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890 The school of thought in psychology that systematically avoided
the study of consciousness during the first half of the last
century was
 psychoanalysis. Incorrect
 behaviorism. (True Answer )Correct
 functionalism. Incorrect
 structuralism. Incorrect
 Gestalt psychology. Incorrect
891 By 1960, the study of consciousness had been revived by

psychologists' renewed interest in
 perception. Incorrect
 emotion. Incorrect
 socialization. Incorrect
 mental processes. (True Answer )Correct
 mental health. Incorrect
892 How did the definition of psychology change when behaviorism

began to dominate the field?
 The focus on mental concepts began to reemerge. Incorrect

 The idea that unconscious forces shape our behavior became
central. Incorrect
 Psychologists began to concentrate on the development of the
self. Incorrect
 Psychology centered on direct observation of our
actions. (True Answer )Correct
 Advances in neuroscience directed psychologists to the study
of brain activity. Incorrect
893 Until reading this question you were unaware that your shoes
are pressing against your feet. This focusing of your conscious
attention, or selective attention, illustrates that
 consciousness is easily understood and defined. Incorrect
 conscious awareness is one part of the dual processing that
occurs in our two-track minds. (True Answer )Correct
 the definition of consciousness is constantly
evolving. Incorrect
 behaviorism explains many psychological
phenomena. Incorrect
 advances in neuroscience make it possible to relate brain
activity to our mental states. Incorrect
894 Consciousness is
 the ability to solve problems, reason, and

remember. Incorrect
 the sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a
problem. Incorrect
 the process of organizing and interpreting sensory
information. Incorrect
 effortless encoding of incidental information into
memory. Incorrect
 our awareness of ourselves and our environment. (True
Answer )Correct
895 Those who emphasize that mood fluctuations may be indicative

of seasonal affective disorder are highlighting the importance of
 neuroadaptation. Incorrect
 alpha waves. Incorrect
 biological rhythms. (True Answer )Correct
 narcolepsy. Incorrect
 REM sleep. Incorrect
896 How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep?
 Cell clusters in the hypothalamus stimulate the production of

relatively slow alpha waves, signaling the transition from deep
relaxation to sleep. Incorrect
 The hypothalamus triggers the pituitary gland in the
endocrine system to produce the hormone thyroxin, which leads
you to sleep. Incorrect
 During sleep the hypothalamus stimulates the production of
free radicals, molecules that are toxic to neurons, which
weakens unused connections. Incorrect
 In response to decreasing light the hypothalamus'
suprachiastmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase
production of melatonin, leading you to sleep. (True Answer
)Correct
 The action of the hypothalamus suppresses immune cell
production that fights off viral infections and cancer. Incorrect
897 Which of the following is true of melatonin?
 It is produced by the brain during the hypnagogic stage in

NREM sleep. Incorrect
 Production of melatonin during sleep boosts our immune
system, which helps us fight off viral infections. Incorrect
 It is a sleep hormone released by the pineal gland into the
bloodstream. (True Answer )Correct
 It alters metabolic and hormonal functioning in ways that
mimic aging. Incorrect
 It helps restore and repair brain tissue by increasing the
production of free radicals. Incorrect
898 Circadian rhythm refers to
 the pattern of emotional ups and downs we routinely

experience. Incorrect
 a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly
24-hour cycle. (True Answer )Correct
 the experience of sleep apnea following an extensive
transoceanic flight. Incorrect
 the cycle of five distinct stages that we experience during a
normal night's sleep. Incorrect
 a pattern of brain waves that occur during sleep. Incorrect
899 With the approach of night, our body temperatures begin to

drop. This best illustrates the dynamics of the
 hypnagogic state. Incorrect

 circadian rhythm. (True Answer )Correct
 alpha wave pattern. Incorrect
 REM rebound. Incorrect
 latent content. Incorrect
900 Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than
during the morning, because her energy level and ability to
concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely
reflects the influence of the
 menstrual cycle. Incorrect
 hypnagogic state. Incorrect
 NREM sleep. Incorrect
901 The impact of circadian rhythms is best illustrated by
 the differing musical preferences of younger and older

persons. Incorrect
 fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a
day. (True Answer )Correct
 the different study habits of men and women. Incorrect
 the different personalities of people born during different
months of the year. Incorrect
 varying levels of neurotransmitters during REM
sleep. Incorrect
902 When light strikes the retina, it signals the suprachiasmatic

nucleus to alter ________ production by the pineal gland.
 melatonin (True Answer )Correct

 serotonin Incorrect
 acetylcholine Incorrect
 dopamine Incorrect
 endorphin Incorrect
903 The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal

proteins that trigger signals to the
 suprachiasmatic nucleus. (True Answer )Correct

 dopamine reward system. Incorrect
 thyroid gland. Incorrect
 sleep spindles. Incorrect
 MDMA. Incorrect
904 Our inability to fall asleep early as we had planned is most

likely a reflection of
 dissociation. Incorrect
 the circadian rhythm. (True Answer )Correct
 night terrors. Incorrect
 sleep apnea. Incorrect
905 After flying from California to New York, Arthur experienced

a restless, sleepless night. His problem was most likely caused
by a disruption of his normal
 dopamine production. Incorrect
 hypnagogic sensations. Incorrect
 alpha wave patterns. Incorrect
 manifest content. Incorrect
906 After four years of working nights, Raymond now works days.
His present difficulty in getting to sleep at night is most likely
due to a disruption of his normal
 alpha wave pattern. Incorrect
 physical dependence. Incorrect
907 Alpha waves are associated with

 Stage 2 sleep. Incorrect
 relaxed but awake state. (True Answer )Correct
908 Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus are

called

 neuroadaptations. Incorrect
 dissociations. Incorrect
 hallucinations. (True Answer )Correct
 stressors. Incorrect
909 The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during Stage 2
sleep are called

 circadian rhythms. Incorrect
 sleep spindles. (True Answer )Correct
 delta waves. Incorrect
 amplitude waves. Incorrect
910 The hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating are most likely
to occur during which sleep stage?
 Stage 1 (True Answer )Correct

 Stage 2 Incorrect
 REM Incorrect
911 Which of the following is most accurate about a typical night's

sleep?
 The sleep cycle repeats itself every 60 minutes. Incorrect

 During REM sleep the muscles are tense and brain waves
reveal deep relaxation. Incorrect
 As sleep progresses, Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep diminish while
REM sleep increases. (True Answer )Correct
 Most of a night's sleep is spent in Stage 4 and
REM. Incorrect
 Everyone needs 8 hours of sleep per night. Incorrect
912 Sleeptalking may occur during

 any stage of sleep. (True Answer )Correct
913 The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are
called

 beta waves. Incorrect
 delta waves. (True Answer )Correct
 theta waves. Incorrect
914 Paradoxical sleep is to slow-wave sleep as ________ sleep is to

________ sleep.
 REM; Stage 1 Incorrect

 Stage 1; REM Incorrect
 REM; Stage 2 Incorrect
 Stage 2; REM Incorrect
 REM; Stage 4 (True Answer )Correct
915 The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to
those of
 Stage 1 sleep. (True Answer )Correct

916 At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours.
As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing
occurrence of
 sleeptalking. Incorrect
 muscle tension. Incorrect
 REM sleep. (True Answer )Correct
917 At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours.
As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing
occurrence of
 muscle tension. Incorrect
918 Fast and jerky movements of the eyes are especially likely to be
associated with

