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    2015 227413 Sanskrit-In

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    SANSKRIT IN INDO! by Dr. J, Gonda Professor of Sanskrit and Indonesian Linguistics, Terecht (Holland) International Academy of Indian Culture ij ‘Nagpur (India) 41952 SARASVATI VIHARA SERIES EDITED BY RAGHU VIRA, w.4,, vr... p. oie. em pin, Director, International Academy of Indian Culture, Nagpur TN COLLABORATION WITH OUHER SCHOLARS Volume 28 SANSKRIT IN INDONESI Published by ‘Dr. Lokesb Chanda Secretary The International Academy of Indian Culture Negpur Printed by W. D. Ojba Manager, Arya Bharati Mndronalaye, Negpur CONTENTS Preface, 2 ee Abbraviations, 66 6 6 ee ee ee I, Introductory. i 1. On the IN. Languages in Genova. / ee 2. On Lorowords in the IN. Languages in General... 6. 2 1 ee 3. Tho Ancient Connections between India und Indonesia... 2 6 se IL. Tho Spread of Sanekrit over Indonesia. _ 1. How aid Sanskrit Reach Indonesia, © 2 ee 2 Indian Alphabets in Indonesia. - 2 ee ee 8, Tadian Elements in the Minor Languages of Indonesia. 2 2. 2 (i) The Réle of Malay and Javanoro, 6 6 6 ee ee (i) The Languages of Celeboe, 6 ee ee ee ee (ii) The Islands Hast of Bali; ee ee Gv) Bi (w) Philippine Languages. 6. 0 ee ee (vi) Languages of Sumatra : Gayo and Achebnese. (vii) Languages of Sumatra: Batak. 6. ee (Wii) Nis, (ix) 4. General Review of e Number of Widespread Wordy, 2. 6 2 5. Borrowing by Way of Dravidian Lan; 6. Borrowing by Two Ways, 6. ee ee ee 7. The Infiltcation of Sauskrit througl the Medium of Learning and Written Tests. ©. See ee TEL. Sanskrit Loan-words from the Point of View of the History of Civilization. 1. Goda, Mythological and Legendary Higares, and Hinds Denominations. . 2. Doath aud the Life Heresiter.. 2 2 ee 3, Religion and Mysticiem in Goneval. ©. 2 ee ee 4, Bites, Geremonies and Law. oe pene re OB 6. Medicine. 0 ee ee 6. Arehitecture. ee 7 Namorals and Ohronologys ss eel 8. Some Al 9 Botanical Names. 6 6 0 ee ee ee JO. Names of Persons. 6 ee ee LL. Geographical Names ee ee ee mobTerms. - ee ee 32 83 33 38 46 aL 52 ar 100 180 146 165 167 189 196 199 202 205 212 216 TV. Ontwrard Appesrsnes of the Borrowed Words, 1. Phonetic History of the Senskrit Hloment in IN. Languages. . . . . 299 @) Avaptysis or Svarabhalti, 6. eee 888 (i) Dissimiiationn Se 288 (iii) Spovteneous Negalization eto. 2. 6. ee ee wy 288 (iv) Other Consonaxtal Bpentbesis <6 ee. 886 () BaphonioTocertion. ©. oe ee ORF (wi) Baplology. 6 see eee ee ee ey 28T (ii) Metathatin ee. O87 (iit) Treatment of Vowel. 6. ee eS 889 (ix) The Vowel of the Penult.. 6 ee. a {x} Tho Vowel of the Antepenult, 2 6 ee ee ee 243 {ai) Moro Inelieatal Vooalie Change. 6... Ome (aii) Some Groupa Consisting of Conzonant and Vowel... . . . 945 Gil) Aspieates and 888 (xiv) Contraction, .°- . ee Ly Se ee ek 248 {xx) Trentment of Other Consonants. . 6... 288 Gl) Oust ee ee BBL Gvii) Teestmont of Ivitial Nesals. ©... ae (ii) Altermsting Nosals se eS 88 (xix) Diseyltebism ond Aphacresin ©. 253 (sx) “Brothetie’ Vowelb 2 ee 257 Gri Sysco ee ate (xsil) More Sporadic Ohange, 6 2 ee ong (xxii) Venison as to the Form of the Words... . , . |)! ggg QMorpbolosy. oe eee eee 3) Seaskrit Stems as Ropreseated in Indonesia. coo tne Gi) Sansbtit Flestion io Indonesia, se i 3. Matua! Influenes of Words. 2... om () Secondary Bases in -i in Indonesia. — : Soo ms Blending ©. ee ee ee (ii) Motomiysiss. 2 tt 28h liv) Popular Etymology and Adeptetion.- 2. | |) SS (wv) Retrograde Derivation... 2... . Titi Be (wi) Duplisetion oe 8 4 Morphology ye sooo | @ate i 8 t fi) Compomds 1 Gi) Hybrid Aggrogutins. «2 2 2. 800 i 5, Differentiation and the Development of Homonyme, . |. | SOP i (0 Diferontistion, ts me 0 6°45 . 