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Green Energy and Technology

Malti Goel
Gautam Sen Editors

Climate
Action and
Hydrogen
Economy
Technologies Shaping the Energy
Transition
Green Energy and Technology
Climate change, environmental impact and the limited natural resources urge scien-
tific research and novel technical solutions. The monograph series Green Energy
and Technology serves as a publishing platform for scientific and technological
approaches to “green”—i.e. environmentally friendly and sustainable—technolo-
gies. While a focus lies on energy and power supply, it also covers “green” solu-
tions in industrial engineering and engineering design. Green Energy and Tech-
nology addresses researchers, advanced students, technical consultants as well as
decision makers in industries and politics. Hence, the level of presentation spans
from instructional to highly technical.
**Indexed in Scopus**.
**Indexed in Ei Compendex**.
Malti Goel · Gautam Sen
Editors

Climate Action
and Hydrogen Economy
Technologies Shaping the Energy Transition
Editors
Malti Goel Gautam Sen
Climate Change Research Institute Former Sr VP
Delhi, India Reliance Industries and Former ED, ONGC
New Delhi, India
Former Adviser
Ministry of Science & Technology
New Delhi, India

ISSN 1865-3529 ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic)

Green Energy and Technology
ISBN 978-981-99-6236-5 ISBN 978-981-99-6237-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6237-2

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse
of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
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Paper in this product is recyclable.

Foreword

Hydrogen is being considered a versatile fuel of future as it does not emit any green-
house gas and could be transported and stored in either gaseous or liquid form.
Wider spectrum of usage supporting technologies of low-carbon transition, i.e. ‘green
hydrogen’, is indeed a practical solution replacing fossil fuels and reducing depen-
dencies on other conventional and non-conventional resources. The recent launch of
the National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM) and Niti Aayog’s report ‘Harnessing
Green Hydrogen’ released in July 2022 suggests that the demand for hydrogen could
grow more than fourfold in the country by 2050.
As a part of ongoing celebrations of Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav and announce-
ment of Green Hydrogen Policy in early 2022, a three-day awareness workshop on
‘Hydrogen Production and Energy Use: Towards a Net zero Strategy (ACBHPE-
2022)’ was hosted by the organizers. The workshop was aimed to discuss critical
technical issues of hydrogen production, its use, and assessments for the current state
of R&D technology considering the nation’s long-term energy future.
In the light of above-mentioned background, the book titled ‘Climate Action and
Hydrogen Economy: Technologies Shaping the Energy Transition’, Eds: Dr. Malti
Goel and Mr. Gautam Sen, contains sixteen chapters based on contributions from

v
vi Foreword

leading scientists and technocrats working in the subject domain and also based on
the lectures delivered in the workshop held by the Climate Change Research Institute.
The content of the book chapters attracts readers on hydrogen energy as a net zero
strategy in response to climate change. The book describes advancements in the
science and technology of hydrogen production technologies, research perspectives,
storage challenges, and energy use in different sectors of the economy. For the ease
of readers, the book has three sections with the first one dedicated for the climate
action and transition to hydrogen economy. The second section of the book talks
about hydrogen production technologies and energy uses, whereas the third section
is dedicated to sustainable hydrogen storage.
I believe that the present content of the book would be a good edition to on-going
global efforts towards this emerging branch of green energy.

Dr. Akhilesh Gupta

Secretary, Science & Engineering
Research Board (SERB)
Senior Adviser
Department of Science & Technology
Government of India
New Delhi, India
Preface

The book Climate Action and Hydrogen Economy: Technologies Shaping the Energy
Transition, Eds. Malti Goel and Gautam Sen, an initiative of Climate Change
Research Institute for Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsva in the 75th year of India’s Inde-
pendence, is showcasing the advancements made in the use of hydrogen energy as a
move towards Net zero.
Energy undoubtedly is at the core of economic progress and human development.
There is a direct correlation between a country’s GDP growth and its peoples’ well-
being with the per capita energy consumed. After the first Industrial Revolution
in the mid-eighteenth century, animal and mechanical power gave way to fossil
fuel technology. Increased coal mining and, subsequently, oil and gas exploration
and exploitation became the order of the day. However, soon it became apparent
that burning of fossil fuel resources at this scale can only lead to environmental
degradation, making the planet inhabitable.
When burnt, fossil fuels produce carbon dioxide, a long-lived greenhouse gas
that has a cumulative effect causing global warming and climate change. Fluctuating
seasons, extreme weather events, swinging day-to-day temperatures, and heat waves
are household manifestations of anthropogenic climate change catastrophes. There
are predictions that nature’s fury will affect tropical countries much more. Today,
mean global temperature is already crossing 1.1 o C of the pre-industrial level. The
Paris Agreement on Climate Change 2015 targets limiting the global temperature
increase well below 2 o C suggesting efforts to curb the rise to 1.5 o C. At the current
growth rate, climate emergencies threaten the planet’s survival, and the mean global
temperature is anticipated to increase up to 2.9 o C or more by the end of the twenty-
first century. The United Nations COP27 meeting held in Sharm-El-Shiekh, Egypt,
in 2022 included the ‘Lifestyles for Environment’ mission in its implementation plan
and resolves to pursue further efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C to
achieve the Paris climate goals.
Today, the most significant challenge before humanity is managing the energy
transition and decarbonizing the energy systems by replacing fossil fuel with low
or zero-carbon emitting power. Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is
the option for tackling fossil fuel energy emissions, but it is in the demonstration

vii
viii Preface

phase. Significant investments worldwide are taking place in developing renewable

resources as 24x7 supplies, and a move towards a hydrogen economy is receiving
attention. Hydrogen is emerging as an essential energy source with zero-carbon
content and an emission-free source in contrast to fossil fuels, which are majorly
responsible for global warming.
India held Presidency of the G20 Forum comprising the world’s major economies,
including 19 countries and the European Union from Dec. 2022 to Nov. 2023. The
G20 New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration stressed on transparent international markets
for hydrogen generated from zero or low carbon technologies. The Hydrogen Tran-
sition Summit in the United Nations COP28 meeting held from November 30 to
December 12, 2023 in Dubai has expressed the need for simplicity, pragmatism and
trust in the collaborations, for building the hydrogen economy.
The book therefore could not have been published at a more appropriate time.
The first announcement of the National Hydrogen Mission (NHM) of India by
Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Modi on 15 August 2021 and the Green Hydrogen
Policy in February 2022 have substantially increased the interest in realizing the
potential for hydrogen energy in the country to play a significant role in the nation’s
long-term energy future. The Niti Aayog’s study further pointed out that the demand
for hydrogen could grow more than fourfold by 2050. As a result, a growing need
for a trained workforce and human resource development will be there.

