PRACTICALS ASSISTANCE

CE 342 TRANSPORTATION ENGG-II

Spring 2015

INDEX

Experiment No 1 Aggregate Gradation Test

Experiment No 2 Impact Value of Aggregates

Experiment No 3 Los Angles Abrasion Test

Experiment No 4 S G & Absorption Test of Coarse Aggregates

Experiment No 5 Shape Test of Aggregates

Experiment No 6 Lab CBR Test

Experiment No 7 Penetration test of bitumen

Experiment No 8 Ductility test of bitumen

Experiment No 9 Softening point test of bitumen

Experiment No 10 Flash and fire point test of bitumen.

Experiment No 11 Viscosity test for bituminous materials

Experiment No 12 Marshall stability and flow test

 EXPERIMENT-1
AGGREGATE GRADATION TEST
(AASHTO T 27 and ASTM C 136)
1. Scope. The gradation and size test is used to determine aggregate particle size
distribution. Size distribution is perhaps the single most important aggregate quality
associated with the control of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures. Aggregate gradation and
size affect HMA volumetric properties as well as mixture permeability and workability.
In a gradation and size analysis, a sample of dry aggregate of known weight is separated
through a series of sieves with progressively smaller openings. Once separated, the
weight of particles retained on each sieve is measured and compared to the total sample
weight. Particle size distribution is then expressed as a percent retained by weight on each
sieve size. Results are usually expressed in tabular or graphical format.
2. Apparatus
Sieves
Sieve Shaker
Balance (accurate to 0.01 g)
3. Procedure
1. Dry and obtain the mass of the test sample.
2. Split on a 4.75 mm sieve.
3. Sieve the coarse sizes, adding the material that passes 4.75 mm to the fine fraction
obtained in step 2.
4. Split the fine fraction to about 500-600g. Measure the mass.
5. Wash the sample over a 75 μm sieve. Dry and obtain the mass.
6. Sieve through fine sieves.
4. Calculations
To obtain the corrected percent retained on each of the fine sieves, multiply the percent
retained on each size by the percent of the total sample that passes 4.75 mm, for example, if
62% passes 4.75 mm, multiply all values for percent retained in the fine aggregate sieve
analysis by 0.62.

1
 Total sample Total Coarse Fine
Mass dry + pan
Mass pan
Mass dry sample (a)
Passing 4.75 mm (sieving) +
Total passing 4.75 mm (b) ( c) % = ( b/a ) x 100

Coarse Fraction
Passing sieve Retained on sieve Mass retained % retained Cum % passing

4.75
4.75 Pan (b)*

Totals
*From (b) above

Fine Fraction - Washing Total Washed Passing 75 μm

Mass Dry + pan Washed _________
Sieved + _________
Mass pan
Mass Dry sample

Total __________ (d)

Sieving
Passing Sieve Retained on sieve Mass retained % retained Corr. % retained ** Cum % passing

75 μm
75μm Pan (d)*
Totals ** % Retained x ( c ) / 100
**From (d) above

2
3
 EXPERIMENT 2
IMPACT VALUE OF AGGREGATE
(BS: 812 & IS: 383)

1 Scope. Aggregate impact value gives the relative strength of aggregates against impact
loading. Toughness is the property of material to resist impact due to traffic loads. The
road stones are subjected to the pounding action or impact and there is possibility of
aggregate stone breaking into smaller pieces. The road aggregate should therefore be
tough enough to resist fracture under impact.
2 Apparatus
2.1. List of Apparatus
2.1.1. Impact testing Machine
2.1.2. Weighing Balance
2.1.3. Sieve 14mm, 10mm,and 2.36mm
2.1.4. Oven
2.1.5. Cup of dia 10.2cm and depth 5cm
2.1.6. Temping rod of dia 1.0cm and 23 cm long.
2.2. Aggregate Impact Tester
2.2.1. Use. It is used to determine the aggregate impact value.
2.2.2. Salient Features. The instrument consists of a circular base with two vertical
guides. The hammer of weight 13.75 ±0.25 kg can be raised to fall freely down
the vertical guides. The height of fall can be adjusted through 380 ± 5mm. The
hammer is provided with a locking arrangement. The hammer falls freely to the
base and is removable for emptying. Supplied complete with metal measures
75mm dia x 50mm high (for specimen preparation) and tamping rod 230mm
long x 10mm dia.

