B) +2 int C cos C 2 sin (2 — C) cos (A=B)+ 2 sin C cos C [A+ B4 CEx, A+ B=a-C 2 sin C cos (AB) +2 sin C cos C 2 sin © [cos (A =B) + cos C] ~ cos t ~ (A¥B)] 2 sin foos (A —B) + cos (AB) [vA+B+C= C=a-(A+ By) (Add Con .Con-A4B) Se ee = 2sin leas (A—B)—cos (A+B) notes = 2sin rotomsine cos (ATB)=(A+ BY (A=B)+(A-B) |, (A+B) ~ (A-B) 2 2 rain ACB ARB) 5, ASB) = (AB) = 1-2 08 C [2.608 Acos By 2 sin C [2 sin A sin B] 4 sin A sin B sin C= RHS. = 1 = 2.608 € [2 c0s A cos B] = — 1 —4.c08 A cos B cos C = RHS, Another Form. If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle, prove that: (08 2A + cas 2B + 608 2C = ‘Example 2. IA + B + C=, prove that : 08 2A + cos 2B + cas 2C = ~ 1-4 cas A cos B ews C. (Nagaland B. 2018) [cos 2A + cos 2B) + cos 2C 40s A cos B eos C. Solution, LHS =woceor so «or werent) Example 3. A+B4+C=m, prove that : bcos = A.B CC = 2 cos 7 sin A sin B=sin C= 4 sin Asin Beas, Solution, c LHS = sin A+ sin B)~ sin = 208 $ coin SB ogy AZB ue = 2sin AEB egg AEB _ in conf cin FEE og AB gn Engg © 2 =2sin sin $ cos $ AAU ase a [(vA+B+C =a, A4+B=a-C) ‘mz _C) A-B c c = sin [S c = 2008 noun § c = 4sin Sin 3 cos © — pus. =2e08 5 = 4 sin sin > cos > = RES. EXERCISE Short Answer Type Questions / \ aw. WA+B+ r, prove that (1-6): 4. (i) cos A+ cos B + cos C 1. (sin 2A + sin 2B - sin 2C A B c sle4sinS sin sin = 4cos Acos B sin C 2 (i) sin 2A ~ sin 2B + sin 2C (ii) 005 A+c08 B+ cos C> 1 = 4 ¢0s A sin B cos C. SMASSNB ssn AB 2 @ cos 2A + €08 2B - cos 2C SO Gna ssin B= sine = "2 Sind sin A sin B cos C 2A sin 2B + sin2e (ii) 608 2A ~ cos 2B + cos 2C sin A+ sin B+ sin C = 1=4 sin A cos B sin C cssin ain ® sin & (ii) 008 2A ~ c0s 2B ~ cos 2C 2 ima my == 144.08 A sin B sin tay S22A-+sin 206+ snd AaB Oe cos A-+008 B +08 C= 3 sin A+ sin B + sin C4 cos 0s 5 cos S eee i) cos A~ cos B 4608 € pee A c cosa | __cosB cos C = Taos F sin 5 cos 5 TuBsin * SinCsinA * Sn AsinB (ii) cos A+ cos Be cos C = A og Bain Gy MASB HC F prove ht: ZZ 2 sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 e05 A c0s B cos C. Long Answer Type Questions, & IASB+C= 180°, prove that sin (B + 2C) + sin (C+ 2A) + sin (A + 2B) =4 sinreer —S Hints to Selected Questions —_________@-@-e-e-»— 4. Gd, In part ), A, B,C < 180°, each 6. c08.A sin A + c08 B sin B + cos C sin C ABC = 2 sin A sin B sin 2p F< 90% cach > 2sin A cos A +2 sin B cvs B+2 sin C cos C in A sin B sin C = sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 20-= 4 sin A sin B sin C. Ag BGS > Asin F sin 5 sin > >0 a Now it is same as Example 1. 2 €08 A+ cos B + cos C> 1 TYPE Il, Identities involving squares of sines (or cosines). ALGORITHMIC APPROACH : Change the square of sines (or cosines) into cosines of double the angles by using the formulae 14 con cor cot = EE ay si? 9 = Now it becomes the same as Type 1 (GEIST EXAMPLES Example L. If +B + C= 180°, prove that : sin? A + sin? B + sin? C =2 (1 + €0s A cos B cos ©). Solution. LHS = sin? A + sin? B + sin? C os 24 [cos 2 + cos 2B + cos 2C} /¢05 A.cos B €0s C]. TEU? ; Page 3/57] Aid 42 cosa vos cos € S+5 +2.cos a cos 8 cos 2+ 2e0A cos Bleos C 2 (1 60s Avcos B c0s C) = RHS. Example 2. 