ACBHPE-2022

In this context, the Climate Change Research Institute (CCRI), founded with a vision
to promote climate change education among youth, held a workshop on ‘Awareness
and Capacity Building in Hydrogen Production and Energy Use: Towards a Net zero
Strategy (ACBHPE-2022)’ on the World Environment Day 2022. The three-day
workshop aimed to examine the critical technical issues of hydrogen production, its
use, and assessments for the current state of R&D technology with the following
objectives:
(i) To provide an understanding of the issues and challenges in hydrogen energy
towards a Net zero strategy.
(ii) To learn about the advancements in science and technology of hydrogen produc-
tion technologies and energy uses with particular reference to India’s Climate
Action and National Hydrogen Mission Initiative.
(iii) To put forth perspectives on the transition to hydrogen energy in the knowledge
domain and share recommendations with all concerned.
The ACBHPE-2022 workshop organized from 8–10 June 2022 in association
with the India International Centre and supported by the SERB, Government of
India was conducted in ‘hybrid mode’ gave a unique platform for students, teachers,
and researchers to share the excitement about on-going developments in hydrogen
as an energy carrier in its different facets. Out of twenty-two delegates registered, 15
Preface ix

participated physically in the three days of deliberations, listening to the dignitaries

with a keen interest in learning about the latest developments regarding hydrogen
as fuel. Out of these, seven were girl participants. A special session on Start-ups
was also held, and 13 companies presented their perspectives. In addition, delegates
shared their experience during the workshop.

Structure of the Book

The genesis of the book on Climate Action and Hydrogen Economy: Technologies
Shaping the Energy Transition is ACBHPE-2022 workshop. It features contributions
of leading science luminaries from different academic institutions, research labora-
tories, and industry stalwarts across the country in its sixteen chapters of particular
interest to the readers on hydrogen energy as a Net zero strategy in response to climate
change. It covers a wide range of topics related to climate action and hydrogen energy,
providing insights into hydrogen production and storage. Gender mainstreaming as
a strategy by inviting women to participate as delegates and as contributing authors
in the book has been our mainstay.
The volume addresses the fundamental issues in its three sections, namely:
Part 1 on Climate Action and Transition to Hydrogen Economy deals with climate
action, technological pathways in the hydrogen value chain, and the challenges asso-
ciated with the energy transformation in the different chapters. In addition, policy
support needed in developing a roadmap and incentives essential for implementing
strategies during the transition period to green hydrogen are deliberated. The need
for creative policy instruments, identifying choices in R&D priorities, and holistic
system-thinking approach are highlighted.
Part 2 on Hydrogen Production Technologies and Uses is about scientific and
technological advancements that are taking place globally to produce hydrogen from
its various sources and the potential of research and development (R&D) to minimize
the costs. Innovations in hydrogen production from water, biomass, liquid hydrogen
carriers and advancements made in hybrid approaches, photocatalysis, and molecular
catalysis are discussed. An exclusive chapter describes electrolyser development
using solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC). The technology potential and market
competitiveness aspects are touched upon.
Part 3 is on Sustainable Hydrogen Storage. Hydrogen in the atomic state is highly
reactive, and hydrogen in molecular form could be explosive. Therefore, it must be
stored safely and regenerated as and when required. This part covers in detail signifi-
cant developments in hydrogen storage materials, role of metal hydrides, and perspec-
tives in use of nano-frameworks. A chapter on prospects of green ammonia in the
fertilizer industry in India and associated issues is incorporated.
A list of participating institutions the is in section Contributing Institutions.
x Preface

Acknowledgements

The editors acknowledge the renowned leading authors and contributors to the
book for their intense engagement, commitment, and hard work. Our sincere
thanks are to Prof. D. P. Agrawal Chairman of the Governing Council, for
the motivation and leadership. We are deeply indebted to Shri. R. V. Shahi,
Former Secretary Ministry of Power, for his inspirational Inaugural address to
set the tone of the workshop. He highlighted the policy challenges for intro-
ducing hydrogen as a step towards a clean energy transition. Our sincere
acknowledgements are due to Padma Shree Prof. G. D. Yadav, National
Science Chair, SERB, for his enlightening Keynote address. We profusely thank
Dr. V. A. Mendhe, Principal Scientist, CMFRI, Dhanbad, for his enormous support.
We acknowledge Dr. P. D. Chavan, Principal Scientist, CMFRI; Prof. S. K. Singh,
IIT Indore; Prof. P. C. Ghosh, IIT Mumbai; Dr. Rakesh Kumar, Ex-Director, NEERI;
Dr. S. Nand, ADG, Fertiliser Association of India; Prof. G. D. Sharma, Ex-Secretary,
UGC; Dr. Bipin Kumar Gupta, Chief Scientist, NPL; Prof. S. Ahmad, Ex-VC, Jamia
Hamdard; Ms. Gauri Jauhar, IHS Markit; Shri. R. Varshney, DGM NTPC; Shri. V.
S. Verma, Ex-Member, CERC; and Shri. A. K. Jain Ex-Commissioner, Delhi Devel-
opment Authority for taking part and sharing their wisdom and experience in the
workshop about the potential and R&D of hydrogen, which was an eye opener to
many delegates. Our special thanks are to Shri Ajay Shankar, Distinguished Fellow,
TERI; Dr. Sadhana Rayalu, NEERI Nagpur; Prof. S. Basu, IIT Delhi; Prof. Arnab
Datta, IIT Mumbai; Dr. Vandana Maurya, Delhi University; and Prof. S. Dasappa,
IISC Bangalore, for their valuable and timely involvement by making a vital contri-
bution to the book. We are thankful to members of GC and EC for their unstinted
support and to the staff of CCRI for putting in immense hard work in compiling the
data.
We express our sincere thanks and appreciation to Ms. Swati Meherishi,
Editorial Director, Applied Science and Engineering, Springer Nature. She and
her team deserve to be praised for their dynamism and constant help. Especially
Ms. Priya Vyas, Senior Editor, and Mr. Ramesh Kumaran, Project Coordinator—
Book Production, need mentions for their support and help.
We expect this book to be useful for policymakers, students, and professionals and
to serve researchers working on national hydrogen missions as a ready reference. It
is hoped that this volume would help to reshape the future research in addressing the
challenges of the hydrogen economy and making progress towards climate action.

New Delhi, India Dr. (Mrs.) Malti Goel

10 December, 2023 Shri. Gautam Sen
About This Book

The Paris Agreement on Climate Change 2015 is a global framework to avoid

dangerous climate change by limiting global warming to well below 2 °C and
pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5 °C. The Sustainable Development Goal 13 (SDG13:
Climate Action) suggests taking urgent action to combat climate change and its
impacts. Attainment of the climate goals would require replacing the use of fossil
fuels with the renewable energy sources to minimize greenhouse emissions or no
emissions in the atmosphere so as to reach Net zero. Hydrogen molecule as a
carbon-free energy carrier is seen to have potential to change the energy dynamics.
The book Climate Action and Hydrogen Economy: Technologies Shaping the
Energy Transition, Eds: Dr. Malti Goel and Mr. Gautam Sen in its 16 chapters,
portrays the promise of Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) in the use of
hydrogen as a move towards Net zero strategy. It presents select proceedings of
the workshop on Awareness and Capacity Building on Hydrogen Production and
Energy Use: Towards a Net zero Strategy (ACBHPE-2022) held in June 2022 and
has contributions from the invited top scholars.
The book comprises scholarly articles on breakthroughs in science, technology,
and policy actions needed across the hydrogen value chain for it to emerge as a tool
for climate action.

xi
Contents

Climate Action and Transition to Hydrogen Economy

Green Hydrogen Towards Net Zero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ajay Shankar
3 ‘Ps’ of Hydrogen Economy in India: Production Pathways,
Policies, and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Malti Goel
Green Hydrogen: Potential Master Key for Combating Climate
Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Shweta Gupta, Ankit Gupta, Hemant Bherwani, and Rakesh Kumar
The Net Zero Goal and Sustainability: Significance of Green
Hydrogen Economy in Valorization of CO2 , Biomass and Plastic
Waste into Chemicals and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Ganapati D. Yadav
Managing Energy Transition and Challenges of New Energy . . . . . . . . . . 91
Gautam Sen
STI Policy Push Towards Hydrogen Economy in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Vandana Maurya, Paramita Ghosh, and Anshuman Gunawat
Sustainability: An Imperative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Gauri Jauhar

