FISIOLOGIA DEL SISTEMA

RESPIRATORIO
MSc. Karina Hunter E.
 Respiratory Physiology.
Regulated process that include:

External respiration:
Internal respiration:
pulmonary ventilation
Transport of gases by gas exchange in the
(breathing) and gas Regulation of
the blood (plasma, systemic blood
exchange in the respiration
hematíes- Hb) capillaries and celular
pulmonary capillaries
respiration
of the lungs
Ventilación min./ Ventilación Pulmonar Volumen Alveolar
Min.
tasa metabólica VVP x FR
(VVP- VEMA) x FR
VE= VT x FR
(Vol. Vent. Total)
Cantidad de aire (in/out) Aire que llega a los
V Tidal o VC en cada ciclo respiratorio alveolos para ser
intercambiado. El resto en
EM anatómico
Ventilación Pulmonar
760 mmHg.

- El mecanismo que produce la

ventilación pulmonar es el que
establece un gradiente de presión
de gas entre la atmósfera y el aire
alveolar.
1. Gradientes de presión
(pressure difference) 760 mmHg.

Higherà lower. Primary

principle of ventilation.
FIGURE 27-3 Primary principle of ventilation. Put simply, air moves
down its pressure gradient—that is, it always moves from an area of high
pressure to an area of lower pressure. To achieve inspiration, the higher
pressure must be outside the body. To achieve expiration, the higher
pressure must be inside the body’s airways. PB, Atmospheric [barometric]
pressure; PA, alveolar pressure.
 • Gradientes de presión: cambios diámetros
tórax, producidos por la ctxc y relajación
of respiratory muscles. Ocurren en el
tórax y pulmones durante el ciclo
respiratorio.
• Ley de Boyle: (>pº, <vol, tº cte)
• The volume of a gas varies inversely with
pressure at a constant temperature.
• Aplicación de este principio:
• Expansion of the thorax (Aumento en el
volumen)
• Disminución presión intrapleural
(intratorácica)
• Disminución presión intraalveolar: ingreso
aire a los pulmones.
FIGURE 27-2 Pressures important in ventilation. This diagram shows the locations
of pressures involved in the pressure gradients needed for ventilation (see Figure 27-3).
Atmospheric pressure (PB) is the air pressure of the atmosphere outside the body’s
airways. Alveolar pressure (PA) is intrapulmonary pressure—the pressure at the far end
of the internal airways. Intrapleural pressure (PIP) is the fluid pressure of the pleural fluid
between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura—or intrathoracic pressure (pressure in
the thorax).
 Ley de The gas laws are also based on the premise that gas molecules
continually collide with the walls of their container and thus
Gases produce a force against it called the gas pressure

• Ley de Boyle
• Ley de Charles Volume is directly proportional to temperature

• Ley de Dalton
• Ley de Henry

Durante la inspiración, el volumen de aire

se expande a medida que la mucosa
respiratoria lo calienta.
 Ley de
Gases
• Ley de Dalton.
Ley parcial de los
gases

• Ley de Henry.
Ley de solubilidad
de los gases
Is used to determine the partial pressure of oxygen La concentración de un gas en solución
(PO2) in air. depende de las presiones parciales y de
la solubilidad del gas a tº cte.
Debido a que la presión parcial de un gas está
determinada por su concentración relativa en la This principle explains how the plasma
mezcla de gases. concentration of a gas such as oxygen
relates to its partial pressure.
 Espacio intrapleural

A. Inspiración:
- Aumenta vol. Torácico
- Disminuye presión intrapleural (PIP)
- Disminuye presión alveolar (PA)

B. Espiración:
FIGURE 27-4 Balloon model of ventilation. The cartoons show a - Disminuye vol. Aire (thus increasing
classic model in which a jar represents the rib cage (thoracic cavity), a
rubber sheet represents the diaphragm, and a balloon represents the internal air pressure) and forcing air
alveoli of the lungs. The space between the jar and balloon represents out of the balloon.
the intrapleural space. A, Inspiration, caused by downward movement
of the diaphragm. B, Expiration, caused by elastic recoil of the
diaphragm upward.
 Ciclo
Respiratorio
FIGURE 27-5 The respiratory
cycle. During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts,
increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. This
increase in volume results in a decrease in pressure,
which causes air to rush into the lungs.
During expiration, the diaphragm returns to an upward
position, reducing the volume in the thoracic cavity. Air
pressure thus increases, forcing air out of the lungs.
See PA, Alveolar pressure; PB, barometric
pressure; PIP, intrapleural pressure.
Principio Primario de ventilación

