NORME INTERNATIONALE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Commission Electrotechnique Internationale International Electrotechnical Commission MemayHapoanan Gnextpotexnnyeckan Homiccua C Guide de charge pour transformateurs de puissance du type sec Loading guide for dry-type power transformers C © CEI 1987 Droits de reproduction réservés ~ Copyright all rights reserved opr his pubicatn may beeps esa ny lm fy 4 eo econo mecanen ting psoepyng se mein, mt etpemssonin wring eae! -ucue ste cee uleston ne peti radu iit 00a ‘ue one oe ce sxe br ucun posed Blecoonaae eu mec, ycom peslaphsoap eles rime sel orn ge edest Bureau Central de la Commission Electrotechnique Intemational 3,rue de Verembé Genéve, Suisse CEI IEC 905 Premiére édition First edition 1987~ 905 © IEC 1987 CONTENTS Foreword... 2.2.2... go00qG500 IPREEACE) eer Caer Clause 1. Scope . 2. Object...... cee 3. Symbols... 6. eee 4. Basisofguide ..-...-......004. Algorithm for basic ‘use of life’ calculations . 6. Limitations... 2.0.0.0... 7. Basis ofestablishingloadcurves..... 2... ‘i 8. Selection of appropriate load curve with examples . . Page“05 © IEC 1987 -5- INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION LOADING GUIDE FOR DRY-TYPE POWER TRANSFORMERS FOREWORD 1) The formal decisions or agreements of the LE Con technical matters, prepared by Technical Commmitteeson which al the Rational Committees having a specil interes therein are represented, express, as nearly 42 possible; ae nas seed ‘consensus of opinion oa the subjects dealt with. 2) They have the form of recommendations fori 3) In odes to promot international unification, the IEC expresses the wish that all National Commiites should adopt the sense he LEC recommendation for thei ational rules in so far as ational conditions wil permit, Avy deeaeg threat [EC recomizendations andthe corresponding national ules shouldasfaras posible, beciewy naleceen, the latter. "national use and they are accepted by the National Committees in that PREFACE This guide has been prepared by IEC Technical Committee No. 14: ‘The text of this guide is based on the following documents: Six Moat’ Rule Report on Voting | 110} cows | Full information on the voting for the approval of this guide can be found in the Voting Report indicated in the above table. The following 1EC Publications are quoted inthis guide: Publications Nos. 76-1 (1976): Power transformers. Part 1: General 726(1982): Dry-type power transformers905 © IEC 1987 -7- LOADING GUIDE FOR DRY-TYPE POWER TRANSFORMERS 1. Scope 7 This guide is applicable to naturally cooled dry-type power transformers complying with IEC Publication 726 and operated within the limitations referred to in Clause 6. Six different insulation systems are taken into account, identified by their system temperatures. Because there’are numerous combinations of different insulation systems and constructions itis possible to make loading recommendations only of a general nature. For this reason the guide is in two parts: — the first part makes no loading recommendations, but gives the method of calculating loading conditions when the variable parameters are known as the result of prototype testing of a particular construction and/or insulation system. The calculations are given in the form of an algorithm from which computer programs can be written; — the second part assumes constant values for the variable parameters. with the exception of the insulation temperature limits (Table I) and the temperature of external cooling air. irrespective of insulation system or construction, thereby enabling load curves to be produced. The guide indicates how dry-type transformers may be operated without exceeding the acceptable limit of deterioration of insulation through thermal effects. The acceptable limit of deterioration of insulation is defined as that which occurs when the dry-type transformer is operating under rated conditions at the basic temperature of the external cooling air. 2. Object ‘The object of this guide is to permit the calculation of, and to indicate the permissible loading under certain defined conditions in terms of rated current, for the guidance of users and to help planners to choose the rated