4
3 Procedure
3.1. About 350 grams of aggregate passing 14mm sieve and retained on 10mm sieve are
selected.
3.2. Place the aggregate in three layers in the Impact testing Machine Cup and each layer
may be tamped 25 blows with a tamping rod.
3.3. The aggregate is subjected to 15 blows from a standard rammer of weight 14Kg
falling from 38cm.
3.4. After the application of specified number of blows the aggregate are taken out from
the cup and sieved through 2.36mm sieve and %age of passing material is calculated.
3.5. Results are reported as percentage fines passing 2.36 mm sieve.
4 Observations and Calculations
4.1. Wt of aggregate passing 14mm

4.2. and retained on 10mm sieve (W1) = gm

4.3. Wt of fines passing 2.36mm sieve (W2) = gm

4.4. Impact value of aggregate (W2/W1) X100 (%) =

5 Specification
5.1. Impact Value < 10 % Exceptionally strong
5.2. Impact Value 10 % to 20 % Strong
5.3. Impact Value 20 % to 30 % Satisfactory for road construction
6 Discussion

5
 EXPERIMENT-3
LOS ANGELES ABRASION TEST
(ASTM C 535 & AASHTO T-96)
1 Scope. This test is to determine the hardness of road aggregate. Aggregate used in road
construction should be strong enough to resist the wear due the heavy traffic load. If the
aggregate have high abrasion value the stability of road pavement is likely to be adversely
affected. Aggregates with distinctly different origins should be expected to perform
differently in this test machine.
2 Apparatus
2.1. Loss Angeles abrasion machine
2.2. Balance
2.3. Oven (maintaining a uniform temperature of 230 ±9°F )
2.4. Set of sieves and sieve No.12
2.5. Steel balls/Charge (390-445gm) approx127/32 inches in dia.
2.6. Shelf/trays

Table 1 Charge for Selected Methods

and Grading
Test Method -- Grading

Number of Spheres

Mass of Charge, g

96 -- A 12 5000 ±25
T 96 -- B 11 4584 ±25
T 96 -- C 8 3330 ±20
T 96 -- D 6 2500 ±15
C 535 -- 12 5000 ±25
All
Grading

6
3 Sample Preparation
3.1. The disturbed representative test sample shall consist of clean washed aggregate that
has been oven-dried to constant mass at a temperature of 230 ±9° F.
3.2. Separate the sample into individual size fractions by sieving, and recombine to the
grading of Table 2 or Table 3 that most nearly corresponds to the range of sizes in the
aggregate as furnished for testing. The sample mass shall be recorded to the nearest 1
g.

Table 2 AASHTO T-96 Sample Grading

Sieve Size Mass of Indicated Sizes, g.

Passing Retained Grading

A B C D
mm inch mm inch
37.5 1.5 25.0 1.0 1250 ±25
25.0 1.0 19.0 3/4 1250 ±25
19.0 3/4 12.5 1/2 1250 ±25 2500 ±10
12.5 1/2 9.5 3/8 1250 ±25 2500 ±10
9.5 3/8 6.3 1/4 2500 ±10
6.3 1/4 4.75 #4 2500 ±10
4.75 #4 2.63 #8 5000 ±10
Total 5000 ±10 5000 ±10 5000 ±10 5000 ±10

7
4 Procedure
4.1. The test sample should be thoroughly washed and oven dried and is taken according
to gradation in tables.
4.2. The test sample and abrasive charges shall be placed in the Los Angeles abrasion
machine and the machine is rotated at a speed of 30 to 33 Rpm for 500 revolutions
for test method AASHTO T 96; 1000 revolutions for test method ASTM C 535.
4.3. After the prescribed number of revolutions the material shall be discharged carefully
from the machine and shall be sieved on 1.7mm (#12) sieve.
4.4. Wash the material coarser than the No. 12 sieve, dry to constant mass at 230 ±9 0F,
and record mass to the nearest 1 g.
5 Observations and Calculations
5.1. Total weight of sample before test (W1) = (gm)

5.2. Weight of sample passing sieve #12 (W2) = (gm)

(Or W2 =original sample mass –final sample mass)

5.3. Abrasion value of Aggregate (W2/W1 x100 (%) =

6 NHA Specifications
6.1. Item 201 Granular Sub Base. The coarse aggregate material retained on sieve No. 4
shall have a percentage of wear by Los Angeles abrasion test (AASHTO T-96) of not
more than 50 %.
6.2. Item 202 Aggregate Base Course. The coarse aggregate material retained on sieve
No. 4 shall have a percentage of wear by Los Angeles abrasion test (AASHTO T-96)
of not more than 40%.
6.3. Item 206 Water Bound Macadam. The coarse aggregate material retained on sieve
No. 4 shall have a percentage of wear by Los Angeles abrasion test (AASHTO T-96)
of not more than 45%.
(Note: there are other specifications of other types of bases and sub bases also
mentioned in NHA specifications but above are most commonly used)

