Motivation

Academic Use ONLY
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author. Copyright © 2008-2023. http:www.fglongatt.org
ESTABILIDAD Y CONTROL DE LA
FRECUENCIA EN SISTEMAS ELÉCTRICOS
MODERNOS
Motivation
F. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD
fglongatt@fglongatt.org
#fglongatt #fglongattLab
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation
Disclaimer
This document has been created referencing sources of another author and recognising their originality of them, but some parts have been improved based on the
experience of this author. Please, treat this document as it. The author is not responsible for any error, confusion, on misinterpretation coming from the use of
this document. This document can contain typos and some error; the reader understands it and take responsibility for it.
The main documents (slides, etc.) are stored at the #ResearchGate repository:
#ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Francisco_Gonzalez-Longatt
A GitHub repository has been developed to store all scripts and numerical examples used in this
project:
#GitHub: https://github.com/fglongatt/
#YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/fmglongatt
#Twitter: https://twitter.com/fglongatt
#LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/francisco-gonzalez-longatt/
#Email: fglongatt@fglongatt.org
Prof F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1
Academic Use ONLY
CONTEXT:
OVERVIEW OF DRIVERS
• Several sections are used to present an overview of main drivers to future electrical systems.
Context: Overview of Drivers
Climate Change Energy Security
Economic Globalization
[1] F. Gonzalez-Longatt, “Frequency Control and Inertial Response Schemes for the Future Power Networks,” in Green Energy and Technology, J. Hossain and A. Mahmud, Eds. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2014, pp. 193–231.
Academic Use ONLY
Energy Transition
19th Century 20th Century 21th Century Beyond…!
Transition
Development ‘ELECTRIFICACION
Electrification ‘NEW
and AGE’ ELECTRIFICATION
of society Challenges for a new AGE’
diversification approach:
‘THE COAL Electricity use across all
of generation Demographic sectors
AGE’ Resources availability (heat, transportation,
‘FOSSIL AGE’ Climate change cooling etc)
Unsustainable Unsustainable Sustainable Sustainable

System System System (?) System
Generation follow the
load New form of generation Load follow generation
Generation and load are Central + Distributed gen
Integrated network, Decentralisation
islanded Use of ICT
central generation, Internment generation,
Islanded supply and Digital Era
predictable stochastic the consumer becomes
stochastic load Bidirectional power flow
loads, unidirectional prosumer
power flow
Fossil fuel based Fossil fuel based Fossil fuel based 100% Renewable
sources, hydro sources, hydro, sources, hydro, Power converter
nuclear Nuclear, biomass, dominated
wind, solar
No environmental concerns FULL environmental concerns/awareness

Credits to Lucian Toma, https://youtu.be/1EUiyEUU2m4
MASSIVE PENETRATION RENEWABLES
Academic Use ONLY
Massive Penetration Renewables (1/2)
• Changes on generation portfolio of power systems will be occurring at a time when
the demand on the system is expected to increase significantly.
http://www.2052.info.
Massive Penetration Renewables (2/2)
• Wind generation, either on or off shore, is currently the primary scalable renewable
generation technology that is commercially available.
9
10
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
Academic Use ONLY
Prof F. Gonzalez-Longatt
1. Motivation
1. Motivation
Penetration Renewable: Germany (1/4)

End of Year 2000
PENETRATION RENEWABLE: GERMANY
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author. Copyright © 2008-2023. http:www.fglongatt.org All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author. Copyright © 2008-2023. http:www.fglongatt.org
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1. Motivation
1. Motivation

End of Year 2010

End of Year 2005
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Eichhorn, M.; Scheftelowitz, M.; Reichmuth, M.; Lorenz, C.; Louca, K.; Schiffler, A.; Keuneke, R.; Bauschmann, M.; Ponitka, J.; Manske, D.; Thrän, D. Spatial Distribution of Wind Turbines, Photovoltaic Field Systems, Bioenergy, and River Hydro Power Plants
in Germany. Data 2019, 4, 29.
13
Top 10 countries by cumulative solar PV capacity in 2021
307 GW
14
16
15
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1. Motivation
1. Motivation
NORTH SEA NATIONAL TARGETS 2030

