Anti-DM Drugs Drug Class Mech.

of Action Popular S/Es

1. Metformin Biguanides Decreases hepatic Lactic Acidosis

glucose production

2. Glipizide, Sulfonylureas Increases insulin Hypoglycemia,

Glimepiride production by directly Weight gain
Gliclazide stimulating the
pancreas

3. Linagliptin Dipeptidyl peptidase Prolongs ACE-I induced

Vildagliptin IV inhibitor (DPP-IV) endogenous GLP-1 angioedema
Sitagliptin action

4. Empagliflozin Na-glucose Increased urinary vaginal and UTI

Canagliflozin co-transporter 2 glucose excretion
Dapagliflozin inhibitor (SGLT2)

5. Liraglutide Glucagon-like peptide Mimic GLP-1 and GI S/Es

Dulaglutide agonist (GLP-1) stimulate the release
Semaglutide of insulin

6. Pioglitazone Thiazolidinedione Decrease insulin Peripheral Edema

Rosiglitazone resistance

7. Nateglinide Non-Sulfonylurea Increase insulin Hypoglycemia

Repaglinide production by
Metaglinide stimulating pancreatic
beta cells

8. Acarbose Alpha glucosidase Decrease GI glucose GI flatulence

Voglibose inhibitor absorption
Miglitol

9. Aspart Short-acting insulin

Glulisine
Lispro
Regular

10. Detemir Long-acting insulin

Glargine
NPH
Anti-hypertensive Drug Class Mech. of Action Popular S/Es

1. Hydrochlorothiazide Thiazide diuretics Decrease NaCl Increased thirst,

reabsorption in urination and uric acid
Loop diuretics the DCT
2. Furosemide CONTRAINDICATED:
Px with GOUT

3. Dihydropyridines: Calcium Channel Binds and blocks Angioedema

Amlodipine Blockers calcium channels
Felodipine
Nifedipine Dihydropyridines
Nicardipine have more effect
on vasodilation
Non
-dihydropyridines: While,
Verapamil,
Diltiazem Non-dihydropyridi
nes have more
effect on heart
function

4. Enalapril ACE inhibitors Inhibits Cough,

Lisinopril conversion of
Captopril ACE I to ACE II Lisinopril - itchy throat
Ramipril which causes
vasoconstriction

5. Losartan ARB Act the same as High potassium levels

Valsartan ACE inhibitors
Candesartan

ARNI - angiotensin
receptor/neprilysin
inhibitor,

6. Atenolol Beta- adrenoceptor Decreases heart CONTRAINDICATED:

Carvedilol blockers rate and lowers Px with ASTHMA and
Metoprolol pressure but COPD
constrict airways
Drugs for Prostate Drug Class Mech. of Action Popular S/Es
problems

1. Tamsulosin A-1 antagonist

2. Finasteride 5-alpha
reductase
inhibitor

Antimicrobials I Drug Class Mech. of Action Popular S/Es

1. Penicillin G, V Natural Penicillins Inhibit Hypersensitivity

cross-linking of reactions
peptidoglycan layer

GRAM +, - COCCI

2. Nafcillin (biliary Antistaphylococcal STAPHYLOCOCCI Hypersensitivity

excretion) penicillins , STREPTOCOCCI reactions

Methicillin GRAM - COCCI

Oxacillin (both AND RODS
kidney and
biliary excretion)
Cloxacillin
Dicloxacillin

3. Ampicillin Extended spectrum NSAID SUCH AS

Amoxicillin penicillins INDOMETHACIN
Carbenicillin CAN INCREASED
Piperacillin PENICILLINS’
Ticarcillin HALF-LIFE

CONTRAINDICATED
: with PROBENECID
(URIC-LOWERING
DRUG)
Antimicrobials I Drug Class Mech. of Action Popular S/Es

1. Cefadroxil First-Generation Inhibit Hypersensitivity

Cefazolin (kidney Cephalosporin cross-linking of reactions
excretion) (IV), peptidoglycan
(DOC surgical layer
prophylaxis)
Cefalothin GRAM +++ , -
Cefaloridine

Cephalexin,
Cephradine

2. Cefaclor Second-Generation GRAM ++, - - Hypersensitivity

Cefuroxime Cephalosporin reactions
(CAP)

Cefamandole,
Cefonicid,
Cefprozil,
Loracarbef, and
Ceforanide

3. Cefdinir, Third-Generation GRAM - - -, +

Moxalactam Cephalosporin
Cefoperazone, (penetrates BBB)
Ceftriaxone

Cefotaxime,
Cefatizidime,
Ceftizoxime,
Cefixime,
Cefpodoxime
proxetil,
 Cefditoren pivoxil,
Ceftibuten and

4. Cefepime Fourth-Generation GRAM + +, - - -

Cefpirome Cephalosporin
PSEUDOMONAS

5. Ceftobiprole Fifth-Generation GRAM + +, - - -

Ceftolozane/Tazob Cephalosporin
actam = MRSA, VRSA..
Ceftaroline

Antimicrobials I Drug Class Mech. of Action Popular S/Es

1. Aztreonam Monobactams (penetrates BBB)

(only
monobactam Limited to GRAM -
available in rods
US)

2. Ampicillin + Beta-lactamase
Sulbactam = inhibitor

Clavulanic acid
+ Amoxicillin
= Co
amoxiclav

Tazobactam +
Piperacillin =

3. Imipenem Carbapenems (IV) Imipenem - cause

Ertapenem seizures
(can be given
as bolus
injection)

