College of Engineering Education

2nd Floor, B&E Building

Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
College of Engineering Education
Civil Engineering Program

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for

Self-Directed Learning (SDL)

Course/Subject: BCE 222 (Mechanics of Deformable Bodies)

Name of Teacher: Engr. Noroddin V. Melog
Author: Engr. Michelle A. Daarol

THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR REPRODUCTION AND
DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED USE. THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE
USE OF THE STUDENTS WHO ARE OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.

Page 1 of 28
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Course Outline: BCE 222 - (MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES)

Course Coordinator: Noroddin V. Melog, RCE

Email: noroddin_melog@gmail.com
Student Consultation: By appointment (thru SMS, email and LMS)
Mobile: 0916-5732-111
Phone: (082) 296-1084 or 300-5456 loc. 133
Effectivity Date: May 2020
Mode of Delivery: Blended (On-line with face to face or virtual sessions)
Time Frame: 90 hours
Student Workload: Expected Self-Directed Learning
Pre-requisite: CEE 117 (Statics of Rigid Bodies)
Co-requisite: CEE 118 (Dynamics of Rigid Bodies)
Credit: 5.0 units lecture
Attendance Requirements: A minimum of 95% attendance is required at all
scheduled Virtual or face-to-face sessions

Course Outline Policy

Areas of Concern Details

Contact and Non-contact Hours
Assessment Task Submission
This 5-unit course self-instructional manual is designed
for blended learning mode of instructional delivery
with scheduled face to face or virtual sessions. The
expected number of hours will be 90 including the face-
to-face or virtual sessions. The face-to-face sessions
shall include the summative assessment tasks (exams)
since this course is crucial in the licensure examination
for civil engineers.
Submission of assessment tasks shall be on 3rd, 5th, 7th
and 9th week of the term. The assessment paper shall be
attached with a cover page indicating the title of the
assessment task (if the task is performance), the name
of the course coordinator, date of submission and name
of the student. The document should be emailed to the
course coordinator. It is also expected that you already
paid your tuition and other fees before the submission
of the assessment task.

If the assessment task is done in real time through the

features in the Blackboard Learning Management
System, the schedule shall be arranged ahead of time by
the course coordinator.

Since this course is included in the licensure

examination for civil engineers, you will be required to
take the Multiple-Choice Question exam inside the
University. This should be scheduled ahead of time by

Page 2 of 28
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

your course coordinator. This is non-negotiable for all

licensure-based programs.
Turnitin Submission To ensure honesty and authenticity, all assessment
(if necessary) tasks are required to be submitted through Turnitin
with a maximum similarity index of 30% allowed. This
means that if your paper goes beyond 30%, the
students will either opt to redo her/his paper or explain
in writing addressed to the course coordinator the
reasons for the similarity. In addition, if the paper has
reached more than 30% similarity index, the student
may be called for a disciplinary action in accordance
with the University’s OPM on Intellectual and Academic
Honesty.

Please note that academic dishonesty such as cheating

and commissioning other students or people to
complete the task for you have severe punishments
(reprimand, warning, expulsion).
Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after the
Assignments/Assessments designated time on the due date, without an approved
extension of time, will be reduced by 5% of the possible
maximum score for that assessment item for each day
or part day that the assessment item is late.

However, if the late submission of assessment paper

has a valid reason, a letter of explanation should be
submitted and approved by the course coordinator. If
necessary, you will also be required to present/attach
evidences.
Return of Assignments/ Assessment tasks will be returned to you two (2) weeks
Assessments after the submission. This will be returned by email or
via Blackboard portal.

For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator will

require some or few of the students for online or virtual
sessions to ask clarificatory questions to validate the
originality of the assessment task submitted and to
ensure that all the group members are involved.
Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the course
coordinator his/her intention to resubmit an
assessment task. The resubmission is premised on the
student’s failure to comply with the similarity index and
other reasonable grounds such as academic literacy
standards or other reasonable circumstances e.g.
illness, accidents financial constraints.
Re-marking of Assessment You should request in writing addressed to the program
Papers and Appeal coordinator your intention to appeal or contest the
score given to an assessment task. The letter should
explicitly explain the reasons/points to contest the
grade. The program coordinator shall communicate
with the students on the approval and disapproval of
the request.

