BUKU PANDUAN TUTORIAL

MAHASISWA

MODUL

INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE

(LITERARY APPRECIATION)

OLEH

DWI IMA HERMININGSIH

SEMESTER 3

PROGRAM STUDI

PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS

2022

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What Is Literature?

Some experts have different opinions on their definition about literature

related to the time and social condition. Those different opinions are caused by the

complexities of literature over as the life. Jones states literature is simply another way

we can experience the word around us thorough our imagination . Literature, in

broadest sense, includes all written materials. Into this general grouping fall history

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books, philosophical works, novels, poems, plays, scientific articles, dictionaries,

directories, instructional manuals, travel folders, magazines, school textbooks.

Further he classifies them into two different groups. In one group places those

writings that mainly present information, and in the other place those that mainly

entertain. Informative literature tells us the world is round. It deals with: facts,

explanations, real peoples’ lives, and history. Its main purpose is to offer knowledge.

Imaginative literature, on the other hands, aims to arouse thoughts and feeling.

By definitions above, we can conclude that literature has been regarded as

profound human creation to express ideas, or thoughts. It has also been regarded as a

great human treasure. It gives the readers information, knowledge, experience and

pleasure. Furthermore, by reading literary works, the readers may increase their

understanding about God, Human life, and people’s social interaction.lessons;

frugality, husbandry, resignation, co-operation).

Literature is a form art. It is the expression of human nature and significant

human experiences. Literature is the art of written works. Literaly translated, the word

means “ acquaintance with letters” (from Latin littera letter), and therefore the

academic study of literature is known as letters (as in the phrase ”Art and Letters).In

Western culture the most basic written literary types include fiction and nonfiction.

Literature is for learning how to read, write, spell, and sometimes talk. Literature is

writing which is considered to be a work of art and includes poetry, novels and plays.

Literature also refers to a printed piece of writing on a particular subject.

Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_literature#ixzz1Z1lnpbGb

Literature (from Latin litteraetantri (plural); letter), or "acquaintance with

letters"

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Literature is a term used to describe written or spoken material.Valentino Basswara,

an English Literature senior student, states that literature is ‘something made from

deepest thought and it could be defined as a respond to the society happenings’.

According to Ghazali, literature is ‘humans work in the form of written words that

reflects beauty’. Based on etymology, literature is’ a good suggestion that creates

beautiful sense to the reader and the listener’.

What Are Called Literature?

Scientific articles, dictionaries, school textbooks, history books, philosophical works,

novels, poems, plays, school textbooks, magazines, travel folders, instructional

manuals

What Are The Advantages Of Studying Literature?

Literature is part of our cultural heritage which is freely available to everyone, and

which can enrich our lives in all kinds of ways.

In great writing from the past we find the England of our ancestors, and we not only

see the country and the people as they were, but we also soak up the climate of the

times through the language itself, its vocabulary, grammar, and tone. Literature can

also give us glimpses of much earlier ages. Literature can enrich our experience in

other ways. Sources:

http://www.english-literature.org/essays/studying.html .Literature presents

information (scientific articles, dictionaries, school textbooks, history books).

Literature mainly entertains (novels, poems, plays, magazines, etc.)

See : “TO READ LITERATURE, 1928, page 1.

Thus, literature helps to understand , makes sense of our life, helps to identify

and examines fragments of experiences, helps to see essentials the meaning and the

unity of life and gives a pleasure.

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Genres of Literature

Genre is classified into:

Poem:

- poem is taken from Greek ‘poesis’, means create.

- Samuel Taylor Coleridge: poem is beautiful words in beautiful arrangement.

- Watt-Dunton: concrete and artistic expression from human mind.

Drama/ Play : the specific mode of fiction represented in performance.

Prose: free verses

The Component Of Poem:

Diction

Rhyme

Rhythm

Verse

Couplet

Sound patterns

Figurativeness

Emotional Intensity/Connotative meaning

Explanations:

Diction: appropriate word

Rhyme: the source of pleasure and understanding.

Rhythm: an approximate recurrence on repetition in the pacing of sound.

Verses: line of words

Couplet: a group of verses

Connotative meaning: unreal meaning

The Component Of Prose

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Theme

Figure of speech (majas)

Message/moral value

Setting

Point of view

Drama/Play

A play is a multimedial form designed to be staged in a public performance

A play is 'multimedial' in the sense that it uses both auditory and visual media: a

play's audience has to use their eyes as well as their ears (a novel, in contrast, is a

'monomedial' form). A play is a multimedial narrative form because it presents a story

(a sequence of action units). Just as the reception of a play is a collective public

experience, staging a play is a collective enterprise, involving the collaboration of

many people including producers, directors, designers, choreographers, musicians,

and, of course actors.

The Component Of Drama

Theme

Characters

Setting

Point of view

Plot

Message/moral value

Explanations:

Plot: The sequence of events showing characters in conflict.

Cronological order: moving with the characters from one place of action to another

and yet chronological thing.

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Flashback: may juggle time to show how things began.

Theme: Idea that holds the story together.

Explicit: openly and clearly theme.

Implicit: unclearly mentioned theme.