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 EXPERIMENT-4
SP GRAVITY & ABSORPTION TEST OF COARSE AGGREGATE
(AASHTO T:85-88 & ASTM C 127-88 & C 128-88)

1 Scope. Specific Gravity is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of aggregate to the
weight of an equal volume of water at a temperature of 73.4°F (23°C). A material, whose
unit weight of solids equals the unit weight of water, has a specific gravity of 1.0.
Apparent Specific Gravity is the ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of the
impermeable portion of aggregate (does not include the permeable pores in aggregate) to
the weight in air of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature.
2 Apparatus
2.1. A balance having a capacity of at least 5500g sensitive to 1 g or less.
2.2. A wire mesh basket made of 2.36 mm mesh, and of sufficient capacity for samples
weighing up to 5500 g.
2.3. Immersion tank of sufficient size to allow the wire mesh basket to be completely
immersed. The immersion tank and balance shall be arranged in a manner that will
allow weighing the wire mesh basket and test sample while immersed.
2.4. Corrosion-resistant containers with a capacity of approximately 8 L.

3 Procedure

3.1. Place sample in 8 L container, cover with water at a temperature of 15 to 25°C, and
soak for a minimum period of 15 h.
3.2. Transfer the sample to the wire basket and rinse clean with fresh water.
3.3. Suspend the wire basket from the balance immersing the basket and sample
completely in water and weigh to the nearest gram.
3.4. Transfer the sample onto a large absorbent cloth and remove all visible films of
water. Surface water can be removed by rolling the sample gently with a towel.

9
 3.5. Weigh the sample to the nearest gram and record the mass as “Mass of saturated
surface-dry sample in air.” Avoid loss of absorbed water by drying the sample to
surface dry condition as rapidly as possible and then weighing immediately.
3.6. Transfer the sample to a suitable container and dry to constant mass at 110 ±
5°C.Cool to room temperature and weigh to nearest gram and Record the mass as
“Oven-dry mass.”
4 Observations and Calculations

4.1. Gsb = A / (B - C) =

4.2. Gs,SSD = B / (B - C) =

4.3. Gsa = A / (A - C) =

4.4. Absorption % = [(B - A) / A] *100

Where

A= mass oven dry

B= mass SSD

C= mass under water

5 Discussion

10
 EXPERIMENT-5
SHAPE TEST OF AGGREGATE
(ASTM D 4791- 99)

1 Scope. This test method covers the determination of the percentages of flaky and
elongated particles, and in case of gravel determine by its Angularity No. Rounded
aggregate is preferred in concrete pavements for their higher workability and crushing,
Angular shape aggregates in flexible pavement for their better interlocking and friction.
2 Definitions
2.1. Flaky Particles. The particles whose least dimension is less than 0.6 times their
mean size (dimension).
2.2. Elongated Particles. The particles whose greatest dimension is greater than 1.8
times their mean size (dimension).
2.3. Angularity Number. The angularity number of an aggregate is the amount (to the
nearest whole number) by which the % age voids in it after compacting in a
prescribed manner, exceeds 33.
3 Apparatus
3.1. Flaky sieves
3.2. Elongation gauges
3.3. Set of sieves
3.4. Balance
3.5. Cylinder 3 Liter capacity
3.6. Tamping rod
3.7. Scoop
3.8. Oven
4 Procedure
4.1. Flakiness and Elongation Index
4.1.1. If determination by mass is required, oven dries the sample to constant mass at
a temperature (105◦c). If determination is by particle count, drying is not
necessary.
4.1.2. The given sample is sieved through square opening sieves; the retained
particles are weighed and denoted as W1, W2, W3 ------------Wn.

11
 4.1.3. The sample is placed in separate plates, passing and retained sieve size for
each fraction is written on the plate.
4.1.4. The sample is passed by its least dimension through the corresponding
opening of the flaky sieves. Weigh separately and record as F1, F2, F3------------
--Fn.
4.1.5. Collect all the material passing and retained and pass through the Elongation
gauge, retained material on elongation gauge are weighted and recorded as E1,
E2-------En.
4.2. Angularity Number
4.2.1. Take at least 10 Kg of aggregate sample and sieve with specified sieves.
4.2.2. The sample should be placed in cylinder in three equal layers.
4.2.3. Each layer should be tamped 100 times by means of tamping rod.
4.2.4. Weigh the cylinder with aggregate and determine the weight of aggregate (W).
4.2.5. At least three readings are made.
4.2.6. Find the volume of cylinder with water at 27C.
5 Observations and Calculations
Size of sieves Wt of fraction Wt of Flaky Wt of Elongated
Passing Retained Sieve (gm) Particles (gm) Particle (gm)
Sieves (In) (in) (mm)
(mm)
2-1/2 63.0 2.0 50.0 W1= F1= E1=
2.0 50.0 1-1/2 37.5 W2= F2= E2=
1-1/2 37.5 1.0 28.0 W3= F3= E3=
1.0 28.0 ¾ 20.0 W4= F4= E4=
¾ 20.0 ½ 14.0 W5= F5= E5=
½ 14.0 3/8 10.0 W6= F6= E6=
3/8 10.0 #4 6.3 W7= F7= E7=