Page 3 of 28

Grading System
Preferred Referencing Style
Student Communication
Contact Details of the Dean
Contact Details of the Program
Head
Students with Special Needs
Help Desk Contact
College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can
elevate your case to the program head or the dean with
the original letter of request. The final decision will
come from the dean of the college.
All culled from BlackBoard sessions and traditional
contact
Course discussions/exercises – 30%
1st formative assessment – 10%
2nd formative assessment – 10%
3rd formative assessment – 10%
All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):
Final exam – 40%
Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual
University system and procedures.
Depends on the discipline; if uncertain or inadequate,
use the general practice of the APA 6th Edition.
You are required to create a umindanao email account
which is a requirement to access the BlackBoard
portal. Then, the course coordinator shall enroll the
students to have access to the materials and resources
of the course. All communication formats: chat,
submission of assessment tasks, requests etc. shall be
through the portal and other university recognized
platforms.
You can also meet the course coordinator in person
through the scheduled face to face sessions to raise
your issues and concerns.
For students who have not created their student email,
please contact the course coordinator or program
head.
Dr. Charlito L. Cañesares
Email: clcanesares@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082) 296-1084 or 300-5456 loc. 133
Engr. Showna Lee T. Sales
Email: ssales@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082) 296-1084 or 300-5456 loc. 133
Students with special needs shall communicate with the
course coordinator about the nature of his or her
special needs. Depending on the nature of the need, the
course coordinator with the approval of the program
coordinator may provide alternative assessment tasks
or extension of the deadline of submission of
assessment tasks. However, the alternative assessment
tasks should still be in the service of achieving the
desired course learning outcomes.
CEE Blackboard Administrator
Jetron J. Adtoon
jadtoon@umindanao.edu.ph
09055267834
Page 4 of 28
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

CEE
Frida Santa O. Dagatan
cee@umindanao.edu.ph
09562082442
082-2272902

GSTC
Ronadora E. Deala, RPsy, RPm, RGC, LPT
ronadora_deala@umindanao.edu.ph
09212122846

Silvino P. Josol
gstcmain@umindanao.edu.ph
09060757721

Library Contact LIC

Brigida E. Bacani
library@umindanao.edu.ph
09513766681

Course Information- see/download course syllabus in the BlackBoard LMS

CC’s Voice: Hello future engineer! Welcome to this course BCE 222 - (Mechanics of
Deformable Bodies). By now, I am confident that you really wanted to become a
civil engineer. Thus, by taking this subject, you will be equipped with the
necessary knowledge needed for all further structural subjects of Civil like
structural analysis and structural design. The application of Mechanics of
Deformable Bodies also includes other subjects like geotechnical engineering,
transportation engineering. You must be able to master this subject since this is
a basic subject for advanced civil engineering courses.

CO: Upon completion of the course, you are expected to:

CO 1. Explain the concepts of stress and strain in relation to material

deformation caused by the applied loads.
CO 2. Compute stresses due to bending, shears, and torsion under plain and
combined loadings.
CO 3. Analyze statically determinate and indeterminate structures in relation to
the beam criteria in terms of shear, moment, and deflection.
CO 4. Determine the elastic stability of columns generally subdivided into three
types: Short, Long, and Intermediate columns.
Let ug begin!