- prologue

- monologue

- dialogue

- epilogue

Music:

Setting

- backdrop: relatively unimportant setting. It has symbolic meaning.

- integral setting: setting in which influence character, conflict and theme.

Describing the World of The Drama

Drama has story and the story is played or acted by many actors such like

antagonist and protagonist which all the supported characters making the hero or

crook being clearer in the story. For example, the imagination of Macbeth is the line

What appears to be good is actually evil and what appears to be evil is actually good.

Death of a Salesman, this is a dark drama which graphically illustrates the despair of

unsuccessful human being. The world of the play is dark and dreary, there is much

anxiety and little hope, much labor and little peace.

The Kind of Play

Shakespeare's dramatic work is traditionally (and rather arbitrarily) divided into three

main genres:

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'comedies' (Much Ado About Nothing, Midsummer Night's Dream, As You Like It,

Twelfth Night, etc.)

‘histories' (Richard II, Henry IV (2 parts), Henry VI, Richard III, etc.)

'tragedies' (Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, Othello, Julius Caesar).

Character: Aggregate of mental, emotional and socialties that distinguish a person.

Language.

The physical world of The Play

Shakespeare's plays were performed in basically three types of locations: (1)

in public theaters (such as the Globe Theater, located outside the City limits of

London), (2) in private theaters (such as the Blackfriars, in central London), and (3) in

various venues for special occasion -- public town halls, royal residences, etc.

Some questions to help you study and understand setting of drama :

What is the stage setting? Has the author indicated what the stage is supposed to look

like?

At what period of time and in what place is the play set? What is the effect of setting a

play in the immediate present? in the past? in the future?

Is the stage setting realistic or symbolic? If symbolic, what does it symbolize?

Example :

Much of Othello takes place in Cyprus while some of it takes place in Venice. The

critic would have to explain that Cyprus belonged to the Venetian state and that it was

threatened, than finally conquered by the enemy Turks, and made a part of the

Turkish empire.

The Central Theme

Theme is the domination idea in the play.

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Study how the play's theme appears in this act. The theme is a question of moral of

human significance implied or directly asked in the play

Example : In Death of Salesman, the theme is the futility of rationalization in the face

of death. The theme of pride leading to destruction determined in a great way the

actual final structure of the play.

Characters Defined

A character is not a real-life person but only a "paper being" (Barthes 1975

[1966]), a being created by an author and existing only within a fictional text, usually

on the level of action.

Example: the character Hamlet in the play by Shakespeare.

Find characters (new and recurring) who bring something unknown to light or provide

contrast to another character. Take note of any other functions you think this character

serves.

Some questions to help you study and understand character

What is each character like? Background? Social or Cultural class?

Experiences? Thoughts? Any prejudices or biases? Emotions? Psychology? What

does the character look like? Is there any specific evidence in the text that helps

establish the character's appearance and physical behavior? Is the character

sympathetic? Unsympathetic? Some combination of the two?

Plot The logical and causal structure of a story

Example :

Claudio-Hero plot

1. Claudio and Hero fall in love and agree to marry.

2. Complication: a villain plans an intrigue against Hero.

3. The conspiracy succeeds; the marriage falls through.

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4. Hero fakes her own death.

5. The conspiracy is found out.

6. Hero is rehabilitated and 'revives'.

7. Happy ending.

Style

When we think of style we must try to think quickly of all the various

considerations which come under the general category of style, such as, diction, the

use of figurative language, pattern of imagery, rhetorical devices, emphasis, and even

logic.

Outstanding features of the play is a features which more dominant than another

features.

Example :

O’Neill’s The Iceman Cometh, there is one outstanding fact about he play is his

experiment with writing several very long plays and this is one of he outstanding facts

about those plays.

Examples of Defining The Drama

‘OTHE Othello is the soldier by the senate of Venice to the Cyprus expected invasion

by the enemy Turks. Because of Othello not live with the wife desdemona ,he become

jealousy with the his wife until he natively jealous make Othello kills the wife and

then suicide.LLO’

The Physical World of The Play

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Othello takes place in venice some of take place in the Cyprus

The Central Theme

The play progress we see the increasing malignity of the monstrous emotion from the

jealousy.

Character Defined

Othello: major characters

Lago: major characters

Outstanding Feature of The Play

Othello is one of the few plays to depend so thoroughly on single “gimmick” ,

Desdemona’s handkerchief, which keeps changing hands throughout the play.

‘THE ICEMAN COMETH’

The Iceman Cometh is stage play in the form of a four-act tragedy focusing on

the psychological and emotional problems of derelicts who sustain themselves with

baseless hopes for a better tomorrow.

The Physical World of The Play

The time is the summer of 1912. The place is the back room of a shabby bar

on the first floor of a five-story building in New York City. The upper floors of the

building consist of hotel rooms in which the play's characters live. The owner of the

building, Harry Hope, operates the bar and maintains the rooms.