818 . {iv) (i) Homonyins, © ee ee ee BLD 6. Various Etymological Problema. . . . . . e+e ee es BOL . Ohange of Meaning, 1, General Remarks. © 2) ee ee ee ee 888 2 Semantic Change and Historical Hvolotion, . ©... . . s+ - 380 8. Narrowing and Widening of Meening. . . . . 1... . - - + 887 4, Mobaphors and Other Semantic Ohanges. . . 2. 1 1 1 1 + + 849 5, Tabu, Buphemism ete. 2 1 Ne es BBE 6. Matual Influeneo of Words from the Point of View of Semantics. . . 870 7. Complications and Problems... . . 6 ee ee ee BIT 8. Special Semantic Changes in the Languages of Literature and Courtesy. 383 VI, The Reaction of the IN. Languages to the Influence of Sanskrit. 1 The Structure of Words and Sentences. . - . . .. 2... . 886 9. Loan-Translations, . - ee ee ee ee AON 3.The Reception of Sanskrit-Loans into the Standard Language and Special Vocabularies, ©. 2 6 ee 408 4, Sanskrit-Loans and Modern Times. - 2... 2... 1... 48 APPENDICES 1, Sanekr ‘Loans in Indonesia, Indian Sanskrity and Sanskrit Lexicography. 498 2, Sanskrit in the West by Way of Indonesia. . 2. 2. 1... AB INDICES A Senshi, ee a8 2, Middle and New Indo-Aryan Languages... . 2. 2... 469 3. Indonesian Languages... . 2... Addenda et Corrigenda, . . . ee ee LAB (x) : 1 FOREWORD “Sanskrit in Indonesia” will speak for itself. It isan exhaustive study—amazing in these days—done with great ability, knowledge, care and love. It is fascinating reading, for Indonesians in particular, the origins and the relations to it of these words, the bearers of so many ideas, and to imagine the great impact of one culture upon another, of one language upon the other. Language is created, exists and is developing to serve the people, the nation, the society in general. It is a product of history, of many epochs. The inclusion of so many words of Sanskrit origin in many Indonesian languages, is the product of the cra of great development in India in the first centuries A.D. The languages in the archipelago have taken a certain shape, they have been enriched by these Sanskrit words, developed and refined, Since then, Indonesia has been through’ periods of decline and progress. ‘The languages have served so many cultures, Buddhist onginally and later on Hindu, but also Muslim, the ‘period of internal,strife and of foreign domination and now are serving a new era in Indonesia. A great many of these numerous words will certainly continue in the process of growth and development of the hving languages of Indonesia, and certainly will play a very important role in the further development of Javanese and of the Bahasa Indonesia, the national language. So, Sanskrit still forms, and will continue to form a great hnk between many living languages of this part in Asia, particularly of the peoples in India and Indonesia. It is for this reason that Professor Raghu Vira insisted that being the Representative of Indonesia to India, I should have the honour of writing this foreword. With me, a great many, both in India and Indonesia will be grateful to the author of this book and to the International Academy of Indian Culture for publishing it. It will stimulate thought for further studies among linguists in Asia and also create more interest among others for closer cultsral ties. It is one of those rare examples that will, substantially and by itself, create better understanding and goodwill between two nations. SoEDARSONO: (Ambassador for the Republic of Indonesia in India ) New Delhi 11th December 1952 PREFACE This book is primarily intended to meet the requirements of all those scholars and other readers who take an interest in the many aspects of the linguistic and cultural relations between India and Indonesia, The author, not aiming at anything like completeness, has given a prominent place to more important topics and established facts and has focussed the ‘attention