919 Genital arousal is most likely to be associated with

 hypnagogic sleep. Incorrect
920 Which of the following typically occur(s) during REM sleep?
 night terrors Incorrect

 genital arousal (True Answer )Correct
 bed-wetting Incorrect
 muscular tension Incorrect
 narcolepsy Incorrect
921 After sleeping for about an hour and a half, José enters a phase
of paradoxical sleep. He is likely to
 be easily awakened. Incorrect

 have slower, more regular breathing. Incorrect
 have slower brain waves. Incorrect
 talk in his sleep. Incorrect
 have very relaxed muscles. (True Answer )Correct
922 After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his
heart began to beat faster, his breathing became fast and
irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth.
Carlos was most likely experiencing
 a hallucination. Incorrect
923 REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because
 our heart rate is slow and steady, while our breathing is

highly irregular. Incorrect
 we are deeply asleep but can be awakened easily. Incorrect
 our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary
muscles hardly move. (True Answer )Correct
 it leads to highly imaginative dreams that are perceived as
colorless images. Incorrect
 our brain and nervous system are less active and our muscles
are very active. Incorrect
924 When people are experiencing vivid dreams
 their bodies often move in accordance with what they

dream. Incorrect
 their eyes are likely to move under their closed eyelids. (True
Answer )Correct
 they are more likely to sleepwalk than during any other stage
of sleep. Incorrect
 their slow brain-wave patterns indicate that they are deeply
asleep. Incorrect
 they intermittently stop breathing. Incorrect
925 Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate

increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes
move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that
Shoshanna is
 dreaming. (True Answer )Correct
 entering the third stage of sleep. Incorrect
 ready to sleepwalk. Incorrect
 exhibiting a sleep spindle. Incorrect
 experiencing a night terror. Incorrect
926 Forty-year-old Lance insists that he never dreams. Research

suggests that he probably
 experiences very little REM sleep. Incorrect

 would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during
REM sleep. (True Answer )Correct
 dreams during Stage 4 rather than during REM
sleep. Incorrect
 experiences more Stage 4 sleep than most people. Incorrect
 passes through the sleep cycle much more rapidly than most
people. Incorrect
927 The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every
 30 minutes. Incorrect
 90 minutes. (True Answer )Correct
 2 1/2 hours. Incorrect
 4 hours. Incorrect
 1.5 days. Incorrect
928 Margie insists that she never dreams, but her sister feels she
can prove otherwise. To prove that Margie does dream, the
sister should
 feed Margie lots of rich food just before bedtime. Incorrect
 make an all-night audiotape of the sounds Margie makes
while sleeping. Incorrect
 wake Margie after she has been asleep for about 5 minutes
and ask her what she's dreaming. Incorrect
 wake Margie after 5 minutes of REM sleep and ask her what
she's dreaming. (True Answer )Correct
 use posthypnotic suggestion to increase the chances of dream
recall. Incorrect
929 Research on sleep patterns indicates that
 older adults and newborns have very similar sleep

patterns. Incorrect
 different sleep patterns reflect differences in latent dream
content. Incorrect
 everyone needs a minimum of 8 hours of sleep per night to
function well. Incorrect
 sleep patterns may be genetically influenced. (True Answer
)Correct
 REM sleep may not be necessary for normal
functioning. Incorrect
930 Which of the following is evidence for cultural influences on

sleep patterns?
 The sleep patterns of identical twins are usually
similar. Incorrect
 Brain waves are generally elevated and variable during REM
sleep. Incorrect
 Sleep patterns reflect differences in latent and manifest
dream content. Incorrect
 People in countries without electric lights generally sleep
longer. (True Answer )Correct
 Newborn babies spend more time in REM sleep than in
NREM sleep. Incorrect
931 Some people function well with fewer than 6 hours of sleep per
night, while others need 9 hours or more. Such differences in
individual sleep patterns suggests that
 genetics makes a difference in how much sleep we need and
get. (True Answer )Correct
 sleep debt affects a person's health and mental well-
being. Incorrect
 most adults are seriously sleep deprived. Incorrect
 sleep is necessary for helping us restore and repair brain
tissue. Incorrect
 sleep disorders are widespread in our culture. Incorrect
932 Daniel Kahneman and his colleagues found that the daily
moods of working women were most heavily influenced by
 weather conditions. Incorrect

 job security. Incorrect
 a good night's sleep. (True Answer )Correct
 their ability to purchase luxury goods. Incorrect
 dissociative episodes. Incorrect
933 Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote

 obesity. (True Answer )Correct
 insomnia. Incorrect
 withdrawal. Incorrect
934 Terry has not had a decent night of sleep in over a week. If this
sleep deprivation continues, he will become increasingly
susceptible to
 viral infections. (True Answer )Correct
935 Sleep deprivation has been shown to
 increase attentiveness to highly motivating tasks. Incorrect

 reduce hypertension. Incorrect
 diminish immunity to disease. (True Answer )Correct
 decrease narcolepsy. Incorrect
 decrease tolerance and increase withdrawal. Incorrect
936 Traffic accident rates have been found to ________ after the
spring change to daylight savings time and to ________ after
the fall change back to standard time.
 increase; increase Incorrect
 decrease; decrease Incorrect
 increase; decrease (True Answer )Correct
 decrease; increase Incorrect
 stay the same; stay the same Incorrect
937 Bats need a lot of sleep because their high waking metabolism
produces ________ that are toxic to neurons.
 amphetamines Incorrect
 hypnagogic sensations Incorrect
 free radicals (True Answer )Correct
 alpha waves Incorrect
 opiates Incorrect
938 Compared with when they were only 20 years old, 60-year-olds
 spend less time in deep sleep. (True Answer )Correct

 spend less time in Stage 1 sleep. Incorrect
 spend more time in paradoxical sleep. Incorrect
 complete the sleep cycle more slowly. Incorrect
 complete REM rebound more often. Incorrect
939 Deep sleep appears to play an important role in
 paradoxical sleep. Incorrect
 posthypnotic amnesia. Incorrect
 physical growth. (True Answer )Correct
940 The pituitary gland releases a growth hormone during

 slow-wave sleep. (True Answer )Correct
 circadian sleep. Incorrect
941 Slow-wave sleep promotes
 effective memory. (True Answer )Correct

942 Researchers have demonstrated that people trained to perform

tasks recall them better after a night's sleep than after several
hours awake. This finding suggests that sleep
 inspires creative achievements and problem
solving. Incorrect
 patterns suit a species' ecological niche. Incorrect
 helps restore and repair brain tissue. Incorrect
 plays a role in the growth process. Incorrect
 is for making memories. (True Answer )Correct
943 Layla has difficulty going to sleep and staying asleep. Layla is
most likely suffering from

 hypnagogic sleep. Incorrect
 insomnia. (True Answer )Correct
944 The lack of the neurotransmitter orexin has been linked to

which of the following?
 sleep apnea Incorrect

 paradoxical sleep Incorrect
 insomnia Incorrect
 narcolepsy (True Answer )Correct
 sleepwalking Incorrect
945 Which of the following is the best advice for a person concerned
about occasional insomnia?
 Relax and drink a glass of milk before bedtime. (True

Answer )Correct
 Eat a big dinner late in the evening so you'll feel drowsy at
bedtime. Incorrect
 Relax with a drink of your favorite alcoholic beverage just
before bedtime. Incorrect
 Engage in some form of vigorous physical exercise shortly
before bedtime. Incorrect
 Be sure to sleep later than usual once you do get to
sleep. Incorrect
946 Which of the following is bad advice for a person trying to

overcome insomnia?
 Awaken at the same time every day even if you have had a
restless night. Incorrect
 Drink a glass of milk 15 minutes before bedtime. Incorrect
 Avoid taking short naps during the day. Incorrect
 Drink a glass of wine 15 minutes before bedtime. (True
Answer )Correct
 Don't engage in strenuous physical exercise just before
bedtime. Incorrect
947 Which of the following sleep disorders would be the most

incapacitating for a commercial bus driver?

 narcolepsy (True Answer )Correct
948 Obesity is a risk factor for developing which of the following

sleep disorders?

