International Journal of Advance Study and Research Work (2581-5997)/ Volume 6/Issue 3/July-Aug-Sept -2023

Analyzing Maritime Transport Export: A Case Study of

Mersin Port in Turkey
Mesut Selamoglu1
Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Bahce Vocational School, Department of Management and Organization, Logistics
Programme, Bahce, Osmaniye, Turkey
Email Id: mesutselamoglu@osmaniye.edu.tr
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-5693-4772
2
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8398552

Abstract

Maritime transport is of great importance in our country, which is surrounded by seas on three sides. Thanks to the many ports
in our country, maritime trade has an important place in our country. Ports are one of the key points of our country's maritime
trade and transportation. Mersin Port, which is a gateway to the Mediterranean and the Middle East, is one of these key points.
In this study, the maritime transport realized in Mersin Port and the maritime transports realized in our country were examined.
There are multiple different ways and methods of exporting. One of these is exporting by sea transportation. Sea transport
exports are actually the largest in terms of export methods and the cheapest. Perhaps the only downside is that it arrives a little
later than air export or land export. However, while you have to make more than one shipment with other export routes, the fact
that you will do it at once with maritime transport exports reveals that it is more advantageous than other ways.

Keywords: Maritime transport export, sea freight, Mersin port, Turkey

Introduction
Located in a strategic location between sea and land, ports are part of the supply chain and transportation networks and are focal
points consisting of land, ships and in-port activities. In the maritime industry, most tasks are performed within port networks that
are part of the supply chain, and products are transported within this network by transportation method. Particularly due to the
distance, cost and capacity advantages it provides, the share of maritime transportation and its main component, ports, in foreign
trade has increased considerably (Darba et al., 2005). Economically, optimizing operations, reducing fees such as fuel and shipping
fees, and providing added value are important for port networks. In addition, port activities such as handling, transportation, transfer
and loading, port maintenance, ship dismantling, ship accidents in ports, etc. Negative effects such as water, air and environmental
pollution caused by pollution must also be eliminated. From a social perspective, increasing the respect within the society is an
appropriate course of action1. Supply chain sustainability can be achieved through the sustainability of ports, which are useful and
central connection points. In this context, sustainability in ports and port operations is seen as an area that researchers have begun to
attach importance to. Port sustainability can be defined as business strategies and policies that protect and sustain human and natural
resources while meeting the current and future needs of the port and its stakeholders (Goss, 1990).
Sea freight plays a crucial role in the logistics industry as it connects various international markets. In global trade, a significant
portion of goods is transported via the seas. Not only does it contribute to sustainable development, but it also offers a safe, cost-
effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly mode of transportation (Selamoglu, 2021). Both domestic and international
maritime transport hold a substantial share in global trade. As globalization continues to drive an increase in international trade
volume worldwide, maritime transportation emerges as the primary choice, especially for moving heavy cargo (Kardaşlar, 2022).
Ports serve as the essential facilities for conducting maritime transport operations (Oral et al., 2006).

1
Corresponding Author: Mesut Selamoglu, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Bahce Vocational School, Department of Management and
Organization, Logistics Programme, Bahce, Osmaniye, TurkeyEmail Id: mesutselamoglu@osmaniye.edu.tr
2
Cite as: Mesut Selamoglu (2023).Analyzing Maritime Transport Export: A Case Study of Mersin Port in Turkey. International Journal of
Advance Study and Research Work, 6(3), 01–06

© 2023, IJASRW, All right reserve

https://www.ijasrw.com
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
 International Journal of Advance Study and Research Work (2581-5997)/ Volume 6/Issue 3/July-Aug-Sept -2023

