Emerging Countries

/ Developing A

Stanislas Tyl

World Climate
Negotiating a Global Climate Agreement using
the C-ROADS Climate Policy Simulation
Livret créé et développé par
Laurent Richard / Albedo

lrichard@albedoclimat.org
www.albedoclimat.org

Licence Creative Commons BY-NC-ND

 Climate Change, the UNFCCC and the IPCC
Le changement climatique, la CCNUCC et le GIEC
Sources: IPCC / GIEC, Comprendre le GIEC, What is the IPCC?, The Paris Agreement, L'accord de Paris,
Press Release AR6 Working Group I, IPCC Working Group I, Press Release Working Group II, IPCC Working Group II,
Press Release AR6 Working Group III, IPCC Working Group III
The Climate Emergency, Résumés des rapports du GIEC, The impacts of climate change at 1.5C, 2C and beyond

What is the Paris Agreement and its essential elements? / Qu’est-ce que l'accord de Paris
et en quoi consiste-t-il ?

The Paris Agreement, adopted in December 2015, is a landmark international treaty that aims
to address the urgent global issue of climate change. It was negotiated under the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) during the 21st Conference of
the Parties (COP 21) held in Paris, France. The agreement represents a collective effort by
the international community to combat climate change and mitigate its impacts.

At its core, the Paris Agreement seeks to limit the rise in global average temperature well
below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the increase to
1.5 degrees Celsius. This temperature goal is crucial in order to avoid the most severe and
irreversible impacts of climate change on ecosystems, societies, and economies.

One of the key elements of the Paris Agreement is the concept of Nationally Determined
Contributions (NDCs). Each country is required to prepare and communicate its NDC,
outlining its specific actions, targets, and policies to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and
adapt to climate change. The agreement emphasizes that these contributions should be
ambitious and represent a progression over time. Initially, countries submitted their intended
NDCs, and they are expected to regularly update and enhance their commitments every five
years.

The Paris Agreement also establishes a global stocktaking process to assess collective
progress towards achieving the long-term temperature goal. This involves reviewing and
evaluating the efforts of individual countries, as well as the overall progress of global
emissions reductions and adaptation measures. The stocktaking process aims to enhance
transparency, accountability, and cooperation among nations.

Transparency and accountability are crucial components of the agreement. Countries are
required to regularly report on their emissions and efforts in implementing their NDCs. This
transparency fosters trust among nations and enables them to hold each other accountable.
The agreement establishes a framework for providing information on emissions, progress,
and support received or provided for climate action.

Climate finance is another significant element of the Paris Agreement. Developed countries
are encouraged to provide financial resources to support developing countries in their efforts
to mitigate and adapt to climate change. The agreement sets a goal to mobilize $100 billion
per year by 2020, with a commitment to further increase financial flows in subsequent years.
This financing is crucial to help developing countries transition to low-carbon and
climate-resilient pathways.

The agreement also recognizes the importance of technology transfer and capacity building.
It encourages countries to cooperate on technology research, development, and deployment
to enable effective climate action. Capacity building support is provided to help developing
countries enhance their skills and capabilities in addressing climate change.

Lastly, the Paris Agreement acknowledges that some impacts of climate change are
unavoidable and may result in loss and damage, particularly in vulnerable developing
countries. It establishes a mechanism to enhance understanding, support, and cooperation in
addressing loss and damage associated with the impacts of climate change.

Collectively, these essential elements form the foundation of the Paris Agreement, guiding
global efforts towards combating climate change, promoting sustainable development, and
creating a more resilient and sustainable future for all. The agreement reflects the
recognition that addressing climate change requires international cooperation and the
engagement of all countries, taking into account their different historical responsibilities and
capacities.

What is the IPCC ? / Qu’est-ce que le GIEC ?

The IPCC, known as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, is an international
scientific organization created by the United Nations in 1988. Its primary purpose is to
provide policymakers with comprehensive assessments of climate change based on the
latest scientific research. The IPCC brings together thousands of scientists from around the
world who review and synthesize existing climate science literature. Through its assessment
reports, the IPCC offers policymakers a clear understanding of the current state of climate
change, its impacts, and potential mitigation and adaptation strategies. These reports play a
crucial role in shaping climate policies and actions at global, regional, and national levels,
helping societies make informed decisions to address the challenges of climate change.