 sleep apnea (True Answer )Correct
 sleeptalking Incorrect
949 Sleep apnea is a disorder involving
 the cessation of breathing during sleep. (True Answer

)Correct
 periodic uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming
sleepiness. Incorrect
 hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating
weightlessly. Incorrect
 the excessive use of sleeping pills or other sleep-inducing
drugs. Incorrect
 screams and panic during deep sleep. Incorrect
950 Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He

wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to
sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly,
Mr. Dayton suffers from
 sleep apnea. (True Answer )Correct
 aphasia. Incorrect
951 Nightmares are to ________ as night terrors are to ________.
 REM sleep; Stage 4 sleep (True Answer )Correct

 narcolepsy; sleep apnea Incorrect
 delta waves; alpha waves Incorrect
 Stage 4 sleep; Stage 1 sleep Incorrect
 Stage 1 sleep; REM sleep Incorrect
952 About three hours after he falls asleep, Bobby often sits up in
bed screaming incoherently. His mother tries to awaken him,
but with no success. His pulse races and he gasps for breath.
The next morning, he remembers nothing. It appears that
Bobby suffers from
 night terrors. (True Answer )Correct
953 Which of the following is true of night terrors?
 They are usually recalled vividly for days following their

occurrence. Incorrect
 They are typically accompanied by a state of temporary
muscular immobility or paralysis. Incorrect
 They jolt the sleeper to a sudden state of full waking
alertness. Incorrect
 They typically occur during Stage 4 sleep. (True Answer
)Correct
 They involve the temporary inability to breathe. Incorrect
954 Research studies of the content of dreams indicate that
 men are less likely than women to report dreams with sexual
overtones. Incorrect
 the genital arousal that occurs during sleep is typically
related to sexual dreams. Incorrect
 people are more likely to dream of failure than of
success. (True Answer )Correct
 most dreams are pleasant, exotic, and unrelated to ordinary
daily life. Incorrect
 hypnosis increases the amount of time we spend in NREM
sleep, which interferes with dreams. Incorrect
955 Freud called the remembered story line of a dream its ________
content.
 manifest (True Answer )Correct

 latent Incorrect
 dissociated Incorrect
 paradoxical Incorrect
 delusional Incorrect
956 Shane, a straight-A student, remembers dreaming that he failed

an important chemistry test. According to Freud, Shane's
account represents the ________ content of his dream.
 delusional Incorrect
957 As Inge recalled her dream, she was dancing with a tall, dark
gentleman when suddenly the music shifted to loud rock and
the man disappeared. According to Freud, Inge's account
represents the ________ content of her dream.
 hypnagogic Incorrect
 hallucinatory Incorrect
958 After suffering a trauma, people commonly report an increase

in

 threatening dreams. (True Answer )Correct
 the hollow face illusion. Incorrect
959 People with sleep apnea do not recall being awake and gasping
for air, then falling back to sleep. Which of the following best
explains this phenomenon?
 Activity in the limbic system is inhibited during REM
sleep. Incorrect
 Dreams that occur during NREM sleep are rarely
recalled. Incorrect
 Anything that happens during the 5 minutes just before we
fall asleep is typically lost from memory. (True Answer
)Correct
 The hormone orexin, which is lacking in such patients,
hinders the consolidation of memory. Incorrect
 The free radicals produced during sleep weaken unused
neural connections and affect memory formation. Incorrect
960 According to Freud, the latent content of a dream refers to
 its accompanying brain-wave pattern. Incorrect

 the previous day's events that prompted the
dream. Incorrect
 the sensory stimuli in the sleeping environment that are
incorporated into the dream. Incorrect
 its underlying but censored meaning. (True Answer )Correct
 the story line of our dreams. Incorrect
961 Greg remembered a recent dream in which his girlfriend

suddenly grabbed the wheel of his speeding car. Greg's
therapist suggested that the dream might be a representation of
the girlfriend's efforts to avoid sexual intimacy. According to
Freud, the therapist was attempting to reveal the ________ of
Greg's dream.
 neuroadaptation Incorrect
 circadian rhythm Incorrect
 latent content (True Answer )Correct
 manifest content Incorrect
 NREM cycle Incorrect
962 According to Freud, the personally threatening and censored

meaning of a dream is its

 dissociated content. Incorrect
 latent content. (True Answer )Correct
 hallucinatory content. Incorrect
 social influence. Incorrect
963 Josef, a high school student, tells his therapist that he has had a
recurring dream in which he hunts and kills a ferocious tiger.
The therapist explains that the dream reflects Josef's
unresolved feelings of hostility toward his father. According to
Freud, the therapist is revealing the possible ________ content
of Josef's dream.
 manifest Incorrect
 latent (True Answer )Correct
 circadian Incorrect
 delta Incorrect
964 Evidence suggests that we consolidate our memories of recent

life events through
 parallel processing. Incorrect
965 Some researchers suggest that the brain activity associated with
REM sleep provides the sleeping brain with periodic
stimulation. This finding supports which of the following dream
theories?
 wish-fulfillment Incorrect
 information-processing Incorrect
 physiological (True Answer )Correct
 activation-synthesis Incorrect
 developmental Incorrect
966 Brain regions that are active as rats learn to navigate a maze
show similar activity patterns again as the rats later experience

967 Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to

random bursts of neural stimulation?
 dissociation theory Incorrect

 social influence theory Incorrect
 activation-synthesis theory (True Answer )Correct
 Freud's dream theory Incorrect
 paradoxical sleep theory Incorrect
968 One theory suggests that the brain activity associated with
________ is helpful for developing and preserving neural
pathways in the brain.
 near-death experiences Incorrect
 dreaming (True Answer )Correct
 hypnagogic sensations Incorrect
969 The activation-synthesis theory best helps to explain why
 most dreams are realistic portrayals of pleasant life

events. Incorrect
 people often experience sudden visual images during REM
sleep. (True Answer )Correct
 dreams typically express unacceptable feelings in a
symbolically disguised form. Incorrect
 individuals with sleep apnea are unable to recall any of their
dreams. Incorrect
 some people experience insomnia throughout their
lives. Incorrect
970 Dreams often involve sudden emotional reactions and

surprising changes in scene. This best serves to support the
theory that dreams
 strengthen our memories of the preceding day's
events. Incorrect
 reflect one's level of cognitive development. Incorrect
 prepare us for the stress and challenges of the following
day. Incorrect
 are triggered by random bursts of neural activity. (True
Answer )Correct
 represent both latent content and manifest
content. Incorrect
971 The emotional tone of our dreams is especially likely to be

influenced by activation of the ________ during REM sleep.
 sensory cortex Incorrect

 limbic system (True Answer )Correct
 frontal lobes Incorrect
 pineal gland Incorrect
 MDMA area Incorrect
972 Research indicates that the percentage of total sleep spent in