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 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-3. You are expected to develop a working

knowledge and understanding on concepts of torsion and its effect on shafts
which includes the following:
• Torsion on circular shafts
• Torsion on thin walled tubes
• Torsion from power transmissions

Metalanguage

These are the frequent terms that you may encounter as you go along the course:

Torque It is a moment that tends to twist a member about its longitudinal

axis.
Rigid body A body is considered rigid if there is no change in the body even
though external or internal forces have already been applied to
it.
Circular Shaft is equally strong at all points; convenient for concrete lining and
tubbing, both of which can be made relatively watertight; and
offers the least resistance to airflow.
Shear Modulus It is the coefficient of elasticity for a shearing force. It is defined
as:
"the ratio of shear stress to the displacement per unit sample
length (shear strain)"
Polar Moment of It is s the moment of Inertia of the cross-section with respect to
Inertia, J the point of intersection of the axis and the plane.
Power, P It is defined as the work performed per unit of time.
Frequency, f This is the measure of the number of revolutions or “cycles” the
shaft makes per second and is expressed in:
Flange Bolt Coupling A type of coupling used between rotating shafts that consists of
flanges one of which is fixed at the end of each shaft, the two
flanges being bolted together with abolts fitted circumferentially
to complete the drive.
1 Hertz 1 cycle per second

Essential Knowledge

Torsion

In many engineering applications, members are required to carry torsional loads.

Torque is a moment that tends to twist a member about its longitudinal axis. Its effect is of
primary concern in the design of drive shafts used in vehicles and machinery, and for this
reason it is important to be able to determine the stress and the deformation that occur in a
shaft when it is subjected to torsional loads. Sometimes, we consider the torsion of circular
shafts. Because a circular cross section is an efficient shape for resisting torsional loads, circular
shafts are commonly used to transmit power in rotating machinery.

Torsion of Circular Shafts

Consider a circular shaft as shown, deformed by T applied:

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 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

The figure above shows the deformation of a circular shaft that is subjected to a twisting
couple (torque) T. To visualize the deformation, we scribe the straight-line AB on the surface of
the shaft before the torque is applied. After loading, this line deforms into the helix AB’ as the
free end of the shaft rotates through the angle 𝜃. During the deformation, the cross sections are
not distorted in any manner—they remain plane, and the radius r does not change.

Each cross section rotates as a rigid entity about the axis of the shaft. Thus, the angle of
rotation (in radians) is given by:

𝑻𝑳
𝜽=
𝑮𝑱

where:
𝑇 = Torque applied
𝐿 = Length of the member
𝐺 = Modulus of rigidity of the member
𝐽 = Polar Moment of Inertia of the section

Torsion Formulas:

When an external torque is applied to a shaft, it creates a corresponding internal torque

within the shaft. In this section, we will develop an equation that relates this internal torque to
the shear stress distribution acting on the cross section of the shaft.

If the material is linear elastic, then Hooke’s law applies, 𝜏 = 𝐺𝛾, or 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐺𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥 and
consequently a linear variation in shear strain, as noted in the previous section, leads to a
corresponding linear variation in shear stress along any radial line. Hence, 𝜏will vary from zero
at the shaft’s longitudinal axis to a maximum value, 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 , at its outer surface. Thus:

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 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑇= ( ) ∫ 𝜌2 𝑑𝐴
𝑐 𝐴

The integral represents the polar moment of inertia of the shaft’s cross-sectional area about the
shaft’s longitudinal axis. Here, it is symbolized as J. As a result, the above equation can be
rearranged and written in a more compact form, namely,

𝑻𝒄
𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑱
Where:
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = the maximum shear stress in the shaft, which occurs at its outer surface
T = the resultant internal torque acting at the cross section.
J = the polar moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area
c = the outer radius of the shaft

Polar Moment of Inertia

If the shaft has a solid circular cross section, the polar moment of inertia J can be determined
using an area element in the form of 𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜋𝜌 𝑑𝜌:
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 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

𝑐
𝐽 = ∫𝐴 𝜌2 𝑑𝐴 = ∫0 𝜌2 (2𝜋𝜌 𝑑𝜌)
𝑐
1
𝐽 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝜌3 𝑑𝜌 = 2𝜋 ( ) 𝜌4 |
0 4 0

𝝅 𝟒 𝝅 𝟒
𝑱= 𝒄 or 𝒅
𝟐 𝟑𝟐

𝑻𝒄
So then, we can simplify further the formula 𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = , if c = r
𝑱

