Test Bank for Ecology Concepts and Applications, 6th Edition : Molles

Test Bank for Ecology Concepts and Applications,

6th Edition : Molles

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Chapter 20 - Succession and Stability

Chapter 20
Succession and Stability

Multiple Choice Questions

1. "Primary" succession is succession that

A. involves establishment of primary producers where there were none.
B. leads to establishment of a climax community dominated by primary producers.
C. occurs on newly exposed geologic substrates, not organic soil.
D. occurs where organic soils have been exposed but not destroyed by disturbance.
E. occurs after fire or agricultural abandonment.

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Learning Outcome: 20.00.02 Distinguish between primary succession and secondary succession.
Section: 20.00
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

2. The pioneer species at Glacier Bay, Alaska include

A. mosses.
B. Dryas.
C. alders.
D. horsetails.
E. hemlocks.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 20.01.01 Outline the major community changes during primary succession at Glacier Bay, Alaska.
Section: 20.01
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

3. In the area of Glacier Bay, Alaska, the climax community is

A. hemlock forest.
B. muskeg.
C. hemlock forest on steep slopes, and muskeg on shallower slopes.
D. hemlock forest on shallow slopes, and muskeg on steeper slopes.
E. Dryas mats with scattered alders and cottonwoods.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 20.01.01 Outline the major community changes during primary succession at Glacier Bay, Alaska.
Section: 20.01
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

20-1
Chapter 20 - Succession and Stability

4. During primary succession at Glacier Bay, overall plant species diversity

A. first increases rapidly, then levels off.
B. increases steadily throughout succession.
C. increases slowly at first, then more rapidly after a few hundred years.
D. peaks at intermediate successional stages.
E. decreases steadily throughout succession.

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Learning Outcome: 20.01.01 Outline the major community changes during primary succession at Glacier Bay, Alaska.
Section: 20.01
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

5. During primary succession at Glacier Bay, species diversity continues to increase

throughout succession for which group(s) of plants?
A. tall shrubs and trees
B. low shrubs and herbs
C. mosses
D. lichens
E. all groups of plants

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 20.01.01 Outline the major community changes during primary succession at Glacier Bay, Alaska.
Section: 20.01
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

6. In secondary succession on abandoned fields in the Piedmont of North Carolina, important

pioneer species include
A. horsetails.
B. Dryas.
C. broomsedge (Andropogon).
D. pine seedlings.
E. crabgrass and horseweed.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 20.01.02 Compare patterns of community change during succession in various environments, for example, between
stream communities and forest communities.
Section: 20.01
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

20-2
Chapter 20 - Succession and Stability

7. How does canopy shading influence succession of pines and deciduous trees in the
Piedmont of North Carolina?
A. Canopy shading by deciduous trees is required for growth of pines.
B. Canopy shading by deciduous trees prevents establishment of pines until late in succession.
C. Canopy shading by deciduous trees prevents persistence of pines in late successional
stages.
D. Canopy shading by pines prevents establishment of deciduous trees.
E. Canopy shading by pines kills deciduous trees that were established early in succession.

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Learning Outcome: 20.01.02 Compare patterns of community change during succession in various environments, for example, between
stream communities and forest communities.
Section: 20.01
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

8. In the Piedmont of North Carolina, as plant diversity increases through secondary

succession, bird diversity
A. increases at first, but then declines late in succession.
B. increases steadily through succession.
C. increases slowly at first, but then rapidly late in succession.
D. increases rapidly at first, then plateaus late in succession.
E. first decreases, but later increases.

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Learning Outcome: 20.01.02 Compare patterns of community change during succession in various environments, for example, between
stream communities and forest communities.
Section: 20.01
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

9. In the "transition phase" of forest succession,

A. biomass increases rapidly as the community reorganizes.
B. biomass declines from an earlier peak.
C. biomass stays constant, but species composition turns over rapidly.
D. nutrient export increases dramatically and soils become depleted.
E. one climax community gives way to another.