power of transformers required for new installations, ‘The basic temperature of the external cooling air is assumed to be 20°C. Guidance is given for this temperature, and also for external cooling air temperatures of 10 °C and 30 °C. Deviations from these temperatures are provided for in such a way that the increased use of life when operated with a higher external cooling air temperature is balanced by a reduced use of life with a lower external cooling air temperature. om In practice, uninterrupted continuous operation at full rated current is unusual, and this guide gives recommendations for cyclic daily loads, taking into account seasonal variations of ambient temperature, The daily use of life due to thermal effects is compared with normal daily use of life which results when the dry-type transformer is operating at rated voltage and current, with an external cooling air temperature of 20 °C.5 905 © IEC 1987 -9- Load curves, Figures 5 (1) to 5 (12) on pages 32 to 43, show the permissible load current which will result in a normal daily use of life for winding insulation systems having insulation i system temperatures of 105, 120, 130, 155, 180 and 220 °C in the following two sets of conditions: 4) continuous duty with different temperatures of external cooling air, b) cyclic duty with different temperatures of external cooling air. ‘Note. ~ It is assumed that the transformer is adequately ventilated and the increased losses resulting from an overload do not significantly change the temperature of the cooling air. 3. Symbols The following symbols are used in this g = subscript representing “ambient” (external cooling ait) © = subscript representing the “hot spot of the winding” at rated current and basic temperature of external cooling air c= subscript representing the highest permissible “hot spot of the winding” according to i this guide 4 = subscript representing the doubling of the rate of using life subscript representing the final “average of winding” for any value of load current fae subscript representing the initial “average of winding” for any value of load current integer variable representing the number of the day in the year (1 24 - %) maximum permissible duration, in hours, at any load current Ky fay +++f¢ =. duration of each load condition period subscript representing the winding subscript representing the “hot spot of winding” amplitude of annual variations in the daily average ambient temperature (sinusoidal variation is assumed) e B= amplitude of daily variations in the ambient temperature (sinusoidal variation is assumed) 1 = load current in amperes (any value); J, = rated current = subscript representing any individual load period prior to the start of the load period 1, for which the calculation is being made905 © LEC 1987 - ue L = life consumption in hours Ly = calculated annual use of life La = relative rate of using life N = number of different load periods for a day T= sum ofthe individual load periods 4, prior to the start of the load period f for which the calculation is being made 2 = ratio between hot spot and average winding temperature rises (see also explanations to subscript m) arbitrary variable used in determining the relative rate of using life temperature rise in kelvins e accuracy factor for estimation ofthe hot-spot temperature atthe beginning of the 24h period 8 = temperature in degrees Celsius 4.4 = daily average ambient temperature ® = annual average ambient temperature + = thermal time constant of windings at rated current, in hours PART 1 4. Basis of guide 4A. Introduction The life of a dry-type transformer is related to the deterioration of its insulation through jhermal ageing, Experience indicates that the normal life ofa transformer issome tens of years. | Jt cannot be stated more precisely, because it may vary even between identical units, owing in | Particular to operating factors which may differ from one transformer to another. In practice, uninterrupted continuous operation a full oad current is unusual and so account should be taken of the various operating conditions and the subsequent fluctuation of the rate of thermal deterioration of the transformer insulation. It is necessary therefore 4) To define “normal” expectation of life as a function of the rated load current and the rated | hot spot temperature of the winding insulation. 