1A + B+ C=, prove that : A OB e AB ews? Ft eost} - cos? = 2 eos F cos F Solution, LHS = cos? + cos? L005 A 1+ cos B c 2 2 2 Lat a St Sty (os A + cos BY — costenenas rma Short Answer Type Questions aw. 1. A+B + C= 180°, prove that A Bae (@) Sin? A+ sin? B + sin? C=2 +2 cos A o0s B cos C (i) sin? S + sin? 5 ~ sin? = (if) sin? A+ sin? B= sin? sin A sin B cos C A, fie c (ii) sin? Asi? B + sin? C= 2 sin A cos B sin C 1-205 coy sin'S 2 WA+B+C= 180", prove that: ; a ee (cos? A-+c0s? B+ 60s? C =1-2 eos A cos B eos C (ty cos? + coeP Rcd (i) cost A+ on? Bean? C= 1-2 Sn Asin Boos ABC (iii) cos? A - cos? B - cos? ‘cos A sin B sin C ~ 1. ay es 2°. © 3. IA +B + C= 180°, prove that : aA By sin? & (sin? 5 + sin? 5 + sin? 5 (i) Co A+ eas? B +008? C ii) sin + sin? c (i) SP A+ Su? B + sin ALB = 2sin $ sin > sin > 5. IPA +B + C= 360, prove that : 23 1 cos? A cos? B ~ cos? C+ 2 ens A 008 B cos C= 0, 4 WA+BL C= joe a: +2 sin sin B sin C = 2 sin A sin B sin C. Long Answer Type Questions / \ TYPE IL. Identities involving tangents (or cotangents) of angles. ALGORITHMIC APPROACH Express the sum of two of the three angles (involved in the identity) in terms of the shird angle by using the given relation Gi) Take tangenis of both sides. (ii). Expand LHS. (9) Cross-mutiply and ranspose (©) In case the identity involves eotancents of angles, divide by the product of tangents of all angles. EUS) EXAMPLES Example 1. IA 4B + C = 180°, prove tha cot B cot C + cot C cot A+ cot A cot B= 1. Solution, Since A+B #C = 1807, A+B = 180-C. 2 cot (A +B) =e0t (180° - C) + tam (A + B) = tan (180°C) tan A+1an B AwnB Cross-multiplying, tan A+ tan B =~ tan C + tan A tan B tan C cot A cot B. cot Reo > an A+ tan B+ tan C= tan A tan B tan C Cross multiplying, cot A cot B~ 1 =~ cot C cot A~ cot B cot C ~—y t > cot B cot C + cot C cot A+ cot A cot B tan Btan C tan Ctan A” tan Atan B hic is true [Dividing by tan A tan B tan C) ALITER : = c0t B col C + col C cot A + col Acot B = 1, Since A+B + C= 180", A+ B= 180°C. which is tre.TRIGONOMETRY Example 2, 1fA + B+ C = 180°, prove that Cross mutplying, we get A Bc a Boe A BoC co AB cot F + cot F + eot F = eat F cot F cot $. cor F cot F cot $ cor $ x eor S +0 F Solution, Since A+ B+ C= 180°, A. Bo cA c seme = cat teat F toot F =e F 7 = = 90° which is true, Note : This example can also be solved as in Aliter . . method of Example 1 = Example 3. Prove that £ . tan (x ~ y) + tan (y =) + tam (¢-) - = tan (x sy) tan (y - 2) tan (2x). Solution. Take x=y = y= 2= 8 and 2 ~ = sothac +8 tyS RV +0-D+G-a=0 tan (ap + y= tan 0 > =m= tan cbtan B +lany —tanctan Btany 2 °° Totane tan tan Btany—tan yan anc + 8 + tan yan a anf an . 