not so much on etymological possibilities and speculations as on the main problems connected with the spread of Sanskrit in the Indonesian archipelago. The publication of this work has been made possible by the activity and generosity of the International Academy of Indian Culture, Nagpur. The author therefore readily takes the opportunity of expres- ing his deep obligation to the Academy's director, Prof. Dr. Raghu Vira for his keen interest in the subject of the book and for his willingness to publish it in the Sarasvati Vihara Series. If this work will help in some measure to realise the noble aims and ideals which the Nagpur Academy has in view, the author’s labour will be amply repaid. A special debt of gratitude is also due to the Academy's zealous secretary, Dr. Lokesh Chandra, who has been indefatigable in correc- ting the proofs and in drawing the author's attention to Tacunas in the press-copy. He, moreover, suggested adding many words and meaninge to those already entered and was unremitting in the care with which he checked the author’s statements in connection with Hindi and other Indian words, . The index which has been added to the volume will be found incomplete. We did not, indeed, try to make it exhaustive, but sugges- tiye only of the Sanskrit elements discussed. J. Genda (vii) ABBREVIATIONS A. LANGUAGES Ardhamigadby Mac. Macassar (Colebex) Arabic Mad. Madoress Balinese Mah. Mabdristri Bare’s (Golebes) Mal. Maly Batak (Sumatra) Mar. Maright ‘Benga}y MIA. Middle Indo-Aryan Buginese (Catebes) Mix. Minangkabau Boglish NIA. New Indo-Aryan Frenoh OSay. —Ola-Tavanese Gujarati Pat. Hindustiai, Hind Sour. Indo-Huropesn Singh. _Singhalese Indonesian Sp. Spanish Italian Sund. Sundanere (Java) Javanese Tog. Tagalog (Philippines) Kero-Batak Tom Tamil Latin TBat. —Toba-Batek Ybaon B. BOOKS AND PERIODICATS (The Ola-Javanose) Adiparwa, edited by H. H. Juynbott, The Fague 1906. (Tho Old-Javanese poom) Bhomakawya, edited by RB, Priederich, ‘VEG. EXIV, Batavia 1859, Bijaragen tot do Taal-, Land- en Volkeukunde van Nederlandech- Indié, vol,1-104, and Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkuade, vol. 105— edited by the Koninklijt Inetitaut, The Hague 1853—, (The O1d-Javanose) Brabmipdaparins, edited by J. Gonda, Ban. dang 1932, Bulletin of the School of Oriental (nd African) Studies, London. (The Ol4-Javanese poom) Bhirata-Yuddha, edited by J.@. H. Gunning, The Hague 1903, Harvard Journal of Asintie Studiee, Cambridge Mass. H. Yaleand A.C, Buell, Hobson-J sbaon, new 0d. by W. Crooke. Fournsl of ths Acnerican tal Society, New Haven Conn. Journal of the Royal Asiatio Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Londor. Drie booken: H. H. Jayoholl, Drie boeken van heb Oudjavaansohe Wal. or Woordenlij ‘Mahabharata, Leyden 1898, H. H, Jaynboll, Oudjsvaauach-Nederlandsche ‘Woordeniijst, Leyden 1928 HN. van der Touk, Kawi-Balinoosoh-Nederlandech Woordeu- book, & vol., Batavia 1897-1919, 4H, Kern, Vorapreida Geschriften, 15 vol, The Hague 1919-1999, (ix) ‘bh. The Mahabharata. MED. A Msay-Enetish Di ua Is Soeidts de Linguine? onary, 2 vol. Matilene. Grecee 1952. fo de Paris, Paris. pire: de i We Mosier Wiliame, A Sausiti-Hnglich Dictionary, new edition, Os'ord 1899. fold Tuvanave pen) NGgerarbigames ofited hy A Kern, ¥.G- vit and. VITL The Old-Tavanete Raviiyays, edited by H. Kern. Petrograd Distionery, je. O. Bohilingk wad He Both, Sanskrit. sWarterhveh, 7 rol. Porregrad 1855-1875. Th, Pigevtl, Javaona-Nederlands Hand woordenbovk, Groningen 1988. Piachsl, GPS. B. schel, Grorormtix der Prakrit- Sprachen, Strassbues 1900. Raw. Ban dyens, Tho O'd-Javano:e Bim. was edited by H. Korn, The Flogue 1900. BY. Ragveda-cemmbité. we. ‘Tijdccbrits vee heb Betaviane Gensotschp, ie. Tijdschrift voor Jodishe Teal, Land. en