What are the three IPCC working groups of the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6)?
Quels sont les thèmes des trois groupes de travail du sixième rapport d’évaluation (AR6) du
GIEC ?

The Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) consists of three working groups:

1. Working Group I (WG I): This group focuses on the physical science basis of climate
change. It assesses the latest understanding of the Earth's climate system, including
the drivers of climate change, observed changes in the atmosphere, oceans,
cryosphere, and land, as well as projections of future climate conditions.
2. Working Group II (WG II): This group examines the impacts, vulnerability, and
adaptation to climate change. It assesses how climate change affects natural and
human systems, including ecosystems, water resources, food security, human health,
and socio-economic sectors. The WG II report also explores strategies for adapting to
and reducing the risks associated with climate change.
3. Working Group III (WG III): This group focuses on mitigation of climate change. It
assesses the options and measures available to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
and limit the magnitude of climate change. The WG III report covers various sectors,
such as energy, transportation, industry, agriculture, and land use, and examines the
potential for implementing sustainable practices and transitioning to low-carbon and
climate-resilient pathways.

Each working group contributes a specific perspective to the overall assessment of climate
change in the AR6. Their reports undergo a thorough review process involving experts and
governments to ensure scientific rigor and policy relevance. The combined findings and
recommendations of these working groups provide a comprehensive understanding of
climate change and inform global efforts to address its challenges.
What are the findings and the predictions of the IPCC?
Quelles sont les conclusions et les prévisions du GIEC AR6 ?
See links above and IPCC Climate Change 2021 (Sous-titres en français)

1. Crop yields of maize, wheat, and rice will decrease due to global warming, even in
Europe. The reduction in yields will be more significant at +2°C compared to +1.5°C.
2. The warming will have direct impacts on human health, including increased mortality
from heatwaves and the spread of diseases carried by mosquitoes such as malaria
and dengue.
3. A temperature increase of +1.5°C will result in the disappearance of over half of the
territories for 6% of insects, 8% of plants, and 4% of vertebrates studied, with serious
consequences for ecosystems. These numbers are multiplied by 2 or 3 at +2°C. Coral
reefs will be destroyed by over 99%, leading to the extinction of marine species.
4. The sea level is projected to rise by 10 cm by 2100, with continued rise beyond that
time. Preventing further sea-level rise is no longer possible.
5. The report emphasizes that human actions have already caused a 1°C increase in
average temperature compared to pre-industrial levels. The consequences of climate
change are already evident, including the shrinking of Arctic sea ice and melting
glaciers.
6. If emissions continue at their current rate, a warming of 1.5°C will likely be reached
between 2030 and 2050 and continue in the second half of the century.
7. The commitments made by countries under the Paris Agreement, even if fully
implemented, will not be sufficient to limit global warming to 1.5°C.
8. The impacts of climate change become more severe with each half-degree increase in
temperature. Economic consequences include increased risks of extreme weather
events and their associated costs.
9. Vulnerable regions, including the Arctic Ocean and developing countries, will be most
affected by climate risks, leading to a massive impact on poverty. In France, the risk of
flooding is higher at +2°C than at +1.5°C.
10. Other consequences include negative effects on fishing, access to water, agriculture,
and indirect impacts such as famines, water scarcity, and population displacement.
11. To limit global warming to 1.5°C, emissions must be reduced by 50% by 2030 and
reach net-zero by 2050. To limit it to 2°C, emissions must be reduced by 25% by 2030
and achieve net-zero by 2070.
12. Achieving these emission reductions requires significant investments in energy
efficiency, consumption reduction, renewable energy, carbon capture and storage, and
the preservation and restoration of ecosystems.
 13. The cost of investments to limit global warming to 1.5°C is estimated to be around
$2.4 trillion per year between 2016 and 2035, approximately 2.5% of global GDP.

What is our carbon budget ? / Quel est notre budget carbone ?

What is the carbon budget?, From Emissions to Global Warming, Carbon Budget 2020, Carbon Countdown

The Earth's carbon budget refers to the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions that
can be released into the atmosphere while still keeping global temperature rise within a
certain limit. It represents the cumulative emissions that the planet can tolerate without
exceeding a specific threshold.

In this case, the carbon budget is stated to be 2,900 gigatonnes (Gt) of CO2. This means that,
in order to maintain a specific temperature target, such as limiting global warming to 1.5 or 2
degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, the total emissions of CO2 must not exceed this
threshold.