4. Vancomycin Glycopeptide GRAM + Red man syndrome

Teicoplanin antibiotics
(IM, IV) Inhibit Long term use can
Dalbavancin cross-linking of cause C. difficile
peptidoglycan layer
Telavancin
 5. Daptomycin Cell wall or GRAM +, - Daptomycin - can
Fosfomycin membrane-active cause myopathy
Bacitracin agents
Cycloserine Inhibits
topoisomerase Bacitracin - only use
II and IV topically, HIGHLY
NEPHROTOXIC

Cycloserine - dose
related CNS toxicity

Antimicrobials I Drug Class Mech. of Action Popular S/Es

1. Short acting: Tetracyclines Binds to 30s subunit Chelation with

(Chlortetracycline, (excreted in bile calcium = bound to
Tetracycline, and urine) BACTERIOSTATIC damage growing
Oxytetracycline) bones and teeth
GRAM +, -
2. Intermediate-acting
(Demeclocycline Rocky mountain fever
Methacycline)

3. Long-acting:
(Doxycycline
Minocycline)

4. Tigecycline

5. Erythromycin Macrolides Binds to 50s subunit GI problems

Clarithromycin
Azithromycin BACTERICIDAL Azithromycin - may
lead to ARRYTHMIA

6. Telithromycin Ketolides CONTRAINDICATED

: Px with Myasthenia
Gravis

7. Clindamycin Lincosamide Binds to 50s subunit GI problems

8. Quinupristin - Streptogramins BACTERICIDAL

Dalfopristin

9. Chloramphenicol Binds to 50s subunit Aplastic anemia

GRAY BABY
 SYNDROME

10. Linezolid Oxazolidinones Binds to 23s subunit

Tedizolid

11. Streptomycin Aminoglycosides GRAM - Ototoxic and

Neomycin Nephrotoxic
Kanamycin Binds to 30s subunit
Amikacin
(pediatrics)

Gentamicin
Tobramycin
Sisomicin
Netilmicin

12. Spectinomycin (IM) Spectinomycin

NO LONGER
AVAILABLE IN
THE US

13. Trimethoprim-Sulfa Sulfonamides Antifolate drugs 10% - SJS

methoxazole =
DOC FOR GRAM +, - 30% - TEN
PNEUMOCYSTIS
JIROVECI (penetrates BBB)

Sulfadiazine +
Pyrimethamine =
1ST LINE
THERAPY FOR
ACUTE
TOXOPLASMOSI
S

Sulfasalazine =
used in
ULCERATIVE
COLITIS

Silver sulfadiazine
= tx for BURN PX

14. Norfloxacin Fluoroquinolones DNA GYRASE Ofloxacin - otitis

Ciprofloxacin, inhibitors media
Enoxacin,
Lomefloxacin,
Levofloxacin, GRAM +, -
 Ofloxacin
Pefloxacin

Immunology Causative Effective Type of Dose

agent among… vaccine

1. Cholera V. cholerae Inactivated 2-6 weeks

vaccine CAN BE GIVEN whole cell interval
GRAM - ROD TO PREGNANT vaccine
WOMEN 14 days interval
Fecal-oral
route

2. Dengue Plasmodium… 9 years old below Recombinant 0,6,12 months

vaccine SHOULD NOT live attenuated interval SUBQ
RECEIVE the vaccine
vaccine

CAN BE GIVEN
TO PREGNANT
WOMEN

3. Haemoph NOT GIVEN TO Inactivated

ilus IMMUNOCOMPR vaccine
influenza OMISED ADULTS
e type B
vaccine
(HIB
vaccine)
 4. HEP A PERSONS AT Inactivated 3 doses
vaccine RISK ARE: vaccine 0,1,6 months

Picorna (RNA) TRAVELERS, Booster

MSM, USERS - 1 year
OF
INJECTION

FECAL -
ORAL ROUTE

5. HEP B Unprotected Inactivated 3 doses

Vaccine sex, vaccine 0,1,6 months
percutaneous
Hepadnaviridae transmission in Booster
(DNA) drug abusers, - 1 year
needle stick
injuries,
maternal-neon
atal during
labor or
delivery, and
blood
transfusion

6. Herpes reactivation of Recommended for Recombinant Single dose

zoster latent varicella immunocompetent live attenuated
vaccine zoster virus adults 60 years or vaccine
(shingles) (VZV) which older
primary causes
varicella or
chickenpox.

Transmitted via
airborne
 SIDE NOTES

ANTIHYPERTENSIVES
 ANTIMICROBIALS

Gram staining:

Ethyl alcohol - to dehydrate the cell

Iodine - pampakapit
Crystal violet - binds to thick peptidoglycan
Lipid bilayer - human cell membrane
Plasmid - circular DNA

ROUGH ER - responsible for protein synthesis

SOFT ER - responsible for lipid metabolism
Centrioles - important in cell division

Lipo - fat, saccharide - carbs

Gram + thick peptidoglycan gram - thin peptidoglycan

staph/strep - found in skin

D-ala-ala = amino polysaccharide, responsible for cross-linking peptidoglycan

Transpeptidase = responsible for cross-linking peptidoglycan

Antibiotic resistance - makes the antibiotic inactive

“Efflux” - papasok ang antibiotic, gagawing inactive ang antibiotic

MRSA - HAP and now occurring in community

B-lactamase - breaks down b-lactam ring to prevent penicillin from degrading

Penicillins - 6-aminopenicillanic acid

Cephalosporins - 7-aminocephalosporanic acid

1st gen: cefazolin (IV)

Cefazolin, cefuroxime - OR HOSP (used in abdomen surgery)

2nd gen: pneumonia

Cefuroxime - initial drug for UTI

Ceftriaxone - bacterial meningitis