REM sleep is higher in ________ than in ________.
 artists; scientists Incorrect

 infants; adults (True Answer )Correct
 females; males Incorrect
 older adults; adolescents Incorrect
 higher economic classes; lower economic classes Incorrect
973 Prior to age 9, children's dreams seem more like a slide show
and less like an active story in which the dreamer is an actor.
This best illustrates that the content of dreams reflects
children's

 psychological dependence. Incorrect
 cognitive development. (True Answer )Correct
974 REM rebound involves the
 tendency for REM sleep periods to become increasingly

longer and more frequent as a normal night of sleep
progresses. Incorrect
 increase in REM sleep that characteristically follows intense
learning episodes or stressful daytime experiences. Incorrect
 unusual symptoms of tiredness and irritability that follow
periods of REM sleep deprivation. Incorrect
 tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep
deprivation. (True Answer )Correct
 replacement of REM sleep with NREM sleep. Incorrect
975 The best indication that dreaming serves a necessary biological

function is provided by the fact that
 most dreams are psychologically meaningless. Incorrect

 the disruption of REM sleep leads to narcolepsy. Incorrect
 most mammals experience REM rebound. (True Answer
)Correct
 sexual tension is naturally discharged during REM
sleep. Incorrect
 manifest content often replaces latent content in NREM
dreams. Incorrect
976 As a participant in a sleep-research study for the past three

nights, Tim has been repeatedly disturbed during REM sleep.
Tonight, when allowed to sleep undisturbed, Tim will likely
experience
 an increase in REM sleep. (True Answer )Correct
 an increase in NREM sleep. Incorrect
977 The occurrence of REM rebound supports the notion that
 as people grow older they need to spend progressively more

time dreaming. Incorrect
 dreams are triggered by random bursts of neural
activity. Incorrect
 dreams help to solidify our memories of daytime
experiences. Incorrect
 humans, like most other mammals, need REM sleep. (True
Answer )Correct
 dreams represent unconscious wishes and
anxieties. Incorrect
978 Hypnosis involves a state of
 increased physical stamina. Incorrect

 heightened openness to suggestion. (True Answer )Correct
 improved perceptual skills. Incorrect
 elevated autonomic arousal. Incorrect
 low-amplitude and high-frequency brain waves. Incorrect
979 Twenty-two-year-old Felicia scores high in hypnotic

responsiveness as measured by the Stanford Hypnotic
Susceptibility Scale. Research suggests that Felicia may also
have
 below-average intelligence. Incorrect
 an above-average ability to hypnotize others. Incorrect
 difficulty keeping her attention focused on any specific
task. Incorrect
 a rich fantasy life. (True Answer )Correct
 a dependent personality type. Incorrect
980 People are particularly responsive to hypnosis if they
 strongly expect that they can be hypnotized. (True Answer

)Correct
 are below average in intelligence and education. Incorrect
 are easily distracted and have difficulty focusing
attention. Incorrect
 suffer a physical or psychological dependence on
alcohol. Incorrect
 were diagnosed with a psychological disorder at one time in
their lives. Incorrect
981 Hypnotically age-regressed people
 act as they believe children would, but outperform real

children. (True Answer )Correct
 correctly demonstrate behaviors associated with specific
developmental stages. Incorrect
 provide accurate and detailed information about personal
childhood events. Incorrect
 are pretending to be hypnotized. Incorrect
 are less likely to be fantasy-prone personalities. Incorrect
982 Under hypnosis, Mrs. Mohammed is encouraged by her

therapist to vividly experience and describe the details of an
argument she had with her father when she was a child. The
therapist is employing a technique called
 age regression. (True Answer )Correct
 posthypnotic suggestion. Incorrect
983 Research indicates that memories retrieved during hypnosis are
 forgotten again as soon as the person awakens from the

hypnotic state. Incorrect
 accurate recollections of information previously
learned. Incorrect
 experienced as being inaccurate even when they are
true. Incorrect
 often a combination of fact and fiction. (True Answer
)Correct
 often accurate indicators of childhood sexual
abuse. Incorrect
984 Twenty-eight-year-old Theodore has an irrational fear of dogs.

His therapist hypnotizes him and asks him to mentally relive
his earliest childhood experience with a dog. The therapist is
making use of
 age regression. (True Answer )Correct
 temporal dissociation. Incorrect
985 Which of the following is true of “hypnotically refreshed”

memories?
 They are accurate except for minor details. Incorrect

 The combine fact and fiction. (True Answer )Correct
 They are difficult to dispute. Incorrect
 They are produced by people looking for attention. Incorrect
 They are the dissociated part of a person's
memory. Incorrect
986 In one study, both hypnotized and unhypnotized subjects were

told to throw acid in a researcher's face. In this experiment,
hypnotized people
 usually refused to engage in antisocial behavior. Incorrect
 behaved in the same fashion as unhypnotized
individuals. (True Answer )Correct
 were easily influenced to act against their own will. Incorrect
 experienced much more anxiety than unhypnotized
individuals. Incorrect
 often immediately awakened from the hypnotic
state. Incorrect
987 Researchers have demonstrated that hypnosis can be useful in
 treating obesity. (True Answer )Correct

 helping individuals with drug, alcohol, or smoking
addictions. Incorrect
 enhancing recall of stressful events. Incorrect
 making individuals perform actions they wouldn't do
otherwise. Incorrect
 recovering childhood memories. Incorrect
988 Just prior to awakening Chinua from a hypnotic state, the

therapist told him that during the next few days he would feel
nauseous whenever he reached for a cigarette. Chinua's
therapist was attempting to make use of
 age regression. Incorrect
 posthypnotic suggestion. (True Answer )Correct
989 While Bev was hypnotized, her therapist suggested that during
the next several days she would have a strong desire to eat well-
balanced meals. The therapist was apparently making use of
 posthypnotic suggestion. (True Answer )Correct
 activation-synthesis theory. Incorrect
990 Research has indicated that hypnosis
 can force people to act against their will. Incorrect

 can block sensory input. Incorrect
 is helpful in overcoming alcohol addictions. Incorrect
 enables some people to undergo surgery with only a local
anesthesia. (True Answer )Correct
 is a state of unconsciousness, not an altered state of
consciousness. Incorrect
991 Advocates of the social influence theory of hypnosis are likely to

argue that
 hypnosis is a unique state of consciousness. Incorrect

 hypnotized people are simply enacting the role of good
hypnotic subjects. (True Answer )Correct
 the process of dissociation best explains hypnotic
phenomena. Incorrect
 most hypnotized people are consciously faking
hypnosis. Incorrect
 hypnotic susceptibility is positively correlated with
introversion. Incorrect
992 The claim that hypnotic phenomena are regulated by normal

conscious processes is associated with the theory that hypnosis
reflects the power of
 social influence. (True Answer )Correct
 activation-synthesis theory. Incorrect
993 Hypnotized people are no more likely to perform dangerous

acts than those who are asked to simulate hypnosis. This fact is
most consistent with
 the activation-synthesis theory. Incorrect
 dissociation theory. Incorrect
 Freud's dream theory. Incorrect
 social influence theory. (True Answer )Correct
 withdrawal theory. Incorrect
994 People become unresponsive to hypnosis if told that those who

are highly gullible are easily hypnotized. This fact is most
consistent with the theory that hypnosis involves
 conscious role-playing. (True Answer )Correct
 unconscious processes. Incorrect
995 Hypnotized participants asked to lower their arm into an ice

bath exhibited no pain when given that suggestion.
Psychologists supporting the social influence theory would
suggest that
 hypnosis caused a split in awareness so that only some part of
the dissociated consciousness experienced pain. Incorrect
 the participant was caught up in playing the role of a “good
hypnotic subject” and ignored the pain. (True Answer )Correct
 endorphins, the body's natural pain killers, were acting to
diminish pain sensations in hypnotized subjects. Incorrect
 the presence of the hypnotist had little impact on the
participant's experience of pain. Incorrect
 because of our two-track minds much of our behavior occurs
on autopilot. Incorrect
996 Ernest Hilgard suggested that participants felt little pain when
their arms were lowered into ice baths because
 being caught up in playing the role of a “good subject” they
could ignore the pain. Incorrect
 the presence of a hypnotist they liked and trusted led them to
adopt the “pain control” suggestions. Incorrect
 they expected that the ice baths would not cause
pain. Incorrect
 hypnosis dissociates the pain sensation from the emotional
suffering that people expect from pain. (True Answer )Correct
 most hypnotized people are consciously faking
hypnosis. Incorrect
997 The divided-consciousness theory of hypnosis states that

hypnosis involves
 role-playing. Incorrect
 dissociation. (True Answer )Correct
 motivational conflict. Incorrect
 obedience to authority. Incorrect
998 Dissociation refers to
 a state of divided consciousness. (True Answer )Correct

 a state of paradoxical sleep. Incorrect
 conscious enactment of a hypnotic role. Incorrect
 nonconformity to social pressure. Incorrect
 manifest content, which is separate from latent
content. Incorrect
999 A split in consciousness in which some thoughts occur

simultaneously with and yet separately from other thoughts is
called
 posthypnotic suggestion. Incorrect
1000 People hypnotized for pain relief may show activity in brain
areas that receive pain sensations but not in brain areas that
make us consciously aware of the pain. This most directly
supports the theory that hypnosis involves
 hallucinations. Incorrect
 social influences. Incorrect
1001 When subjected to a painful medical procedure without the

benefit of an anesthetic, a hypnotized person is most likely to
 show physiological activation of the sensory cortex. (True