Hydrogen Production Technologies

Solar Light-Triggered Hybrid Approaches for Green Hydrogen . . . . . . . . 127
Girivyankatesh Hippargi and Sadhana Rayalu
Potential for H2 Generation Using 2D-g-C3 N4 Nano-Photocatalysts . . . . 139
A. Nazeer, F. Ahmad, and S. Ahmad

xiii
xiv Contents

Hydrogen Production from Biomass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Rajan Varshney
Green Hydrogen from Biomass Through Gasification—A Carbon
Negative Route for Hydrogen Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
S. Dasappa, Anand M. Shivapuji, and Mishma S. Stanislaus
Sustainable Pathways for Hydrogen Production via Molecular
Catalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Mahendra Kumar Awasthi, Surabhi Rai, and Arnab Dutta
Hydrogen Production from Liquid Hydrogen Carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Sanjay Kumar Singh
Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell for Hydrogen Generation: General
Perspective and Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Subhrajyoti Ghosh and Suddhasatwa Basu

Sustainable Hydrogen Storage

Hydrogen Storage Materials—Background and Significance . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Ashish Bhatnagar and Bipin K. Gupta
Prospects of Green Ammonia in Fertilizer Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Sachchida Nand and Manish Goswami
Editors and Contributors

About the Editors

Dr. (Mrs.) Malti Goel is former Adviser and Scien-

tist ‘G’ and CSIR Emeritus Scientist in the Ministry
of Science and Technology, Government of India.
She received her Ph.D. (Physics) and D.I.I.T. (Solid
State Physics) degree in First Position with Distinc-
tion from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT),
Delhi; M.Sc. (Physics) from Birla Institute of Tech-
nology and Science (BITS), Pilani, with the first rank
receiving a Gold Medal in 1967. She has professionally
distiguished in scientific research, policy planning, and
in creating an impact on the national scene by capacity
building in climate change mitigation through applica-
tion of science and technology. As a prolific science
writer, she has 14 books and over 300 publications to her
credit in the form of research articles in peer-reviewed
journals, and papers in conference proceedings. She has
won many awards and honours. For her outstanding
contribution to climate change education and research
in India, she received ‘Life Time Achievement Award’
in the year 2016 by the Pearl Foundation Madurai. She
is Recipient of IITDAA ‘Outstanding Contribution to
National Development (OCND)’ award in the year 2023.

xv
xvi Editors and Contributors

Shri. Gautam Sen joined the Oil and Natural Gas

Commission in 1976, which later became Corporation,
after completing his Master’s degree in Physics from
Delhi University. He worked as Geophysicist and then
as Oil and Gas Explorationist in both onshore shallow
waters and deep water offshore and in their institutes
for over three decades. He rose to the level of Executive
Director and served at this level for six years. He later
joined RIL as Senior Vice President in the Exploration of
Oil and Gas. He was Technical Head for all exploration-
related matters, and RIL’s blocks were mainly in deep
waters in the east coast of India. After superannuation,
he has been Consultant in oil and gas in both private and
public sectors. He has a large number of publications
and is also a recipient of the National Mineral award
from the Government of India.

Contributors

F. Ahmad Faridabad, Haryana, India

S. Ahmad Faridabad, Haryana, India
Mahendra Kumar Awasthi Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Tech-
nology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
Suddhasatwa Basu Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology, Delhi, India
Ashish Bhatnagar Department of Physics and Materials Science and Engineering,
Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
Hemant Bherwani CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute,
CSIR-NEERI, Nagpur, India
S. Dasappa Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research, Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Arnab Dutta Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,
Powai, Mumbai, India;
National Centre of Excellence in CCU, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,
Powai, Mumbai, India;
Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology
Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
Paramita Ghosh Motilal Nehru College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
Editors and Contributors xvii

Subhrajyoti Ghosh Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of

Technology, Delhi, India
Malti Goel Climate Change Research Institute, Delhi, India;
Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, New
Delhi, India
Manish Goswami The Fertiliser Association of India, New Delhi, India
Anshuman Gunawat Motilal Nehru College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
Ankit Gupta CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, CSIR-
NEERI, Nagpur, India
Bipin K. Gupta CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India
Shweta Gupta CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute,
CSIR-NEERI, Nagpur, India
Girivyankatesh Hippargi Environmental Materials Division, CSIR-National
Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
Gauri Jauhar Energy Transitions and Clean Tech Consulting, S&P Global, Guru-
gram, India
Rakesh Kumar Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi,
India
Vandana Maurya Motilal Nehru College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
Sachchida Nand The Fertiliser Association of India, New Delhi, India
A. Nazeer Faridabad, Haryana, India
Surabhi Rai Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,
Powai, Mumbai, India;
National Centre of Excellence in CCU, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,
Powai, Mumbai, India
Sadhana Rayalu Environmental Materials Division, CSIR-National Environ-
mental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
Gautam Sen Former Executive Director, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, Senior
Vice President RIL (E and P), New Delhi, India
Ajay Shankar The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India
Anand M. Shivapuji Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Sanjay Kumar Singh Catalysis Group, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute
of Technology Indore, Indore, M.P., India
xviii Editors and Contributors

Mishma S. Stanislaus Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research, Indian Insti-

tute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Rajan Varshney Delhi, India
Ganapati D. Yadav Emeritus Professor of Eminence and National Science Chair
(SERB/DST/GOI), Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
Climate Action and Transition
to Hydrogen Economy
Green Hydrogen Towards Net Zero

Ajay Shankar

Abstract Achieving net zero at the earliest is essential for the survival of mankind.
The latest IPCC reports make it clear that time is running out. With present trends
global warming is set to not only cross 1.5° considered essential by science, but to
go well over 4° by 2100. This would make the planet uninhabitable. The sanguine
confidence in some quarters that either the science is wrong, or, that technology
would achieve some miraculous breakthrough in carbon capture that would enable
us to continue using fossil fuels without adding to carbon emissions and global
warming is delusional. Immediate course correction for rapid decarbonization on a
massive scale is required if there is to be any hope. :
Learning objectives
• Decarbonization strategies—global and India
• Green hydrogen challenges in India
• Suggested policy actions for achieving the goal

Keywords Decarbonization · Green hydrogen · Strategies & challenges · Policy

instruments

1 Decarbonization—Global Targets

Decarbonization needs to be brought forward rather than being back ended as has
been the approach till now. The advanced economies and many other nations have set
the goal of becoming net zero by 2050. This goal needs to be brought forward to, say,
2040 with the bulk of decarbonization being undertaken over the next 10–15 years.
This is imperative. The full decarbonization of electricity is now technically feasible.
The share of renewables in electricity has crossed 46% in a large economy like
Germany. The share of variable renewable energy in Germany electricity rose from

A. Shankar (B)
The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India
e-mail: ajay.shankar@teri.res.in

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024 3
M. Goel and G. Sen (eds.), Climate Action and Hydrogen Economy,
Green Energy and Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6237-2_1
4 A. Shankar