Volkonkonte, edited by the Batavians Gensotschan voor Kunsten oa Wetensshappen, Batavia Jakarta. yan der Tank, KEW. : s€8 KBW. VEG. ‘Vorhandelirgen ven bet Betaviass Gonootvehap van Kunstes en Weteo- chanpaa, Batavin VEL Vorhandetingen van heb Kontablijk Institunt voor Tasl-, Land- en Vi onde, Batzvia-Jakarta. Witlinsons MED : see MED. Wir. Wi dpparven : The Old-Javanoss text weseditedby H.H. Juynboll, ‘The Hague 1912; pert of ik also by A. A. Fokker, The Hegue 3988, 2DMG. Zoitschsift der destachen morgenléndisohen Goze sebaft, Laipsic. C. GuND coll. or. : a? jn the same mesning if. in fine compoaitl, i.e. ab the end of s compound xa. Widung : the kidungs are @ oles of ancient Javanese poems dealing with bistorieal, legendary and otber themes, and writton in a less igh and artificial style than the kivya poama (kakawins) we. rama, 4.2, the Javanoes voosbulary of courtesy wri. crams ingeil, i.e. the limited Javanese vocabulary used in eddrens- ing, ot speaking of, highly pluce yersonk ib, literary (style) mod. modern ne ngoko, he. the Javanese azote’ i ae neste LetbeTeran ‘voonbulary of familiarity and inforwal ree. regional sx) GENERAL REMARKS: In instancing Indonesian words thoir orthography has been brought into harmony with the usual method of transeribing Sanskri modern orthography of the main languages bi of Old Javanese books etc. are, however, wril cares the » in general, been sdopted. Titles toa in the Sanskrit wa: In Moder-Javaneee » final @ is pronounced as the a in Hog!. water, A written ain s penult precoding such an a likewise represonts that aonods when one consonant, # consonsnt proceded by ity homorgenie nasal, or sis follow. Thus both vowels ate pronotinced as the 6 in water ii i mata, tampa, gaiiea. (zi) LINGUISTIC MAP OF INDONESIA Legenda D_ Indonesian languages I PHILIPPINE GROUP 1 Formosan 2 Batan 3 Tagalog 4 Moko 5 Tico! 6 Bisaya 7 Ibunag # Igorot 9 Magindenao 10 Tingyan 1 Dadayay 12 Sulu 18 Palau 14 Sangire-e aud Talaud 14s Bantik Lb Beatenan 15 Bolaang.Mongon- dow Lf Tambutn Tonsen Tondano sub-group 17 Tontemboun Tonsawang -geoup (14-17 usually called axb-Philippine languages) PMATRA GROUP 1 Achebnove 2 Gayo 2 Batak idioms (a Karo b Toba 0 Simalungun @ Mandailing and Angkola) 4 Minangkabau 4° Labu 5 Malay (e Riau Malay b Jakarta Malay ¢ Kuba @ Moluecan Matay) 6 eo-called Middle-Malay 7 Rejang SLampong 9 Simalar 10 Nias 11 Mentawsy 12 Enggano 13 Lontiong 14 aud 15 other Samatran dialects Hi JAVA GROUP * 1Sundaneso 2 Javanese 4 Madurese TV BORN SROUP (so-called Dayak or Dyak languages) Klemantan languages 2 Iban lanyunges 8 Ob-Danum languages 4 Kenja group 3 Marni group 6 Milano BAJO or language of the sea nomads \LINESE AND LANGUAGES WITCH ARB NEARLY RELATED TO 1T 1 Balinese 2 Saeak 4 Sumbawa VE GORONTS1.0 GROUP 1.Balanga 2Kaidipan 3 Gorontalo 4 Beool VIL TOMINE LANGUAGES VET TORAIA TANGUAGES Kaiti QKulawi 3 Pipikoro 4 Napa 5 Bada ete. 6 Leboni 7 Bare’e 5 Wobw IX LOINANG GROUP [Xa BANGGAT IDIOMS. XS BUNGKU-DAKE GROUP XML LANGUAGES OF SOUTH CEIRBES I Mooassar 2 Buginese 8 Lawn idions 4 Sa’dan Santh G T other idioms of NIT TANGUAGES O8 HU! MUN\.BUTON (BUTUNG) GROUP XML BIMA-SUaMBA GROUP 1 Bima 2 Manggarai (Wlores) 8 Nyad’s (lores) 4 and 5 dialects uf Sumba, 6 Hawn DBON-LIMOR GROUP 2 Solorese (language of Solor) 5 Timorese (language of Timor) 7 Rotinose (language of Roti) 10 Kisar il Leti 13 Taninbar 18 and 19 Ceram languages 21 Panta 3, 4 ete. other languages XY SERA LANGUAGE XVE SOUT UALMABERA MOMS A I South Halmahera idioms 9 Nnfor Austro-Asiatic languages Non-Indonesian languages of North Halmahera Papua languages Melanesian languages wD RELATED TANGUAG aQtna CHAPTER [ SECTION 1 ON THE INDONESIAN LANGUAGHS IN GENERAL As is woll known, the IN. tongues may be said to form a linguistic family of their own, or