According to the information provided, in 2017, the world had already emitted 2,200
gigatonnes of CO2. This indicates that a significant portion of the carbon budget had been
utilized, leaving a smaller margin for future emissions before reaching the desired
temperature limit.

The figures highlight the urgency to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to more
sustainable practices in order to stay within the carbon budget and mitigate the impacts of
climate change. By understanding and effectively managing the carbon budget, we can make
informed decisions and take necessary actions to safeguard the planet's climate and ensure
a sustainable future.
 Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions and Energy profiles
Émissions en gaz à effet de serre (GES) et profils énergétiques
Sources: World GHG Emissions Flow Chart, CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions, The Carbon Map, La géopolitique de
l'énergie, Cumulative CO2 emissions par pays, Annual CO2 emissions per capita, Emissions Pie Charts, The Shift Project
Data Portal

What are the actual global GHG emissions ? What are the different sources of GHG ? For
which use ? / Quelles sont les émissions mondiales actuelles de GES ? Quelles sont les
sources de ces émissions ? Pour quels usages ?

What are the actual global GHG emissions?

1. Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reached approximately 52.7 gigatonnes of

carbon dioxide equivalent (GtCO2e) in 2019, according to the IPCC's 6th Assessment
Report.

What are the different sources of GHG?

The main sources of GHG emissions are:
a) Energy Sector: Fossil fuel combustion for electricity, heat, and transportation.
b) Agriculture: Methane emissions from livestock and rice cultivation, and nitrous oxide
emissions from fertilizers.
c) Land Use and Forestry: Deforestation and land-use changes contribute to emissions.
d) Industrial Processes: Emissions from manufacturing, cement production, and chemical
reactions.

2. e) Waste Management: Methane emissions from landfills and wastewater treatment.

For which use are GHGs emitted?

GHG emissions arise from various human activities, including:
a) Energy Production: Burning fossil fuels for electricity, heating, and transportation.
b) Agriculture and Livestock: Emissions from livestock digestion, manure management, and
fertilizer use.
c) Land Use and Deforestation: Clearing land for agriculture, logging, and urbanization.
d) Industrial Processes: Emissions from chemical reactions and manufacturing activities.

3. e) Waste Management: Improper waste disposal and landfill emissions.

It's important to note that these emissions contribute to the accumulation of GHGs in the
atmosphere, leading to climate change and its associated impacts. The IPCC conducts
comprehensive assessments of GHG emissions and their sources to inform policymakers
and develop strategies for mitigating climate change.
Which countries are responsible of the current CO2 emissions ? What are the differences
with the cumulative emissions ?
Quels sont les pays responsables des émissions actuelles de CO2 ? Quelles sont les
différences avec les émissions cumulées ?

When it comes to current CO2 emissions, the largest emitters can vary depending on the
time frame considered. However, historically, the top contributors to global CO2 emissions
are generally the following countries:

1. China: China has been the largest emitter of CO2 in recent years due to its rapid
industrialization and extensive use of coal for energy production.
2. United States: The United States has historically been one of the largest emitters of
CO2, primarily due to its high energy consumption and reliance on fossil fuels.
3. India: With its growing population and expanding economy, India has experienced a
significant increase in CO2 emissions in recent years, driven by industrial
development and increased energy demand.
4. Russia: Russia is a major emitter of CO2 due to its extensive use of fossil fuels,
particularly in the oil and gas industry.
5. Japan: Japan is a highly industrialized nation and relies on a mix of fossil fuels and
nuclear energy, making it one of the significant contributors to global CO2 emissions.

It's important to note that while these countries are currently the largest emitters, the
responsibility for cumulative emissions over time is different. Cumulative emissions refer to
the total amount of CO2 emitted by a country since the beginning of industrialization. In this
case, countries with a longer history of industrialization and higher levels of historical
emissions tend to have larger cumulative emissions. This includes countries such as the
United States, European nations, and other developed countries that have been
industrializing for a longer period.