The geographical advantage of Turkey being a peninsula surrounded by seas on three sides plays a significant role in distinguishing
it as a prominent player in maritime transport. Additionally, Turkey's extensive coastline further positions it ahead in the field of
maritime transportation. The significance of maritime transport in facilitating Turkey's international trade is widely recognized.What
sets Turkey apart from other countries is its abundant port infrastructure. As the global trade volume continues to rise, the
significance of ports steadily grows. Turkey's substantial number of ports, serving as crucial links between land and sea routes,
enhances its competitiveness in international trade and fosters bilateral commercial relations. Alongside the sheer quantity, the scale
and concentration of ports are also influential factors impacting global trade (Esmer & Duru, 2017). Furthermore, Turkey's unique
geographical structure, which positions it as a bridge between continents, serves as another advantage. Consequently, Turkey holds a
crucial position in maritime transport. These advantages also greatly facilitate the development of Turkey's trade relations with other
countries. Ports play a pivotal role in foreign trade, considering that a substantial portion of Turkey's exports are conducted through
sea transportation (Berkoz & Tekba, 1999).
In the nineteenth century, port cities became cities where the new trade culture rapidly penetrated with the changing production
styles and relations. Considering the transportation possibilities and raw material-market relations of the period, the rapid
development of the Eastern Mediterranean port cities, including Mersin, in this period becomes understandable. In this period, it is
possible to see the common features of the port cities in the Eastern Mediterranean basin in Mersin as well. However, there are
important differences that distinguish Mersin from other port cities in the Eastern Mediterranean. Based on these differences, the
emergence of the city has been effective (Uğuz, 2016). With this process, Mersin emerged as a city that developed with completely
new urban uses, where there were no new uses added to an existing urban fabric (Zeybek, 2021).
Since the 1970s, globalization has led to a significant increase in international trade between countries. Naturally, this surge in trade
has resulted in a growing demand for transportation services. Over the years, transportation activities have evolved accordingly.
Presently, in order to fulfill the transportation demands, multimodal transportation methods, which involve the use of multiple
modes of transportation, have come into play. Among these methods, sea transportation holds the largest share globally and within
our country. The rapid industrialization, advancements in trade, and ongoing development of maritime transport have been closely
intertwined. Thanks to its economies of scale, safety measures, and extensive transportation network, sea transportation continues to
experience rising demand with each passing day (Topbaş, 2020). In contemporary times, ports emerge as one of the foremost
constituents in international transportation. These dynamic structures encompass a range of functions such as facilitating the transfer
of freight and passengers, providing storage facilities for goods, and establishing the necessary infrastructure and equipment to
support these operations. Considering this comprehensive definition, the growth of maritime transport and the advancement of
foreign trade become intricately linked. Within this context, ports assume a significant role in international trade by contributing to
the expansion of commerce and industry. As a result, ports serve as pivotal indicators when assessing the economic development
level of nations (Dwarakish & Salim, 2015). Among the ports within our nation, Mersin Port holds a prominent position as it serves
as a gateway to the Mediterranean and the Middle East. It stands as one of the largest container ports in our country, bearing
significant importance for our nation. The presence of an adjacent free zone adds to its allure for foreign trade companies situated in
Southeastern Anatolia, Eastern Anatolia, and Central Anatolia, particularly in terms of export activities. Mersin Port assumes a
crucial role in transit trade, notably for Iraq, Syria, and Iran (Balık, 2014; Zeybek, 2021). Following are the objectives of this study,
highlight the significance of ports in international transportation and their interconnectedness with maritime transport and foreign
trade. Emphasize the contribution of ports to the development of trade and industry. Discuss the role of ports as important indicators
for determining the economic development level of states. Introduce Mersin Port as one of the major container ports in Turkey,
particularly significant for its strategic location opening to the Mediterranean and the Middle East.
Highlight the attractiveness of Mersin Port's proximity to a free zone for foreign trade companies in Southeastern Anatolia, Eastern
Anatolia, and Central Anatolia, particularly in terms of exports. Discuss the importance of Mersin Port in facilitating transit trade,
especially for countries like Iraq, Syria, and Iran.

1.1. Maritime transport in Turkey

Maritime transport, a fundamental process for conveying passengers and goods via ships, plays a pivotal role in today's globalized economy. With
the rise of intercontinental trade worldwide, maritime transport emerges as the primary alternative, particularly for transporting heavy and
voluminous cargoes. Remarkably, approximately 80-90% of global trade is carried out through sea routes due to its cost-efficiency, environmental
sustainability, and superior reliability compared to air, land, and railway transport modes. The maritime transport sector, serving as a vital mediator
in global and commercial relations, occupies a significant position within the context of the blue economy, where ocean-based resources are
harnessed for sustainable economic growth (Mesut, 2021).
Container transportation represents the most rapidly expanding segment within the transportation industry. Containers, which underwent
standardization of their dimensions by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the 1960s, have become widely adopted in the
transportation field. These containers offer a multitude of advantages, including safeguarding goods, facilitating the combination of diverse loads,