Answer )Correct
 exhibit a brain-wave pattern similar to that of Stage 4
sleep. Incorrect
 have no sensory experience of the pain-producing
procedure. Incorrect
 be unable to remember anything that occurred during the
procedure. Incorrect
 demonstrate behaviors that indicate an NREM
state. Incorrect
1002 Evidence that people in a posthypnotic state have no difficulty

remembering everything they had learned while under
hypnosis would most clearly serve to challenge
 social influence theory. Incorrect
 the activation-synthesis theory. Incorrect
 dissociation theory. (True Answer )Correct
 Freud's dream theory. Incorrect
 withdrawal theory. Incorrect
1003 To move beyond the “hypnosis is social influence” versus

“hypnosis is divided consciousness” debate, today's hypnosis
researchers are using a unified ________ approach.
 biopsychosocial (True Answer )Correct
 parallel processing Incorrect
 humanistic Incorrect
1004 One plausible theory suggests that hypnosis relieves pain by
 distracting attention. (True Answer )Correct

 blocking sensory input. Incorrect
 speeding up the circadian rhythm. Incorrect
 eliciting delta waves characteristic of deep sleep. Incorrect
 increasing NREM sleep over time. Incorrect
1005 Understanding hypnosis in terms of focused attention,

distinctive brain activity, and the presence of an authoritative
presence in a legitimate context, requires an integrated
________ approach.
 serial processing Incorrect
 biopsychosocial (True Answer )Correct
 cognitive-behavioral Incorrect
1006 Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are

called ________ drugs.
 neuroadaptive Incorrect
 narcoleptic Incorrect
 psychoactive (True Answer )Correct
 hypnagogic Incorrect
 dissociative Incorrect
1007 Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and a wide variety of other

chemical agents that alter perceptions and moods are called
 stimulants. Incorrect
 narcotic agents. Incorrect
 psychoactive drugs. (True Answer )Correct
 hallucinogens. Incorrect
 physiological dependents. Incorrect
1008 The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to
experience its effects is an indication of
 resistance. Incorrect
 tolerance. (True Answer )Correct
1009 As drug users experience neuroadaptation, they demonstrate

signs of
 tolerance. (True Answer )Correct
 hallucinations. Incorrect
 NREM. Incorrect
1010 The change in brain chemistry that offsets the effects of a

psychoactive drug is called
 disinhibition. Incorrect
 neuroadaptation. (True Answer )Correct
 dependence. Incorrect
1011 Drug tolerance refers to the
 absence of pain or anxiety following the use of a

drug. Incorrect
 loss of social inhibitions following drug use. Incorrect
 discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of a
drug. Incorrect
 reduced effect of a drug resulting from its regular
usage. (True Answer )Correct
 belief that drug use should be legalized. Incorrect
1012 The discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of
certain drugs is called
 intolerance. Incorrect
 withdrawal. (True Answer )Correct
1013 Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms are indicative of
 physical dependence. (True Answer )Correct
1014 Physical pain and intense cravings indicate

1015 Although Max never experiences caffeine withdrawal

symptoms, he feels that he needs coffee every morning as part
of his daily routine. Max best illustrates
 psychological dependence. (True Answer )Correct
 the pop-out phenomenon. Incorrect
1016 Which of the following provides the clearest indication of a

drug addiction?
 physical dependence (True Answer )Correct

 hallucinations Incorrect
 narcolepsy Incorrect
 alpha waves Incorrect
 REM rebound Incorrect
1017 If Marty doesn't drink caffeinated sodas daily, he experiences

severe headaches. Marty is most clearly showing signs of
 tolerance. Incorrect
 a hypnagogic state. Incorrect
 psychological dependence. Incorrect
1018 Compulsive craving for and use of a drug is an indication of
 addiction. (True Answer )Correct
 hallucination. Incorrect
1019 What is the danger of labeling behaviors such as too much
eating, shopping, exercise, sex, or gambling as addictions?
 It can lead to increased feelings of shame and
guilt. Incorrect
 No physical or emotional pain is associated with these
behaviors. Incorrect
 Abusers may be more likely to hide their abuse and avoid
seeking help. Incorrect
 Abusers are more likely to experience prejudice and
discrimination. Incorrect
 It can be used as an “all-purpose” excuse to explain away
the behaviors. (True Answer )Correct
1020 Although repeated use of amphetamines has caused Aaron

legal problems, which threaten his job, he continues to use the
drugs. Aaron most clearly shows signs of
 addiction. (True Answer )Correct
1021 Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that
 the majority of people become addicted to cocaine within a

couple of years of their first use. Incorrect
 individuals who are given morphine for pain relief seldom
develop the irresistible cravings of an addict. (True Answer
)Correct
 only a small minority of America's ex-smokers kicked the
habit on their own. Incorrect
 regular marijuana smokers typically experience an
irresistible craving for LSD. Incorrect
 people who respond strongly to hypnosis are more prone to
drug addiction. Incorrect
1022 Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that
 an occasional cigarette smoker almost always becomes a

heavy smoker. Incorrect
 regular marijuana smokers typically experience an
irresistible craving for THC. Incorrect
 many people are able to stop using addictive drugs without
professional help. (True Answer )Correct
 individuals who receive morphine from physicians for pain
relief usually develop the irresistible cravings of an
addict. Incorrect
 all categories of psychoactive drugs are associated with
dependence. Incorrect
1023 The greatest danger of viewing drug addiction as a disease is

that this may lead drug addicts to
 feel increased feelings of shame. Incorrect

 hide the drug abuse from public view. Incorrect
 feel powerless to overcome the addiction. (True Answer
)Correct
 become victims of social hostility and prejudice. Incorrect
 seek help from medical professionals. Incorrect
1024 Which of the following is true of alcohol?
 In large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a

stimulant. Incorrect
 In large doses, it is a stimulant; in small doses, it is a
depressant. Incorrect
 In large doses, it is a hallucinogen; in small doses, it is a
depressant. Incorrect
 In large doses, it is a stimulant; in small doses, it is a
stimulant. Incorrect
 In large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a
depressant. (True Answer )Correct
1025 Drugs such as alcohol and opiates that calm neural activity
and slow body functions are called
 depressants. (True Answer )Correct
 endorphins. Incorrect
 amphetamines. Incorrect
 dissociatives. Incorrect
1026 After a stressful day at the office, Arthur has five or six drinks
at a local bar before going home for dinner. Research suggests
that Arthur's heavy drinking will have the most adverse effect
on his ability to remember
 at the time he is drinking the names of the people he has just
met. Incorrect
 the next day the names of the people he talked to and what
he said while drinking. (True Answer )Correct
 at the time he is drinking the name of his employer and his
own home address. Incorrect
 the next day the names of the business associates he talked
to before going to the bar. Incorrect
 at the time he is drinking how to do long division. Incorrect
1027 Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent

experiences into long-term memory by
 decreasing REM sleep. (True Answer )Correct

 increasing anxiety. Incorrect
 decreasing sleep apnea. Incorrect
 increasing self-consciousness. Incorrect
 decreasing tolerance. Incorrect
1028 Research indicates that alcohol
 impairs short-term recall of what has just been