Gas: > a < pº

 PiP. PA. PB

OBS: Compliance pulmonar y

torácica
Rhythm of
ventilation. Respirator
y cycles repeat
continuously in
normal, quiet
breathing. Notice the
rhythmic rise and fall
of the intrapleural
pressure (PIP) and
alveolar pressure (PA).
You can easily see that
PIP is always lower than
PA (negative
transpulmonary
pressure), which helps
keep the alveoli
inflated. The lowest
line shows the change
in air volumes during
the respiratory cycle.
Note that intrapleural pressure is always less than
alveolar pressure. This difference (PIP − PA) is called
the transpulmonary pressure. Intrapleural pressure is
always “negative” with respect to alveolar pressure.
Transpulmonary pressure must be negative to maintain
inflation of the lungs, as stated previously.
 Compliance y
Surfactante
• Surfactant is formed from the
protein and phospholipid
secretions of type II cells in the
wall of each alveolus. Surfactant
reduces surface tension and
thus prevents fluid contraction
and alveolar collapse.

A, Role of surfactant. The surface of the water that lines

the small alveoli tends to contract because of its high
surface tension, thereby collapsing the entire alveolus.
Surfactant disrupts some of the attractive forces and thus
reduces surface tension—and the risk of alveolar collapse
• Ley de LaPlace
• Surfactante: 7-8 mes
desarrollo prenatal
• Hyaline membrane disease
(HMD): músculos inspiratorios
•à Respiratory distress
syndrome (RDS) (colapso
alveolar, dif.resp)
B, Young-LaPlace law.
- alveolar pressure (PA) is directly proportional to surface
tension (T) and inversely proportional to the radius (r)
of the alveolus.

- Without surfactant, the pressure gradient would cause

air to flow from the small alveoli to the larger alveoli—
thus triggering collapse of the smaller alveoli.
- When surfactant is present, the concentration of the
surfactant is higher as the alveolus gets smaller.
Because small alveoli have less surface tension than
larger alveoli do (as a result of more concentrated
surfactant), the effect of the Young-LaPlace law is
counterbalanced. Because PA thus remains about the
same in all alveoli, regardless of size, ventilation is not
disrupted.
 FIGURE 27-6 Movement of the rib cage during breathing. A,

INSPIRACION
Inspiratory muscles pull the ribs upward and thus outward, as
illustrated by lifting a bucket handle. B, Inspiratory muscles pull
the sternum upward and thus outward, as when pulling upward
on the handle of a water pump.
• Diafragma
• Intercostales externos
• ECOM
• Pectoral menor
• Serrato anterior
• Aumenta cavidad torácica
(diámetros)
• Ley de Boyle: PiP
(intrapleural o intratorácica)
disminuye, PA disminuye
 ESPIRACION
• Proceso pasivo, reversa de los gradientes de presión desde la
inspiración.
• Relajación musc. Inspiratorios
• Disminución tamaño del tórax
• Incremento PiP
• Presión intrapleural (-, < 760) evita el colapso pulmonar
• Incremento PA (> a < pº: out)
• Contracción: abdominales, intercostales internos. (A PA)
Mechanism of expiration. Note
that relaxation of the diaphragm
plus contraction of chest-
depressing muscles (internal
intercostals) reduces thoracic
volume, which increases
pressure in the lungs and thus
pushes air outward
Volúmenes y Capacidades Pulmonares
FIGURE 27-11 Pulmonary
ventilation volumes and
capacities. A, Spirogram. B,
Pulmonary volumes (at rest)
represented as relative
proportions of an inflated
balloon. During normal, quiet
respirations, the atmosphere
and lungs exchange about
500 ml of air (TV). With
forcible inspiration, about
3300 ml more air can be
inhaled (IRV). After a normal
inspiration and normal
expiration, approximately
1000 ml more air can be
forcibly expired (ERV). Vital
capacity is the amount of air
that can be forcibly expired
after a maximal inspiration
and therefore indicates the
largest amount of air that can
enter and leave the lungs
during respiration. Residual
volume is the air that remains
trapped in the alveoli.
Fuerza prensil