© 2023, IJASRW, All right reserve

https://www.ijasrw.com
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
 International Journal of Advance Study and Research Work (2581-5997)/ Volume 6/Issue 3/July-Aug-Sept -2023

enabling effortless loading and unloading processes, and seamless integration with road and railway networks. They have revolutionized logistics
by enhancing efficiency and reducing handling costs (Ateş, et al., 2010).
The rapid advancement of container transportation has triggered a series of transformative effects. This includes the growing significance of
competition between ports striving to accommodate the surging demand, the implementation of various transportation systems such as 'door-to-
door transportation' and 'combined transportation' that rely on multiple modes of transportation, the proliferation of larger vessel sizes and the
emergence of mega container ships, and the demand for efficient and expeditious services beyond the sea routes. Consequently, these
developments have led to the construction of terminals, also known as dry ports, interconnected with ports to facilitate seamless cargo transfers
(Ece, 2020).
These insights, gleaned from studies conducted by Mesut (2021), Ateş et al. (2010), and Ece (2020), shed light on the intricate dynamics of
maritime transport and the burgeoning domain of container transportation.
The movement of cargo and passengers requires a balanced and integrated use of all modes of transport. The main and preferred feature is to
compete with other forms of transportation such as road, rail, and air. Shipping and other land bases collaborate to create truly mixed-mode
logistics chains. Short combined transportation is one of the modes that minimizes the negative effects of road transportation such as high
transportation costs, emissions, noise pollution, traffic density, death-related accident, or personal injury (Korkmaz, 2012). It is aimed to channel
the transportation network to the sea in short distances, to be an alternative to road transportation, and to improve combined transportation. Turkey,
where road transportation is frequently preferred, has a serious potential to create a transportation network between various modes, especially
reliable and cheaper sea transportation, due to its location and natural structure (Öztürk et al., 2017).
Today, customers want to buy the products and services they want to meet their needs at the right time, in the right place, and at the best price. If
they can't find it, they tend to buy another product and service. Therefore, it is not enough for companies to increase product diversity and quality;
Fulfilling these demands on time is the most important issue. The effective and convenient solution is logistics to fulfill the customer's demands.
The basic service offered by logistics companies is to carry the right product and service to the right place, at the right time, and under appropriate
conditions (Elbirlik, 2008).
Given Turkey's geopolitical characteristics, the sea route holds significant importance for both freight and passenger transportation. Sea
transportation stands out as the most cost-effective mode of transportation. Recognizing the substantial utilization of sea transportation in numerous
international commercial activities, the potential benefits derived from this sector become even more apparent (Deniz & Kilic, 2010).Turkey boasts
a diverse range of 180 ports, each with its own distinct characteristics. Among these ports, some serve as marinas, catering to recreational boating
and leisure activities, while others function as export ports, commonly referred to as mixed ports, facilitating the shipment of goods (Saraçoğlu &
Kılıç, 2013).The vast majority of marinas are located in the Aegean and Mediterranean regions, where summer tourism is intense. Marinas located
in regions that stand out with tourism such as İzmir, Bodrum, Didim, Marmaris, Göcek, Fethiye, and Datça continue their activities at world
standards by using high technology support and natural energy resources (Usluer & Alkan, 2015).
It is certainly true that Turkey's foreign trade, both in terms of exports and imports, is important in terms of its goals and place in the current world
economy. The most important factor that ensures the existence of foreign trade is logistics. Logistics is a new concept in Turkey. With exports and
imports, it has become more important later with large-scale and electronic commerce retailers (Demirlioğlu, 2008).
Sea transportation is a preferred mode of transportation mostly in the international arena. It is the lowest cost and safest mode of transportation.
Containerable products and excess products are transported by sea. Turkey has a great strategic location and geopolitical importance and these
factors are suitable for maritime transport, but Turkey has not been able to fully exploit these advantages. Due to the insufficient adoption of
maritime rules and targets, some problems negatively affect maritime transport in Turkey (Fulser, 2015).