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Learning Outcome: 20.02.03 Explain how succession influenced nutrient retention during the experiment by Likens and Bormann at the
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest.
Section: 20.02
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

20-3
Chapter 20 - Succession and Stability

10. Which statement about changing ecosystem properties during succession is false?
A. biomass increases
B. community respiration increases
C. primary production increases
D. soil depths decrease
E. stream spiraling lengths decrease

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Learning Outcome: 20.02.03 Explain how succession influenced nutrient retention during the experiment by Likens and Bormann at the
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest.
Section: 20.02
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

11. As Hawaiian lava flows age over 4 million years,

A. total soil phosphorous levels decrease.
B. total soil phosphorous levels increase.
C. total soil phosphorous stays about the same, but more phosphorous becomes refractory.
D. total soil phosphorous stays about the same, but more phosphorous becomes weatherable.
E. phosphorous limitation of primary production becomes less important.

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Learning Outcome: 20.02.02 Describe how Hawaiian ecosystems change over very long periods of time, that is, over the course of millions
of years.
Section: 20.02
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

12. On intertidal boulders in California, the diversity of diatoms and algae

A. increases at first, but then declines late in succession.
B. increases steadily through succession.
C. increases slowly at first, but then rapidly late in succession.
D. increases rapidly at first, then plateaus late in succession.
E. first decreases, but later increases.

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Learning Outcome: 20.01.02 Compare patterns of community change during succession in various environments, for example, between
stream communities and forest communities.
Section: 20.01
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

20-4
Chapter 20 - Succession and Stability

13. During succession in Arizona streams, nitrogen retention

A. increases at first, but then declines late in succession.
B. increases steadily through succession.
C. increases slowly at first, but then rapidly late in succession.
D. increases rapidly at first, then plateaus late in succession.
E. first decreases, but later increases.

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Learning Outcome: 20.02.04 Discuss the parallels in ecosystem change observed during succession in the Hubbard Brook Experimental
Forest and in Sycamore Creek, Arizona.
Section: 20.02
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

14. High nitrogen retention early in stream succession is probably due to

A. nitrogen fixation by aquatic fungi.
B. increasing biomass of algal and animal populations.
C. increasing nitrogen inputs from surrounding terrestrial soils.
D. increasing binding of nitrogen to developing organic sediments.
E. reduced denitrification following disturbance.

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Learning Outcome: 20.02.04 Discuss the parallels in ecosystem change observed during succession in the Hubbard Brook Experimental
Forest and in Sycamore Creek, Arizona.
Section: 20.02
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

15. According to the "facilitation" hypothesis, pioneer species modify the environment in
ways that
A. make it more suitable for their own survival, and less suitable for other species.
B. make it less suitable for their own survival, but more suitable for survival of other pioneer
species.
C. make it less suitable for their own survival, but more suitable for survival of late-
successional species.
D. make it less suitable for survival of all species.
E. make it more suitable for survival of all species.

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Learning Outcome: 20.03.01 Describe the mechanisms involved in the facilitation, tolerance, and inhibition models of successional change.
Section: 20.03
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

20-5
Chapter 20 - Succession and Stability

16. According to the "inhibition" hypothesis, pioneer species modify the environment in ways
that
A. make it less suitable for other species.
B. make it less suitable for their own survival, but more suitable for survival of other pioneer
species.
C. make it less suitable for their own survival, but more suitable for survival of late-
successional species.
D. make it more suitable for survival of all species.
E. in this model, pioneer species do not modify the environment.

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Learning Outcome: 20.03.01 Describe the mechanisms involved in the facilitation, tolerance, and inhibition models of successional change.
Section: 20.03
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

17. Wayne Sousa's studies of succession on intertidal boulders demonstrated which elements
of the inhibition hypothesis?
A. inhibition of mid- and late-successional species by pioneers
B. inhibition of late-successional species by mid-successional ones
C. higher mortality of pioneer species
D. All of the choices are correct.
E. None of the choices are correct.