Top 10 countries by added solar PV capacity in 2021
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North Sea National Targets 2030 (1/4)
@fglongatt
The UK has a world-leadingAK ambition to deploy
R
up to 50GW by 2030, withSK
AG
ER
up to 5GW coming
from floating offshore wind
KATTEGAT
DENMARK
IRELAND
GERMANY
NETHERLANDS
IRISH SEA UNITED
KINGDOM
@fglongatt
www.fglongatt.org.ve
BELGIUM Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt, PhD
June 2012
ENGLISH CHANNEL
Coventry, UK
Data source: EWEA
17
GB Wind Farms: East Anglia (3/4)
Race Bank
Dudgeon
@fglongatt
560 MW
Sheringhan
Docking Shoal Shoal
540 MW
East Anglia Five
1200 MW
East Anglia Five
1200 MW
East Anglia Four
East Anglia East Anglia Six
1200 MW
East Anglia Three
Two 1200 MW
1200 MW
East Anglia Six
1200 MW
1200 MW East Anglia Two
1200 MW
Scroby
sands East Anglia
East Three
Anglia 1200 MW
Four
AK 1200 MW
E RR
AG
SK
East Anglia One

1200 MW
KATTEGAT
DENMARK
Gunfleet Sands I +II

173 MW Galloper Wind Farm
Gunfleet Sads 3 – Greater Gabbard
Demonstration Project
IRELAND
@fglongatt
GERMANY
NETHERLANDS Kentish Flats London Array

IRISH SEA Kentish Flats 90 MW Phase 2
UNITED
KINGDOM Extension 51 MW London Array
Phase 1
www.fglongatt.org.ve Thanet
BELGIUM Francisco Gonzalez -Longatt, PhD Thanet 2
June 2012 147 MW
ENGLISH CHANNEL
Coventry, UK
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Academic Use ONLY
GB Wind Farms: Dogger Bank, HornSea, Firth of Forth (4/4)
Inch Cape Firth of Forth
Phase 1
1075 MW
Firth of Forth
Bell Rock
Phase 2
Firth of
1820 MW
Forth
Neart na Phase 3
Gaoith 790 MW
@fglongatt Forth Array
Dogger
Dogger Bank Project OneAK
Bank
RR
E
Dogger Bank Tranche A
SK
AG 6000 MW
1600 MW
KATTEGAT
DENMARK
Heron Wind
(Hornsea)
Hornsea 600 MW
IRELAND
2800 MW
GERMANY
NETHERLANDS
Hornsea
IRISH SEA UNITED Westermost 2800 MW
KINGDOM Rough Triton Knoll Njord
1200 MW (Hornsea)
www.fglongatt.org.ve
BELGIUM 600 MW
Francisco Gonzalez -Longatt, PhD Dudgeon
June 2012 Race
Coventry, UK Bank 560 MW
ENGLISH CHANNEL
19
Actual wind farms in GB
• https://www.google.com/maps/search/offshore+wind+power+map+GB/@54.09285
18,-0.4355871,6.5z?hl=en
20
22
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1. Motivation
1. Motivation
CHALLENGES OF OFFSHORE GRIDS