4) To relate the increase in hot spot winding temperature to the increase in the rate of insulation deterioration. ¢) To devise a method of calculating the net effect of variation in the winding hot spot 7 ‘emperature due to changes in load period, load current and amibient temperature, on the Say therhafageing of the insulation 4 To then compare the net “use of life” due to the sum of the different factors in the load cycle, with the definition of “normal use of life”. Hence, any of the parameters in the load cycle can be adjusted to give a normal expectation of transformer life.905 © IEC 1987 - 1B - 4.2. Parameters used in the calculations 4.2.1 Temperature limits Taste Temperature limits Insulation Hot spot winding “Average winding ‘stem temperature temperatureise tenpertre CO) limits trated current (IEC Publ “ cation 726) rated | highest (EC Publication 726) | permisibe co) (@) (4) Ce) 105 (AY +95 10 © 120(E) 10 5 5 130(B) 10 15, 3» 155(F) us 190 100, 180 (H) U5 20 ns 200 210 250 150 4.2.2 The parameter 8, is used to calculate normal life consumption. Under certain operating conditions in which itis permissible to exceed this normal consumption level. high overloads may be applied, resulting in a hot spot temperature considerably higher than @,. Thus a Parameter 8.< representing the absolute limit of the hot spot temperature has been introduced This temperature is that beyond which the rate of deterioration of the insulation becomes inadmissible. (See Table I for values of 8, and 6...) 4.2.3 The value of parameter 0, is taken as the increase in hot spot temperature which doubles the rate of using life. 4.2.4 The basic value required for calculating the life consumption level is the temperature at the hottest spot. For this purpose. itis necessary to know the temperature rise at this position for ach load condition and the ambient temperature. There are atleast two methods of obtaining the hot spot temperature rise: 4) AB .4q can be determined by performing temperature-rise tests with various loads Kj 5) by using the formula: ; AB vn = Z + AOge Kh ® In this case. it is necessary to know the values of Z, AQ, and @ Itis preferable to use. whenever possible, the results of tests giving Ayia, thus removing any uncertainty regarding the validity of the factor Z andthe value of q. Experience shows that q and Z assume different values depending on the type of transformer and the level of the toad current at which it operates. ‘Note. ~ With some types of winding construction determination of Gay, may be possible only on prototype transformers On the basis of the test results, a curve can be plotted of A@yn = f (K), which can be used to determine the corresponding As, for each K, necessary for the calculation,y= 1 Bupyeus hq 2einwi0y aures ay Jo sueows £q poutergo st" poiiad yata30 pua ayy we asts aameradwi23 au siso} at} wo4y Sunqnsax (y) f= “ay Uonsuny ay Wosy paauiep Jo () by “ev -Z = “"ev ejntuso} ayy £q wand raypt9 si py efnULIO) stp UT |@ +-2(“"9V ~ Sev) + ev = “ev C Ss ‘stieq @ (-2-1) (Hav - oy) + Sov = "oy | repnuLi0} otf Jo sueau Kq parejns|es ‘st 7 poued jo puo ox re “iods 1sanoy ayp re ast ainresaduiay ayp “y wonspuos peo[ 105 T°¢"p aomuuogy erp ‘suompuod peo] Jo saquinu {(smoy ur passazdxa) uompuos peo yoea jo udneimp = Spo yy ‘suonmpuos peop = Sys Yy sty ly /\(pauinsse voneiea jeplosnuts) aimyesadwy waiquie djrep ay uIsuoneueajossuer = = g. | *(pounsse uoneuea lepiosnuis) oaniesodwior wwaiquie aBexase Aqep ayy ur suoriewea yenuue jo oBuer v iC saunjerodwioy quaiquie aSesane jenuue ay | sompesaduiay quaiquie a8esaae Sytep cr) “[1 aed *[ o1nfig 29g :asn Jo suontpuoo aya o1 Sunejar sonIeA LZ" -ajqnop 0} ayex uonduinsuoo ax a4p Susried pangesodwior wt asearou! = woneInsul oy3 Jo opt] oy JO} auN] YSIS ay Jo adojs = 9 y | | S ‘ojqissiupeur 1 uonemnsur axp Jo uonexoo.ep Jo avez amp yotyM puoxog oxmesoduroy wunuXeU = — 9 | foyT] sotAzes jeuuzou ¥ sey warsés Sunejnsur arp Yor ye anrerdua = —% NSU Jo sjapow Uo mo parzze> sys0} SulaBe Jo suBsUI Kq POUTEIgO SOMIEA 9'Z'p ; “peoj ayp Jo uonsuny b se ‘suonrpuoo paystiqeise