The Central Theme

Self-Delusion

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Love/Hate Relationships With Women

The Destructive Power of Alcoholism

Character Defined

Larry Slade Protagonist (Major character)

Theodore Hickman ("Hickey") Antagonist (Major character)

Source

Atkinson, Brooks. Review of The Iceman Cometh in O'Neill and His Plays: Four

Decades of Criticism, edited by Oscar Cargill, N. Bryllion Fagin, and William J.

Fisher, New York University Press, 1961, pp. 212-13.

Style

Play extremely is low, the language spoken is all an the dialogue of the

vernacular the tough WEST SIDE NEW YORK accent with the butchered syllables

Eg:”DEM” for “them”

Outstanding Feature of The Play

There is one outstanding fact about he play is his experiment with writing

several very long plays and this is one of the outstanding fact about those plays.

Definition as A Prelude to Analysis

Definition of drama is the beginning of an analysis of various aspects, namely

play, characters, plot, structure, meaning, style, and others. The students have to

analysis its drama. Usually, there is presented drama or tragedy that makes easier for

students to study a drama. In drama, we have to give description who or what played

by the player. To make easier, we have to understand and know the important in

making definition through analysis.

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Analyzing Poem

Shall I Compare Thee To A Summer's Day

Sonnet 18

William Shakespeare (1564 –1616)

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimmed;

And every fair from fair sometime declines,

By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed.

But thy eternal summer shall not fade

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st;

Nor shall death brag thou wand'rest in his shade,

When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st.

So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee

Theme and Title

Theme of this poem is “LOVE”. A love from the men (shakespeare) to a

woman (mom). Let’s see ‘ thou art more lovely and more temperate’ and ‘ so long

lives this, and this gives live to thee’.

The title ”Shall I Compare Thee To A summer’s Day” means that the writer compares

his mom and the summer’s day.

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Rhyme and rhythm

Rhyme

we can say a-b-a-b. it means that the end of first and third sentences have the same

ending tone and so do third and forth sentences.

Rhythm

it can be known when it is read loudly.

Verse and Diction

Verse

1st verse: quartet (it consists of 4 lines).

2nd verse: quartet (it consists of 4 lines).

3rd verse: quartet (it consists of 4 lines).

4th verse: couplet (it consists of two lines).

Diction

this poem uses the abstract since the meaning is known by intelligence. So, it is

difficult for the young learner to analyze the real meaning.

Novel

Novel is a long story written in prose. It is like a short story, except that is

longer. Both are prose fiction, both deal with truths, both deal with problems and

conflict. Both aim to entertain and to inform. In both, the elements of structure are

found: plot, characterization, situation and theme. The basic difference between them

is length and complexity. A short story focuses on one accident in time; a novel has

far more range. It may deal with a lifetime, a number of accidents and many

characters.

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Popular Fiction

According to Gordon and Kuehler, some fiction is categorized by types, such

as detective, mystery, western, science fiction, ghost, horror, romance, or fantasy.

This fiction is sometimes called genre fiction (because it exist as types or genre) or

popular fiction (because it is often read by mass audiences for entertainment and

relaxation).

1. A western is a genre of popular fiction typically set in the American West of the

1800s. Western stories and novels usually deal with an archetypical hero, an

independent male on the move, often on horseback.

2.A mystery and detective. Fiction that involves the unraveling of some puzzle or

secret or crime is called mystery. Detective story involves a policy, private, or

amateur detective who investigates a crime and through observation, questioning, and

deduction identifies the motive and the criminal from among a limited group of

suspect.

3. A fantasy and science fiction is stories involving other worlds and other forms of

life reach back to a time before writing, when the way people transmitted history and

culture was trough the spoken world only.

4. A ghost and horror is stories that scare people have been popular and profitable for

a long time. Ghost and horror stories are types of fantasy and, like types of fantasy,

grew out of the Gothic novels of the 1700s.

Elements of Novel

According to Jones in Outlines of Literature, the elements of novels are title,

point of view, dramatic conflict, theme, plot, character and characterization, situation

and style. Each element will be discussed as follows.

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Title

The title of a novel often serves a function. It may name the chief character, as

Doctor Zhivago. It may suggest the plot, as An American Tragedy, or the time, as

1984. It may mention some significant object, The Scarlet Letter, or name of place,

Waynesburg, Ohio, or indicate the nature of story, The Caine Mutiny. And the titles

of novels may serve many purposes.

The title will give information first to the readers about the novel, and, the author

should use an interesting word in order to interest the readers to read the novel.

Especially to the author, he or she can convey information about his or her novel to

the readers by very short word.

Plot

Kenney defines plot is arrangement of the events in story. It reveals events, not

only in their temporal, but also in their causal relationship. Plot makes us aware of

events not merely as elements in a temporal series but also an intricate pattern of

cause and effect. It is in arranging the events on his story according to demands other

than the purely temporal. While according to Jones, Plot is the action of the story. It is

the sequence of events involving the character or characters. In an action story we are

concerned chiefly with what happens.

Plot may be simple or complex. The simple plot deals with one character or a

single group of characters, and it follows their fortunes to the conclusion. The

complex plot has several groups of characters; the story deals with one, takes up

another, returns to the first, then takes up another. Plot has been defined as” an

author’s careful arrangement of incidents in a narrative to achieve a desired effect. A

plot is a series of action, often presented in chronological order, but the ingredient a

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plot has that a story lacks is causality. In narrative with a plot, there is little that

happens without a cause. One graphic way to describe the structure of a fictional plot

is to envision it as a pyramid.