1.2. Mersin port

Mersin Port emerges as a formidable competitor in Eastern Mediterranean transportation. As the primary port for industry and agriculture in the
Eastern Mediterranean region, it serves as a gateway to Turkey's Gaziantep and Adana provinces, as well as facilitating trade with Iraq and Iran.
Benefiting from its railway connectivity and convenient access to international roads, Mersin Port assumes an ideal role as a transit port for trade
with the Middle East. With its contemporary infrastructure, advanced equipment, efficient cargo handling operations, extensive storage facilities,
and proximity to the free trade zone, Mersin Port stands out as one of the most pivotal ports in the Eastern Mediterranean (Oral et al., 2006).
Constructed in 1954 by the Royal Netherlands Harbor Construction firm, the port commenced operations in 1958. In 2007, it underwent
privatization, leading to the transfer of operating rights to MIP company. Boasting an extensive hinterland, the port is intricately linked to the
country through an extensive network of land and rail connections, rendering it highly attractive. Positioned as a crucial transit hub for the Middle
East, the port encompasses 48 berths and exhibits a remarkable load-handling capacity of 44,000,000 (MIP, 2022).
At present, Mersin Port directly employs 3,000 individuals and indirectly provides employment opportunities for 25,000 individuals. It plays a
paramount role in driving the development of the logistics sector in Mersin and the surrounding region. Serving a hinterland that encompasses
close to 50 percent of Turkey, Mersin Port contributes significantly to tax revenue generation for the city (MIP, 2023).

Materials and Methods

In order to gather the necessary data and information, an extensive search was conducted utilizing relevant papers and research
articles published between 1999 and 2023. Various reputable sources such as journals, websites, indexed databases, and event
reports were consulted to ensure comprehensive coverage. The search process involved employing targeted keywords, including
"Port and The International Port cities," "The International ports and The Case of Mersin, Turkey," "Global Port-Cities and The Case

© 2023, IJASRW, All right reserve

https://www.ijasrw.com
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
 International Journal of Advance Study and Research Work (2581-5997)/ Volume 6/Issue 3/July-Aug-Sept -2023

of Mersin, Turkey," and "Maritime Transport Export and The Case of Mersin, Turkey," among others. Subsequently, the collected
data was meticulously examined and the findings were discussed in a concise and informative manner.

Result and Discussion

Given its geographical location, Turkey, surrounded by seas on three sides, recognizes the significance of maritime transport and its
ports as crucial components of its transportation system. Within the logistics sector, various modes of transportation are available,
including air, road, rail, and sea transport, all of which are widely utilized Çalışkan, 2018). Turkey holds a strategic position in
maritime transport due to its favorable location. Furthermore, the presence of ports in the country, offering services that meet global
standards in terms of technology and infrastructure, plays a pivotal role in the preference for ship transportation. Maritime transport
enables the transfer of a diverse range of goods, including bulk cargoes, pipes, liquid products, and containers. Apart from its
versatility in accommodating different types of products, maritime transport offers numerous advantages (Danışman, 2012).
International maritime transport offers much more product transportation alternatives compared to other modes of transport such as
road, air, and rail. The transfer of products weighing tons by sea can be carried out in one go. With the maritime logistics option,
goods can be sent almost anywhere in the world. Another feature is the safe transfer method provided by sea transportation (Kol,
2010).
Mersin Port has strong expertise in containers. In 2011 it realized a port volume of 25 million tons, with just over half of that volume
in containers, equivalent to 1.1 million twenty-meter equivalent units (TEU). This has made Mersin the second container port in
Turkey after Ambarlı and the fifth largest in terms of total tonnage. Turkey's largest cargo Port is BOTAŞ, an oil Port, followed by
ports in the main Turkish metropolises such as Izmit (Istanbul) and Aliaga (Izmir). Container volumes in Mersin represent one-fifth
of the total Turkish port container volumes and one-third of the containers of the Turkish Mediterranean coastline, which includes
Ambarlı, Mersin, and Iskenderun. Only Ambarlı and İzmir ports have a larger container share in the port cargo mix (UAB, 2022).
The second largest cargo category at Mersin port is dry bulk, which represents about 20% of the total tonnage handled by the port;
Other cargoes processed there are liquid bulk (17%), roll on-roll off (4%), and other cargoes. Mersin is one of the few major ports in
Turkey dealing with roll-on-roll off-traffic (RoRo), the largest Turkish Port in this category. Mersin's pattern of expertise (half in
containers, one-fifth in dry mass, and one-sixth in liquid mass) is unique in the Mediterranean and indeed Europe. Ports with a more
or less similar profile are Hamburg and Valencia, which still have a significant amount of dry bulk and slightly less liquid bulk, both
very specialized in containers (Merk & Begis, 2013).
The maritime transport export data of Turkey and Mersin Port are shown in Table 1. While Turkey's maritime transport exports were
227 billion USD in 2014, they increased by 12% to 256 billion USD in 2020. In 2021, it decreased by 48% to 133 billion USD due
to COVID-19. In 2022, it increased by 12% compared to 2021 and reached 133 million USD. While Mersin Port's maritime
transport export was 12 million tons in 2014, it increased by 41% to 17 million tons in 2022. The reason for this is the development
and growth of the port and the investments made. Mersin Port is Turkey's gateway to the Mediterranean and the Middle East.