...in 2000 to over 45% in 2020 [1]. Using renewables with storage for decarbonizing
electricity is the way forward. The cost of renewable electricity, solar and wind is
far lower than that of electricity from any other source. The cost of storage has also
come down rapidly. The transition to carbon-free electricity is doable and affordable.
The way gas prices went up due to the conflict in Ukraine made electricity from
renewables with storage relatively cheaper and made the case for phasing out all fossil
fuel-based electricity generation that much stronger. Only the will in governments
is needed. California has set 2045 as the year for having carbon-free electricity.
President Biden in his election campaign had promised a carbon free electricity
system in America by 2035. All the advanced industrial economies could create
carbon free electricity systems by 2035 if they acted on a war footing. Civil society
and public opinion need to put pressure on their governments and give them the
political will not to yield to the power and influence of the fossil fuel industry whose
interests lie in delaying effective action as long as possible.
In parallel and to the extent it is technically feasible, economic activity needs to be
electrified. As electricity gets decarbonized, these segments of our economies would
also get decarbonized. We are already seeing substantial progress. Electric vehicles
are rapidly gaining market share. UK had decided that automobiles using fossil
fuels would not be sold after 2030 [2]. EU and California intend to have a similar
prohibition coming into effect in 2035. The Indian Railways are completing the
transition to using electricity for carrying goods and passengers. They are aiming to
become net zero by 2030 [3]. Many countries use only electricity for cooking. India
needs to encourage and incentivize the use of electricity and biogas, a renewable
source of energy, for cooking and develop a road map for doing away with the use
of LPG and natural gas for cooking. Those who use oil and gas for heating in cold
climates need to switch to using electricity instead. Governments in these countries
have been too slow and need to give this higher priority. There are parallel transitions
which should take place. First, electrification of vehicular transport, two and three
wheelers, cars, buses, trucks on the one hand and the Railways on the other. Switching
over to electricity for residential heating in cold countries and substitution of fossil
fuels by electricity in industrial processes to the extent it is technically feasible need to
happen in tandem. All these combined by rapid decarbonization of electricity should
result in the elimination of a major part of total carbon emissions in the world.
But there are large parts of the economy which cannot be electrified. There are
many industrial processes where electricity cannot replace fossil fuels. Long distance
shipping and civil aviation cannot be electrified. In all such sectors, called ‘hard to
abate sectors’, green hydrogen has emerged as a potential substitute for fossil fuels.
Green hydrogen means hydrogen produced without the use of fossil fuels. Hydrogen
cars, heavy duty trucks and trains have already been developed. Substitution in many
industrial processes seems possible. This transition is, however, at a very early stage,
and it is recognized that this needs to be accelerated for the achievement of net
zero. All the advanced industrial economies are aiming to become leaders in the new
Hydrogen Economy. Their governments are supporting their firms along with their
technical institutions to gain the lead and resultant competitive advantage. India is
Green Hydrogen Towards Net Zero 5

joining the advanced industrial economies in aiming to reach the global frontier in
this critical sunrise sector.

2 India—Decarbonization Strategies

Hydrogen made from natural gas, called grey hydrogen, has been in use in some
industrial processes. In India it has been in use in the production of ammonia for
fertilizer production. But for hydrogen to be a substitute for fossil fuels it must be
green hydrogen which must be produced without using fossil fuels. The production
of green hydrogen on industrial scale is done through electrolysis of water using
carbon-free electricity. India can use seawater along its vast coastline for producing
green hydrogen without using scarce freshwater. The carbon-free electricity can come
from renewables, renewables with storage and nuclear power. The main costs in the
production of green hydrogen are the cost of electricity and of the electrolysers. The
cost of electricity from renewables has fallen dramatically. The cost of electrolysers
is also falling with innovation triggered by competition and the expectation of huge
demand. While it is not possible to predict how much cost reduction can be achieved,
the expectation of cost reduction is not unrealistic. Hydrogen can also be made from
bio waste. As bio waste is a renewable resource, hydrogen made from it should
legitimately be considered as green hydrogen. We should do so and also try for
global acceptance of this.
India by launching its Green Hydrogen Mission is joining the advanced countries
in pursuing the production of green hydrogen and its downstream uses especially in
the hard to abate sectors [4]. This would place India on the global frontier. It would
make the transition to becoming energy independent by 2047 and becoming net zero
feasible. The National Green Hydrogen Mission reflects our confidence that we can
aim to be on the global frontier along with the advanced industrial economies in
this critical area [5]. The Mission aims at achieving India’s potential to becoming a
leading producer, user and exporter of green hydrogen. The recently released Mission
document is bold and comprehensive. It covers the whole value chain from produc-
tion to storage and transportation to all feasible downstream uses. Production of 5
MMT of green hydrogen by 2030 for domestic use along with an additional 5 MMT
for exports is envisaged. The intention is to create demand for downstream use in
manufacturing of fertilizer, steel and chemicals, and in transport in heavy duty trucks
and shipping. Financing of over Rs. 19,000 crores has been committed. It also sets
out the responsibilities of the other ministries as well as the coordination process
and the mechanism for taking decisions through the Empowered Group chaired by
the Cabinet Secretary. It accepts the need of leadership from government as well as
financial support.
6 A. Shankar

3 Challenge of Green Hydrogen Production

Implementation of such an ambitious vision in a sunrise frontier technology area

would be a formidable task. The challenge would be to create in partnership with
industry and technical institutions pathways for success in each segment to reach
the global frontier. This is not going to be easy. It would require continuing success
in technology absorption, innovation and movement down the cost curve with the
requisite scale and competition. We live in a globalized world and should get the best
technologies at the going market rates. There is usually no point in trying to reinvent
the wheel. We should be able to produce at globally comparable costs and then try and
innovate to improve on technology and lower the cost of production further. We may
succeed and to the extent we do we would become a globally competitive production
centre in the new Hydrogen Economy. These difficult policy goals have to be pursued
at the least cost to the public exchequer. India will continue to face fiscal constraints
in the coming years. Nevertheless, sustained leadership from government would
be necessary to improve the likelihood of success. The right policies and programs
backed by fiscal and other measures would be the key. Creating a competitive industry
structure in the new hydrogen economy would help in moving down the cost curve.
This has been seen in the success of the Solar Mission.
A good beginning has been made with the production of green hydrogen. There
are ambitious plans announced by our leading firms to become globally competitive
producers of green hydrogen within this decade. We are well placed to do so as we
have the cheapest costs of electricity from renewables. We can also try and become
the cheapest producers of electrolysers needed for producing green hydrogen. A
start-up has already started producing and exporting green hydrogen from India.