Climax

Complication Reversal

Falling Action

Catastrophe

Rising Action

Exposition

INITIATING ACCIDENT

RESOLUTION

In literature, however, exposition refers to the explanatory information a

reader needs to comprehend the situation in the story. Exposition established the

setting, the major characters and perhaps some minor ones, the situation, and any

necessary background about what happened before the story began.

The initiating incident is the event that changes the situation established in the

exposition and sets the conflict in motion. The rising action, various episodes occur

that develop, complicate, or intensity the conflict. Climax has been defined in a

number of ways: the point of greatest conflict, the emotional high point, the turning

point in the plot, or the point at which one of the opposing forces gains the advantage.

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A story’s climax often requires the main character to choose some form of action that

will either worsen or improve his or her situation. The events that follow the climax

are known as the falling action. The falling action leads into resolution or

denouement. The term resolution sometimes refers to all the events that follow the

climax, including the denouement.

According to Stanford, Plot is the sequence of events that take place. It creates its

structure, the pattern the plot follows. It describes like this:

The work usually opens with an introduction that lets us know whom the

action will concern and where the action will take place. Complication is an event or

action that serves to establish the conflict. Climax is the point of greatest tension or

the turning point, while conclusion is the ending of the work, which often shows the

effects of the climactic action or decision. Other expert, Beaty argues plot simply

means the arrangement of the action, an imagined event or a series of such events.

Action usually involves conflict, a struggle between opposing forces, and it contains

five points, 1) Exposition, introduces the characters, situation, and, usually, time and

place. 2) The rising action, events that complicate the situation and intensify or

complicate the conflict or introduce new ones. 3) The turning point or Climax, the

point at which the action stops rising and begins falling or revising. 4) Falling action,

in which the complication of the rising are untangled. 5) Conclusion, the point at

which the situation that was destabilized at the beginning of the story.

Plot is divided into two, close plot and open. In a closed plot the author

resolves or concludes for the readers. In an open plot the story frequently ends at the

climax, and the reader is left to decide what he thinks the resolution or outcome of the

story might be.

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Above, we can see each expert defines plot by different words, but, commonly, it is

same, plot is sequence of actions of story.

Character and Characterization

In a story, the narrator must include actors who play in its story. They are usually

called characters. Character is someone who acts, appears, or is referred to as playing

a part in a literary work.

Jones states characterization is the depicting of clear images of a person. There

are two methods of characterization: the dramatic and the analytic. In the dramatic we

form our opinion of the characters from what they do and say, from their

environment, and from what other character think of them. In the analytic method the

author comments upon the character, explaining their motives, their appearance, and

their thoughts.

Furthermore, he explains characters in fiction are either “round” or “flat”. A flat

character, usually a minor one in a novel, is constructed around a single idea or

quality. A round character is a greater achievement than a flat character. It mush be

himself, an individual, and he must be fitting to his role.

Kenney calls them are simple character and complex character. Simple

character is less the presentation of human personality than the embodiment of a

single attitude or obsession in a character , whereas complex character is obviously

more lifelike than the simple, because in life people are not simply embodiments of

single attitudes.

Forster in Gordon and Kuehner states a round character is a three-dimensional

character complex enough to be able to surprise the reader without loosing credibility.

In contrast, a flat character is one whom Forster deems incapable of surprising the

reader.

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Further, some terms will be introduced in discussing character. Beaty starts with term

hero, the leading male role who “good guy” while, if, the hero is female, it is called

heroine, who opposes the villain, or “bad guy” . However, those terms are not

popular. They necessary are called protagonist and antagonist.

Stanford defines the protagonist is the major character with whom we generally

sympathize, while the antagonist is the character with whom the protagonist in

conflict, it is generally not sympathetic.

The term protagonist refers to the main or central character in fiction. The

protagonist is generally the roundest, most fully developed character in a work of

fiction. The protagonist may also be the most sympathetic character. Don’t be

confused by that label. It doesn’t mean that the author has created a protagonist who

arouses your concern and sympathy-even if you do not understand or like him or her.

Rather, a more neutral and accurate word to describe the protagonist’s opponent is

antagonist.

Like protagonist, many antagonists will also be around character, though it is

possible for an antagonist to be a flat character. Together, the protagonist and

antagonist comprise the major characters or forces in fiction. Characters other than

major characters are classified as minor character.

Major characters are typically limited to the protagonist or the antagonist, with

sympathetic character generally being limited to protagonist and certain minor

characters. Characters other than major characters are classified as minor character.

Minor characters primarily function as foils, typically contrasts physically and or in

personality with the main character, stereotypes, represent a category of people or

pieces of furniture.

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Character creation is the art of characterization-what the author does to bring a

character to life, to provide the reader with a sense of that character’s personality, to

make that character unique. Authors can characterize or develop a character directly

or indirectly.