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Learning Outcome: 20.03.02 Discuss experiments that revealed the existence of inhibition and facilitation during succession in marine
intertidal communities.
Section: 20.03
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

18. Succession in old fields in the Piedmont of North Carolina involves succession driven
A. largely by facilitation.
B. largely by inhibition.
C. largely by tolerance.
D. both by inhibition and by tolerance.
E. both by facilitation and by inhibition.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 20.03.03 Describe the roles of inhibition and facilitation during forest succession.
Section: 20.03
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

20-6
Chapter 20 - Succession and Stability

19. Three years of herbicide applications by Bormann and Likens to a clear cut forest in the
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest resulted in
A. delayed succession.
B. increased export of calcium.
C. increased import of nitrogen.
D. All of the choices are correct.
E. both delayed succession and increased export of calcium.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 20.02.03 Explain how succession influenced nutrient retention during the experiment by Likens and Bormann at the
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest.
Section: 20.02
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

20. The change in plant, animal, and microbial communities in an area following disturbance
or the creation of new substrate is called _________.
A. progression
B. succession
C. replacement
D. colonization
E. invasion

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 20.00.01 Define succession.
Section: 20.00
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

21. ___________ occurs in areas where disturbance destroyed the previous community
without destroying the soil.
A. Pioneer succession
B. Climax succession
C. Secondary succession
D. Primary succession
E. Disturbance succession

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 20.00.02 Distinguish between primary succession and secondary succession.
Section: 20.00
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

20-7
Chapter 20 - Succession and Stability

22. Pine communities are eventually replaced by oak-hickory communities after about 150
years of old field succession on the Piedmont Plateau of North Carolina because
A. mature pines are susceptible to a fungal disease called pine blight.
B. juvenile pines are susceptible to a fungal disease called pine blight.
C. juvenile pines cannot grow in the low pH soil that results as pine litter decomposes.
D. juvenile pines cannot grow in the shade of mature pines.
E. mature pines require an association with mycorrhizal fungi which are excluded from this
area by low pH soils.

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Learning Outcome: 20.01.02 Compare patterns of community change during succession in various environments, for example, between
stream communities and forest communities.
Section: 20.01
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

23. A community in which secondary succession is very rapid has

A. high resistance.
B. low resistance.
C. high resilience.
D. low resilience.
E. high replication.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 20.04.01 Define the concepts of stability, resistance, and resilience as applied to ecological communities.
Section: 20.04
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

20-8
Chapter 20 - Succession and Stability

24. According to the tolerance model of succession,

A. early successional species modify the environment making it less suitable for the
establishment by all species.
B. only early successional species can establish as succession begins.
C. early successional species modify the environment making it less suitable for early
successional species but more suitable for late successional species.
D. early successional species modify the environment making it less suitable for early
successional species but neither less nor more favorable for late successional species.
E. both early successional species modify the environment making it less suitable for early
successional species but neither less nor more favorable for late successional species and only
early successional species can establish as succession begins.

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Learning Outcome: 20.03.01 Describe the mechanisms involved in the facilitation, tolerance, and inhibition models of successional change.
Section: 20.03
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

25. _________ is the ability of a community or ecosystem to maintain structure in the face of
potential disturbance.
A. Resilience
B. Elasticity
C. Resistance
D. Plasticity
E. Flexibility

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 20.04.01 Define the concepts of stability, resistance, and resilience as applied to ecological communities.
Section: 20.04
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

20-9
Chapter 20 - Succession and Stability

26. Given the following data, determine the interquartile range:

A. 2 to 126
B. 5 to 79
C. 45 to 67
D. 18 to 71
E. 5640

Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze

Learning Outcome: 20.Investigating.02 Calculate an interquartile range a set of samples of a population.
Section: Investigating the Evidence
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

True / False Questions

27. On intertidal boulders in California, the climax community is dominated by perennial red
algae.
TRUE

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 20.01.02 Compare patterns of community change during succession in various environments, for example, between
stream communities and forest communities.
Section: 20.01
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

Fill in the Blank Questions

28. The first plants in a successional sequence are called the ______________.
pioneer community

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 20.00.03 Describe the differences between pioneer community and climax community.
Section: 20.00
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

20-10
Test Bank for Ecology Concepts and Applications, 6th Edition : Molles

Chapter 20 - Succession and Stability

29. A tendency for a community to maintain its structure even when subject to potential
disturbance is called ____________.
resistance

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 20.04.01 Define the concepts of stability, resistance, and resilience as applied to ecological communities.
Section: 20.04
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

30. A set of sites differing in successional age is called a ____________.

chronosequence

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 20.00.03 Describe the differences between pioneer community and climax community.
Section: 20.00
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

20-11

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