W= F= E=

5.1. Flakiness Index (FI) (F / W x 100) = = %

5.2. Elongation Index (EI) (E / W x 100) = = %

12
 5.3. Angularity No (67 – W x100/(Ww x Gs) = =

Where,

W = Wt of aggregate in cylinder = gms

Ww = Wt of water in cylinder = gms

Gs = Specific gravity of aggregate =

6 Specification
6.1. Flakiness Index ≤ 15 %
6.2. Elongation Index ≤ 15 %
6.3. Angularity Number = 0 to 11
7 Discussion

13
 EXPERIMENT - 6
LAB CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR) TEST
AASHTO T 193 – 81)

1. Scope. This test which is a measure of the quality of sub grade, sub base and base
coarse for flexible pavements .The C.B.R is a measure of shearing resistance of soil
under controlled density and moisture conditions. This method of test is intended for
determining the bearing values of soil and soil aggregate when they are compacted in
the laboratory at optimum moisture content to varying degrees. CBR test is carried out
with two methods, Unsoaked CBR and Soaked CBR. For Unsoaked CBR the samples
are prepared and tested on that time, While for Soaked CBR the samples are prepared
and immersed in water for 96 hours, After soaking the swelling is noted and the
samples are tested to determine CBR value. The aim of soaked CBR is to check the
behavior of material in worst condition.
2. Apparatus
2.1. Mold with complete accessories Dai 6", Height7,"and
4.584”(152.4,177.8&115.6mm)
2.2. Spacer disk 2.416"(61.4) thick
2.3. C.B.R testing machine
2.4. Rammer of weight 5.5lbor 10 lb(2.49&4.54kg) and drop
12"and18"(305&457mm) respectively
2.5. Filter papers
2.6. Surcharge weights 5 lbs. Each(2.26kg)
2.7. Swelling apparatus
2.8. Oven
2.9. Balance
2.10. Straight edge
2.11. Soaking tub
3. Procedure.
3.1. Collect about 20 kg of sample from site
3.2. Mix the sample thoroughly and take the representative sample about 7kg.

14
 3.3. Sieve the sample from 3/4"(19mm) sieve and replace the retained material by
passing ¾" and Retained on #4. Add optimum moisture in the sample and mix
thoroughly.
3.4. Set the mould and filled it in specified layers, compact each layer with specified
rammer in specified Nos. (for standard test 3 Layers, 56 blows and for modified
test 5 Layers, 56 blows )
3.5. After compaction there are two methods one is soaked and the other is unsoaked
3.6. A. If the sample is test in soaked condition, place the mold in the water for 96
hours and measure the swelling after completion.
3.7. If the sample is unsoaked, test the sample in that time.
3.8. Completion of above procedure starts the penetration test at a rate of
0.05"(1.3mm) per min.
3.9. After penetration test draw graphs and determine the C.B.R value at 0.1" and
0.2"(2.54&5.08mm)
3.10. If the 0.2"(5.0mm) penetration value is greater than 0.1"(2.54MM) rerun the test.
If the check test gives a similar result the ratio at 0.2" "(5.0mm )penetration
should be used.
4. Observation & Calculation.

Penetration Dial Reading Load (lbs.)(kg) Stress(psi)(kg/cm)

(in) (mm)
a b c = b x PRC d = c/3(19.355)
0.025 0.64
0.050 1.27
0.075 1.91
0.100 2.54
0.125 3.18
0.150 3.82
0.175 4.46
0.200 5.08
0.225 5.72
0.250 6.36
0.275 7.0

15
0.300 7.62

16
Graph Between Penetration Vs Stress.

Stress psi

Corrected CBR

Penetration (in)

Corrected for concave upward shape

Area of plunger = 3.0 sq in.(19.355cm2 )

Stress = Load / Area of plunger
CBR value at 0.1"(2.54mm) = Stress / 1000 x 100. (%)

CBR value at 0.2"(5.08mm) = Stress / 1500 x 100. (%)

Swelling % = Change in length in inches,(mm) during soaking / 4.584”

x100. (%)

6. Discussion

17
 EXPERIMENT-7
PENETRATION TEST OF BITUMEN
(ASTM D: 5-06)

1. Scope. This test is used to determine the penetration grade of bitumen. The behavior of
bituminous materials varies significantly with change in temperature. It is therefore
important to use the appropriate grade of bitumen that is best suitable for the climatic
conditions of the project area. The penetration of bitumen is defined as the distance in
tenths of millimeter that a standard needle vertically penetrates in a sample of bitumen
under known conditions of loading, time and temperature. (A load of 100 grams applied
for 5seconds at 25C is standardized for the test) A small
penetration value indicates that the bitumen is hard, while
the high penetration value indicates that the bitumen is soft.