In direct characterization, the narrator or a character summarizes or tells the

reader what another character looks like or what kind of person he or she is. In

indirect characterization, narrators and character describe, without comment, a

character’s appearance or dress. In this way they suggest something about the

character’s personality. A character’s repeated gesture or facial tic, for example, may

imply a character’s arrogance or nervousness. We can conclude character is people or

actor in a story.

Conflict

Gordon and Kuehner argue conflict is an internal or external struggle between

the main character and an opposing force. When a story includes internal conflict, the

main character is in conflict with himself or herself. In contras, an external conflict

can occur between the central character and either another character, society, or

natural forces, including fate. The most external conflict is another character.

Stanford defines external conflict is events through the writer’s description

that can be heard and seen by the readers, whereas, internal conflict is events that take

place inside the mind and heart. In addition to conflicts inside the mind, literary

works may focus on conflict between individuals, between an individual and a social

force (community, school, church, workplace), and between an individual and natural

force (disease, fire, flood, cold, famine)

Jones calls it dramatic conflict. Dramatic conflict is the name given to the kind

of action in a novel. Conflict appeals to the emotion of the reader. It may be Physical,

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Social, Psychological, or it may be a combination of them. Furthermore, he explains

Physical or Elemental Conflict, here we usually find a man in conflict with nature.

Social Conflict, in this type the struggle is of one person against another, and Internal

or Psychological Conflict, here we find a man struggling against himself, his

conscience, his guilt, or simply trying to decide what he’s going to do. We can

definite conflict is a struggle between opposing forces.

Setting

Kenney says the element of fiction which reveals to us where and when of

events, is called setting, in other word, the term” setting” refers to the point in time

and space at which the events of the plot occur. Later, he mentions four elements of

setting, they are: (1) the actual geographical location, including topography, scenery,

even the details of a room’s interior;(2) the occupations and modes of day-to- day

existence of the characters; (3) the time in which the action take place, e.g. historical

period, season of the year;(4) the religious, moral intellectual, social, and emotion

environment of the characters.

Setting can be general (a city in the Midwest in the late nineteenth century),

specific (a three-story mansion on Pine Street in Chicago in 1885), or very detailed

(the darkened parlor of that mansion at four o’clock on the first Tuesday in

December). Setting usually functions as more than a backdrop for a story, however.

Setting may serve a number of purposes, such as influencing action, defining

character, and contributing to mod. Setting will be able answer the questions about

where and when of events happen in story are. It explains place and time of the story.

Point of View

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 Point of view is the vantage point from which an author tells a story. There are

two main point of view: first person ( I ) and third person ( he, she, they ), but there

are variations within these point of view.

Jones argues Point of View is the way an author permits us to observe the story. It

aids him in presenting us with those actions, objects, and thought we need to

experience the story.

Furthermore he explains point of view may be person, third person, dramatic,

or omniscient. The first person is told as though the author is in it. The I is the

character who tells the story. The third person point of view the story is told as it

happens to one of the characters: he, she, it, or they. In the dramatic point of view the

reader is an observer. He is permitted to see and hear as he might with real people, but

he is not permitted into their thought. The omniscient point of view the author can tell

anything he wants his reader to know. He can reveal the innermost thoughts of his

characters, and he may comment upon them.

A story may be told from the first-person point of view. The “I” narrator may

be a main character in the story, a minor character, or someone outside the story. If

the narrator does not fully understand the circumstances of a story, he or she is termed

a naïve narrator. If the narrator’s thought are unspoken throughout, the author has

used interior monologue. The third-person narrator may tell a story from the

omniscient, limited omniscient or objective point of view.

Theme

The word theme donates the central idea of serious fictional works such as

novels, plays, poems, or short stories. Theme is an opinion statement suggesting the

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author’s central insight or general comment about human nature or the human

condition as conveyed through the character, action, and imaginary.

According to Jones, theme of the novel is its underlying idea or “wisdom” that

the author is presenting. While Kenney argues theme is something that has

traditionally concerned writers and that therefore is a legitimate concern of readers.

However, Kenney has different arguments, he deals that theme is the meaning of the

story. But any experienced reader of fiction will realize that this is not a very

informative definition, and even less experienced readers, upon thinking it over, may

begin to wonder in what sense a story can mean anything. It is not the moral of the

story, it is not the subject although he has defined it as the meaning of the story.

Furthermore, he explains if theme is not the moral, not the subject, not a

“hidden meaning” illustrated by the story, what is it? Theme is meaning, but it is not

“hidden,” and it is not illustrated. Theme is the meaning the story releases; it may be

the meaning the story discovers. By theme we mean the necessary implications of

whole story, not a separable part of story.

Style

Style is a writer’s characteristic way of saying things. It is a product of both

the character of the writer as an individual and the choices that he or she makes

concerning diction, imagery, syntax and variety, and organization structure.

Diction refers to a writer’s choice of words. It must be clear and appropriate. Imagery

can be based either in sensory language or in figures of speech. It extends to all the

senses- sight, taste, smell, touch, and hearing. Syntax and variety is the pattern or

arrangement of individual words and phrases, while Organizational structure of most

fiction is chronological.