It's worth mentioning that recent efforts are being made to address global emissions through
international agreements like the Paris Agreement, which aims to mitigate climate change by
reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable practices globally.
Compare the CO2 emissions per capita among the countries.
Faites une comparaison des émissions par personne des pays de la planète

Characteristics of Most Polluting Countries:

1. Reliance on Fossil Fuels: Many of the most polluting countries heavily rely on fossil
fuels for their energy production. They often have significant reserves or production of
oil, natural gas, or coal, leading to high carbon emissions.
2. Industrialization and Energy Intensity: These countries may have highly industrialized
economies with energy-intensive sectors, such as manufacturing, mining, or heavy
industries. The energy demands of these sectors contribute to higher emissions.
3. Limited Renewable Energy Adoption: Most polluting countries may have a slower
adoption rate of renewable energy sources like solar, wind, or hydroelectric power.
This reliance on non-renewable energy contributes to higher emissions.
4. Large Population and Urbanization: Some of the most polluting countries have a high
population, often concentrated in urban areas. Urbanization and population density
can lead to increased energy consumption and transportation emissions.
5. Economic Factors: These countries may have high levels of economic development,
leading to increased energy consumption and emissions. Industries and affluent
lifestyles contribute to higher carbon footprints.

Characteristics of "Cleaner" Countries:

1. Renewable Energy Investments: Cleaner countries tend to prioritize and invest in

renewable energy sources. They may have implemented policies and incentives to
encourage the adoption of solar, wind, hydro, and other renewable sources.
2. Energy Efficiency Measures: Cleaner countries often focus on improving energy
efficiency in industries, buildings, and transportation. This includes using
energy-efficient technologies, promoting public transportation, and implementing
energy-saving regulations.
3. Environmental Policies and Climate Commitments: Cleaner countries usually have
strong environmental policies, including emissions reduction targets, carbon pricing
mechanisms, and participation in international agreements like the Paris Agreement.
4. Research and Innovation: These countries often invest in research and development of
clean technologies and sustainable practices. They support innovation in areas such
as renewable energy, energy storage, and carbon capture and storage.
5. Conscious Consumption and Waste Management: Cleaner countries may have a
culture of sustainable consumption, waste reduction, and recycling. They promote
awareness of environmental issues and implement effective waste management
strategies.
It's important to acknowledge that this is a general comparison, and individual countries may
have unique factors contributing to their emissions levels. Furthermore, countries can evolve
and change their environmental policies and practices over time.
Economy and the Energy profile / L’économie et le profil énergétique
Sources: World Bank / Banque Mondiale, The Carbon Map, International Energy Agency,
Renewable Resources Poster, Global Energy Network Institute, International Renewable Energy Agency

Choose one country that is typical of your region.

What is the energy portfolio of this country? Does it depend on fossil fuels? /
Choisissez un pays qui est représentatif de votre région.
Quel est le profil énergétique de ce pays ? Votre pays dépend-t-il des énergies fossiles ?
Breakdown-of-Energy-Consumption-Statistics or http://energyatlas.iea.org

France has a significant reliance on nuclear power, which is evident from the large
contribution of nuclear energy in its energy portfolio. Nuclear power provides a substantial
portion of France's electricity generation. The country has a well-established nuclear power
infrastructure and is known for its reliance on nuclear energy.

Additionally, France has a mix of fossil fuels, including oil, gas, and coal. However, their
contributions are relatively lower compared to nuclear power. France has been actively
working to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels and increase the share of renewable energy
sources.

Renewable energy sources such as hydroelectricity, wind, biomass, and waste also play a role
in France's energy mix, although their contributions are smaller compared to nuclear power.

Overall, while France does have a reliance on fossil fuels, particularly in the form of oil and
gas, its energy portfolio is characterized by a significant presence of nuclear power and a
growing share of renewable energy sources. The country has been taking steps to reduce its
carbon footprint and promote a transition towards cleaner energy alternatives.

///////

China's energy portfolio heavily depends on fossil fuels, particularly coal and oil. Coal
constitutes the largest portion of China's energy consumption, followed by oil. However, it's
important to note that China has been making efforts to diversify its energy mix and reduce
its reliance on coal by promoting the development of renewable energy sources such as
hydroelectricity, wind power, nuclear energy, and biomass. These alternative sources are also
present in China's energy portfolio, albeit to a lesser extent compared to coal and oil.
 REDD+
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries
Le programme REDD+ contre la déforestation
Sources: What is REDD+?, UN-REDD, REDD+ Platform, REDD Fact Sheet, Introduction to REDD + (EN or FR),
10 years UN REDD programme, Le petit livre du REDD+, REDD Finance, The importance of Mangroves

What is the REDD+ programme? / Qu’est-ce que le programme REDD+ ?

The REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) program is a
global initiative aimed at combating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions
from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries. It is an extension of the
original REDD program, which focused primarily on reducing emissions from deforestation.