2 tan @4 tan B + tan y = tan ce tan f tan y. cot teo8 cot Henee, tan (x ~ y) + tan (y 2) + tam (2 4) 2 2 = tan (x y) tan (y ~ 2) tan (2 — 29. [SGRenenO) Very Short Answer Type Questions” SEK 1. IFA +B +C = 180%, prove that 2, A+B + C= 180", prove that (an A+ tan B+ tan C= tan A tan B un €. A Bo Bc tan Stan +n S tan Sn 2 en tinea Short Answer Type Questions Low 3. As B+C= 1807, prove at 4 ARCH >, prove ta: tan 2A + tan 2B + tan 2C = fan 2A tan 2B tan 2C. (@_ tan Aton B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A; (ii) cot A + cot B + cot C = cot A cot B cot C. Zs ‘SUB CHAPTER 3.7 MEE Reel lieel Mis ole aurm a ie oliry ‘TABLES OF.TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS ‘The tables are given at the end of the book under the heading : [Natural sinee, cosines and tangent: ‘Those tables give us the t-ratis of all angles between OP and 90° at intervals of 6”. Foran increase of 1’, 2’, “Mean differences” in the tables. Rule to find : (@) L Natural Sines. (@ In the tables of natural sines, read the angle in extreme-left column, (i) In the horizontal row starting from the concerned angle, stop at the nearest minute column, , we consult62 MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (x1) (ii) Find the value from the Mean difference Columns on the extreme right against the concerned angle for the remaining angle, Gv) Add (i) and (iti). HL, Natural Cosines. First three steps are same as above. Here subtract instead of adding the value from Mean difference Columns. IIL, Natural Tangents. Same as those of natural sines, (b) Logarithms of sines, cosines and tangents. ‘Method : Same as in the cases of Natural sines, cosines and tangents Note. cot 6, sec 6 and cosee 6 can be found by using the formulae = cold = 1 cee wane” cos (ILLUSTI iis EXAMPLES Example 1. Find the values of the following : Example 2, Find the angle 8,0 <@ $ 90°, if: () sin 34° 22° (D sin =05373 Gi) cos @ = 0-087 (i) cos 64° 34" (iit) cot @ = 05750 (iv) log sin it) cot 33° 40" Solution Solution, (9 Froim rales, (From tables, sin 34° 18° 0.5635 Hence, Mean diff. for 4° 10. Gi) From tables, Hence, sin M°22" = 05615 Hence, (ii) From tables, cos 64° 30" 0305 (ii) tan (90" —6) = cot 8 Mean diff. for 4" U. From tables, 9° — Hence, cos 64 34 nes, Hence, (iii) cot 33° 40" = tan (90° ~ 33° 40") tan 56°20. Gv) og sin From tables.tan 56" 18° = 14994 oye Mean diff for Jag’ = 19% From tables, 1.4992 = log sin 18° 24 Hence, cot 33° 40° = tan 56* 20/, “= tsa, And the difference 8 (= 5000 ~ 4992) appears in the difference column headed by 2. Hence, @ = 18° 26". Very Short Answer Type Questions air 1 Find the values of the following’: 1+(1-05) (a) @ sin 4g° (ii) sin 23° 26" (©) @ wnsi30 Gi) an 26" () (i) 0s 20°10" Gi) cos 16° 11 (2) (cor 131920" Git) con 46 26° Short Answer Type Questions aw. 2, Find 6, 0-<0-< 90 if Gil) an =3437 Civ) cor#= 3.018, © sin 07071 Gy cos 0 ~ 09608 2. Fin he ale whine sine i 06879. 