1.

In simpler terms tax evasion occurs when a person or company avoids paying their taxes and no action
is taken to determine the owed amount or collect the tax. This can happen when individuals use their
power or influence to escape tax payment or when there is an agreement between the tax office and the
taxpayer to let them off the hook.

2.In simpler terms this refers to a situation where someone working for the government gets hold of a
cheque that is meant for a state institution. They then fill out the cheque with their own information and
collect the money from the bank when they present the cheque. This can involve the government
employee a regular person and someone at the bank working together or a group of people involved in
this illegal activity.

3.State contracts can be awarded in a way that goes against the rules or when they are influenced by
unfairness or favoritism. This means that the contracts may be given out without following the proper
guidelines of fairness transparency and competition which is not in the best interest of the public.

4.Procurement fraud occurs when someone working for a government institution buys things that the
institution doesn’t really need. This can happen because the employee and the supplier are working
together to cheat the system or because the employee is careless or doesn’t know better. In either case
the person on the outside takes advantage of the situation to make themselves richer.

5.State employees who are responsible for managing funds allocated for specific projects sometimes use
the money for their own financial benefit or share it with others who are not supposed to receive it. For
instance if money is meant to provide meals housing assistance or pensions to certain individuals it may
not reach them because of actions taken by one or more people involved in the scheme. These state
employees may neglect to enforce or oversee proper controls or they may actively participate in the
scheme themselves.

6.The absence of productivity or good work ethics hinders the functioning of the government. This
means that people don’t receive the services they deserve. When the government is corrupt it’s because
of this kind of behavior.

7. Nepotism is a troublesome practice that not only harms the system but also affects the level of service
and the quality of employees. This leads to a loss of trust in government institutions. Instead of hiring
people based on their abilities and experience positions are given to family members or friends. As a
result those appointed may lack the necessary skills or interest required for the job. This undermines the
effectiveness of the organization and undermines its credibility.

8.Greed influences people to enrich themselves at the expense of others. An example of this is
unauthorised or unmerited promotions and increases in salaries which make labour expensive and very
often inefficient

9.Employees in managerial positions authorize exorbitant perks(bonuses) for themselves for which they
do not qualify or which are not based on merit or which the state institution cannot afford.