The REDD+ program goes beyond deforestation and includes additional activities such as the
conservation and sustainable management of forests, enhancement of forest carbon stocks,
and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits derived from forest resources. The "+" in REDD+
signifies the broader scope of the program.

The main objective of REDD+ is to create financial incentives for developing countries to
protect and sustainably manage their forests, which are valuable carbon sinks. By providing
financial rewards for reducing deforestation and promoting sustainable forest management,
the program aims to contribute to global climate change mitigation efforts.

The REDD+ program operates through a results-based payment system, where developing
countries receive financial incentives based on the results they achieve in reducing emissions
from deforestation and forest degradation. The funds are often provided by developed
countries, international organizations, or other sources committed to supporting climate
change mitigation and forest conservation efforts.

In addition to its climate change mitigation benefits, the REDD+ program also recognizes the
importance of safeguarding the rights and livelihoods of local communities and indigenous
peoples who depend on forests for their well-being. It emphasizes the need for the full and
effective participation of these communities in decision-making processes related to forest
management and the sharing of benefits from REDD+ activities.
Overall, the REDD+ program aims to address deforestation and forest degradation as
significant drivers of climate change, while also promoting sustainable development and the
protection of forest-dependent communities.

How REDD+ is financed and which types of projects it is funding? / Comment est financé le
programme REDD+ et quels sont les types de projets soutenus ?

The REDD+ program is financed through a combination of public and private funding. It
receives support from multilateral funds, bilateral aid, carbon markets, private sector
initiatives, and philanthropic foundations.

REDD+ funds are allocated to various types of projects, including forest conservation and
protection, forest restoration and reforestation, capacity building and governance, and
sustainable livelihoods and community development. These projects aim to prevent
deforestation, restore degraded forests, enhance monitoring systems, improve land tenure
arrangements, and promote sustainable livelihoods for forest-dependent communities.

Overall, REDD+ financing comes from diverse sources and supports a range of projects to
mitigate deforestation, promote sustainable forest management, and address climate
change.

What is the state of the World’s Forests? / Globalement quelles sont les actions préconisées
par le GIEC pour diminuer l’impact de l’utilisation des terres et des forêts sur le changement
climatique dans son rapport spécial SRCCL ?
IPCC SRCCL FIgure SPM.3A , SPM.3B and Figure 6.5 / Mesures d'adaptation et d'atténuation (Fig RID.3,
p26-27) et Résumé du rapport
1. Deforestation: Forests continue to face significant deforestation, primarily due to
agricultural expansion, logging, infrastructure development, and urbanization. This
loss of forests contributes to habitat destruction, biodiversity loss, and increased
greenhouse gas emissions.
2. Forest degradation: Apart from deforestation, many forests are also subject to
degradation, which involves the decline in the quality and health of the forest
ecosystem. Factors contributing to forest degradation include unsustainable logging
practices, fire outbreaks, invasive species, and climate change impacts.
3. Biodiversity loss: Deforestation and forest degradation result in the loss of biodiversity,
including the extinction of plant and animal species that rely on forests for their
habitat. Forests are home to a significant proportion of the world's terrestrial
biodiversity, making their conservation crucial for preserving global ecological
balance.
4. Climate change impact: Forests play a critical role in mitigating climate change by
acting as carbon sinks, absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However,
deforestation and degradation release carbon emissions, exacerbating climate
change. Protecting and restoring forests is essential for climate change mitigation and
adaptation efforts.
5. Conservation efforts: There are global initiatives and efforts underway to address the
challenges faced by the world's forests. These include conservation projects,
sustainable forest management practices, reforestation and afforestation programs,
and international agreements such as the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest
Degradation (REDD+) program.
 The Green Climate Fund (GCF)
Le Fonds vert pour le climat
Sources: The Green Climate Fund (GCF), Fonds vert pour le climat, Climate Funds Projects Map,
How climate finance flows around the World ?, Climate Finance Projects in 2016, Video on the GCF (EN / FR)

What is the Green Climate Fund? / Qu’est-ce que le Fonds vert pour le Climat ?

The Green Climate Fund (GCF) is a financial mechanism established under the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to support developing
countries in their efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its impacts. The GCF was
established in 2010 and became fully operational in 2015.