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 Jones says style is the way in which an author selects, arranges, and presents

his words. It is his manner of expression. Each author, then, must have his own style,

for each writer is an individual. An authors style can, in a way, be compared to a

person’s signature. Each of us has a different signature. Style seems to mean a

generally desirable literary quality that some writers have, while others do not.

Situation and Tone

Situation is what gives the reader information he needs for an intelligent

reading of the story. We must know where the story is taking place, and we must

know when the story taking place. Furthermore, it presents us with a tone or mood

that hangs over the story. Tone is the author’s attitude toward his or her subject. Tone

may be mocking, ironic, playful, or serious, while mood is the overall atmosphere of a

work. Atmosphere itself is the main tone or mood of a literary work conveyed chiefly

through descriptions of setting but also through description of relationships among

characters.

Survival

Survival, according to Encyclopedia Britannica (1980:695) is a continuance of

cultural phenomena that originated under one set of conditions into a period when

those conditions have crossed to exist. Moreover the term survival is used in

connection with cultural changes on stability and with cultural evaluation.

Furthermore, survival is also the act of surviving, a living beyond the life of another

person as beyond any event; any habit, usage and belief remaining from ancient time

and existing merely from custom. (The New Grolier Western International Dictionary

of The English Language, 1974:988)

Based on the definition above, it can be concluded that survival is a kind the

act of surviving, on the way, in which human being continue to live or exist. In this

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case, the term of survival is used to describe how the Robinson at survives in new

island as told in his novel.

The Author and its novel

Johann David Wyss (March 4, 1743 - January 11, 1818 is best remembered for

his book The Swiss Family Robinson. He was a clergyman in Berne, Switzerland. A

former military chaplain, Wyss spoke four languages, loved nature, and was deeply

involved in the raising of his four boys, reading to them and taking them on hikes and

hunting trips. To teach them moral lessons and entertain them, he read them a story he

had written about a family just like theirs (each boy in the story is based on one of

Wyss’s four sons), who had been shipwrecked on a tropical island. It is said that he

was inspired by Defo’s Robinson Crusoe, but wanted to write a story from which his

own children would learn, as the father in the story taught important lessons to his

children.

This handwritten manuscript was more than eight hundred pages long and one

of his sons, Johann Emmanuel, helped him illustrate it. Years later another son,

Johann Rudolf, by then a professor at the Berne Academy, found his fathers

manuscript, edited it, and published it in 1812-1813 as The Swiss Family Robinson..

The first English translation appeared in 1814, and there have since been nearly two

hundred versions of this novel, as well as two films and a television movie. The

original title was Der Schweizerische Robinson, written in German. It was about a

Swiss family who are shipwrecked in the East Indies enrooted to Port Jackson,

Australia. The novel was intended to teach his four sons about family values, good

husbandry, the uses of the natural world and self-reliance. Wyss's attitude towards

education is in line with the teachings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques

Rousseau and many of the episodes

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have to do with Christian-oriented moral lessons; frugality, husbandry, resignation,

co-operation).

The Example : Interpreting a piece work of literature

ISOLATION

IN

BARTLEBY AND BLACK VEIL

Having finished reading the stories of Bartleby and Black Veil, I had been

very interested in the issue about isolation. Before I talk about nations on the isolation

in those different literary works, I will give the understanding of the word isolation

which are based on some limited sources. Isolation applied in common parlance to the

act of secluding and making “pure” : and also to the state of being alone, of being

separate, to the state of exclusion, seclucion or of insulation, and thus of being free

from influences such as are incident to contact and conjuction (Encyclopedia

Americana, 416). According to another book it is said that isolation means isolating or

being isolated, put or kept apart from others (AS Hornby, 451).

As I told above that the dicussion will be about the nations on isolation. To

make a sense them more easily, it is necessary to write this brief paper into some

divisions. The first, it has to do with the isolation in both stories. The second, I will try

to point out possible cause bringing isolations. The third, it is concerned with the

significance of the isolation to both stories and authors. Those are some problems

covering the stories which will be dicussed in the following sections.

I. BARTLEBY’S ISOLATION

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 Bartleby was one of three main characters which was shown by the author in

the story. He was also one of three scriveners who was very strange to the master. It

was rather difficult for the master to understand the life of Bartleby. Concerning

Bartleby’s strangeness, his master was anxious to reveal the secret of his life. Here is

the master’s thought of Bartleby

“But I waive the biographies of all other scriveners for a few passages in the life of

Bartleby who was a scrivener the strangest” (Nina Baym, 2164)

This expresision shows that the master has already tried to say his other scriveners

personal characteristic and their behaviours to Bartleby. It is on a purpose that the wo

was judged to be the strangest scrivener in his office would up his own mind.

Physically, he remained separate himself from the other people. He stayed behind the

screen and kept apart from Nipper, Turkey, Ginger. He was not willing to summon

together with them. This strange attitude could be observed his response to his

master’s calling

“Bartleby quick, I am waiting, I heard as slow scrape of his chair on the uncarpeted

floor and soon he appeared standing at the entrance of his hemitage. “What is wanted?

said the mildly. “We are going to examine them there”. “ I would prefer not to” he

said and gently dissapeared behind the screen. For few moment the master demanded

the reason by asking “Why do you refuse? “I would prefer not to”. (Nina Baym,

2170).