1 @ @ 0781 Gi 03976 2 0 4 a 16 ©) (09387 ay 0.9604 Gi) 88°20" Gs) 18°20 fo @ F019 Gi 09036 (d) (i) = 08795 (ii) 0-9512. 3. 40° 23",_— GRAPHS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS ‘We know that all wigonometrical functions are periodic. For example, the period of sine and cosine functions is 2, while the period of tangent function is 7. Now we shall deal with functions of the form sin ax, eos (ax + B) ; ete. These are also periodic Qa funetions with period —, which may be verified easily 2a For example, the period of sin (Sx + 3) is Now we sketch the graph of some tigonometrical functions. (@) Graph of sin x in [0, 2]. Let y =sin x Form following table : r= or ay 60° 0 | lave 150° 180" v= 0 cs O87 7 O87, 05 0 z= 20" 20" 20" 300" 330" 300" y —05 =08T aI 081 505 0 Take XOX and Y’OY as axes of reference. Plot the points as found in the above table and join them by a free hand drawing. The graph is as follows : y Fig. (b) Graph of cos x in [0, 2]. Let y = €08 Form the following table : x= a 30° 60" 90° 120° 150" 180° y, T 87, 05 0 —05 087 ai = 20 20" Te 300" 330" 300" ORT =05 7 05 O87 T ‘Take X'OX and YOY as axes of reference. Plot the points as found in the above table and join them by a free hand drawing. The graph is as shown below : sin 120" = sin (90° + 30") = cos 30° ete in 210? = sin (180° + 30°) =~ sin 30° 05: ee.Acceso a crue (©) Graph of tan x in (0, 2}. Let y Form the following table : = o 3" 60 | 9-0] or FOF 120" 150° | 180" y= 0 O58 13 ==) +-* | 13 | 058 0 == 210" Br] 20-0 +O 300 30 300" v= 058 13 == === | Fa 058 0 Take X’OX and Y’OY as axes of reference. lot the points as found in the above table and join them by a free ' ' hhand drawing, The graph is as shown adjacent ' ' Similarly we ean draw the graph of cot x see x and eosee xin [0, 2] (@) Graph of cot x : Fig, (6) Graph of see: () Graph of cosee x ¢ “4 : : 2 1 1 2 ' ' 5 ! 1 15 ! : 1 ' ' ' i ' ' 4 : ! os ' ' o ! ! STi Seimei oO ote tettededistestest 0s! fl 1 os : : 4 Hl | “1 1 i “15 ' 1 7 : : ' i 7 | : os \ ! ! ! y ! ! : } Fig. Fig.reer (ILLUSTRATIVE BG Uh £5 Now, as in Example 1, we draw the graph of sin 2 and ‘Example 1. Sketeh the graph of y = 3 sin 2x. 1 Solution, Here y = (x) = 3 sin 2 shift iby 3, we get the reqd. graph which is as shown Clearly 3 sy 53. x= ] O°] 30°] 45°] 60° [oo fi20-fias [150° [10% v= | of26 26 | 0 }26|-3 [26 | 0 Example 3. Sketch the graph of : Be ea Thott y =sin x and y = sin 2x on the same axes, Solution, We have : y = sin x, tyi- 1 Sys 1) ; Petiod = 2, Andy = sin2x Range = {y:—1 i) cos 2. 