Here are key points about the Green Climate Fund:

1. Objective: The primary objective of the Green Climate Fund is to promote a paradigm
shift towards low-emission and climate-resilient development pathways in developing
countries. It aims to support projects and programs that address climate change
mitigation, adaptation, and both cross-cutting and sectoral approaches.
2. Funding: The GCF mobilizes and channels financial resources to developing countries.
It receives contributions from developed countries, which can provide grants,
concessional loans, and equity investments. The fund aims for a balance between
mitigation and adaptation activities and prioritizes support for the most vulnerable
countries, including the least developed countries (LDCs), small island developing
states (SIDS), and African states.
3. Access and Accreditation: The GCF works through direct access entities, which are
institutions accredited by the fund to deliver financial resources and support to
developing countries. These entities include national development banks, international
organizations, and other institutions. Accreditation ensures that projects and
programs meet the GCF's criteria and environmental and social safeguards.
4. Project and Program Support: The Green Climate Fund provides financial resources for
a range of activities, including renewable energy projects, energy efficiency initiatives,
climate-resilient infrastructure, adaptation measures, and capacity-building efforts. It
supports both public and private sector projects, with a focus on catalyzing private
sector investment.
5. Readiness and Preparatory Support: In addition to project funding, the GCF provides
support for readiness and preparatory activities to help developing countries
strengthen their capacities to access and effectively utilize the fund's resources. This
 includes support for project development, institutional strengthening, and enhancing
country ownership and engagement.
6. Transparency and Accountability: The Green Climate Fund operates with a strong
emphasis on transparency, accountability, and results-based management. It has
established rigorous processes for project approval, monitoring, and evaluation to
ensure that funds are utilized effectively and deliver intended climate outcomes.

The Green Climate Fund plays a crucial role in mobilizing financial resources and supporting
developing countries in their climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. It aims to
contribute to global efforts to address climate change and promote sustainable
development.

Does your country or region support the GCF or is there any project financed by the GCF in
your country or region ? / Est-ce que votre pays ou région soutient le Fonds vert pour le
climat (FVC) ou votre pays/région a-t-il des projets financés par le FVC ?

France has been a strong supporter of the Green Climate Fund (GCF). France has made
financial contributions to the GCF to support its activities and help mobilize climate finance
for developing countries. France recognizes the importance of international cooperation and
financial support in addressing climate change and has been actively engaged in global
climate finance initiatives.

Regarding projects financed by the GCF in France, it is important to note that the primary
focus of the GCF is to support developing countries in their climate change mitigation and
adaptation efforts. However, the GCF may also provide support for projects in developed
countries if they demonstrate a clear benefit for developing countries and contribute to the
GCF's objectives.

China is a supporter of the Green Climate Fund (GCF). The GCF is a financial mechanism
under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) aimed at
supporting developing countries in their efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change.

China has actively engaged with the GCF and has received funding for various climate
change projects. There have been several projects financed by the GCF in China. These
projects focus on areas such as renewable energy, energy efficiency, sustainable
transportation, and climate resilience. The specific projects and their status may have
changed since then, so it is advisable to consult the latest information from the Green
Climate Fund or related sources for the most up-to-date details on projects financed by the
GCF in China.
 LINKS / LIENS
Full list /Liste complète : www.albedoclimat.org/bibliographie-liens

The Atlas of Climate Change Le climat en questions

Awesome Atlas (Environment Book of the year 2011) with more Réponses scientifiques et rigoureuses des climatologues aux
than 200 full-colored maps, graphics and illustrations. questions du grand public.

The Carbon Story by the Global Carbon Project
A must see to learn about our carbon emissions and our future
NASA Earth Now
NASA enables studies that unravel the complexities of our planet
from the highest reaches of Earth’s atmosphere to its core.
Climate Science, Risk & Solutions
Climate Knowledge for Everyone. The goal of this site is to
summarize the most important lines of evidence for human-caused
climate change. By Dr. Kerry Emanuel, Professor of Atmospheric
Science at MIT.

Climate Interactive GIEC (Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur

Climate Interactive is a not-for-profit organization. Our easy-to-use, l’évolution du climat) / IPCC
tangible, scientifically-grounded tools as well as our programs for The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the
engagement help people see for themselves what options exist United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate
today to shape the future they want to see. change.

La Fresque du Climat Traductions et résumés des rapports du GIEC

La Fresque du Climat est un atelier ludique, participatif et créatif Résumés et traductions des rapports du GIEC par les membres de
sur le changement climatique. Il est basé sur l’intelligence citoyens pour le climat.
collective et est extrêmement pédagogique.