Table 1. Turkey and Mersin Port Sea Export Data

YEARS TURKIYE SEA EXPORT DATA (USD) MERSIN PORT SEA EXPORT DATA (TONS)

2014 227.685.000.000 12.027.751

2015 202.477.000.000 12.171.979
2016 277.839.000.000 12.096.595
2017 227.987.000.000 13.602.327
2018 252.211.000.000 14.757.789
2019 239.573.000.000 15.822.960
2020 256.319.000.000 15.981.101
2021 133.727.000.000 17.768.478
2022 150.312.775.000 17.561.677

Source: TUİK, 2023; UAB, 2023

Conclusion
In today's globalized world, the logistics industry has direct or indirect interactions with numerous sectors and companies in the
global market. Within the competitive landscape, transportation expenses have emerged as a separate element influencing
companies, alongside the costs of products and services. With the increasing emphasis on free trade and the rapid integration of

© 2023, IJASRW, All right reserve

https://www.ijasrw.com
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
 International Journal of Advance Study and Research Work (2581-5997)/ Volume 6/Issue 3/July-Aug-Sept -2023

technological advancements, logistics transportation has gained a distinct position. Consequently, maritime transport, which has
witnessed significant advancements in national and international freight and passenger transportation, has assumed a more active
role in transportation activities.
The logistics sector plays a vital role in managing the flow of exports and imports between countries, thereby holding special
importance. Examining the history of maritime transport reveals its positive development within the logistics sector, exerting
influence on social and political events while contributing to the growth of national and international economies. Consequently, the
active involvement of maritime transport in trade activities has yielded positive effects on a country's economy. The geopolitical
location of Turkey, particularly its significant maritime access, underscores the importance of maritime transport and its contribution
to the national economy.
In the current global economic market, maritime transportation has gained increased prominence and is being utilized more
extensively. The Mediterranean region, with its developing economies and strategic sea routes, stands out as a noteworthy area.
However, the growing cargo volume in the Mediterranean has led to capacity constraints in Western Mediterranean ports, resulting
in increased demand for ports in the eastern Mediterranean. As a natural consequence, Turkey's ports are expected to experience a
surge in cargo volumes. However, the reality is different, and the proportion of Turkey's ports in the Mediterranean market has
relatively declined over the years. Consequently, Mersin Port, the busiest port in the Mediterranean region of Turkey, faces
challenges in terms of competing strongly in the market.
Mersin port can meet the global port need in the Eastern Mediterranean region if its geographical location facilities improve. Mersin
port can meet the global port need in the Eastern Mediterranean region if its physical facilities improve. Mersin port can meet the
global port need in the Eastern Mediterranean region if it is well managed. If Mersin port costs are reduced, it can meet the global
port needs in the Eastern Mediterranean region.

Acknowledgement
Thanks for his help to Dr. Kerem Gokten, at Nigde Omer Halisdemir University in Turkey about guide me for researches.

Conflict of Interest
There is no conflict of interest.

References
[1]. Ateş, A., Karadeniz, Ş., & Esmer, S. (2010). “Dünya konteyner taşımacılığı pazarında Turkey'nin yeri”
[2]. Balık, İ. (2014). “Limanlar ve liman yeri seçimi”. Kent Akademisi 7(18): 37-48 .
[3]. Berkoz, L., & Tekba, D. (1999). “The role of ports in the economic development of Turkey”.
[4]. Çalışkan, N. (2018). “Liman Özelleştirmelerinin Denizyolu Ticaretine Etkileri”.
[5]. Danışman, İ. K. (2012). “Turkey’de liman çevre yönetimi ile ilgili düzenlemeler”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi
4(2): 69-8.
[6]. Darbra, R. M., Ronza, A., Stojanovic, T. A., Wooldridge, C., & Casal, J. (2005). A procedure for identifying significant environmental
aspects in sea ports. Marine pollution bulletin, 50(8), 866-874.
[7]. Demirlioğlu, H. (2008). “Turkey denizyolu konteyner taşımacılığının kombine taşımacılık ile geliştirilmesi” (Doctoral dissertation, Fen
Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
[8]. Deniz, C., & Kilic, A. (2010). “Estimation and assessment of shipping emissions in the region of Ambarlı Port, Turkey”. Environmental
progress & sustainable energy 29(1): 107-115.
[9]. Dwarakish, G. S., & Salim, A. M. (2015). “Review on the Role of Ports in the Development of a Nation”. Aquatic Procedia 4: 295-301.
[10]. Goss, R. O. (1990). Economic policies and seaports: The economic functions of seaports. Maritime Policy & Management, 17(3), 207-
219.
[11]. Ece, N. J. (2020). “Covid-19 salgınının konteyner taşımacılığı ve limanlarına etkisi”. Mersin Üniversitesi Denizcilik ve Lojistik
Araştırmaları Dergisi 2(2): 47-66.
[12]. Elbirlik, G. (2008). Türk lojistik sektöründe denizyolu taşımacılığının önemi ve sorunları (Doctoral dissertation, DEÜ Sosyal Bilimleri
Enstitüsü).
[13]. Esmer, S., & Duru, O. (2017). “Port governance in Turkey: The age of the global terminal operators”. Research in Transportation
Business & Management 22: 214-223.
[14]. Fulser, B. (2015). “Kombine Taşımacılık ve Turkey Uygulamaları”. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans
Tezi, İstanbul.
[15]. Kardaşlar, A. (2022).“Turkey’de İhracata Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezi Geçerliliğinin Yeniden İncelenmesi”. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi
29(3): 443-461.