to belong to she much more extended group of the Austronesian languages, which has oven bean combined with other groups into the Austne family. So it would bo impossible to deal with the subject’ proper of this book before giving a cursory survey of tho most important characteristics of the IN- languages and showing at whic! ~ the structara of Sanskr:t which is an Indoeuropean language. According to the adherents of a method of classifying languages which has long enjoyed popularity and, at first right, caems to’ afford a good basis for distinguishing them by saliont features, IN, usad to be considered as agglutinative, while TH. as inflectional or syathstic. Languages of the aggtutinative type were held to be marked by agglutination into x single word of various elements each with @ fixed connotation ond each, while preserving its individuality, meckanicslly added to the complex constituting a word. The synthetic or inflec- tional class was, on the other hand, regarded as distinguished from the ageluti- native type in that the elements composing words have now become soamalgamated with oach other that, apart from an historical enslysis, they-can no longer bo separated from the complox as a whole, used as a word. ‘This scheme of classification has, however, proved inappropriate. Ib leads, for ono thing, to grave misunderstendings to aay that-in agglutinative languages individual elements are, es a rule, mecbanicaily added to or separated from the complex constituting a word, and devices supposed to be typical of them may also o¢our in languages belonging to other classes, and vice versa. Historical stages or supposed historical stages are, morsover, apt tobe substituted for the contemporaneous or actual tages of the language. We shall, therefore, refrain from using the terminology adopted by those who favoured such systems of chatactorizing languages, aud, for practical reasons, confine ourselves to presenting, in a comparative way, a general view of IN languagea as they were and are daring the period in which they. have been in- fluenced by Sansbrit.' ‘Whoress ia the If, domsin linguistio aflinities ara often veiled by the infu- ence of intornal factors as well asevonts of economio, religious, and political nature which have been operative in producing many such divergensies as exist, for exam- ple, between Hindi and English, between Sanskrit and South African Dutobs or between Latin and modern Persian, one of the salient feabures in the IN. family, the territory of which consists almost exclusively of islaads, is, in general and leaving aside more or less particalar ensea, the homogeneity of their structure and the comparatively high degree of re:emblenca they have to each other. There exist, of course, many conspicuous points of difference between Tagalog (Philippines) and Gayo (Sumatra), betweoa Baréo (Celebes) and Old-Javaness, but various traits of their grammar, thei phonetics, morphology and syutax, outstanding charactoristios of which ave essentially of the same pature. points they differ £ 2 SANSRRYZ TN TNDONBSIA The vowel ssatems of IN. laoguages exhibit s high degree of andormity, Sonsiis possesses, tho diphthongs ineluded but not the vowols affected by a nasal, 33 dilfereas vowels. in IN. languages, however» the samber of vowel phonomes is, in general, esitod. alshoagh there is, of coarse, from the purely phonetical point of “hee, much roow for nondistinetive variation of eacb Daowemes ‘Tagalog possessé phocologisally spesking no ze0re thaa a very simple three-vowel systeu ; a high Front vowal (2 & low indifferent vowrel (a), and a high back vowel (x). Thoro is, Lowerensa vowel, of frequent IN. oveurtancs whiab isleokingin Sanstci , but though variously prououneed, fairly rexembles the Hindi a # or the ® (written