Skeptical Science The Climate Emergency

Skeptical Science is a non-profit science education organisation. A Prezi presentation to understand the emergency and our carbon
The goal of Skeptical Science is to explain what peer reviewed budget.
science has to say about global warming.

Paris Reality Check Nos gestes climat - Faire son bilan carbone
Ce simulateur vous permet d'évaluer votre empreinte carbone
individuelle annuelle totale et par grandes catégories.

TWITTER ACCOUNT COMPTES TWITTER

https://twitter.com/ClimateOfGavin https://twitter.com/valmasdel
https://twitter.com/MichaelEMann https://twitter.com/clequere
https://twitter.com/KHayhoe https://twitter.com/MeteoClimat
https://twitter.com/ed_hawkins https://twitter.com/IPSL_outreach
https://twitter.com/ClimateCentral https://twitter.com/RobertVautard
https://twitter.com/UNFCCC https://twitter.com/fmbreon
https://twitter.com/nasaclimate https://twitter.com/laydgeur

GAMES / JEUX

CO2 Second Edition ClimaTicTac

 CO2: Second Chance revises and enriches the original competitive
game CO2 and includes a brand-new cooperative game, in which
the players have to collaborate to save the world.
VIDEOS / MULTIMÉDIA
Climate Change - The state of the science (ENG) /
Changement Climatique - L’état des connaissances
scientifiques (FR)
The data visualization summarises several of the most significant
statements in the IPCC’s latest summary for policymakers published
September 2013. / Cette animation illustre et résume plusieurs des
déclarations les plus importantes du résumé du GIEC à l'intention des
décideurs, publié septembre 2013.
Years of Living Dangerously
A groundbreaking documentary series about the human impact on
climate change. YEARS OF LIVING DANGEROUSLY takes you
directly to the heart of the matter in this awe-inspiring and cinematic
documentary series.
Directed by James Cameron, with Harrison Ford, Matt Damon, Jessica
Alba, Don Cheadle, America Ferrera, Schwarzenegger…
TED TALK / James Hansen: Why I must speak out
about climate change (Sous-titres en français)
Top climate scientist James Hansen tells the story of his involvement
in the science of and debate over global climate change
How to Talk to an Ostrich / How Do We Know ?
Short videos to understand some key points of climate change
Time-lapse history of global CO2 emissions 1751-2008
Pumphandle 2019 (NOAA)
Time history of atmospheric carbon dioxide from 800,000 years before
present until January 2019
Climate Change from 1870 to 2100 (NCAR)
NASA - Temperature Data: 1880-2019
Jeu de stratégie collaboratif. Les joueurs agissent en fonction des
aléas climatiques et des leviers d'action dont ils disposent.
Keep Cool Mobile
What happens to the climate if you decide?
Time is running! 50 cities – one global challenge: climate change.
Climate Change 2021 - Working Group I: The
Physical Science Basis (Sous-titres en français)
IPCC (GIEC) Sixth Assessment Report
Climate Change 2014 - Working Group II: Impacts,
Adaptation, and Vulnerability
IPCC (GIEC) Fifth Assessment Report
L'accord de Paris, les coulisses de la COP21
Ce documentaire montre le travail des négociateurs et du
président de la COP 21 pour réussir à obtenir un consensus
international sur le dérèglement climatique. Il offre également un
regard historique en rappelant la genèse des négociations sur le
dérèglement climatique.
Le Réveilleur, chaîne de vulgarisation scientifique
Excellentes vidéos de vulgarisation scientifique sur les questions
climatiques et de transition énergétique qui sont autant de
synthèses précises et accessibles.
Playlist sur le changement climatique,
Playlist sur la transition énergétique
Climate Change Vox
A serie of great short video about climate change and its related
issues.
Changement climatique : chaque demi-degré
compte – Conférence de Valérie Masson Delmotte
Valérie Masson-Delmotte, co-présidente du groupe n°1 du GIEC,
explique l’état des connaissances des sciences climatiques avec
un véritable talent de pédagogue. La complexité du sujet est
exposée avec clarté et précision.
The State of the Climate Crisis / Climate Action
Tracker
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BIBLIOGRAPHY / BIBLIOGRAPHIE (ENG)
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Laurent Richard / Albedo
lrichard@albedoclimat.org

www.albedoclimat.org

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