ICT ANIMATION: Group 4

12 PRINCIPLES
OF ANIMATION
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The 12 Principles: Where did it come from?
were introduced to us by the animators Ollie
Johnston and Frank Thomas

in their book The Illusion of Life: Disney

Animation, which was first published in 1981.

can be used to form the basis of all animation

work, and they're relevant to more fields than
just movie animation and cartoons.
 Let's define each one:
Squash and Stretch Arcs
Anticipation Secondary Action
Staging Timing
Straight ahead & pose to pose Exaggeration
Follow through & overlapping Solid Drawing
actions Appeal
Slow in & Slow out
 Squash and Stretch
animated object will get longer or
flatter to emphasize their speed,
momentum, weight, and mass.

the amount that an object squashes

and stretches says something about
its mass.
When animating, remember....
the more squash and stretch, the
softer the object

the less squash and stretch, the stiffer

the object
 Anticipation
is when a character prepares for an
action to give the audience a clue as
to what is happening next

as well as to make the action appear

more realistic

its important to make it as easy as

possible for the audience to
understand what's going on, and
anticipation helps make that come
true.
 Staging
is the presentation of any idea so that
it is completely and unmistakably
clear

is a very broad principle because it

covers so many areas of animation

can apply to acting, timing, camera

angle, position, and setting
Straight ahead & Pose to pose

describes 2 methods used to animate

drawings: Straight ahead & Pose to
pose

Straight ahead: is where you draw the

first drawing, then you draw the second
drawing and then the third drawing
and so on. Basically animating as you
go.

Pose to pose: is where you draw the

beginning and end of each main pose
and go back later to fill in the drawings
in between
Straight ahead & Pose to pose

pose to pose is generally better for

most actions because it gives you the
most control because you have a
good idea of what the action is going
to look like very early in the process

while straight ahead animation on the

other hand is good for animation that
is unpredictable like fire, water
particles, cloud of dust, and explosions.
Follow through & Overlapping action

principle in which having body parts

and appendages dragged behind the
rest of the body and continue to move
when the body stops

follow through: describes the way

parts of the body continue to move
after the body is stopped

overlapping action: describes the

offset between the timing of the main
body and its other parts
 Slow in & Slow out

refers to the way pretty much all

movement starts slowly, build speed,
and finishes slowly

if animating lifelike motion, this is one

of the most important principles to
achieve lifelike motion

without slow in and out, things will feel

mechanical like a robot
 Arcs
the laws of physics are needed when
animating, so it should be that most
objects must follow an arc or path
when moving, so our animations
should reflect that arc.
 Secondary Action

often associated with overlapping

action

are used to support or emphasize the

main action

it helps add more dimension to

characters and objects
 Timing
states that the personality and
nature of an animation is greatly
affected by the number of frames
inserted between each main action

more drawings / frames = slow

less drawings / frames = fast

 Exaggeration

every action, pose, and expression can

be taken to the next level to increase
the amount of impact on the viewer

exaggeration does not mean more

distorted, but more convincing
 Solid Drawing

is about making sure that forms

feel like they are in three-
dimensional space with volume
weight and balance

concerned with the placement and

perspective of the audience
regarding the animation
 Appeal
characters that you animate should
be somewhat pleasing to look at

your characters, objects, and the world

in which they live need to appeal to
the viewer.

caricature is an example for its distinct

characteristics
 Importance:
to produce an illusion that cartoon characters
adhered to the basic laws of physics
also dealt with more abstract issues, such as
emotional timing and character appeal.
to ensure you get smooth, realistic movements.
Wrap Up!
Introduction to the 12 principles

The 12 principles of animation

Examples or demo for each

principle

The importance of knowing these

principles
 Thank you
for listening!
 Reference:
https://www.creativebloq.com/
advice/understand-the-12-
principles-of-animation
https://idearocketanimation.co
m/13721-12-principles-of-
animation-gifs/