amp sopun ods asonoy ays ve asia ammveodwar :(y) f = “ey | sSunex paufisse ayp ye osu aimeradutay Supuim aBerone = gy | ‘unasueo oui seus a4 tat Np 51 UonesapIsuED Oru! Yay! 39 O UuIpUIK au, ~ “210N | ‘soy ujquesu09 un jeuay = :suompuos peojauazeyyip spun adAioroad e uo ino pataze sisar asti-asnrezadusay Sulnp paulergosan[eA ¢°Z'p | -sT- 4861 DAI & S06“poy “sweifoud soynduioo o uonesedasd ayp ut asm 30) wesBeIp peor] 10H ~ 210N "9 + “gy = iuesur Aue re o:myessduia Surpuie rods Ambient temperature Load current L861 DAI ® S06 -u-905 © IEC 1987 -19- 4.3.2. The component L, of daily life consumption due to a load K, of duration f per day is, calculated from the expression: 2 Fe | Atta + Bain FE (T+ +Ou- 0, | oo at 6 where: The annual consumption Lyq, is obtained by summation of the daily consumptions for 365 days, due to loads of duration f; to ty. In2 [e +Asin 2; we [ont asn i] In= Doe * X Le (hours) © ist 7 This value L,, is then compared with the normal consumption for one year: In2 + (AOune + 20 ~ 6) Mx 365xe 8 (hours) ” Lrormat that is, Loonmat = 24 X 365 X 1 = 8760 (hours) 4.4 Determination of the overload applicable to a transformer with a given load diagram, on the basis of normal life consumption: ‘The load diagram shown in Figure 1, page 17, gives a number of different load currents, the magnitude of which can be adjusted by the use of a common multiplying factor. The life consumption and the relative rate of using life, Lz, determined for the initial load diagram are calculated by means of a program drawn up in accordance with the algorithm given in Clause 5. If this Ly is less than 1, the overload which the unit is capable of withstanding is then calculated. For this purpose, the calculation is made with the values Ky, K’, ... K'y equal to aK, aK,, ... ay, and ty, fy, ... fy remaining unchanged. ‘The multiplying factor a used is slightly greater than 1 (for example 1.1). > + Ifthe relative rate of using life Lg calculated in this way is less than 1, the adjustment a + 0.1 is made and the calculation is repeated until the value for a leading to Ly > 1 is obtained. ‘The permissible overload is that obtained by means of the penultimate value of a used in the calculation. 1 in the is repeated using a lower value of a (e.g. ial calculation, the relative rate of using life L® is greater than 1, the calculation a — 0.01) etc.905 © IEC 1987 ale ‘The operation is repeated until the value of cis determined at which the relative rate ofusing life L is equal to or slightly less than 1 ‘Note. ~ Ifone acceptsa level of consumption for the equipment whichis in excess ofthe “normal” level, fora certain period of operation, the same method of calculation is applied, using a value for Ly whichis greater than 1 4.5 Determination of the overload (value or duration) applicable to a transformer with a simplified load diagram, on the basis of a given life consumption. ‘The load diagram shown in Figure 2, page 23, comprises two load currents K, and K;. ‘The ambient temperature in the 24 hour period is assumed to be constant, 4.5.1 Calculation of the duration of the overload X’ for a given K,: By means of an initial calculation programmed in accordance with the algorithm given in Clause 5, the life consumption L is established for the condition (Kyt,, Kat). ‘The overload value is fixed at K'z, and Ly and L' are calculated for the same times f, and t, ‘The resulting consumption L', + L's is greater than the initial consumption Ly + L3. tis reduced to f, ~ At (which implies f is increased tot, + Af) and L, and L are calculated, giving a value L’ which is lower than the previous value. ‘This operation is repeated until L’ is equal to or slightly less than L. The value of ¢ for which this result is obtained represents the permissible duration of the overload X’; 4.5.2. Calculation of the overload value X'; of duration f for given values of Ky and In this case, the method of calculation is the same as that described in Sub-clause 4.4. The factor a is obtained by which Kis multiplied.905 © LEC 1987 *t Ke anf bez a E— 8. 