said. Incorrect
 disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term
memories. (True Answer )Correct
 impairs recall of existing long-term memories. Incorrect
 increases REM sleep. Incorrect
 decreases latent content. Incorrect
1029 Alcohol is considered a(n)
 stimulant. Incorrect
 hallucinogen. Incorrect
 depressant. (True Answer )Correct
 opiate. Incorrect
 both a depressant and a hallucinogen. Incorrect
1030 Alcohol consumption is LEAST likely to make people more
 fearful. Incorrect
 aggressive. Incorrect
 self-conscious. (True Answer )Correct
 sexually daring. Incorrect
 self-disclosing. Incorrect
1031 After drinking three cans of beer, Akiva felt less guilty about
the way he mistreated his wife and children. Akiva's reduced
guilt most likely resulted from the fact that his alcohol
consumption has
 reduced his sexual desire. Incorrect
 destroyed some of his brain cells. Incorrect
 reduced his self-awareness. (True Answer )Correct
 directed his attention to the future. Incorrect
 increased his level of sympathetic nervous system
arousal. Incorrect
1032 Participants in a sexual stimulation study who mistakenly

thought they had consumed alcohol were more likely to report
having strong sexual fantasies and feeling guilt-free than those
who thought they had not consumed alcohol. This study best
illustrated the impact of
 drug tolerance. Incorrect
 physical dependence. Incorrect
 user expectations. (True Answer )Correct
1033 Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal, drugs prescribed to reduce

insomnia, are
 barbiturates. (True Answer )Correct

 opiates. Incorrect
 mild hallucinogens. Incorrect
1034 Sodium pentothal has sometimes been called a “truth serum”

because it relaxes people and enables them to more freely
disclose personally embarrassing experiences. It is most likely
that sodium pentothal is a(n)
 barbiturate. (True Answer )Correct
 amphetamine. Incorrect
 hallucinogen. Incorrect
 form of cocaine. Incorrect
 opiate. Incorrect
1035 Why is it dangerous to combine alcohol with a sleeping pill?
 Alcohol and sleeping pills are stimulants; their combined

action could lead to a heart attack. Incorrect
 Alcohol and sleeping pills can both dehydrate the body,
causing severe overheating, increased blood pressure, and
death. Incorrect
 Alcohol and sleeping pills are depressants; their combined
action reduces nervous system activity and can lead to
death. (True Answer )Correct
 Alcohol and sleeping pills cause hallucinations that feel so
real the person can experience severe panic or harm himself
or herself. Incorrect
 Alcohol and sleeping pills both disrupt immediate memory
formation, leading to severe impairment. Incorrect
1036 Which drugs are most likely to be prescribed as tranquilizers?
 amphetamines Incorrect
 barbiturates (True Answer )Correct
 hallucinogens Incorrect
 opiates Incorrect
 dissociatives Incorrect
1037 Morphine and heroin are
 opiates. (True Answer )Correct
 barbiturates. Incorrect
1038 What is most likely to occur when the brain is repeatedly

flooded with artificial opiates?
 The immune system is suppressed. Incorrect
 The brain shrinks. Incorrect
 The brain stops making dopamine. Incorrect
 The level of serotonin is permanently decreased. Incorrect
 The brain stops producing endorphins. (True Answer
)Correct
1039 Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Larisa's breathing

slowed, her pupils constricted, and her feelings of anxiety were
replaced by blissful pleasure. Larisa most likely experienced
the effects of
 cocaine. Incorrect
 heroin. (True Answer )Correct
 LSD. Incorrect
 nicotine. Incorrect
 amphetamine. Incorrect
1040 Which of the following drugs is classified as a stimulant?
 marijuana Incorrect
 morphine Incorrect
 alcohol Incorrect
 nicotine (True Answer )Correct
 LSD Incorrect
1041 François was dismayed to discover that some of his football

teammates were using drugs to enhance their footwork and
endurance on the playing field. Which of the following drugs
were the players most likely using?
 morphine derivatives Incorrect
 amphetamines (True Answer )Correct
 barbiturates Incorrect
 heroin Incorrect
1042 Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Zachary experienced a

diminished appetite, an increased pulse rate, dilated pupils,
and feelings of self-confidence and euphoria. Zachary most
likely experienced the effects of
 heroin. Incorrect
 cocaine. (True Answer )Correct
 LSD. Incorrect
 marijuana. Incorrect
 THC. Incorrect
1043 When cocaine is injected or smoked, it produces a rush of

euphoria that lasts 15 to 30 minutes. But the stimulant drug
________ can trigger 8 hours or so of heightened energy and
euphoria.
 LSD Incorrect
 Amytal Incorrect
 methamphetamine (True Answer )Correct
 nicotine Incorrect
1044 The British government classifies the highly addictive

crystallized form of ________ as one of the most dangerous of
drugs.
 THC Incorrect
 melatonin Incorrect
 cortisol Incorrect
 methamphetamine (True Answer )Correct
1045 What do methamphetamine, caffeine, and cocaine have in

common?
 They slow body functions and calm neural
activity. Incorrect
 They depress neural functioning and reduce pain. Incorrect
 They distort perceptions and evoke sensations without
sensory input. Incorrect
 They excite neural activity and arouse body
functions. (True Answer )Correct
 They relax the body, lead to disinhibition, and produce
euphoria. Incorrect
1046 Which of the following is the most widely consumed

psychoactive substance?
 cocaine Incorrect
 caffeine (True Answer )Correct
1047 Which of the following psychoactive drugs is most likely to
impair people's ability to sleep?
 caffeine (True Answer )Correct
 barbiturates Incorrect
1048 Adolescents are most likely to start smoking in order to
 gain social acceptance. (True Answer )Correct

 trigger the release of lymphocytes. Incorrect
 reduce their mental alertness. Incorrect
 reduce their blood pressure. Incorrect
 gain decreased anxiety. Incorrect
1049 By triggering the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine,

________ boosts alertness and diminishes appetite.
 nicotine (True Answer )Correct
 MDMA Incorrect
 THC Incorrect
1050 Which of the following is a common symptom of nicotine

withdrawal?
 anxiety (True Answer )Correct

 drowsiness Incorrect
 diminished appetite Incorrect
 insensitivity to pain Incorrect
 euphoria Incorrect
1051 A rewarding consequence of cigarette smoking is that it

reduces
 blood pressure. Incorrect

 sensitivity to pain. (True Answer )Correct
 mental alertness. Incorrect
 the release of epinephrine into the bloodstream. Incorrect
 heart rate. Incorrect
1052 When cocaine is snorted, free-based, or injected, it produces a
rush of euphoria by
 producing hallucinations. Incorrect

 blocking the reuptake of dopamine. (True Answer )Correct
 increasing the occurrence of alpha waves. Incorrect
 triggering a state of dissociation. Incorrect
 decreasing manifest content. Incorrect
1053 A brief 15- to 30-minute rush of euphoria followed by a crash

of agitated depression is most closely associated with the use of
 cocaine. (True Answer )Correct
 LSD. Incorrect
 morphine. Incorrect
1054 One of the immediate effects of Ecstasy is
 increased appetite. Incorrect

 dehydration. (True Answer )Correct
 lethargy. Incorrect
 pupil constriction. Incorrect
 decreased blood pressure. Incorrect
1055 The release of stored serotonin and the eventual damage of

serotonin-producing neurons is most closely associated with
the long-term use of
 alcohol. Incorrect
 Ecstasy. (True Answer )Correct
 morphine. Incorrect
1056 Which of the following is an amphetamine derivative that acts

as a mild hallucinogen?
 Nembutal Incorrect
 Ecstasy (True Answer )Correct
 LSD Incorrect
1057 Which of the following is a psychedelic drug?
 LSD (True Answer )Correct