11
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Challenges of Offshore Grids
• Objective: Assess main drivers for the development of off-shore HVDC networks
• Optimal planning and operation of AC/DC interconnected power systems.
• Local control of HVDC networks.
• Operation under normal and emergency conditions
• Design and quantify experimental DC networks (N-1, faults).
• Design and test control functions, protection systems…
• Benchmark several network topologies. http://www.twenties-project.eu/
https://www.entsoe.eu/publications/system-development-reports/north-seas-grid-development/
23
WIND POWER AROUND WORLD
24
Academic Use ONLY
Globally, 77.6 GW of new wind
power capacity was connected to
power grids in 2022, bringing
total installed wind capacity to
906 GW1, a growth of 9%
compared with 2021.
The world’s top five markets for

new installations in 2022 were:
• China
• USA
• Brazil
• Germany
• Sweden
Altogether, they made up 71% of
global installations last year,
collectively 3.7% lower than
2021.
25
Net onshore wind electricity capacity additions by country or
region, 2022-2024
IEA, Net onshore wind electricity capacity additions by country or region, 2022-2024, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/data-and-
statistics/charts/net-onshore-wind-electricity-capacity-additions-by-country-or-region-2022-2024, IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0
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28
27
(2011).
Academic Use ONLY
Bigger is Better (?) (3/5)
• A 20 MW turbine is feasible
Wind Power Around World (1/5)
1. Motivation
1. Motivation
• UpWind: Design limits and solutions for very large wind turbines .
14
Academic Use ONLY
8MW Offshore Wind Turbine (4/5)
• 10MW is something normal!!!
29
Full Rated Converter Wind Turbines (5/5)
• The very fast development of fully rated converter wind turbine generator
offers both enlarged capabilities and lower price per MW capacity.
• Increasing the penetration levels of power converter based wind power will produce a
displacement of traditional synchronous generation services without
offering equivalent technical performance.
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32
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https://www.mygridgb.co.uk/map/
Academic Use ONLY
Wind power in GB system
1. Motivation
1. Motivation
TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENERGY STORAGE

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Technologies for Energy Storage (1/4)
• One of the greatest challenges of operating a power system is that electrical
energy cannot be directly stored (?)
• Power systems must keep a balance between power generation and demand in
the system in real-time.
This balance will

become complex in
future power systems
due to issues such as
high variability
provided by renewable
energy resources
33
• Electricity storage system (ESS) enables electricity that is generated at a point
of low demand to be used at a time of high demand and allows the operator to
capture the difference between prices at their peak and trough.
• Large-scale storage (bulk) is connected to the transmission system and tends to

have relatively large power output and long periods over which that power can be
provided.
• Storage systems can also operate on a smaller scale (distributed) connected to

the distribution network.
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36
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Global Energy Storage
1. Motivation
1. Motivation
18
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3255 MW
Storage in UK (2/4)
30 Projects
1. Motivation
1. Motivation
Power
Station
2015
Dinorwig
186,224 GW
1339 Projects
19
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Storage in UK (3/4)
• Smarter Network Storage
The Smarter Network Storage (SNS) project aims to carry out a range of technical and commercial innovation to
tackle the challenges associated with the low-carbon transition and facilitate the economic adoption of storage. It is
differentiated from other LCNF electrical storage projects by its demonstration of storage across multiple parts of
the electricity system, outside the boundaries of the distribution network. By demonstrating this multi-purpose
application of 6MW/10MWh of energy storage at Leighton Buzzard primary substation, the project will explore the
capabilities and value in alternative revenue streams for storage, whilst deferring traditional network
39
Storage in UK (4/4)
• Preliminary analysis in UK suggest an additional storage could be installed in the
range of 1GW - 29GW under certain future scenarios by 2050, of which
distribution storage is estimated to dominate bulk storage, due to the savings from
avoided distribution network costs.
The Electricity Storage Network
has warned that delays in
installing at least an additional
2GW of electricity storage by
2020 will result in costs of £100m
a year for taxpayers and
investors.
The alert came as DECC named
the first two winners of its £20m
energy storage competition with
the ESN adding that failure to
act would also cause a loss of
value rising to £10bn a year by
2050.
http://renews.biz/53357/uk-urged-to-focus-on-storage/
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Academic Use ONLY
INTERCONNECTORS
41
Pan-European transmission network (2/10)
• Interconnection allows connected markets to import and export electricity
according to the market prices on either side of the interconnector.
• Increased amounts of interconnection have the potential to bring savings to the
system where connected markets have different generation and/or demand profiles
to trade.
http://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/UK-to-Finance-Subsea-Energy-Cable-to-Connect-Grid-
with-Iceland.html
The UK is keen to secure a reliable source of renewable