2[ares | MODERNS abe + OF MATHEMATICS (x) Long Answer Type Questions. Ar ‘Sketch the graphs of the following pairs of equations € (7 = 10) on the same axes : (i) y= 2sin 5 ,-20 <5 20 ys sin y=cos.x,0 Qns ix > dna = Qn+bx-a 6 = dnvta = Ont Dat Cit le Aly 2na + (— 1a 2) Combining (1) and (2), we have : @ = mrt Dan el Cor, cosee @ = cosee = re ind = sine 6 O=nr+(-PaneL (ii) We have : cos 8 = cost = cos 9 cose =0 vin inthe Fither sinS2 ther sin or one er > itn [Part (a) (i) (Part (a) (0) > 64a = ne - Oa = dx 0 = ne ys 0 = tmte ® Combining (1) and (2), we have 0 = Inrsanel Cor, secO = seca 1 = — > cos8 = coser cosd ~ cose 9 = MrsanELsooervs ae «OF Maries (fi) We have : tan @ = tan = wné-wne=0 sind _ sine. sind cos~cos@ since > Cost cose > cos caste > sin cos a — cos @ sin =0 > sin@-a)=0. O-@ = mune Hence, =n +a.n€L Core = coe 14 > tan® tana 9 = nrtqnct (©) To find the general value of °0° satisfying the following = und=une. @ sin? sin? @ (ii) 0s? 8 = cos? a (iii) tan? tan? @ (iv) cot? @ = co a (vi) cosec? 8 = cosec? @. () Here sin? 0 sin? @ —_{ re owe w 2a * 2a. [Using @ = 2na = a) (ote at = cate ee osc = bce MN 2a20 = ow 2 = nw 2. [Using @ = 2na + a1 (if) Here tan? 0 tan? > tand = ttane (iv) cot? cot” > tan? tan? > tan? @ = tan? Rows ume w) sec? = secta = cos? a cos? 0 = cos? @ = costa Rowse wd cosec? 0 cosec? > sin? ae sin? @ > sin? @ = sin? a. Now itis same as (i. (c) To solve the equation a ens 8 +b sin 8 ‘The given equation isd cos + b Sin O= ¢ w Dividing throughout by ig?-4p? » We get « » < Tr) Te Tae + cabo tains = Tae, fa +b? b wnisina = > cos G1) sco, where eos = TIS O-a = 2nn sp oO = Inn +a p,n ELTRIGONOMETRY ALGORITHMIC APPROACH : (@ Divide throughow by a2 ao? i) Write LHS as the cosine of an angle. = Int £c,n ET for cos Frequently Asked Questions Example 1, Find the principal solution of the following + cose Solution, cosee x == 6 > sins = —Z= ~ 0466 > sin x =~ sin 9° 35" in (180° + 9° 35") or sin (360° ~ 9° 35") in 189° 35” or sin 350° 25’ Hence, x = 189° 35! or 350° 25 Example 2. Find the solution of sin x Solution, We have : sin x= - sin(n) os 4a Hence, x= nt + © 1) en EL Example 3. ve the following equation + cos 3x = sin 2x. (NGERT) yer wnel Hence, y 5 nel 5} (WOERT) cot (+4) amare af Ee1e8) Example 4. Solve : tan 2 Solution, We have : tan 2x = tan 2e = Hence, 2 = ie, ye mee nel 6 Example 5. Solve the following equations : @ 2 cost 043 i) 2 sin? x + sin? 2x = 2, Solution. (9 The given equation is 2 cos? +3 sin ¢=0 > 21=sin? + 3sine > sin (sin 2) + Gin 1-2) =0 > @ sin ¢4 1) (sin t= 2) ther 2sin¢+1=Ocrsins—-2 But sin 12 = sin 1 = 2, which is impossible. is Lo 2t fe 2sin 4 1= 009 sin = “>= 3 Howe comer Een (ii) The given equation is 2 sin?.x + sin? 2v = 2 = 2Qsin®x + Qsinxeosxy? = 2 = Dsintx +4 sin? x costs = 2 2 sin?x +2 sin?.x cos?x = 1 > (1 = sin? x) — 2 sin? x cos? = 0 > co x2 sin? xeotx = 0 2 cox? x (12 sin? a) = 0. either cot x = 0 or 2sin?x = 0. @ When co®x = 0 cos? 2 2 > cost x x= onne tienen