The dialogue between the master and his employee proved that the employee’s

rejection to the master’s order sounded strange. Bartleby, as an employee never

obeyed his master. He refused to join with other scriveners in accomplanishing the

job. He would prefer not to meet his master calling. He prefered to stay behind the

screen without any disturbance. It was in his hermitage that he took care his own

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business. Bartleby’s unwillingness to take his master’s advice also appeared when the

master had him copy and check some papers

“Bartleby, “said I, “when those papers are all copied, I’ll compare them with you. “I

would prefer not to. “How? Surely you do not mean to persist in that mulish vagary?

No answer. (Nina Baym, 2172)

It is still observable that Bartleby continued to defend on his own idea not to

follow what his master said. Anyhow he always stated that he would prefer not to do

anything. As far as I read there are some evedent proof refering to Bartleby’s

isolation. Really, he did not only isolate himself by rejecting his master’s orders more

than that he never went to dinner, never went anywhere. He concentrated himself in

the corner of his room. He has already kept himself inside. It was supposed to be free

from the influences of outsiders (Nina Baym, 2172; 2175). Bartleby seemed to prefer

to be doing something else which was not ordered by someone else (Nina Baym,

2186).

The expression “I would prefer not to” characterizes Bartleby’s unwillingness to take

a part or to be involved in other people. He never revealed or unfolded clearly what he

really meant by saying such a specific phrase. It was beyond the master and other

scriveners. He merely said “prefer not to”. Indeed, the master himself did not find yet

any reasons leading to Bartleby’s isolation. As a reader I have been searching to touch

them but I have not got to definite causes. It is still a question. Eventhough the fact

that I understand of Bartleby is due to his physical and symbolical isolation. This

came from innate and incureable disorder. The master said

“What I saw that morning persuaded me that the scrivener was the victim of innate

and incureable disorder. I might give alms to his body; but his body did not pain him;

it was his soul I could not reach.” (Nina Baym, 2176)

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 According to the master’s observation, Bartleby’s isolation was not disease

which could be recovered by prescription served by the doctor or the master himself.

He thought that nothing wrong with Bartleby’s body, but deep down his heart hid

something which other people could nor understand. It was mysterious.

Keeping apart from other scriveners and his master wa meaningful to

Bartleby. Physically, he separated from his master’s sight. He occupied the room

behind the screen. The isolation purposed to ensure the privacy in manner of Bartleby.

Sitting in his hermitage, he could take care of his own business. More than these

purposes, the master wanted his employee would serve him more easily if he stayed

behind the screen (Nina Baym, 2169). Even so, he might endevour charitably to

consure his imagination (Nina Baym, 2172).

Those are all aims of isolation coming to the master’s mind. Personally,

Bartleby himself hardly opened his mouth to say his interests. He was only entitled to

this own thought that the would prefer not to do what people ordered. He would prefer

to do what he actually would.

II. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BARTELBY’S ISOLATION TO THE STORY

AND THE AUTHOR

The illustration of Bartleby’s isolation created in the story seems to be

essential. To reach it’s significance I did not look at the surface of isolation. I tried to

go beyond the story. Finally I regarded Bartleby’s isolation as a sort of personal

mallegory (Eight American Writers, 786). Such a literary device cannot be separated

with an issue of language. Melville had come up againts this case. He attempted to

overcome how to say his own ways to create his listerary works. The phrase “prefer

not to” which was Melville stopped writing anymore. On account of language,

Melville’s concentration on imagination was reflected as well as Bartleby’s separation

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from his surrounding. Meanwhile he did not make any contacts with some

disturbance in order that he could gain deep aspiration after ceasing to express his

mind.

The struggle for coming to the creative writer after getting frustation

illustration by narrator who decided to anticipate Bartleby’s unability to act

“Stationary you shall be then, “I cried, no losing all patience, and for the first time in

all my exasperating connection with him fairly flying into premisess before night, I

shall feel bound-indeed I am bound-to-to-to quit the premisess myself”. I rather

absolutely concluded, knowing not with what possible threat to try frihten his

immobility into compliance. Despairing of all further efforts thought occurred to me-

one which had not been wholly unindulged before”. (Nina Baym, 2186).

This story is also allegorical expression. The master’s anger to Bartleby

expoused above represents the author’s attitude. The story tells that the master felt to

be annoyed by Bartleby’s immobility. His refusal to quit the premisess go away gave

serious effect to the master. It was noticed he left his employee. This description was

really concerned with Melville’s frustation because of his language trouble.

Overcoming the great issue.

Meville as well as the author who has quited premise and handled Bartleby’s

behavior alaso made decision to have efforts to become a great write. It was proved

that Melville was sucessful in writing Moby Dick (Eight American Writers, 787).

That is all the contribution of Bartleby’s isolation to the story. It was regarded as a

means of allegory which applied by the author to say his thought.