energy that will nicely complement its growing offshore
wind energy sector, and help its reach its renewable
energy targets and reduce carbon emissions.
42
Academic Use ONLY
• The existing power grid in Europe is a highly-interconnected system, spanning
the whole of Continental Europe with connections to neighbouring systems e.g. in
Scandinavia (Nordel), the UK and Russia.
• The current structure of this meshed, supra-national system was largely
influenced by available generation technologies.
https://www.entsoe.eu/
43
European HVDC Inter - Google Maps (4/10)
44
Academic Use ONLY
• HVDC has become a technology of increasing relevance to modern power
systems, especially for interconnections and integration of power coming
from renewable resources.
• There are several advantages of use of HVDC system, but two of them made
suitable for massive deployment in future power systems:
• it allows a high efficiency on the bulk power transmission over long distance and
• it provides a very high controllability in terms of power flows maximizing the integration of
variable power coming from renewable energy resources.
45
A Super –Baltic
Infrastucture: SuperGrid (8/10)
and North Sea Countries: bring offshore wind farm power to onshore.
K
RA
ER
AG
SK
KATTEGAT
DENMARK
Supergrid is defined as "a pan-European transmission

network facilitating the integration of large-scale IRELAND
GERMANY
renewable energy and the balancing and transportation IRISH SEA UNITED
NETHERLANDS
of electricity, with the aim of improving the European KINGDOM
market" www.fglongatt.org.ve
BELGIUM Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt, PhD
June 2012
ENGLISH CHANNEL
Coventry, UK
North Africa under Mediterranean Sea to

Continental Europe: bring renewable energy
of Photovoltaic, solar and wind.
DC Network
AC Network
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Academic Use ONLY
CHANGES AND CHALLENGES
47
[1] F. Gonzalez-Longatt, “Frequency Control and Inertial Response Schemes for the Future Power Networks,” in Green Energy
Changes and Challenges and Technology, J. Hossain and A. Mahmud, Eds. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2014, pp. 193–231.
• The major changes to the way to supply and use energy; building a smarter
grid lies at the heart of these changes.
• The large increases in electricity generation from intermittent/highly variable renewable

resource.
• The increase of stressing/narrowly conditions on transmission system,
• Massive decoupling between generation/load caused by DC system, and
• Several other features expected into the future electricity networks will negatively
affect the system security.
48
Academic Use ONLY
[1] F. Gonzalez-Longatt, “Frequency Control and Inertial Response Schemes for the Future Power Networks,” in Green Energy
Introduction: Transition ... !
and Technology, J. Hossain and A. Mahmud, Eds. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2014, pp. 193–231.
• The core of the energy transition is the change in generation technology; from
fossil fuel based thermal generation to converter interfaced renewable
generation.
H H H
Hydro Thermal PV power Synchronous
H
Power Power Plant Generator based
plants
Plant power plants
HIGH
INERTIA ‘Transition’ Low
inertia
H
Nuclear
Renewable
power plant Energy Storage systems
Converter based Wind power plants
Synchronous generator dominated power system Power converter dominated power system
• As a consequence, the power system. is gradually losing synchronous machines