4 Recommended Policy Instruments

The major task would be to initiate projects for each potential downstream use. This
can be done by using any, or, a mix of the policy instruments available to government.
These instruments are as follows.
(a) Government buying green steel on a continuing basis for its building projects
though it would be more expensive. The government can absorb the higher cost
of steel whose impact on the final cost of the building would be marginal. This
would not need any upfront subsidy from the budget [6].
(b) lower GST rates-being used to promote electric vehicles.
(c) subsidy per unit of production as is being done for fertilizers, where the sale
price is fixed and the difference between this and the cost of production is given
as a subsidy to the fertilizer producing units.
(d) interest subsidy on debt,
(e) capital subsidy as has been done as Viability Gap Funding, for infrastructure
projects and
Green Hydrogen Towards Net Zero 7

(f) Production Linked Incentive (PLI) to offset the higher cost of production for
the initial few years.
Transportation and storage of hydrogen need specialized materials. The Mission
envisages blending of green hydrogen with gas in city gas distribution. But in the
long-run use of gas has to end if we are to reach net zero. Existing pipelines for gas
may be amenable with additional investment and retrofitting to become carriers for
green hydrogen. This could be a cheaper option than laying fresh pipelines. Tankers
for carrying hydrogen also need to be developed.
If with cost reduction, heavy duty trucks using green hydrogen become cost
competitive, then hydrogen filling stations would be needed on our highways. Pilot
projects undertaken now on filling stations and running hydrogen trucks would create
the capacities for the rapid installation of hydrogen filling stations on the highways.
Initial learning would create capacities for cost reduction with scale and volumes.
As the production of green hydrogen begins, ensuring that demand for downstream
uses is created to match production would be essential. In comparison with designing
a Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for a mature product in an existing
market, such as mobile phones, the task here is more complicated as domestic demand
for green hydrogen must be created. How to do so while minimizing the need for
budgetary support? Can other instruments be devised for the same outcomes? One
way would be to go in for competitive procurement, create a competitive industry
structure so that movement down the cost curve is accelerated through successive
bids enabling India to also get the full benefit of the global decline in prices that are
likely. This approach was successful in the National Solar Mission when the price
of solar power was initially about four times the price of thermal power and has now
become clearly much cheaper.
For the Hydrogen Mission, the minimum size of plants for least cost production
would need to be determined for the production of green hydrogen and its downstream
uses at the outset. The minimum economic size of a new fertilizer plant, a green
ammonia manufacturing unit and a green hydrogen producing plant would need
to be ascertained along with the cost. Then working backwards from the fertilizer
plant, supply and demand of green ammonia and green hydrogen would have to be
matched for the supply chain. Competitive bids may be invited to get the least cost
of production of green hydrogen. With this green hydrogen cost, the price of green
ammonia may be competitively determined. This input price would then become the
basis for inviting bids for production of green fertilizer. Subsidy from the budget for
each ton of green fertilizer produced may then be given to bridge the gap between the
market determined price of green fertilizer and the price fixed by government for sale
to farmers. This subsidy would naturally be far higher than the subsidy being given
per ton for normal fertilizer production. No subsidy would, however, be needed for
the intermediate stages.
Similarly, government could enter a long-term procurement contract for the entire
production of a green steel plant. As this would be one of the first green steel plants in
the world, our major steel producers should be persuaded to form a consortium and
set up the plant so that they all learn the new technology. The purchase price would
8 A. Shankar

then have to be on a cost plus basis. It would also be necessary to accept at the outset
that cost and time overruns could occur and price escalation may become necessary.
This more expensive steel may be used by government in all its own construction
projects as well as of its agencies. The impact on the final cost per square meter
would be marginal and could be easily absorbed by the budgets of the construction
projects. No direct subsidy would be needed.
After the success of the first plant in proving the technology, setting up other
plants by all the steel producers may be promoted competitively. This would hasten
movement down the cost curve [7]. At some time in the future government could
consider prohibiting the setting up of any new steel plant that uses fossil fuels.
For shipping, the supply chain up to green ammonia would be the same as for
fertilizer production. Competitive procurement of green shipping services from a
reasonable future date could be done through a long-term contract indicating the
price at which green ammonia would be supplied. This would completely de risk the
investment in building a cargo ship that would use green ammonia. The higher cost
of the shipping service can easily be absorbed by the Indian user as freight costs are
a small portion of his total cost. In this case again, subsidy would not be needed.
For the market-based competitive chemical, pharma and other industries, use of
green hydrogen could be promoted by making its cost comparable to the fuel it would
replace, and this could be done by a combination of a lower GST rate as has been
done for electric vehicles (EVs), and a direct subsidy per kg of green hydrogen used
[8]. This would also need to be done for the use of green ammonia for electricity
generation for meeting seasonal spikes in electricity demand. However, storage and
transport of hydrogen have high costs. Pilots projects with competitive procurement
would create capacities which could later be scaled up with cost reduction.
Each of these would need separate sub-missions in the concerned sectors. Difficult
decisions on the policy instruments to be used, selection of industry partners and
extent and manner of financial support to be provided would need to be taken speedily.
Policy consistency and predictability is what private partners expect. If changes are
considered necessary as they may be at times, transparent stakeholder consultations
should be undertaken beforehand.
Separate funding for sharply defined and focussed technology and product devel-
opment where improvement in performance parameters or cost reduction seems
feasible may be attempted in challenge mode with competitive consortia being
invited. The successful DARPA model for defence technology innovation of the
USA may be adapted for this Mission. This would need nimble technical leadership
and a speedy decision-making process. This is not easy.
There is a strong case for special empowerment for implementation of the
Hydrogen Mission by way of being able to choose partners on selection rather than
only through tendering were considered necessary. In these cases, funding would
also need to be decided on a case-to-case basis. It would also be essential to accept
at the outset that there is real risk of failure as well as time and cost overrun in this
frontier technology area.
Green Hydrogen Towards Net Zero 9

5 Conclusions

Our large fossil fuel companies in the public as well as the private sector need to
accept the inevitability of the energy transition. They can choose to move swiftly
and competitively into the new green energy economy, succeed and grow. They have
deep pockets and enormous technical and managerial talent. They, however, need to
get out of their comfort zone and embrace transformation with zeal and confidence.
Or they should be prepared to disappear. The choice is stark. Recent examples of
disappearance of Kodak and Blackberry are illustrative.
In the government various ministries and the empowered groups under the Chair-
manship of the Cabinet Secretary need to now look in depth at where we would like
to be at the end of the decade in downstream uses of green hydrogen, and then back-
wards on what needs to be done and how and with what fiscal support. Setting out the
complete goal of production and sector wise usage with projected supply matching
demand would be the right way to move forward. The concerned ministries need to
collectively create demand which matches the production of green hydrogen.
With creative policy instruments used with speed, flexibility and agility, we could
be at the global frontier in this decade and that too at affordable costs. The potential
for this is high due to the abundance of young talent with ambition in India.

References

1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544222002067
2. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-takes-historic-step-towards-net-zero-with-
end-of-sale-of-new-petrol-and-diesel-cars-by-2030
3. Press Information Bureau (pib.gov.in), Indian Railways to become net zero by 2030.
4. Press Information Bureau (pib.gov.in), Cabinet approves Green Hydrogen Mission.
5. National Hydrogen Mission: Decarbonising India, Achieving Net-Zero Vision, Ministry of
New & Renewable Energy, Government of India, March 21, 2022 https://static.pib.gov.in/Wri
teReadData/specificdocs/documents/2023/jan/doc2023110150801.pdf.
6. Harnessing Green Hydrogen: Opportunities for Deep Decarbonization in India, Niti Aayog,
June 2022.
7. Can Industry Decarbonize Steelmaking? Chemical & Engineering News, 2021.
8. Press Information Bureau (pib.gov.in).
3 ‘Ps’ of Hydrogen Economy in India:
Production Pathways, Policies,
and Perspectives

Malti Goel

Abstract Hydrogen production technologies are getting a new thrust with plane-
tary emergencies like climate change. It is anticipated that hydrogen electricity in the
long run may become more economical than fossil fuel-based electricity with carbon
capture and storage, leading to a move towards the hydrogen economy. A hydrogen
economy would provide long-term industrial sustainability compared to the intermit-
tent energy harnessed from renewable resources. Hydrogen, being the first element
of the Periodic Table, is the lightest and smallest, abundant in the universe, yet it is
not found as a free molecule in the atmosphere. Highly chemically reactive, it is
present in many chemicals around us, from water and hydrocarbons to polymers and
plastics and many others, including living systems like plants and animals. Which is
the best source for producing hydrogen? has been a dilemma for a long time. India, in
the 26th meeting of the Conference of Parties (COP26) of the United Nations Frame-
work Convention on Climate Change held in Glasgow, has committed to reducing
its GHG emissions by 45% by 2030 and to becoming carbon neutral by 2070 with
a Panchamrit action plan to achieve green transformation with accelerated climate
action. In a move towards a net zero strategy, significant steps have been taken to
promote green hydrogen development. In the 75th year of India’s independence, an
ambitious goal of making India a global hub and achieving green hydrogen produc-
tion of 5 MTPA by 2030 has been stated. This chapter gives an overview of different
sources of hydrogen, methods, and technologies of the hydrogen value chain. It
describes the policy landscape in India and the opportunity it presents for a hydrogen
economy in India.