2. Apparatus
2.1. Penetrometer with control box.
2.2. Container. 55 mm diameter and 35 / 70 mm internal
height. Should have flat bottom.
2.3. Water bath with at least 10 liter capacity.
2.4. Heater

2.5. Thermometer
2.6. Specified needle
2.7. Transfer tray

3. Procedure
3.1. Soften the bitumen by heating it up to 90C to bring
it to pouring consistency. Stir the bitumen while
heating to avoid local overheating and to make it
homogenous.
3.2. Pour the bitumen into container to a level that when

18
 cooled to testing temperature, depth of bitumen should be at least 10 mm more than the
expected depth of penetration.
3.3. Place the prepared sample at room temperature (15C - 30C) for one hour.
3.4. Place the container below the needle of penetrometer and gradually lower the needle to
make a contact with the bitumen. Ensure that the needle is just in contact with the
sample and no penetration is effected. Place a lamp on one side of the needle in such a
way that it creates a sharp shadow of needle on the sample. This will help in correct
positioning of the needle.
3.5. Press the push button of the control box to release the needle. The needle will penetrate
the sample under its own weight for 5 seconds and after that it will stop automatically.
Note down the reading.
3.6. Take at least three readings.
3.7. At least two samples should be tested for grade determination.
4. Calculation And Observation
4.1. Pouring temperature =
4.2. Period of cooling in room = 1 hour
4.3. Room temperature =
4.4. Water bath temperature = 25o C
4.5. Period in water bath = 1 hour
Penetration in 10th of (mm) Penetration Grade*
S No. (*Other tests also required)
Reading Reading Reading
1.
2.

5. Precautions
5.1. Overheating of bitumen should be avoided. Under no condition bitumen should be
heated to 60o C above the expected softening point.
5.2. The sample is covered loosely against dust
5.3. The weight of needle and spindle assembly should be accurate i.e, 100 ± 0.05 grams.
5.4. Verticality of the needle should be ensured.
5.5. Readings taken on a single sample should be at least 10 mm apart.

Must know the specifications and comment on results

19
 EXPERIMENT-8
DUCTILITY TEST OF BITUMEN
(ASTM-113-99)

1. Scope. The ductility of a bituminous material is measured by the distance to which it

will elongate before breaking when two ends of a briquette specimen of the material, of
the form described, are pulled apart at a specified speed and at a specified temperature.
Unless otherwise specified, the test shall be made at a temperature of 77+ 0.90F
(25+0.50C) and with a speed of 5 cm/min + 5.0%. At other temperatures the speed
should be specified.
2. Significant and use. This test method provides one measure of tensile properties of
bituminous materials and may be used to measure ductility for specification
requirements.
3. Apparatus
3.1. Mold – Mold shall be similar in design to that shown.
The mold shall be made of brass and ends are known as
clips and sides as „sides‟ of the mold. Specimen made is called „briquette‟.
3.2. Water Bath –Water bath shall be maintained at the specified test temperature, varying
not more than 0.180F (0.10C) from this temperature. The volume of water shall be
not less than 10L and the specimen shall be immersed to a depth of not less than 10
cm and shall be supported on a perforated
shelf not less than 5 cm from the bottom of
the bath.
3.3. Testing Machine – For pulling the briquette of
bituminous material apart, any apparatus may
be used which is so constructed that the
specimen will be continuously immersed in
water as specified, while the two clips are
pulled apart at uniform speed, as specified, without undue vibration.
3.4. Thermometer – A thermometer Range 0-44°C and readable up to 0.2°C is required.
4. Procedure
4.1.Assemble the mold on a brass plate. Thoroughly coat the surface of the plate and
interior surfaces of the sides a and a/, Fig, of the mold with a thin layer of a mixture

