SOLID WASTE

Definition of Terms

Waste
- useless, unwanted or discarded
materials resulting from normal
community activities. Waste include
solids, liquids or gases.
 Definition of Terms

Solid Waste
- all those materials that are solid or
semi-solid, which the possessor no
longer considers of sufficient value
to retain.
 Definition of Terms

Refuse
- interchangeably used with solid
waste.
 Definition of Terms

Rubbish
- combustible and noncombustible
solid waste which are non
putrescible. Also known as trash.
 Definition of Terms

Garbage
- putrescible waste resulting from
the preparation of food. (When
stored separately or used as animal
feed where more liquid exists,
referred to as swill.)
 Definition of Terms

Municipal Solid Waste

- combination of residential, light
commercial and demolition debris.
Usually being served by municipal
collection.
Classification of Solid Wastes

• Point of Origin
– Residential
– Institutional
– Commercial
– Industrial
– Agricultural
– Street
– Demolition
– Construction
Classification of Solid Wastes

• Nature of material
– Organic
– Inorganic
– Combustible
– Non-combustible
– Putrescible
– Non-putrescible
Sources and Types of Solid Wastes
Residential Special wastes
• Food wastes • Bulky items
• Paper • Consumer electronics
• Cardboard • Batteries
• Plastics • Oil
• Textiles • Tires
• Leather • Household hazardous
• Yard wastes wastes
• Wood
• Glass
• Metals
• Ashes
 Sources and Types of Solid Wastes
Municipal Services
• Street sweepings
• Landscape and tree trimmings
• General wastes from parks, beaches and
other recreational areas
• Sludge
Sources and Types of Solid Wastes
Commercial and
Institutional
• Paper
• Cardboard
• Plastics
• Wood
• Food wastes
• Glass
• Metals
• Special wastes
• Hazardous wastes.
 Sources and Types of Solid Wastes

Industrial
• Housekeeping wastes
• Packaging
• Construction
• Demolition materials
• Hazardous wastes
• Ashes
 Sources and Types of Solid Wastes

Process (manufacturing, etc.)

• Industrial process wastes
• Expired raw materials
• Scrap materials
• Off-specification products
• Tailings
Sources and Types of Solid Wastes

Agriculture
• Spoiled food wastes
• Agricultural wastes
• Hazardous wastes (e.g., pesticides)
Sources and Types of Solid Wastes

Construction and Demolition

• Wood
• Steel
• Concrete
• Dirt
 Factors Affecting Composition

• Economic
• Technology
• Lifestyle / Culture
• Energy Pattern
 Solid Waste Characteristics

• Generation Rate
• Bulk Density
• Physical Composition
• Moisture Content
• Size Analysis
• Organic Content
• Heating or Calorific Value
 Solid Waste Generation
• A Filipino generates between 0.3 and
0.7 kilograms of garbage daily
depending upon income levels
• Current annual generation =10 million
tons
• Expected to increase by 40 percent at
the end of the decade.
• National Capital Region: 23% of
country’s generation
• Southern Tagalog Region: 13% of the
country’s generation
National Waste Generation, 2000-2010
Population, Waste Generation and Diversion Rates for Metro Manila
 Moisture Content
Moisture, %w
Component Range Typical
Paper and cardboard 4 – 10 7
Food wastes 50 – 80 70
Yard wastes 30 – 80 60
Metal 2–6 3
Glass 1–4 2
Plastic 1–4 2
Ashes, dirt 6 – 12 8
Other rubbish 5 – 30 20
Municipal 15 – 40 20
 Typical Energy Content
Material Typical Energy Content,
kJ/kg
Municipal Solid Waste
• Per unit weight of refuse 10,500
• Per unit weight of combustibles 23,200
• Per unit weight of paper 16,300
• Per unit weight of organics 5,800
• Per unit weight of plastics 32,800
Primary Sewage Sludge
• Per unit weight of dry solids 17,700
Digested Sewage Sludge
• Per unit weight of dry solids 9,100
Fuels
• Per unit weight of fuel oil 46,500
• Per unit weight of anthracite 28,000
• Per unit weight of methane 49,000
 How Long will Litter last?
Aluminum cans and tabs 80 - 100 years
Glass bottles 1,000,000 years
Plastic bags 10 - 20 years
Plastic coated paper 5 years
Plastic film containers 20 - 30 years
Nylon fabric 30 - 40 years
Rubber boot sole 50 - 80 years
Leather up to 50 years
Wool sox 1 - 5 years
Orange and banana peels 2 - 5 weeks
Cigarette butts 1 - 5 years
 Considerations in Solid Waste
Management
• Protection of public health and
environment
– Use of tightly closed containers for
organic wastes
– Compaction of waste to at least
600kg/m3 to reduce insect breeding
– Processing within 2 days
– Shredding of waste to promote
aerobic decomposition
 Considerations in Solid Waste
Management
• Source reduction
– Adoption of industry standards for
product manufacturing and packaging
using less material
– Passing of laws that minimize the use
of virgin materials
– Adoption by communities of rates for
waste management services that
penalize generators for increasing
waste quantities
Waste Management Hierarchy
Waste Prevention
Reduce
• If you are choosing
between two products,
buy the one with the least
amount of packaging or
the least toxic content.
Waste Prevention
Reuse
Do not buy things that can
only be used once. If you
won't use it again you
probably know someone
who can. Buy used products
when possible.
Waste Prevention
Recycle
Some products are not
reusable, but you can
recycle them. Recycling
takes less time than you
might think. Whenever
possible buy products made
from recycled materials
rather than products made
from virgin materials
 Common Recyclables

