Topic 06e

Vibration and Shock of Production
Systems - 01211422
Topic 06 : Vibration Control - Balancing,

Isolation and Absorption
By
Assoc. Prof. Chatchapol Chungchoo
BALANCING OF
ROTATING MASSES
Types of Balancing:
There are main two types of balancing conditions
• Balancing of rotating masses 
• Balancing of reciprocating masses (not in this course)
Module 5 Balancing of Rotating Masses Dr Niharika Mohanta

Balancing of Rotating Masses:
• Whenever a certain mass is attached to a rotating shaft, it exerts some
centrifugal force, whose effect is to bend the shaft and to produce
vibrations in it. In order to prevent the effect of centrifugal force, another
mass is attached to the opposite side of the shaft, at such a position so as to
balance the effect of the centrifugal force of the first mass. This is done in
such a way that the centrifugal forces of both the masses are made to be
equal and opposite. The process of providing the second mass in order to
counteract the effect of the centrifugal force of the first mass is called
balancing of rotating masses.

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The following cases are important from the subject point of view:
1) Balancing of a single rotating mass by a single mass rotating in the same
plane.
2) Balancing of different masses rotating in the same plane.
3) Balancing of different masses rotating in different planes.

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2103433 Introduction to Mechanical Vibration N. Ajavakom and C.
Ratanasumawong
• The typical model used in vibration isolation design is the
simple single-degree-of-freedom system without damping, or with
damping.
• The idea here is twofold.
– First, if a harmonic force is applied to the mass through movement of the ground (i.e., as
the result of a nearby rotating machine, for instance), the values of c and k should be
chosen to minimize the resulting response of the mass. The design isolates the mass from
the effects of ground motion. The springs on an automobile serve this purpose.
– A second use of the concept of isolation is that in which the mass represents the mass of
a machine, causing an unwanted harmonic disturbance. In this case the values of m, c,
and k are chosen so that the disturbance force passing through the spring and dashpot to
ground is minimized. This isolates the ground from the effects of the machine. The motor
mounts in an automobile are examples of this type of isolation.
Vibration with Control D. J. Inman

Vibration Isolation (Moving Base)

Ratanasumawong
Ratanasumawong
Ratanasumawong
Ratanasumawong
Vibration Isolation (Fixed Base)

Ratanasumawong
Ratanasumawong
Ratanasumawong
Ratanasumawong
Ratanasumawong
Example
• Consider a machine bolted to its foundation. During operation the machine
produces or is subject to large amplitude harmonic forces. The force is
directly passed onto the foundation. This could lead to problems such as
fatigue of the foundation and acoustic wave propagation in the foundation.
• The remedy to this situation is to mount the machine on a vibration isolator,
which can be discrete springs or elastic pads.
Mechanical Vibrations: Theory and Applications

S. Graham Kelly
Example of Vibration Isolator
https://www.iqsdirectory.com/articles/vibration-absorber.html
Vibration Absorber Hydraulic Shock
Systems
• A hydraulic system comprises a
hydraulic cylinder, piston rod, and
hydraulic fluid. The diagram below
illustrates the components of a simple
hydraulic system. The vibrations
impact or put a force onto the piston
rod, which in turn will force the fluid
inside the cylinder to move. The liquid
inside the cylinder will convert the
kinetic energy from the vibrations into
heat. Below is an image showing the
different parts of a hydraulic shock
absorber.
Classification of Vibration Isolation
Passive Vibration Isolation

• Most passive vibration isolation systems comprise spring, mass, and
damping material. Devices such as mechanical springs and rubber pads are
used in this technique of passive control. Spring and mass are used in such
a way that they create a natural frequency and in this case the damping will
affect the natural frequency. During vibration, there is the transfer of energy
at the natural frequency produced and the natural frequency amplification is
reduced by damping.
Active Vibration Isolation
• Just like many active systems, active vibration isolation comprises
electronic components like circuits, feedback configurations, controllers,
sensors, actuator, and spring. Usually, a processor-based actuation system is
used for active isolation. Vibrations created are transferred to the control
system, which is usually fed into an electromagnetic actuator and based on
the controller program, the vibration will be neutralized. There is more
accuracy in this isolation type than passive vibration isolation and
resonance is not experienced. The image below shows a CAD model of an
active vibration isolation control.
Factors to consider when installing vibration isolators include:
• Size and weight of equipment to be isolated
• Machine movement must be taken into consideration.
• Nature of the vibrations
• The vibration isolator must be selected in accordance with the operating
environment.
• What are the operation pressures?
• Is it going to be an indoor or an outdoor isolator?
• Vibration isolators must be kept away from sensitive materials (Machine
location)
• Location of isolators – where exactly are the isolators going to be placed in
the system
• The isolators should be of proper size – they should not be too big or too
small, otherwise, they might not be effective.
• Adjustment- the spring used must have the ability to freely travel and not
be compressed excessively.
Vibration isolators are widely used in industries to protect equipment
such as:
• Compressors, pumps, and heavy loads
• Vehicles and aviation systems and equipment
• In aerospace and electron microscopes
• Machinery and instruments
Damping in Isolator
• The majority of isolators posses damping in varying degrees.