o) ia Engl. Grave the? (writkan 6) fo Engl. the dog. In Sanekrit many pairs of words are diatin- gnishad by the quantity of oe of their vowels : dina- feat ‘day’: dina- WA ‘gud, weal't sula- QW sou’: sia GX ‘chariotecr’. Ia Javanose, Malay snd ther languages of tho Archipelago which borrowed many Sanskeié words such Spposites are uakrowo, as thero is, as a rule, no phonologioal gradation of qnantity.? IN. Iongoages and Sazskrid are in g with each otter in that Ahpbihougs play o limited pact, Sansteris hes only af and au, in IN. af au us fare those whieh are most commonly met with, but they only eppear exceptionally in oyllablos other ter Ue fiaal, aud some Inaguages have modified, monophtbone ‘gued or reduced them to one of their componente. ‘Ths consonant systam of an IN. language is, generally speaking» rather simple Si-has irate series askh %, ch @ oto, aro lacking except for a very interesting ease like, the Maduzose gh, ib, di, dh, bb (no corresponding Mh ote.). Whereas Javanese, lize Suaskris, Praxrits, and modern Isdian languages, possessos acerie: of socalled retrofiessa side by sido wicn the dentals (thus Jav. ¢ produced by raising the tip of the tongue or curling it beck and apsard beside tformed by the tongs approximating the tips of the teeth). Metay and other Ianguages have only one series. Ia general apirants other than s are absent: Sanskrit likewise has n0 spirants, threo voiceless sibilants j W, ¢@ands a exeepted, In many of these idioms the gloital stop (9) is,howover, a regular element. ‘Thug, the sounds of the Javanese language might be srrenged according to the following eshomo :* Vows: a eiowé Consonants: p bm tdadn lw td@ sh cf R Fy kg ts g (alottal stop) __ The ascent iy, a2 vale, uot strongly marked and often difioult to deter. mine, But the acsentnstion of individual languages may be considerably varied. Tho nature of the ‘prosodic features’ ia general —L prafer this term to ‘aystom of accentuation’, beoauso, to mention only this, quantity often plays an important part in the phenomena meant by ‘acoonbuation’ in the grammars—is often, moreover, still insufficiently known, Yet, it is clear that we often have to take into account the dominant aocont of the breath.group, by which the ‘prosodic foatotes of its components may be profoundly modified. Another point of moment is that stress, tone, quantity may very often be entirely disregarded SANSKRIT IN INDONESIA 3 from the phonological point of view. Passing on to the form of words we must first romark that one of the most oatatanding charactoristics of the Archipelago consists in their tendency to a dis- syllabie structure, About 96 per cont of the ‘word-bases’ which are supposed to have existed already in Original IN. are dissyllabic*, and in modorn Javanese over 85 per cant of them have two syllables. The same language, like most of the cognate idioms®, prefers a regular alternation of con-oaznts and vowels to Groups of phonemes of either class. Initia! consonant clusters (which ere freaueat 1m Sanskrit): ksa T, yea % tra A nya Sh stra ¥F, and finel groups of the same kind (which are rare) are, as a rile, not admitted; a group of three and many groups of two consonants are avoided in the middle of @ word Gn Sanskrit such clusters as pf CA pn H, my % ot =H, ty Re ndr AH ote. aie far from beleg uncommon). Like Sanskrit, Javanese unquestionably refrains irom two vowels following each other in the same word. Javanose and other IN. languages prefer a consonantal beginning of a word to a yooalict in Malay the proportion is about 10:1, in Sanskrit about 44: 1. Finals are, likewise, pre- ierably consonants; in Sanskrit, where consonants occurring as nels are limited, vowels ate, comparatively speaking, frequent in that position. Thus, words lige the Malay burwi ‘bird’, quai ‘mountain’, mulut ‘mouth’, bébun ‘enclosed garden’, rumak “bouse’, Javaneso sugih ‘rich’, tipis ‘thin’, waras ‘recovered’ belong, as to their outward form, to the most common type. But the type Mal. mata ‘eyo’, Jav. kali ‘river’ is far from being infrequent. As regards the dissyllabic word-form, is must, however, be added that in practice many words of three or four syllables ara found, beesuse two types of word-formation, which are tho most ontstending, vis. derivation by means of affixes, and the formation by means of tnsystematic insertion—both of whick devices will be deals with later—result in longer worda: Jav. babad an ‘clear- ang’ beside baad ‘to clear forosta’ and fi.time: ‘found, met with’ beside tému ‘poeeting’ axe instaness of the former process, Gayo (Sumatra) timpapak beside tapak ‘palm (of the head)’ acase of the latter, And as to clusters, some ara admitted: in Javanese, for instance, pl, pr, gr, i, ete. are, espeaially at the beginning of the word, frequently founds but never at the end. In the intonor of the dissyllabic IN. word-base tho group coolusive and preceding homorganie nasal is very often met with, the combinations of 7 ov I with an occlusive aro no’ searce ot only oceasionelly found. Ia modern Javaness, word-bases of the type represented by simbah ‘the Indonesian abjali’, tombi ‘medicine’, tanda ‘signs mark’, buikar ‘unpacked’, number over 2300, end worde with medial clusters like mpl, kr some hundreds, The IN. ‘internal’ neeels and liquids are, however, generally speaking, ofien rather debile: there are many variants of doublets (Mal. maikis: matis ‘to defy’) ond some native alpbabess systematically omit writing the internal nasal before an occlusive or use distinct lottere to indicate mp ete., in which the occlusive element is often weak or lieble to change. A fow words must be said about the analysis of words. Monosyllabie ‘roots’, as @ rule consisting of consonant, vowel, consonant, and usually represented by the second syllable of the word-base, often cour unchanged—or changed in accor dance wit more or less definite principles or phonetic laws—through many serios of words with similar meaning. Thece words or roots repeatedly reour in many 4 SANSRRIT IN INDONESIA Innguases, ‘Thos, the Malay, Tagalog ete, nipis ‘thin, tenaous! contains the same ‘root pis (to which we nsoribe the general meaning of thinness or sm Hoes) as the Malay and Old-Javanese tipis ‘thin, delicate’, the OJav. tapis ‘small’ in ma-napis ce in size’, and so on. These IN. roots must not be regarded as rexewbling in which the coasonents are held together in different forma by Is varying in acoordance with the ides which it is desired to express: in Hebrew, ganad ‘he bas stolen’, ganib ‘stolen’, gondb ‘stealing’, Nor must the Indoouropean Ablaut be considered a parallel either: this inherited systematic vows! gradation, which arose under accontual and other conditions of the parent speech which were widely divergent from conditions in Original Indo- nosian, has come to perform: important grammatical and semantic functions: Skt. dena. 2 ‘gol: daiye- 2a ‘divine’; namyate TIA ‘to be bent or bowed passive beside nomati aafX “to band’: naimyate WFAA passive beside the causative ‘to cause to bow or sink’. Bat the IN. phenomenon of so-called reot-vatiation does not, as a rule, convey togular differences ot variations of meaning; ouly a tendeney to sound-symbolism and other more or less unsystematie devices can be observed, Although there are xoots that can serra as word-bases, and in coveral eases, bases may be formed from the doubled or reduplicated root (OTav. laliak ‘to peel’, Mal. kikir ‘file’), although, moreover, the proses of developing an initial sound before the root (the so-called prothesis) is ropeatedly