Learning objectives:
• Natural and anthropogenic sources of hydrogen
• Technologies in the hydrogen value chain
• Policy landscape in India
• Perspectives for the hydrogen economy in India

M. Goel (B)
Climate Change Research Institute, Delhi, India
e-mail: maltigoel2008@gmail.com
Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, New Delhi, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024 11
M. Goel and G. Sen (eds.), Climate Action and Hydrogen Economy,
Green Energy and Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6237-2_2
12 M. Goel

Keywords Climate action · Hydrogen sources · Production pathways · Policies in

India · Perspectives

Abbreviations

AEM Anion Exchange Membrane

BHEL Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
BPCL Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited
CCUS Carbon capture, utilization and storage
COP Conference of Parties
GHG Greenhouse gas
GIFT Green Initiative for Future Transport
GIP Green Initiative for Power
GAIL Gas Authority India Ltd.
HESC Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain
HCF Hydrogen Corpus Fund
HPCL Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited
IEA International Energy Agency
ICE Internal Combustion Engine
ITER International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
ITSE Intermediate Temperature Steam Electrolyser
IOCL Indian Oil Corporation Limited
ISRO Indian Space Research Organization
MCFC Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
NAPCC National Action Plan on Climate Change
NDC Nationally Determined Contribution
NGHM National Green Hydrogen Mission
NTPC National Thermal Power Corporation
ONGC Oil & Natural Gas Corporation
PEM Proton Exchange Membrane
PCEC Proton Ceramic Electrolyser Cell
PLI Production-linked incentive
RIL Reliance Industries Ltd
SOEC Solid Oxide Electrolyser Cell
SIGHT Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
VPSA Vacuum pressure swing adsorption
3 ‘Ps’ of Hydrogen Economy in India: Production Pathways, Policies … 13

1 Introduction

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development has 17 sustainable development

goals (SDGs), adopted by the United Nations in 2015. It calls for making neces-
sary changes in the current pattern of growth to end poverty, protect the planet from
climate change, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The
climate change menaces are becoming real threats to the survival of the planet earth.
Fluctuating seasons, extreme weather events, swinging day-to-day temperatures,
and heat waves are household manifestations of anthropogenic climate change,
causing devastation and havoc to human health. There are predictions that nature’s
fury will affect tropical countries much more. The Climate Action: SDG13, demands
multiple actions for achieving sustainability by rapid decarbonization of
economies. The Paris Agreement on Climate Change targets limiting the global
temperature increase to well below 2 °C and suggests further restricting the rise to
1.5 °C. But both of these seem not feasible at the current rate of growth. Global
temperature has already increased 1.1 °C from the pre-industrial era. At the current
growth rate, the global temperature may increase by 2.9 °C near the end of the century.
In this context, the Conference of Parties (COPs) of the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) meet to discuss and urge
the member countries to take control of global climate change. The UNFCCC is
the international treaty evoked in 1992, at the Earth Summit held at Rio-de-Janeiro,
Brazil. It was agreed that although current assessments for temperature rise were
uncertain in the 1990s, the reduction in harmful greenhouse gas emissions from
fossil fuel use must be curtailed in the long run.
The science of global warming, however implies that the long-lived greenhouse
gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere would not respond immediately to the emission
cuts. After the first 50 countries ratified the Convention by 1994, negotiations began
among the developed and developing country Parties. Since then, the COP’s meetings
have been held annually (except for the COVID-19 pandemic year 2020), registering
national progress and negotiating future climate actions by the parties. In 2021, the
26th meeting of COPs has driven a move towards net zero emissions and taken
accelerated steps towards decarbonization. In the meeting, big economies pledged to
achieve net zero targets by 2050, while India proposed 2070 and China gave a target
of 2060. The COP27 meeting in 2022 held at Sharm-El-Shiekh, Egypt, affirmed and
it was agreed to set the limit on global temperature rise to 1.5 °C.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 6th Assessment report
projections for global surface temperature changes in degrees Celsius relative to
1850–1900 under the five core emissions scenarios, are shown in Fig. 1 [1]. It suggests
warming is ‘very likely’ to be 1.0–1.8 °C by 2081–2100 in the lowest emissions
SSP1–1.9 scenario, 2.1–3.5 °C in the intermediate SSP2–4.5 scenario, and 3.3–
5.7 °C under the SSP5–8.5 high emission scenario. In the lowest emissions scenario
SSP1–1.9 (light blue line), temperature reach 1.4 °C above 1850–1900 levels in
2081–2100, whereas it climbs 4.4 °C under SSP5–8.5 (dark red line).
Another random document with
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 The question of economy in time in handling the Incubator Cellar
had been a problem, which we finally solved by piping gas into the
Cellar and Brooder House, from the mains which are laid in the road
passing the Farm. Thus we did away with the danger of fire from
sixteen incubator lamps (for we now had in the cellar sixteen
machines) and the twenty Hover lamps, and the time and labor of
cleaning and filling them. We placed a governor on the gas main, so
that it was impossible to increase the pressure at any time of the day
or night, and the gas worked most satisfactorily in incubation and
brooding.
The extensions on the Farm planned for 1910 were a Cockerel
House, for the housing of breeding cockerels, and the widening and
lengthening of No. 1 Laying House. These alterations were made in
No. 1, so that it was an exact counterpart of Nos. 2 and 3. We also
planned, as soon as the breeding season was over, and the 1910
breeding pen was shipped to the various buyers who had purchased
these birds for August delivery (and the entire pen was sold early in
1910), to add another section to the Breeder House, and to build a
few more Colony Houses. Then we built what we thought would be
an adequate Office to handle the business of the Farm, but which
has since proved large enough for only one quarter of the present
requirements. We increased the size of the Egg Packing Room, and
installed a freezer with a capacity of over two thousand pounds of
green bone. This practically covers the enlargements on the plant for
1910.

Adopted Hot Water Incubators

For three years we had been investigating quietly the so-called
Mammoth Incubators, or in other words, the Coal Heated, Hot Water
Incubator, and before the close of the hatching season of 1911 we
had decided to install two such machines in a cellar 146 feet long by
22 feet wide—this cellar to be built so as to allow us to extend the
present Brooder House to the same length and width as the cellar.
This cellar has since been constructed, with a Brooder House over
it, so that we now have capacity for the incubation of 15,600 eggs at
one time.
 The Hot Water System for heating the air supplying the Hovers
has also been installed, and the Brooder House now has a capacity
of some 12,000 youngsters, before it is necessary to move any of
them to the Range.
The Breeder House has again been enlarged, and, with the
addition, a year hence, of another Breeding House, which is planned
to be 180 feet long by 16 feet wide, and a larger house for the
breeding of unrelated cockerels, The Corning Egg Farm will have
reached the limit planned for since the inception of the Farm. We
shall then have a capacity of 4500 sterile pullets, 3500 yearling hens
for breeding purposes, and housing for 1200 cockerels.