𝟐𝑻 𝟏𝟔𝑻
Solid Shaft: 𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = =
𝝅𝒓𝟑 𝝅𝒅𝟑

𝟐𝑻𝑹 𝟏𝟔𝑻𝑫
Hollow Shaft: 𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝅(𝑹𝟒 −𝒓𝟒 )
= 𝝅(𝑫𝟒 −𝒅𝟒 )

Example 2a-1. The figure shows a 2-in.-diameter solid steel cylinder that is built into the
support at C and subjected to the torques 𝑇𝐴 and 𝑇𝐵 . Determine the:
a. maximum shear stresses in segments AB and BC of the cylinder; and
b. compute the angle of rotation of end A. Use 𝐺 = 12 𝑥 106 psi for steel.

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 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Solution:

Step 1. For this problem, we have to get the net torque acting per segment of the bar. We can
always start at the free end (just like the previous examples) draw the “torque diagram” and set
rule: for CCW Torque, the diagram will rise, conversely, CW Torque, the diagram will fall:

900 lb -ft

900 – 400 = 500 lb -ft

C B A

Thus,
𝑇𝐴 = 900 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡
𝑇𝐵 = 500 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡

a. maximum shear stresses in segments AB and BC of the cylinder:

Step 2. Substitute the known values into the formula for shear stress:

𝑇𝑐
𝜏=
𝐽
Since we want a maximum value of 𝜏 then 𝑐 = 𝑟,

𝑇𝑟 𝟏𝟔𝑻
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐽
or 𝝅𝒅𝟑 (for circular solid shafts)

For member AB: 𝑑 = 2 𝑖𝑛,

12 𝑖𝑛
16𝑇𝐴𝐵 16(900 𝑙𝑏−𝑓𝑡)( )
1 𝑓𝑡
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 𝟔𝟖𝟕𝟓. 𝟒𝟗 𝒑𝒔𝒊 Ans.
𝜋𝑑 3 𝜋((0.2)3 )𝑖𝑛 3

For member BC: 𝑑 = 2 𝑖𝑛,

12 𝑖𝑛
16𝑇𝐵𝐶 16(500 𝑙𝑏−𝑓𝑡)( )
1 𝑓𝑡
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜋𝑑 3
= 3
𝜋((0.2) )𝑖𝑛 3 = 𝟑𝟖𝟏𝟗. 𝟕𝟐 𝒑𝒔𝒊 Ans.

b. compute the angle of rotation of end A. Use 𝐺 = 12 𝑥 106 psi for steel.

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 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Step 3. Since there at least two segments involved, the angle of rotation 𝜃 is given by:

𝑇𝐿
𝜃= ∑
𝐺𝐽

𝑇𝐿
𝜃𝐴 = 𝜃𝐴/𝐵 + 𝜃𝐵/𝐶 = ∑
𝐺𝐽

𝑇𝐴𝐵 (𝐿𝐴𝐵 ) 𝑇𝐵𝐶 (𝐿𝐵𝐶 )

𝜃𝐴 = +
(𝐺𝐴𝐵 )(𝐽𝐴𝐵 ) (𝐺𝐵𝐶 )(𝐽𝐵𝐶 )

12 𝑖𝑛 12 𝑖𝑛 12 𝑖𝑛 12 𝑖𝑛
900 𝑙𝑏−𝑓𝑡( )(5 𝑓𝑡)( ) 500 𝑙𝑏−𝑓𝑡( )(3 𝑓𝑡)( )
1 𝑓𝑡 1 𝑓𝑡 1 𝑓𝑡 1 𝑓𝑡
𝜃𝐴 = 6 𝑙𝑏 𝜋 2 4
+ 6 𝑙𝑏 𝜋 2 4
(12 𝑥 10 )( (2 )𝑖𝑛 ) (12 𝑥 10 )( (2 )𝑖𝑛 )
𝑖𝑛2 32 𝑖𝑛2 32