instrumental in for:n- ing dissyllabio ‘bases’, the mos common method of fashioning word-bases eon- sists fm the indissoluble union of a formative element (which in much the Jargost puuiber of cases copies the first place) with the root. ‘Thus, ia Maley daln ‘eivoling round a central point’, gilit ‘rolling’, guliis ‘rolling slong’ we di Hinguish a root lis and the preformative elemonts Ba-, gi-, gu Sanskrit words, on the other band, are in grost part analysable into roots (eg. man-), suffixes of derivation (e.g. wus.), and endings of inflection (e.g. -e}: manase; prefixes axe, moreover, frequently added to words formed in this way: part. lgienort In IN. lenguages so-called primitive or unsystematic processes of word- formation bave, like other ‘primitive dovices’, a very wide ecope, Like all men mhore epecoh is produced to s degree worth mentioning under tha influence of ‘affective’ or ‘smotive’ tendencies (for ingtance, children, the leas oultivated groups tnd classes of our own sosioty, etotional individuals euch as poots ot young girl.) members of swall eommanitiee, where the counteracting and rogularising factors OF school, written Titeratare scientific thought, ee. are almost entirely missing are, fomporabively speaking, easly diable to eertain devieos of word-formation. Uneya, fematio intertion of an arbitrary snd often, from the standpoint of those who try to dofine the objective sonse of words, meaningless element (the so-called ‘Streck- formen’ device, to uss the German term) is extremely frequent: Malay sérampak side by side with sampak ‘rubbish’; Gayo Vomparak : tapak ‘palm of the hand’ Jarintions upon familiar o: newly leatat words are lizewise ofton to be met erish Mal. téabikar: timberek ‘potsherd’; Gayo lambak ; lambut ‘precious’, and an ineli- zation to twist words into rimes is not only in modern Indian, but alee jn Indo. nesian languages far from being suppressed: beside Malay tali ‘rope, cord’ we find tal-timali ‘cordage’, beside sayur ‘green {00d : sayur-mayur “eeible ‘vege fables ofall Kinds’ ef. Nepali luge suga ‘olothing and necessaries’; pelval sottal petrol and labricants’. Cases of sound-eymbolism are frequent®. Ix a highly Gereloped literary language like Sanekrit, which was already early. an instrument ‘to the Semitic root, characteristic row SANSKRIT IN DNDONESLA of expressing profound thought these devices had a very limited scope. The IN word is, to wind up with and speaking quite generally, toa higher degree subject to a tendency to variability than the Sanskrit word.” Turning now to a very suocinet discussion of word-formation we must first remark that such well-known methods of creating words es abbreviation, metaon- lysis, retrograde derivation, popular etymology, eto., eto. are not less in use in these Isngaages than in other linguistic families. ‘Thus Malay rek ‘match’ comes from korsk api ‘match’ (korék ‘s pin or come object like that for pricking ete.’, api ‘lixe’), modern Javanere farép-an ‘front veranda’ from farap T Jeavo, of couree, out of consideration a number of Javanose terms bave been | the writings of fantasts and dilettantes. added) in Raghu Vire, Our Basie Voca- | Seo, e.g. my remarks in TBG. LXXX bnlary (Labore 1949), p. 185!f. (1940), p. 183ff. & propos of the opinions 2 G, A.J. Hazon, GajoschNederlandseh of C.N, Maxwell, who holds that 20 Woordenbock, (Batavia, Djaketza,1907); | language is older than Malay, Sanskrit ‘M Joustra, Karo-Bataksch Woordenboek | being very young, bocause it is a literary (Leyden 1907), language. Malay hae, he seye, spread all 8 Joustra,o ,whilssnotising the origin | over the world, in support whereof the (Mal. Skt’.) of Kirna ‘because, by, for | words Mal. kamapots and Engl. court are the sake of' (

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