© 2023, IJASRW, All right reserve

https://www.ijasrw.com
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
 International Journal of Advance Study and Research Work (2581-5997)/ Volume 6/Issue 3/July-Aug-Sept -2023

[16]. Kol, B. (2010). “Turkey'nin dış ticaretinde deniz taşımacılığının önemi ve sorunları “(Doctoral dissertation, DEÜ Sosyal Bilimleri
Enstitüsü)
[17]. Korkmaz, O. (2012). “Turkey'de Gemi Tasimaciliginin Bazi Ekonomik Göstergelere Etkisi/The Effect of Maritime Transport on Some
Economic Indicators in Turkey”. Business and Economics Research Journal, 3(2): 97.
[18]. Merk, O., and Bagis, O. (2013). “The Competitiveness of Global Port-Cities: The Case of Mersin, Turkey”.
[19]. Mesut, S. (2021). “Blue economy and blue Ocean strategy”. J. Ecol. Nat. Resour 5: 000263.
[20]. MIP, (2022). https://www.mersinport.com.tr/liman-ozellikleri/detay/LIMAN-OZELLIKLERI/23/27/0
[21]. MIP (2023). https://www.mersinport.com.tr/tr/hakkimizda/detay/mersin-limani-genisleme-projesi-emh-2/589/2329/0.
[22]. Oral, E. Z., Kisi, H., Cerit, A. G., Tuna, O., and Esmer, S. (2006). “Port Governance in Turkey”. Research in Transportation Economics
17: 171-184.
[23]. Öztürk, D., Güray, İ., Murathan, G. Ü. L., and Akyıldız, H. (2017). “A General Framework for Short Sea Shipping”. GİDB Dergi 9: 57-
65.
[24]. Saraçoğlu, H., Deniz, C., & Kılıç, A. (2013). “An investigation on the effects of ship sourced emissions in Izmir Port, Turkey”. The
Scientific World Journal .
[25]. Selamoglu, M. (2021). “The effects of the Ports and water transportation on the Aquatic ecosystem”. Op Acc J Bio Sci & Res 10(1).
[26]. Topbaş, T. (2020). Limanların uluslararası ticarete etkisi ve Mersin Limanının bölge ekonomisindeki payı (Master's thesis, Sosyal
Bilimler Enstitüsü).
[27]. TÜİK (2023). Dış Ticaret İstatistikleri. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=Dis-Ticaret-104.
[28]. UAB (2023). Denizcilik İstatistikleri. https://denizcilikistatistikleri.uab.gov.tr/.
[29]. Uğuz, S. (2016). “Mersin limanında ticaret (1870-1912)” .
[30]. Usluer, H. B., & Alkan, G. B. (2015). “Liman Planlama ve Geliştirmede Deniz Bilimlerinin Önemi”. II. Ulusal Liman Kongresi. İzmir:
Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Denizcilik Fakültesi.
[31]. Zeybek, H. (2021). “Demiryollarının Konteyner Limanı-Hinterlant Bağlantılarındaki Önemi: Mersin Limanı Örneği”. Demiryolu
Mühendisliği (14): 49-64.

© 2023, IJASRW, All right reserve

https://www.ijasrw.com
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License