III. HOOPER’S ISOLATION IN THE BLACK VEIL

Hooper was a main character in the story. As far as I searched, howthorne as

an author did not tell the reader about isolation directly. Eventhough, the issue of

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isolation which was not stated clearly seemed to be interesting for me to analize.

Reading Hooper’s isolation, I got something little bit different from Bartleby’s. In

fact, physically Hooper who was minester never kept himself from other people. As a

person he still attended the church. He did not cease to preach his sermon. Once, he

ever excuse himself to the wedding party (Nina Baym, 1135-1136). Those activities

gave the reader’s impression that Hooper was willing to summon together with

people. This means that the made relation with others. In another word he did not

separate from his environment. Of course, it is quite different with what Bartleby has

already done.

Isolation which I am going to discuss is that Hooper’s isolation that appeared

in his performance. In his society, Hooper was the only person who had on black veil.

It swatched about his forehead and hanging over his face. That was why his

uncommon appearance considered to be something awful and strange. Being awful

and strange, people thought that Hooper has isolated himself by showing unusual

performance. The black veil he had was very surprising. One said

“But what has got Parson Hooper got upon his face? Cried the sexton in antonisment.”

(Nina Baym, 1133).

In this case, the sexton extremely wondered that he knew something new on

the parson’s face. What the parson has already done is that what I mean by isolation.

IV. THE CAUSE AND PURPOSE OF ISOLATION

To identify the cause of isolation suffered by Hooper seems to be hard for me.

Starting from the beginning till the end of the story I cannot point out the fixed causes

why the persos wore the black veil. It is mysterious. Even his congregation struck by

his surprising appearance. One said

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“I don’t like it, mutteres an old woman as she hobbled in to the meeting-house. “ He

has changed himself into something afwul, only by hiding his face. “Our parson has

gone mad! cried Goodman Gray, following him across the threshold”.

(Nina Baym, 1134).

Another people also said

“How strange “said the lady, that a simple black veil such as any women might wear

on her bonnet, should become such a terrible thing on Mr. Hooper’s face. (Nina

Baym, 1135).

These cited words mean that Hooper behaved awfully. He hide his face by

wearing the black veil without any clear causes. No body knew why he decided to use

it. No rule, no law in the society saying that a parson ought to wear it. Hooper was the

only man having odd appearance. Concequenly, the response to him was very rough.

People accused the parson being mad.

It was said before that no body got the answer to the parson’s strangeness. It

was a secret. However it did not mean that parson had nothing to do with his veil.

Certainly, as a doer he had some purposes though they were had to detect. To him

wearing veil was not the way to hide his face for sorrow and secret sin. He was really

aware that it his loneliness (Nina Baym, 1138). This is purpose which rises at the

surface of the story. I am so sure that Howthorne has the reader go beyond the

sequences of event in the story.

The next section will help me to understand why Howthorne presented the

character who isolated himself by putting on the black veil.

V. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HOOPER’S ISOLATION TO THE STORY

The isolation has a great role in the story. It might be concerned with the

situation when Howthorne wrote it. As what Melville did in the Bartleby, Howthorne

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tended to picture that at that time puritan’s concept had been still going on. The way

Howthorne used to express this idea, he created the character like Hooper. We know

that Hooper was the only person with veil. It was allegory which might mean than the

puritan existed in the society. Whereas the surprise of the congregation on Hooper

refered to the present generation. They felt that what he did was very strange. This

depichtes that people were surprised that there was puritan. In fact they were still

confused to believe it. Howthorne wrote

“For sometime previous, his mind had been confused, wavering doubtfully between

the past and present and hovering forward, as it were, at inteval into the indistictness

of the world to come. There had been feverish turns which tossed him from side to

side, and wore away what little strength he had. But in his most convulsive struggles,

and in the wildest vagarias of his intellect when no other thought retained it is sober

influence, he still showed an awful solicitude lest the black veil should slip aside.”

(Nina Baym, 1140)

The quotation describes the confusion about the puritan’s concept in the

society. Did it exist in the presence of new generation? Might the intellectual people

accept it? The black veil on Hooper’s face may be representative illustration. Though

the puritan could not be seen, but it remained live in the society. That is all the

importance of Hooper’s isolation in the story. Howthorne wrote this literary work by

using allegory.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Nina Baym, The Norton Anthology of Amarican Literature Volume I, W.W. Norton
and Company, New York
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International Head Quarter, Encyclopedia Americana AS Hornby, Oxford Advance
Dictionary of Current English………., Eight American
Writersen.wikipedia.org/wiki/drama
Hall, Donald. 1928. To Read Literature. New York: Library of Congress Cataloging-
in-Publication Data.
J. Lukens, Rebecca. 2003. A Critical Handbook of Children’s Literature. America:
Pearson Education.
Kenney, William. 1966. How to Analyze Fiction. New York: Monarch Press.
Lukens, J. Rebecca. 2002. A Critical Handbook of Children’s Literature. New York:

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.

Suprapto.1993. Kumpulan Istilah dan Apresiasi Sastra. Surabaya: Indah Surabaya.

http://www.english-literature.org/essays/studying.html

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_literature#ixzz1Z1lnpbGb

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