20
 of glycerin or talc to prevent the material under test from sticking. The plate upon
which the mold is placed shall be perfectly flat and level so that the bottom surface of
the mold will be in contact throughout.
4.2.Carefully heat the sample to prevent local overheating until it has become
sufficiently fluid to pour. Pass the melted sample through a sieve No 50 (300um)
confirming to specification. After a thorough stirring, pour it into the mold. In
filling the mold, take care not to disarrange the parts and thus distort the briquette.
Let the mold containing the material cool to room temperature for a period of 30 to
40 min and then place it in the water bath maintained at the specified temperature of
test for 30 min, then cut of the excess bitumen with a hot straight edged putty knife
or spatula to make the mold just level full.
4.3.Keeping specimen at standard temperature. Place the brass plate and mold, with
briquette specimen, in the water bath and keep at the specified temperature for a
period of 85 to 95 min. Then remove the briquette from the plate, detach the side
pieces, and immediately test the briquette.
4.4.Testing – Attach the rings at each end of the clips to the pins or hooks in the testing
machine and pull the two clips apart at a uniform speed as specified until the
briquette ruptures. A variation of + 5% from the speed specified will be permissible.
Measure the distance in cm through which the clips have been pulled to produce
rupture. While the test is being made, the water in the tank of the testing machine
shall cover the specimen both above and below it by at least 2.5 cm and shall be kept
continuously to the temperature specified within +0.90F (0.50C).

5. Observations and Calculations

Grade of Bitumen ……………………………
Pouring temperature………………………….
Test temperature……………………………..
Period of cooling in room……………………
Water bath temperature……………………

Specimen No
Test Mean value
1 2 3

Ductility value (cm)

21
6. Precautions
6.1. Carefully heat the sample to prevent local overheating.
6.2.Take care not to disarrange the parts and thus distort the briquette.
6.3.The water in the tank of the testing machine shall cover the specimen both above and
below it by at least 2.5 cm
6.4.Keep the water bath and the specimen at the specified temperature for the specified
period.
6.5.Pulling of the two clips apart should be at a uniform speed.

Check with the specifications and comment

22
 EXPERIMENT-9
SOFTENING POINT OF BITUMEN
(AASHTO T 53-89 & ASTM D 36 – 95, Reproved 2000)

1. Scope. This test method covers the determination of the softening point of bitumen in the
range from 30 to 157oC (86 to 315oF) using the ring-and-ball apparatus immersed in
distilled water (30 to 80oC), USP glycerin (above 80 to 157oC), or ethylene glycol (30 to
110oC). Softening point is actually a consistency test and consists of heating of
bituminous material until they reach at the given consistency. The softening point is the
temperature at which the substance attains particular degree of softening under specified
conditions of test.

2. Apparatus

2.1. Rings. Two square-shouldered

brass rings conforming to the
dimensions shown in the figure

2.2. Pouring Plate. A flat, smooth,

brass plate approximately 50 by
75mm (2 by 3in).

2.3. Balls. Two steel balls, 9.5mm (3/8in) in diameter, each having a mass of 3.50 +
0.05g.

2.4. Ball-Centering Guides. Two brass guides for centering the steel balls, one for each
ring, conforming to the general shape and dimensions.

2.5. Bath. A glass vessel, capable of being heated, not less than 85 mm in inside
diameter and not less than 120 mm in depth from the bottom of the flare.

2.6. Ring Holder and Assembly. A brass holder designed to support the two rings in a
horizontal position, conforming to the shape and dimensions shown in Figure,
supported in the assembly illustrated in Figure. The bottom of the shouldered
rings in the ring holder shall be 25mm (1in) above the upper surface of the
bottom plate, and the lower surface of the bottom plate shall be 16 ± 3mm (5/8 ±
1/8in) from the bottom of the bath.

23
 2.7. Thermometers

2.7.1. An ASTM Low Softening Point Thermometer, having a range from -2

to + 80°C or 30 to 180°F, and conforming to the requirements for
Thermometer 15C or 15F as prescribed in Specification.

2.7.2. The appropriate thermometer shall be suspended in the assembly as shown in

Figure so that the bottom of the bulb is level with the bottom of the rings and
within 13mm (0.5in) of the rings, but not touching them or the r ing
holder. Substitution of other thermometers shall not be permitted.

3. Procedure

3.1. Heat the bitumen until it comes to liquid form.

3.2. Fill the rings with bitumen and bring it at room temperature.

3.3. Assemble the apparatus with ring thermometer and balls guide in a position and fill
the bath to a depth of 4 to 4.25in.

3.4. Maintain the bath at a temperature of 4±1ºC for 15 minutes.

3.5. Place the balls on the surface of the specimen

3.6. Start the bath heater at a rate of 5ºC/ min and keep stirring as necessary.

3.7. Record the temperature when the balls pass in the rings and touch the bottom; this
is the softening point in centigrade.

3.8. The softening point to be reported as the mean of the temperatures at which the two
discs soften enough to allow each ball, enveloped in bitumen, to fall a distance of
25mm.