(SMs), the Inertia, and control mechanisms!
49
Myth !!!
• IRELAND: A penetration of renewable generation of 60% was effectively hit in
20171.
• DENMARK: an instantaneous penetration of 140% of converter based
generation (CIG) in 20152.
Instantaneous Penetration of Annual Penetration of
Peak Load
Region Country Asnchronous Generation as a Asynchronous Generation
(MW)
Percentage of Load2 as a Percentage of Load2
CAISO United States 49% (2017) 27% (2016) 46,232 (2016)
Denmark Denmark 140% (2015) 42% (2015) 6,000 (2013)
EirGrid Ireland 60% (2017) 22% (2016) 4,700 (2016)
Electric Reliability
United States 50% (2017) 15% (2016) 71,000 (2016)
Council of Texas
MISO United States 22% (2016) 8% (2016) 120,700 (2016)
Portugal Portugal 105% (2016) 23% (2015) 8,300 (2015)
South Australia
Australia 119% (2016) 35% (2016) 2,895 (2016)
Grid
Southwest Power
VRE Penetration Levels United States 52% 92017) 14% (2015) 50,083 (2016)
• Pool
Annual VRE penetration level = Fraction of annual energy (kWh) met by VRE
• Instantaneous VRE penetration level = Fraction of instantaneous power (kW) met by VRE at any point in
Soucetime
1: F. Milano, F. Dörfler, G. Hug, D. J. Hill and G. Verbič, "Foundations and Challenges of Low-Inertia Systems (Invited Paper)," 2018 Power Systems Computation Conference (PSCC), Dublin, 2018, pp. 1-25, doi: 10.23919/PSCC.2018.8450880.
Souce 2: A. Bloom et al., "It's Indisputable: Five Facts About Planning and Operating Modern Power Systems," in IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 22-30, Nov.-Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1109/MPE.2017.2729079.
50
Academic Use ONLY
H
H
Context
Where do we need to Change?
PV H =0
H AC Storage
MTDC System H =0
@fglongatt
H ~0
Wind Farm
EV
IM
Future
Energy
Systems
= Generation
Technologies + Infrastructure
Network + Prosumer
As the low-emission economy evolves, building One the challenge lies in building the User actively involved
new generation technologies is just half the transport and distribution networks
challenge
[1] F. Gonzalez-Longatt, “Frequency Control and Inertial Response Schemes for the Future Power Networks,” in Green Energy and Technology, J. Hossain and A. Mahmud, Eds. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2014, pp. 193–231.
51
DOCUMENTACION
52
Academic Use ONLY
Download links
• Repositorio de GitHub del Prof. • Repositorio ResearchGate:
Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt
https://www.researchgate
https://github.com/fglongatt .net/profile/Francisco_Go
nzalez-Longatt
53
ESTABILIDAD Y CONTROL DE LA
FRECUENCIA EN SISTEMAS ELÉCTRICOS
MODERNOS
Motivation
F. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD
fglongatt@fglongatt.org
#fglongatt #fglongattLab
54

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Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

Unsustainable Unsustainable Sustainable Sustainable

No environmental concerns FULL environmental concerns/awareness

MASSIVE PENETRATION RENEWABLES

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

Penetration Renewable: Germany (1/4)

Penetration Renewable: Germany (3/4)

End of Year 2010

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

NORTH SEA NATIONAL TARGETS 2030

East Anglia One

Gunfleet Sands I +II

NETHERLANDS Kentish Flats London Array

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

@fglongatt Forth Array

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

CHALLENGES OF OFFSHORE GRIDS

WIND POWER AROUND WORLD

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

The world’s top five markets for

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

Net onshore wind electricity capacity additions by country or

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENERGY STORAGE

This balance will

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

• Large-scale storage (bulk) is connected to the transmission system and tends to

• Storage systems can also operate on a smaller scale (distributed) connected to

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

The UK is keen to secure a reliable source of renewable

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

Supergrid is defined as "a pan-European transmission

of electricity, with the aim of improving the European KINGDOM

North Africa under Mediterranean Sea to

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

• The large increases in electricity generation from intermittent/highly variable renewable

• The increase of stressing/narrowly conditions on transmission system,

• Massive decoupling between generation/load caused by DC system, and

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

Introduction: Transition ... !

• As a consequence, the power system. is gradually losing synchronous machines

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1. Motivation

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