38, wnen a6, < S8se 26 40 Mee wnen age > See 24m Fis.2. ~ Simplified load diagram for cyclic daily duty and corresponding average winding temperature rise= 24 - 905 © CEI 1987 5. Algorithme de calcul des «consommations de vie» de base L’algorithme de la figure 3 peut étre utilisé pour facliter les caleuls de consommation de vie par ordinateur. (Voir paragraphes 4.4 et 4.5.1.) Données: Oy, A, B Kis Ke cesses Rw N 2 z Ge, Bee % 20am, 88 Non Donn: 8 wr Oui urn varisnt de BB wna donne Po dean Abin = Blan KE Soitia température la température éta régime de charge dujour précédent Calculer la température du point chaud de Venroulement 2a finde chaque régime dé charge | Pourn variant da t aN Bn = BB umn + (AB ui - BBwnn) 8 F 800m! = 88m Non ‘AO n = 8 oh AB en~ A8 wn] < ou905 © IEC 1987 Pourn variant de 18 Pour variantde 08 t AB vm = BB wen + (A8 wn ~ Pain) @ Wn = AB Wn + Bsin 2 cr + AB ln = AB un + Bsin 25 (r+ 0) MO un + Ow +A = 1.4 are Ky = 1.175 and K, = 0.84. 7 2020 1444 1175 0.84 Therefore the power rating required for a transformer with a no load secondary voltage 400 V three-phase is: ‘Therefore the equivalent continuous current = 1720 A. v3 x 400 x 1720 x 10° = 1192 kVA. ‘The standard power immediately above, for example 1250 kVA, should be adopted. 02 4 08 OB 10 12k Fic. 4, — Illustration of example 2.-32- 905 © CEI 1987 @ = 10°C w u 10 C os 02 04 08 08 10 12 f205h ——! Courbes des charges pour une température de systéme d'isola- tion de 105°C, r= 0,5 h 6, = 10, 20 et 30°C. Load curves for insulation system temperature 105°C, r= 0.5h | 02(Oe 08 08 10 32% 0,= 10, 20and 30905 © IEC 1987 Fic. $(2). Courbes des charges pour une température de systéme d'isola- tion de 105°C, r= 1,0h 6, = 10, 20 et 30°C. Load curves for insulation system temperature 105°C, r= 1.0h 6, = 10, 20 and 30°C.-34- 905 © CEI 1987 84 = 10°C 02 O48 8 08 10 2 30°C Fig. 5(3). 7 Courbes des charges pour une température de systéme d’isola- tion de 120°C, r= 05h 4, = 10, 20 et 30°C. Load curves for insulation system temperature 120°C, t= 0.5h 0208 08 08 10 12k) 6,= 10, 20and 30°C.\ 905 © IEC 1987 ~35- 12k = 20°C 8 10 12 Ke 30°C Fic. S(4), Courbes des charges pour une tempérafiire-de systéme d'isola- tion de 120°C, r= 10h 6, = 10, 20 et 30°C. Load curves for insulation system temperature 120°C, r= 1.0 0208 08 08 10 12K) 8, =10, 20 and 30°C.| = 36- 905 @ CEI 1987 8. = 10°C 02 Of 08 08 10 12k 8. = 20°C 0.2 04 06 08 10. 12 Ky 03 = 30°C Fic. 5(5) Courbes des charges pour une température de systéme d’isola- tion de 130°C, r= 0,5 h 6, = 10, 20 et 30°C. Load curves for insulation system temperature 130°C, ¢ = 0.5h 02 Oa 06 08 10 12% 8, = 10, 20 and 30°C.{ 905 © IEC 1987 -37- 0.2 04 06 08 10 12K. | | i \ i | | | Courbes des charges pour une température de systéme d’isola- tion de 130°C, r= 1,0h 0, = 10, 20 et 30°C. Load curves for insulation system temperature 130°C, r= 1.0h 6, = 10, 20 and 30 *102 oa 08 8 06 OB 9 = 30°C Court 6, Load tempé wk 8 905 © CEI 1987 10 12 ky 2 = 20°C Fra. 5(7). bes des charges pour une température de systéme d'isola- tion de 155°C, ¢ 5h 10, 20 et 30°C. curves for insulation system erature 155°C, r=0.5h 10, 20 and 30°C.905 © LEC 1987 - 39- a= 10°C 0.2 o4 08 08 10 wh 20°C 10" 02 cr 06 08 10 12 ks 0 = 30°C Fa. 5(8).. _Courbes des charges pour une “einperature de systéme d'isola- tion de 155°C, t= 1,0h 4, = 10, 20 et 30° Load curves for insulation system temperature 155°C, r= 1.0h 6, = 10, 20 and 30°C. 02 Os 08 08 10 42 Ke- 40 - 905 © CEI 1987 02 4 08 08 10 12 ky @_ = 20°C 0.2 04 06 08 10 12 Kt ’ Ke 18 = 30°C 14 1a Fic. 5(9). Se Gourbes des charges pour une température de systéme d'isola- tion de 180°C, = 0,5 h 6, = 10, 20 et 30°C. Load curves for insulation system 09 temperature 180°C, r= 0.5h 7 02 Oa 06 08 10 32m 6,= 10,20 and 30°C. 12 u905 © TEC 1987 02 04 08 “02 8 41 - 4 oa 10 08 12 Ki 8 10 12K 08 10 12K 30°C Fie. 5(10). Courbes des charges pour une température de systéme d'isola- tion de 180°C, 7 = 1,0h 8, = 10, 20 et 30°C. Load curves for insulation system temperature 180°C, r= 1.0h 6, = 10, 20 and 30°C,Os Ke 1s 4 13 2 u 10 o9 02 Os oa 10 t= 05h og & = 10°C -42- as “42 905 © CEI 1987 | 08 10) 42 30°C Fic. 5(11). Courbes des charges pour une température de systéme d'isola- tion de 220°C, 7 = 0,5h 8 = 10, 20 et 30°C. Load curves for insulation system temperature 220°C, r= 0.5h a (0, 20 and 30°C Load curves for insulation system