Why Great Farms Fail

One reads of Poultry Farms carrying anywhere from twenty to forty
thousand layers. Experience has taught us that the plant that gets
beyond the size where those financially interested can supervise and
know the condition of the Farm from one end to another daily, falls
down of its own weight, as it is impossible to find men, unless
financially interested, who will look after the endless details, which
spell success or ruin on a large poultry plant.
The planning and designing of all buildings on The Corning Egg
Farm was done by ourselves, and all the construction has been done
under our personal supervision. In the first two years we did not
contract even the labor, employing simply “handy men” who worked
with us under our instructions. Latterly, with the large amount of
routine and office work pressing upon us, we found it to be wise
economy to contract the labor, ourselves supplying the material and
supervising the work.
The buildings, with the arrangement of all equipment, are built in
accordance with ideas thought and worked out by ourselves, on lines
which seemed to us common sense, and economical in time and
money for the handling of Poultry.
Until within the last two years we had never seen another poultry
farm, and those we have seen have only strengthened our conviction
that no serious error has been made in laying out The Corning Egg
Farm Plant.
 CHAPTER II
Egg Farming the Most Profitable Branch of
Poultry Keeping
The profits are surer and larger. The reason this is not more widely
known is because, in the past, few people have been able to resist
the temptation of attempting to cover a number of the different
branches of poultry culture. They have tried to get into the “fancy,”
and have dreamed of taking a blue ribbon at Madison Square
Garden, or at some other large Show. Then the broiler branch has
engrossed their attention, and from that they have gone on to soft
roasters, and the other phases of the slaughter house side of poultry
for market purposes, and they have endeavored to cover all the
different branches from which money is made in poultry, while
entirely overlooking the fact that this is an age of specialization, and
that the person who would succeed in any business must make up
his mind to follow one branch of it, and bring that branch up to the
highest efficiency.

Developing the Great Layer

From the start the Builders of The Corning Egg Farm, at Bound
Brook, N. J., realized these conditions, and were never led into side
issues but gave their entire thought and attention to the development
of a great layer, realizing that if this was to be accomplished
everything except an egg must be considered a by-product, and
disposed of along the line of least resistance: in short carrying out
the Scriptural injunction, “This one thing I do.” This one thought has
been so successfully adhered to that the development of The
Corning Egg Farm in five years has been remarkable in its
production of the greatest laying type of hen yet produced, the
Corning Strain Single Comb White Leghorn, placing the Farm head
and shoulders above any other Egg Farm anywhere in the Country.
Egg Farming is profitable not only when carried on in a large way,
but, to the suburban dweller, a small number of hens in the back
yard is a profitable investment, and the system, as worked out on
The Corning Egg Farm, succeeds with a few hens, and enables the
owner of a small plot of land to always have sanitary, fresh eggs, to
reduce his grocery bills, and materially increase the pleasure of
suburban life.

Corning Method in Small Flocks

Two illustrations of the working out of the Corning Method in a
small way would doubtless be of interest. While it is true that the 16
feet wide House is the most desirable from all standpoints, the length
of the house may be anything from 20 feet to 200 feet, as the house
is of sectional construction, 20 feet being a section.
In the back yard of a gentleman living in Bound Brook was kept a
small pen of birds, in all eighteen, composed of hens and pullets.
These were a mixture of Barred Rocks and Rhode Island Reds. The
pullets were of early hatch and should have come into eggs at least
in the first week of October. The hens completed the moult much
earlier than is generally expected, and still the owner was without
eggs.
Different methods, and nostrums of guaranteed egg producing
foods, were tried, but all without success. After a call at The Corning
Egg Farm, he stated that in one week and three days the first eggs
were found in the nests, and the continuance of the Corning Method
of feeding and working the hens produced eggs steadily through the
Winter months, beginning with the middle of December, and the
birds continued to lay more than an average output until they went
into the moult the following Fall.
A gentleman, who has a small place within a mile of The Corning
Egg Farm, some four years ago purchased hatching eggs from our
Breeding Pen, and the following Fall he also bought a small pen of
Breeders. He aims to produce and carry through the Winter about
one hundred pullets, and for four years now, by adhering strictly to
the Corning Method, and with the Corning Strain Single Comb White
Leghorns, he has met with a success almost phenomenal.
Before he became conversant with the Corning Method (and with
the stock he was then carrying before beginning with the Corning
Strain) his success was represented by zero, but to-day his balance
sheets, which he displays with great pride, are extremely interesting
reading.
This gives a very fair illustration of two small flocks of different
size, and of the results obtained.

On Large Farms
Turning now to the story of two egg farms which have been built
within the last two years, one in New Jersey and the other in
Pennsylvania, we find again most interesting and successful
conditions.
The Pennsylvania Farm started its first season by the purchase
from us of fifteen hundred hatching eggs. The owner came to our
Farm and asked our assistance in planning his campaign of growth.
His hatch from the fifteen hundred eggs, and he never had run an
incubator before, was some 75 per cent. of all eggs set, and, by
following the feeding methods prescribed, his mortality was very low.
He placed in his Laying House that Fall some five hundred pullets,
and in July, 1910, he had sent us an order for three thousand eggs
for the season of 1911.
As he told this story on a visit to The Corning Egg Farm, in the
month of February, 1911, he had done the almost impossible, simply
by following the Method laid down in the literature published by The
Corning Egg Farm, and had made money from the second month
that his pullets had begun to lay. The quality of his eggs was such
that he took over the trade of the largest hotel in a neighboring city,
so far as he was able to supply their wants.
 PANORAMIC VIEW OF PART OF THE CORNING EGG FARM,
PHOTOGRAPHED IN OCTOBER, 1910.

The Jersey Egg Farm referred to is owned and run by a gentleman

of advanced years. His first season’s start was on a very small scale,
but he was most successful in bringing his pullets to the laying point,
and getting a remarkable output of eggs through the Winter months.
In his district he was able to dispose of all his eggs to people who
came to the door and paid the cash for them at prices ten to twenty
cents per dozen above the market. The Corning Egg Farm received
from him a very large order for hatching eggs for the season of 1911,
and this Fall he had an elegant flock of pullets ready to house and
turn out an ever increasing supply of eggs for the coming Winter.
These four illustrations are a few of the many which The Corning
Egg Farm is able to point to as the result of the use of its Method.
 CHAPTER III
What is a Fresh Egg?—An Egg Should be
Sanitary as Well as Fresh
The answer one generally gets to this query is, an egg so many
hours old, and, as the average grocer prints the card, “just laid.”
“Fresh” and “new laid,” as applied to eggs, mean nothing. Hens
improperly fed lay eggs not only often unpalatable, but that are
carriers of disease. The hen’s productive organs are so constructed
that bacteria which she may take into her crop with impure food are
passed into the egg.