• A convenient reference illustrating damping factor C/Cc for various
materials is shown in the next table.
• Damping as advantageous when the mounted system is operating at or near
its natural frequency because it helps to reduce transmissibility.
https://hutchinsonai.com/testing/
Approx. Damping
Material Factor Tmax (approx)
C/Cc
Steel Spring 0.005 100
Elastomers:
Natural Rubber 0.05 10
Neoprene 0.05 10
Butyl 0.12 4.0
Barry Hi Damp 0.15 3.5
Barry LT 0.11 4.5
Barry Universal 0.08 6.0
Friction Damped 0.33 1.5

Springs
Metal Mesh 0.12 4.0
Air Damping 0.17 3.0
Felt and Cork 0.06 8.0
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Shock
• Shock is normally classified as a transient phenomenon, while a typical
vibration input is classified as a steady-state phenomenon.
• A shock input pulse is normally described by its peak amplitude expressed
in g's, by its duration t normally expressed in milliseconds, and its overall
shape, which can take such forms as half-sine, triangular, (initial peak
sawtooth, symmetrical and terminal peak sawtooth), versed sine,
rectangular, and the form most likely to occur in nature, a more or less
random shaped complex waveform force and acceleration impulse as
shown in the next figure.
Idealized forms of shock
excitation and the velocity
change, V, associated with each
https://hutchinsonai.com/testing/ shock pulse.
• The isolation of shock inputs is considerably different from that of a
vibration input.
• The shock isolator is characterized as a storage device wherein the input
energy, usually with a very steep wave front, is instantaneously absorbed
by the isolator.
• This energy is stored in the isolator and released at the natural frequency of
the spring-mass system.
Nonlinear Isolators
• The preceding discussion of vibration and shock isolation presumes that the
the isolator is linear, the force-direction curve for the isolator is a straight
line.
• In the isolation of shock, nonlinearity tends to be more important because
large deflections prevail.
• The degree of isolation may then be substantially affected by the ability, or
lack thereof, of the isolator to accommodate the required deflection.
Unknown Source
Unknown Source
Unknown Source
• A vibration absorber consists of an attached second mass,
spring, and damper, forming a two-degree-of-freedom system. The second
spring–mass system is then ‘tuned’ to resonate and hence absorb all the
vibrational energy of the system.

Ratanasumawong
A vibration absorber is normally attached to the vibrating body and is designed to
produce “anti-resonance” to the system.
Ratanasumawong
Ratanasumawong
Vibration Absorption
Vibrations: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Vibration Attenuation of Plate Using Multiple Vibration Absorbers
Izzuddin Zaman et. al.
In most cases, vibration absorbers are used with machines and systems that
operate at constant speed or with systems that constantly have exciting
frequencies. The system is made up of the primary system and the absorber, as
shown on the diagram below.
Applications of Vibration Absorbers
Machine Tools
• A machine tool is a machine that uses
power for its operation, such as a
milling machine, lathe, grinder, drilling
machine, etc. to shape, drill, or finish
material. These machines experience a
lot of vibrations that result from the
rotating and moving parts inside them,
such as spindles, gears, motors,
accelerometers, etc. Without proper
absorption of these vibrations, the
machine tool may cause accidents or
damage. The diagram below shows
parts of a lathe machine that
experience high vibrations.
A Simple Case for Vibration Absorption


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Vibration and Shock of Production

Topic 06 : Vibration Control - Balancing,

Module 5 Balancing of Rotating Masses Dr Niharika Mohanta

Module 5 Balancing of Rotating Masses Dr Niharika Mohanta

Module 5 Balancing of Rotating Masses Dr Niharika Mohanta

Vibration with Control D. J. Inman

2103433 Introduction to Mechanical Vibration N. Ajavakom and C.

2103433 Introduction to Mechanical Vibration N. Ajavakom and C.

Mechanical Vibrations: Theory and Applications

Passive Vibration Isolation

• The majority of isolators posses damping in varying degrees.

Friction Damped 0.33 1.5

Vibration with Control D. J. Inman

Vibration with Control D. J. Inman

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