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 4. Calculations

Bitumen Grade ………………………

Period of air cooling = 1 hour

Rate of heating Rate of heating

Time (Minute) Temperature ºC Time (Minute) Temperature ºC

0 5

1 6

2 7

3 8

4 9

5. Precautions

5.1. Heat the sample with care.

5.2. The max temperature should not exceed 100oC.

5.3. Note the reading with care and raise the temperature at the rate of 5oC/minute.

Check with the specifications and comment

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 EXPERIMENT-10
FLASH AND FIRE POINT OF BITUMEN
(AASHTO: T 48-89 and ASTM:D-92)

1. Scope. Different bituminous materials have quite different values of flash and fire
point .When any type of bitumen is to be heated before mixing or application, utmost
care is taken to see that heating is
limited to a temperature will
below the flash point.

2. Significance. This flash-point and

fire-point test method is a
dynamic method and depends on
definite rates of temperature
increases to control the precision
of the method. Bitumen is
flammable liquid at high
temperature and therefore, there is
a risk of catching fire if care is not exercised during construction. Its primary use is to
define the critical temperature at and above which suitable precautions should be taken
to eliminate fire hazards during its application.

3. Apparatus
3.1. Cleave open cup
3.2. Heater
3.3. Thermometer

4. Procedure
4.1. Heat the bitumen until it comes in liquid form not exceeding 100C.
4.2. Fill the cup and place it at a room temperature for one hour.
4.3. Heat the bitumen at the rate of 5 1C/minute.
4.4. When the temperature is reached near to flash point or when sparking starts, the
test flame is applied to specimen.

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 4.5. As the bitumen takes fire momentarily that is the flash point, record the
temperature and when it takes fire for at least 5 seconds completely that is the fire
point temperature.
4.6. The flash point to be taken as the temperature at the time of flame application
when flash appears first at any point on the surface of material .The heating is
continued until the volatile ignite and the bitumen continues to burns for
5seconds.

5. Observations & Calculation

5.1. Bitumen grade …………………….
5.2. Type of equipment ....…….………………
5.3. Rate of heating …………………………

Test property Test Number Mean Value

1 2 3
1. Flash point

2. Fire point

3. Variation from
Mean Value

6. Precautions
6.1. All parts of the cup are clean and dried.
6.2. The cup is filled up to filling mark.
6.3. For preparation of sample liquid asphalt should be heated at lowest temperature
6.4. The mean value should not differ from the individual values by more than 30C for
flash point and by 10C for fire point.
Check with the specifications and comment

27
 EXPERIMENT-11
VISCOSITY OF ASPHALTS
(BS 4693 : 1971 & ASTM D 88 – 94 Reapproved 1999)

Viscosity Measurement Using Rotational Viscometer

1. Designation:-
1.1 ASTM D 4402 – 06
2. Apparatus:-
2.1 Rotational Viscometer
2.2 Oven
2.3 Thermometer
2.4 Balance
2.5 Cylindrical spindles
3. Introduction:-
Viscosity is the ratio between the applied shear stress and rate of shear is called
coefficient of viscosity. This coefficient is a measure of resistance to flow, called
viscosity. This test method outlines the procedure for measuring viscosity of asphalt
binder at elevated temperature from 60 to over 2000 C. A rotational viscometer uses
the concept of torque. It measures the torque required to rotate an object submerged in
fluid. (Asphalt in this case) and relates it to the viscosity of the fluid.
4. Procedure:-
4.1 Read and understand the information in the rotational viscometer
manufacturer‟s operating manual before proceeding.
4.2 Turn on the rotational viscometer and proportional temperature controller unit.
4.3 Preheat the sample holder with the sample chamber and the selected
cylindrical spindle according to the manufacturer‟s recommendation.
4.4 Set the proportional temperature controller to desired test temperature.
4.5 Heat the required amount of asphalt binder until sufficiently fluid.
4.6 When the proportional temperature controller reads the desired test
temperature, remove the sample holder, and add the required amount of
asphalt into the sample chamber.
4.7 Insert the sample chamber into the proportional temperature controller unit.

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 4.8 Insert a preheated spindle and attach it to the viscometer using the necessary
coupling. Gently lower the spindle into the asphalt so that asphalt covers the
upper conical portion of the spindle. This procedure may vary based on the
manufacturer‟s recommendations.
4.9 Bring the asphalt sample to the desired temperature within approximately 30
minutes. Set the viscometer speed at 20 rpm and set the display to read the
viscosity in Pascal seconds (Pa.s). This operation may be done manually or by
using a software program.
4.10 Allow the asphalt sample to equilibrate at the desired test temperature for a
minimum of 10 minutes. Begin the spindle rotation during the 10 minute
temperature equilibration period. Allow the readings to stabilize before
recording any viscosity measurements. If the observed torque is out of range
for the selected spindle and speed, change the spindle and or speed based on
the manufacturer‟s recommendations for the anticipated viscosity. Restart the
test with a new sample.
4.11 Start the test after the asphalt sample has reached the specified temperature
and equilibrated and the viscosity readings have stabilized, as required in
Sections 4.9 and 4.10.
4.12 Measure the viscosity at one-minute intervals for a total of three minutes.