Manure Drainage to Drink

An egg being eighty per cent. water, consider the effect on eggs
produced by the farmers’ flocks, where the water supply is mainly
pools in the barn yard, which receive the drainage from the manure
piles, and where the principal food supply is scratched out of manure
heaps, consisting of undigested grain that has already passed
through another animal.
A hen must have a large proportion of animal food to lay well, and
to produce rich, nutritious eggs.

Diseased Meat to Eat

Consider what in many instances this animal food consists of,
carcasses of glandered horses, tuberculous cows, and putrid and
maggoty meat. If a dish of putrid beef were placed on the table
before people they would shrink back in horror, yet they will eat eggs
which have been produced by hens which have been fed on these
identical ingredients, apparently entirely oblivious of the fact that the
hen performs no miracle in the production of an egg, but simply
manufactures the egg from the materials, whatever they may be,
which she gathers into her system.

As the Food, so the Egg

The Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, says that while such conditions undoubtedly do exist it
cannot be proven that such eggs are shipped from State to State,
and that, therefore, it does not come under the jurisdiction of the
Interstate Commerce Commission, and cannot be controlled under
the National Pure Food Law.
What is needed, then, is to know that eggs are not only fresh, but
sanitary. The Corning Egg Farm layers are fed the best quality of
grains and meals that can be procured. The animal food is supplied
by fresh, green bone, cut and prepared daily. This bone comes from
inspected cattle only, and the Farm is equipped with a large freezing
plant for the purpose of carrying the bone in a perfectly fresh
condition. The hens are housed and cared for under absolutely
sanitary conditions.

A Perfect Egg a Rarity

The growing interest in Poultry Culture is bringing the Public to a
realization of the fallacy of the old idea that “any egg not rotten must
be a good egg.” Comparatively few people have ever eaten a perfect
egg. With the growth of real egg farms through the country, the time
is approaching when the words “fresh” or “strictly fresh” will no longer
mean anything to the purchaser, and the word “sanitary” will take
their place, and in some way the egg trade will be controlled, and the
grocer, and butcher, and peddlers of eggs, will not be allowed to put
cold storage eggs out as a sanitary article of food.
Some of the New York papers are now beginning to agitate the
question of Sanitary Eggs, notably the New York Commercial, which
is a leader in this educational line. The day is coming when the
person who is operating an egg farm that is known to produce the
egg of real quality will have no difficulty in obtaining the price that
such an article is really worth.

Unlimited Demand for Quality Eggs

There is an unlimited demand for an egg which can be depended
upon as to quality. The difficulty that the seller meets with when
going to a hotel or restaurant is the fact that the proprietor has been
fooled many times. As they have put it, “people start well, and for a
time keep up the quantity, and the quality is all right, but when the
stringent time of year comes they fall down as to quantity, and a little
later they have evidently been tempted to keep up the quantity by
gathering eggs from other sources than their own, and then we meet
with the questionable pleasure of having a patron at our tables return
to us an egg just ready to hatch.”
When one seeks private trade for the output of his hennery it is
possible to obtain extreme prices, provided the buyers can be
convinced of the absolutely high quality of what they are purchasing.
In New York, last year, for a few weeks, a man, gotten up as a
veritable “hay-seed” farmer, sold eggs from house to house through
the streets running from 45th to 65th, in large quantities. They were
all marked in red ink with the date on which they were said to be laid.
He did not last very long, and his liberty was curtailed, and for
some time he graced one of the free institutions where iron bars
obstruct the view of the surrounding country. It developed that this
enterprising crook was buying the culls from cold storage houses,
and, in a basement on 43d Street near the North River, he had eight
girls steadily at work marking the alleged dates when these eggs
were laid.
The difficulty seems to be that when you reach the question of a
“fresh egg,” everyone, almost, becomes a fakir. The grocers, many
of them, buy case after case of storage eggs, and, when the retail
price reaches sixty-five cents a dozen for so called “fresh eggs,” they
are supplying all buyers with the cold storage product, in quantities
practically unlimited. Their counters are always decorated with
baskets of these “just laid, perfectly fresh eggs.”
 Therefore, it becomes necessary for the Egg Farmer to satisfy
customers, beyond peradventure, as to his ability to himself supply
the goods which he contracts to deliver, and after once doing this his
experience will be the same as that of The Corning Egg Farm, not to
be able to keep and properly look after enough hens to turn out half
the eggs he could sell at profitable prices, because the price he asks
does not discourage customers who are willing to pay well for a
really satisfactory article.
The following is the basis on which The Corning Egg Farm makes
all its contracts for table eggs.
 Sunny Slope Farm
(The Great Corning Egg Farm)
PRODUCES

Eggs for the Table

“WHICH CANNOT BE SURPASSED”

WHITE,
THEY ARE: STERILE,
SANITARY,
FRESH,

STERILE.—The hens producing Eggs for

the Table are housed by themselves
and their eggs do not contain the life
germ, giving a purity not otherwise
obtained.
SANITARY,—because of the clean, fresh
air housing and best quality of pure
food and water. People are learning
the necessity of investigating the
source from which Eggs come more
carefully than milk or water, as it is
now known that Eggs can be a
greater carrier of disease than either
milk or water.
FRESH,—because eggs laid one day are
delivered the next.
OUR METHODS and feeding formulas
give these eggs a delicious flavor,
peculiarly their own.
EVERY EGG sold by us is produced on
Sunny Slope Farm, and is guaranteed
 as above stated.
ONCE BOUGHT, ALWAYS SOUGHT

Sunny Slope Farm

BOUND BROOK NEW JERSEY.
 CHAPTER IV
Preparation of Eggs for Market
If high prices are to be obtained for eggs they must not only be
good, but have a look of “class,” to the would be purchaser. They
must be spotlessly clean, and, as far as possible, each dozen should
present a uniform appearance.
One is able to know each day the exact price of the class of eggs
which he is selling, for the Egg Market is like the Stock or Bond
Market, and one who is in the Egg business is dealing with a
commodity which at all times is salable at a price. At The Corning
Egg Farm we receive daily the reports from the Exchange, as given
in the New York Commercial. These are cut out and placed in a
scrap book, so that, from year to year, we are able to tell exactly
what the conditions were on any given date, and form a very close
idea as to what can be expected in regard to prices. And so we have
an absolute basis of prices for contracts.
The nearest quotation to the egg which is produced by The
Corning Egg Farm is what is termed “State Pa. and nearby Hennery,
white, fancy, large.” This we take as a basis and arrange our prices
from it daily, adding the advance which the Corning sanitary table
egg brings.
 30 DOZEN CORNING SANITARY FRESH EGGS READY TO SHIP

It is quite impossible, with the growth of the country and the

demand for better things in all food products, to over-do the
production of Sanitary Eggs.
The following pages show the manner in which the quotations are
placed in our Scrap Book.
 CHAPTER V
The Selection of the Breed—The Strain is of
Utmost Importance
To a man engaging in any branch of Poultry Culture the selection
of the proper breed is of grave importance, but to the man who is
planning an Egg Farm it is without doubt of graver importance than
where any other branch of the poultry business is to be carried on.
For many years different localities have believed that there was
very decided merit in the different colored egg shells. The Culture of
Boston was certain that the dark shell contained an egg with a richer
flavor, while New York and vicinity would believe in nothing but the
white shelled egg. It is, however, noted with interest that the Culture
of Boston has discovered that the color of the shell really has nothing
to do with the flavor of the egg, and to-day the rigid adherence to a
premium paid for the dark shelled egg, generally throughout the New
England States, is rapidly passing into history.