 cocaine Incorrect
 caffeine Incorrect
1058 LSD is most likely to produce
 hallucinations. (True Answer )Correct
1059 LSD and other powerful hallucinogens are chemically similar

to, and therefore block the actions of, a subtype of the
neurotransmitter serotonin. At the synapse, these drugs act as
a(n)
 agonist. Incorrect
 stimulant. Incorrect
 endorphin. Incorrect
 depressant. Incorrect
 antagonist. (True Answer )Correct
1060 An altered state of consciousness in which people experience

fantastic images and often feel separated from their bodies is
most closely associated with the use of
 LSD. (True Answer )Correct
1061 After ingesting a small dose of a psychoactive drug, Laqueta

experienced vivid visual hallucinations and felt as if she were
separated from her own body. Laqueta most likely
experienced the effects of
1062 Jason has been smoking marijuana. Which of the following

best describes the effects of this psychoactive drug on Jason's
behavior?
 Jason will become dehydrated quickly, which could lead to
overheating and death. Incorrect
 Jason will quickly experience a euphoric rush, then a
significant “crash” as the drug wears off. Incorrect
 Jason will experience blissful pleasure during use but
extreme discomfort during withdrawal. Incorrect
 Jason will become relaxed and experience mild
hallucinations, followed by memory loss. (True Answer
)Correct
 Jason will feel increased alertness and
wakefulness. Incorrect
1063 The altered state of consciousness that is most similar to a

drug-induced hallucination is

 the near-death experience. (True Answer )Correct
 hypnosis. Incorrect
1064 As oxygen deprivation just prior to death turns off the brain's
inhibitory cells, neural activity increases in the
 visual cortex. (True Answer )Correct

 motor cortex. Incorrect
 cerebellum. Incorrect
 brainstem. Incorrect
 temporal lobe. Incorrect
1065 Near-death experiences are
 typically recalled as very scary and unpleasant. Incorrect

 often accompanied by visions of bright lights. (True Answer
)Correct
 recalled by nearly all who have been revived from a cardiac
arrest. Incorrect
 examples of REM rebound. Incorrect
 typically experienced during delta wave sleep. Incorrect
1066 An altered state of consciousness similar to that of a near-

death experience is most likely to result from the use of
1067 THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a

________.
 marijuana; hallucinogen (True Answer )Correct

 marijuana; stimulant Incorrect
 cocaine; stimulant Incorrect
 cocaine; hallucinogen Incorrect
 heroin; depressant Incorrect
1068 Studies of marijuana's effects indicate that
 daily use of the drug is currently higher than it has ever

been among high school seniors. Incorrect
 regular users may achieve a high with less of the drug than
occasional users. (True Answer )Correct
 regular usage has no serious negative effects on physical
health. Incorrect
 usage consistently reduces feelings of anxiety and
depression. Incorrect
 marijuana is the most commonly used psychoactive drug in
North America. Incorrect
1069 Regular users of ________ may achieve a high with smaller

amounts of the drug than occasional users.
 morphine Incorrect
 marijuana (True Answer )Correct
1070 In contrast to alcohol, marijuana
 is rapidly eliminated from the body. Incorrect

 does not impair motor coordination. Incorrect
 amplifies sensitivity to sounds. (True Answer )Correct
 does not impair memory. Incorrect
 produces severe tolerance. Incorrect
1071 Mrs. Roberts, who suffers from AIDS, has been given an
ordinarily illegal drug at the university hospital. Considering
her specific medical condition, it is likely that she has received
 LSD. Incorrect
 marijuana. (True Answer )Correct
 Ecstasy. Incorrect
1072 Adopted individuals are more susceptible to alcohol

dependence if one or both biological parents have a history of
it. This indicates that alcohol dependence is
 psychoactive. Incorrect
 an age regression. Incorrect
 genetically influenced. (True Answer )Correct
 a form of narcolepsy. Incorrect
 dissociative in nature. Incorrect
1073 Research has shown that having an identical rather than a

fraternal twin with alcohol dependence puts one at an
increased risk for alcohol problems. This finding suggests that
 alcohol dependence is more a result of nurture, than
nature. Incorrect
 identical twins have a built-in social network that reduces
chances of alcohol use. Incorrect
 peers provide important role models concerning the use and
abuse of alcohol. Incorrect
 alcohol abuse may be significantly influenced by
genetics. (True Answer )Correct
 lacking a sense of purpose can increase the likelihood of
alcohol use. Incorrect
1074 Like his father, Martin has been abusing alcohol for many
years. Using the biopsychosocial approach in helping him
understand his behavior, psychologists would
 reduce his experiences with alcohol to his immediate
sensations and feelings. Incorrect
 focus on possible unconscious motivations for his alcohol
abuse. Incorrect
 examine additional psychological and social-cultural
influences on his alcohol use. (True Answer )Correct
 examine how significant life stressors may have influenced
his alcohol use. Incorrect
 explore how his peers may have influenced his attitudes and
his alcohol use. Incorrect
1075 Research suggests that an important factor contributing to

drug abuse by youth and young adults is
 having a parent who suffers from narcolepsy. Incorrect

 feeling that one's life is meaningless. (True Answer )Correct
 abnormally high levels of the brain chemical
NPY. Incorrect
 disturbing latent content in dreams. Incorrect
1076 Mark's abuse of alcohol and other addictive drugs is

influenced by genetic factors, by the ready availability of
drugs in Mark's neighborhood, and by Mark's failure to
accurately assess the risks associated with drug usage. An
understanding of Mark's difficulties within the framework of
multiple levels of analysis is most clearly provided by
 a dual-processing theory. Incorrect
 the activation-synthesis perspective. Incorrect
 a biopsychosocial approach. (True Answer )Correct
 the neuroadaptation model. Incorrect
 the cognitive-behavioral perspective. Incorrect
1077 The best predictor of an adolescent's pattern of drug usage is

whether the adolescent
 has close friends who use drugs. (True Answer )Correct

 grows up in an intact two-parent family. Incorrect
 has religious beliefs. Incorrect
 owns his or her own car. Incorrect
 is a first or second child. Incorrect
1078 Discuss why “consciousness” was not frequently studied by

psychologists in the 1950s and 1960s, and why psychologists
started researching consciousness again after this period.

Students should explain that psychologists increasingly
focused on direct observations of behavior during the 1950s
and 1960s. As a result, the study of consciousness (which is
obviously not directly observable) became less popular.
Students should then identify that technological advances in
neuroscience after 1960 made it more possible to measure
aspects of consciousness (e.g., brain waves), so the study of
consciousness became more common and popular again.
1079 Because he has difficulty falling asleep at night, Dr. Hogan

doesn't go to bed until very late. Before he retires, he tries to
wear himself out by running around the block several times.
Then he treats himself to a beer and perhaps a pizza while
preparing for the next day's early morning classes. What
specific advice would you give Dr. Hogan to help him fall
asleep?

Students should point out that Dr. Hogan's behaviors
contradict the recommendations of sleep researchers
regarding insomnia. People who struggle to fall asleep should
not exercise in the evening, and should avoid alcohol and rich
food right before bedtime. Dr. Hogan should be advised to
stop those behaviors and use any of the other techniques
researchers recommend for treating insomnia: avoid caffeine
after noon, sleep on a regular schedule, put clocks out of sight,
and manage stress levels during the day.
1080 Franco studied all evening for a chemistry test scheduled the
following morning. That night he dreamt that he accurately
copied a female classmate's correct answers to the test
questions as they unexpectedly flashed before his eyes.
Compare and contrast explanations of Franco's dream that
might be provided by Freudian, memory consolidation, and
activation-synthesis theories. In what sense is the dream a
reflection of Franco's level of cognitive development?