• Aluminum Cans
Beverage cans and aluminum pet
food containers
– need to be emptied and rinsed.
 Common Recyclables
Recycled Products:
Plastics • Fiber tote bags
• Clothing
• Film and sheet
• Food and beverage
containers
• Carpet
• Strapping
• Fleece wear
Polyethylene • Luggage
Terephthalate • Bottles.
 Common Recyclables
Recycled Products:
Plastics • Bottle for liquid laundry detergent,
shampoo, conditioner and motor oil
• Pipe
• Buckets
• Crates
• Flower pots
• Garden edging
• Film and sheet
• Recycling bins
• Benches
• Dog houses
• Plastic lumber
High Density • Floor tiles
Polyethylene • Picnic tables
• Fencing.
 Common Recyclables
Recycled Products:
• Packaging
Plastics • Loose-leaf binders
• Paneling
• Gutters
• Mud flaps
• Film and sheet
• Floor tiles and mats
• Resilient flooring
• Cassette trays
• Electrical boxes
Vinyl (Polyvinyl • Cables
Chloride or PVC) • Traffic cones
• Garden hose
• Mobile home skirting.
 Common Recyclables

Plastics Recycled Products:

• Shipping envelopes
• Garbage can liners
• Floor tile
• Furniture
• Film and sheet
• Compost bins
• Paneling
• Trash cans
• Landscape timber
Low Density
Polyethylene
 Common Recyclables
Recycled Products:
• Automobile battery cases
Plastics • Signal lights
• Battery cables
• Brooms
• Brushes
• Ice scrapers
• Oil funnels
• Bicycle racks
• Rakes
• Bins
Polypropylene • Pallets
• Sheeting
• Trays.
 Common Recyclables

Recycled Products:
Plastics • Thermometers
• Light switch plates
• Thermal insulation
• Egg cartons
• Vents
• Desk trays
• Rulers
• License plate frames
• Foam packing
• Foam plates
Polystyrene • Cups
• Utensils
 Common Recyclables

Plastics Recycled Products:

• Bottles
• Plastic lumber applications

Others
 Common Recyclables

Corrugated Cardboard
(cardboard with the wavy center)
• Cereal boxes
• Box board
 Common Recyclables

• Newspapers including the comics

and glossy colored inserts
• Magazines and catalogs
• Tin and Steel Cans
• Glass Bottles and Jars
 Common Recyclables

Paper
• White ledger (white copy paper,
white laser printer paper, etc.)
•

• Other office paper

• Computer paper
 Did You Know?
• Recycling one pound of steel
saves enough energy to run a
60-watt light bulb for 26 hours.
• 60% of the world's lead supply
comes from recycled batteries.
• Recycling one pound of paper
saves approximately 2 pounds of
virgin wood, one pint of fuel oil
and seven gallons of water.
Thanks for listening!