5. Precautions:-
5.1 The best results are obtained if bob is allowed to rotate several turns before
timing begins in order to be certain that the system is running in a steady state.
5.2 At a high speed, the flow pattern may not be laminar due to presence of Tayler
turbulence, thus lower speeds are generally preferable than higher speeds.

29
 EXPERIMENT NO.12
MARSHALL FLOW AND STABILITY TEST FOR JOB MIX
(AASHTO: T166-88, T245-90, T269-90, T228-90, T 84-88 &
85-88 )
1. Scope. This test covers the measurement of stability and flow of cylindrical specimen
of bituminous pavement mixture loaded on lateral surface by means of marshal
machine.
2. Apparatus
1.1. Marshall machine
1.2. Water bath
1.3. Oven
1.4. Thermometer (0 to 200 C)
1.5. Rubber and canvas Gloves
1.6. Write other equipment utilized
2. Procedure
2.1. Selection of aggregate proportions to meet the specifications requirements.
2.2. Conducting trial mixes at a range of asphalt contents and measuring the resulting
physical properties of the sample.
2.3. Analyzing the results to obtain the optimum asphalt contents and to determine if the
specifications can be met.
2.4. Repeating with the additional trial mixes using different aggregate blends until a
suitable design is found.
2.5. Aggregates for Asphalt Concrete classified as
2.5.1. Coarse aggregates (Rock). Retained #8
2.5.2. Fine aggregates (Sand). Passing #8
2.5.3. Mineral Filler (Filler). Passing #200, predominantly mineral dust.
2.5.4. All material proposed should meet the project specifications
2.5.5. Blend combinations should meet gradation requirements of project
specifications.
2.6. For density and void analysis Bulk SG of all aggregates, asphalt absorption and SG
of asphalt cement is determined.

30
 2.7. Expected asphalt %value is based upon experience and computational formula
2.8. Planned on basis ½” increment asphalt, min two above and two below the expected
design asphalt value. Generally six
2.9. Batch weights are worked out.
2.9.1. 1.2 Kg per specimen
2.9.2. Three for each asphalt value
2.9.3. 18 specimens
2.9.4. 23 Kg aggregates + 4 lit asphalt
2.10. Mixing and compaction temperatures are determined.
2.11. Aggregates and asphalt heated to required temperature and thoroughly mixed,
all particles coated.
2.12. Placed in heated mold
2.13. Compacted with blows each side as specified
2.14. Briquettes are prepared Briquette size 4” (101.6 mm) dia, 60 – 65 mm (2.5”)
height.
2.15. Bulk specific gravity of each sample is determined.
2.16. Specimens heated to 60 degrees C in water bath. Damp dried, placed in
Marshall apparatus
2.17. Test load applied at constant rate 2 inches per minute. Stability value is a
measurement of load at failure. The stability values obtained or corrected when the
height of the specimen tested is other than 2-1/2 in using correction factors.
2.18. Flow is recorded at failure. (1/100 of an inch). Deformation is a decrease in
vertical diameter of specimen.
2.19. One of the each % asphalt sample is used to determine Max Theoretical SG of
Mix.
2.20. Volumetric properties worked out.
2.21. Six plots are drawn , Asphalt in the mix vs
2.21.1. Stability
2.21.2. Flow
2.21.3. Density
2.21.4. Air voids
2.21.5. VMA
2.21.6. VFB
2.22. Initially designed for 4% VA and checked for other requirements

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 2.23. Each group will be informed of % bitumen to be used and bitumen specific
gravity.
3. Observation & Calculation

Bulk Combined Sp. Gr. (Gsb) =

Bulk Sp. Gr. of compacted mix (Gmb) =

Max Theoretical Sp. Gr. (Gmm) by Vacuum Test =

Effective Sp. Gr. (Gse) =

Percent Air Voids (VA) =

Voids in mineral aggregate (V.M.A) =

Voids filled with bitumen (V.F.B) =V.M.A-P.A.V/V.M.A x 100

4. Specification to be used – Will be informed by instructor.

5. Mutually exchange data to draw five relationships and check specifications against
4% air voids.
6. Make appropriate tables yourself

Stability Correction Ratio- Consult notes

32