Students should explain possible interpretations of Franco's
dream: A Freudian interpretation would involve identifying
symbols in the manifest content of the dream (the apparent
dream content) and what those symbols indicate about
unconscious wishes and anxieties (the latent content). A
memory consolidation (or information-processing)
interpretation would explain that the dream most likely
occurred during REM sleep, and that REM sleep is associated
with encoding memories. Activation-synthesis theory explains
that dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of random
neural activity and do not “symbolize” anything about
Franco's psychological state.
1081 A good friend of yours hopes that hypnosis will improve his
memory and help him study longer and more effectively. He
worries, however, that he might not be easily hypnotized.
Your mother hopes that hypnosis will help relieve her arthritis
pain but fears that under hypnosis she might do something
embarrassing. Discuss the extent to which the hopes and fears
of your friend and your mother are realistic. Where
appropriate, use research evidence to support your
conclusions.

Students should explain that your friend should not count on
hypnosis to improve his recall after studying, because research
indicates that “hypnotically refreshed” memories are often
inaccurate. Your friend could be told that approximately 20
percent of people are highly hypnotizable. Your mother
should be told that studies support the idea that hypnosis can
relieve pain, but studies also indicate that hypnotists can
induce patients to perform unlikely acts (although a legitimate
therapist would be unlikely to induce anything unethical or
harmful to the patient).
1082 A classmate believes that alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine all

have similar effects on behavior and that therefore all three
drugs ought to be legalized. Carefully evaluate the strengths
and weaknesses of your classmate's position.

Students should point out that these three drugs belong in
different categories and have very different effects on the
body. Alcohol is classified as a depressant and acts to slow the
body down. Alcohol also has a disinhibiting effect on behavior,
causing some people to act on harmful impulses. People who
abuse alcohol develop a tolerance for the drug, which can lead
to dependency and addiction. Marijuana is categorized as a
hallucinogen, amplifying sensations (which can interfere with
coordination and perceptual skills) and producing euphoria.
Unlike the other drugs, regular use of marijuana doesn't
produce increased tolerance for the drug. Cocaine is
categorized as a powerful stimulant, and use can very quickly
produce tolerance and addiction. The stimulant effects of
cocaine are dramatic, with a very intense high followed by a
period of agitation and depression.
1083 Professor Dement believes that different states of

consciousness are each associated with increased levels of
activity in specific, different parts of the brain. Develop at
least one possible hypothesis Professor Dement might want to
study to test this belief and design an experiment to test the
hypothesis. Use the following terms correctly in your response.
• Independent variable
• Dependent variable
• Operational definition
• fMRI
• Psychoactive drugs
• REM sleep
• Hypnosis

Point 1: Hypothesis: Students should develop at least one
possible hypothesis related to Professor Dement's belief.
Scorable hypotheses need to include a description of a causal
relationship between the two variables stated in the question:
an altered state of consciousness and an activity level in a
specific part of the brain.
Point 2: Experimental design: Students should describe at

least one experiment that would test the hypothesis described.
The experimental design needs to involve at least two groups:
an experimental group and a control group (although students
do not need to use these terms in their response). The presence
of the independent variable defines the difference between the
experimental and control group. (Note: Students may use the
terms in points 3 through 9 in their experimental design and
score those points, or they may provide a separate explanation
for each of the terms).
Point 3: Independent variable: Students need to describe at

least one valid independent variable. The independent
variable should be described as the cause of the dependent
variable. Students should choose either a state of
consciousness as the cause of a change in activity in a specific
area of the brain, or a change in activity in a specific area of
the brain as the cause of an altered state of consciousness.
Point 4: Dependent variable: Students need to describe at least
one valid dependent variable. The dependent variable should
be described as the effect of the presence or level of an
independent variable. Students should choose either a state of
consciousness as being caused by a change in activity in a
specific area of the brain, or a change in activity in a specific
area of the brain as being caused by an altered state of
consciousness.
Point 5: Operational definition: Students should include at

least one valid operational definition of a variable. This
operational definition should specify a clear method for
measuring the chosen variable. Usually, students will provide
an operational definition for “activity in specific areas of the
brain”; that is, they will explain that using an appropriate
brain scan to measure brain activity is the operational
definition of the dependent variable (see Point 6: fMRI).
Point 6: fMRI: Students should include a description of an

fMRI scan in their response. This description needs to provide
details about the function of fMRI scans, that is, that fMRI
scans provide information about activity levels in specific
brain structures.
Point 7: Psychoactive drugs: Students should use the term

psychoactive drugs appropriately in their response. The use of
this term should indicate an understanding that psychoactive
drugs change perception and/or moods (both associated with
altered states of consciousness).
Point 8: REM sleep: Students should use the REM stage of

sleep in their response, demonstrating an understanding that
high levels of brain activity are associated with the REM state
and that dreams are most likely to occur during this stage of
sleep.
Point 9: Hypnosis: Students can use hypnosis in their response

in one of two ways:
- as an example of an altered state of consciousness that is

associated with changes in levels of brain activity (such as a
reduction in levels of activity in areas of the brain associated
with pain during hypnotic pain alleviation treatment) or
- as an example of the controversy regarding hypnosis.

Some studies indicate that hypnosis may be an altered state of
Test Bank for Myersâ€™ Psychology for AP, 1st Edition: David G. Myers
consciousness (which would be associated with changes in

brain activity, which may support Mr. Dement's hypothesis)
while other studies indicate that hypnosis may be more of a
social phenomenon (and may not be associated with changes in
brain activity, which may complicate Mr. Dement's
hypothesis).
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891 By 1960, the study of consciousness had been revived by

892 How did the definition of psychology change when behaviorism

 The focus on mental concepts began to reemerge. Incorrect

 the ability to solve problems, reason, and

895 Those who emphasize that mood fluctuations may be indicative

896 How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep?

 Cell clusters in the hypothalamus stimulate the production of

 It is produced by the brain during the hypnagogic stage in

898 Circadian rhythm refers to

 the pattern of emotional ups and downs we routinely

899 With the approach of night, our body temperatures begin to

 hypnagogic state. Incorrect

901 The impact of circadian rhythms is best illustrated by

 the differing musical preferences of younger and older

902 When light strikes the retina, it signals the suprachiasmatic

 melatonin (True Answer )Correct

903 The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal

 suprachiasmatic nucleus. (True Answer )Correct

904 Our inability to fall asleep early as we had planned is most

905 After flying from California to New York, Arthur experienced

907 Alpha waves are associated with

 REM sleep. Incorrect

908 Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus are

 night terrors. Incorrect

 alpha waves. Incorrect

 Stage 1 (True Answer )Correct

911 Which of the following is most accurate about a typical night's

 The sleep cycle repeats itself every 60 minutes. Incorrect

912 Sleeptalking may occur during

 Stage 1 sleep. Incorrect

 alpha waves. Incorrect

914 Paradoxical sleep is to slow-wave sleep as ________ sleep is to

 REM; Stage 1 Incorrect

 Stage 1 sleep. (True Answer )Correct

 sleep spindles. Incorrect

919 Genital arousal is most likely to be associated with

 sleep apnea. Incorrect

920 Which of the following typically occur(s) during REM sleep?

 night terrors Incorrect

 be easily awakened. Incorrect

923 REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because

 our heart rate is slow and steady, while our breathing is

924 When people are experiencing vivid dreams

 their bodies often move in accordance with what they

925 Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate

926 Forty-year-old Lance insists that he never dreams. Research

 experiences very little REM sleep. Incorrect

927 The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every

929 Research on sleep patterns indicates that

 older adults and newborns have very similar sleep

930 Which of the following is evidence for cultural influences on

 weather conditions. Incorrect

933 Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote

 sleep apnea. Incorrect

935 Sleep deprivation has been shown to

 increase attentiveness to highly motivating tasks. Incorrect

 spend less time in deep sleep. (True Answer )Correct

939 Deep sleep appears to play an important role in

940 The pituitary gland releases a growth hormone during

951 Nightmares are to as night terrors are to .