𝜽𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟓𝟖𝟒 𝒓𝒂𝒅

To convert to degrees,

180°
𝜃𝐴 = 0.04584 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑥 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟐𝟔° 𝑨𝒏𝒔.
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑

Example 2a-2. What is the minimum diameter of a solid steel shaft that will not twist through
more than 3° in a 6-m length when subjected to a torque of 12 kN·m? What maximum shearing
stress is developed? Use G = 83 GPa.
Solution:

Step 1. Indicate the given: 𝜃 = 3°; L = 6 m; T = 12 kN-m and G = 83 GPa

Since the angle of twist is given, we can determine the diameter using its formula:

𝑇𝐿
𝜃=
𝐺𝐽
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜋
𝜃 = 3° 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
180° 60
1000 𝑁 1000 𝑚𝑚 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝜋 12 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 ( )( ) (6 𝑚) ( )
= 1 𝑘𝑁 1 𝑚 1𝑚
60 𝑁
1000
83 𝐺𝑃𝑎 ( 𝑚𝑚2 ) ( 𝜋 (𝑑4 )) 𝑚𝑚4
1 𝐺𝑃𝑎 32

𝒅 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟖 𝒎𝒎 𝑨𝒏𝒔.

Step 2. Since the diameter has already been determined, we can determine the maximum
shearing stress along the given T = 12 kN-m:

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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

For maximum shearing stress:

16𝑇
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜋𝑑3
1000 𝑁 1000 𝑚𝑚
16(12 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚) ( )( )
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1 𝑘𝑁 1𝑚
𝜋(113.98)3 𝑚𝑚3

𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟐𝟕𝟑 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝑨𝒏𝒔.

Example 2a-3. Determine the maximum torque that can be applied to a hollow circular steel
shaft of 100-mm outside diameter and an 80-mm inside diameter without exceeding a shearing
stress of 60 MPa or a twist of 0.5 deg/m. Use G = 83 GPa.

Solution:

Step 1. There are two parameters that must be considered in this problem:
The angle of twist should not exceed 0.5° and the maximum shearing stress is
only limited to 60 MPa. Thus, it is important that we must investigate each
parameter:
Given: 𝐿 = 1 𝑚; outside diameter, 𝐷 = 100 𝑚𝑚; inside diameter 𝑑 = 80 𝑚𝑚

By angle of twist, 𝜃 ≤ 0.5 𝑑𝑒𝑔:

𝑇𝐿
𝜃=
𝐺𝐽
1000 𝑁 1000 𝑚𝑚 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑇 (𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚) 𝑥 ( ) ( 1 𝑚 ) (1 𝑚) ( 1 𝑚 )
0.5° 𝑥 = 1 𝑘𝑁
180° 𝑁
1000 2 𝜋
𝑚𝑚
(83 𝐺𝑃𝑎 𝑥 ( 1 𝐺𝑃𝑎 ) (32 (1004 − 804 )) 𝑚𝑚4

𝑇 = 4.198 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

By maximum shearing stress, 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 60 MPa:

16𝑇𝐷
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜋(𝐷 4 − 𝑑4 )
1000 𝑁 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑁 16[𝑇 (𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚)𝑥 ( ) ( 1 𝑚 )](100 𝑚𝑚)
60 = 1 𝑘𝑁
𝑚𝑚 2 𝜋(100 − 804 )𝑚𝑚4
4

𝑇 = 6.955 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

Step 2. Choose the correct answer. The final answer must be (angle of twist governs)

𝑻 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟗𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 Ans.

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 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Power of Transmission

Shafts and tubes having circular cross sections are often used to transmit power
developed by a machine. When used for this purpose, they are subjected to a torque that
depends on both the power generated by the machine and the angular speed of the shaft.

Power is defined as the work performed per unit of time. Also, the work transmitted by
a rotating shaft equals the torque applied times the angle of rotation:

𝑷 = 𝑻𝝎

• In the SI system, power is expressed in watts when torque is measured in newton-

meters ( 1 𝑁 − 𝑚) and 𝜔 is in radians per second 1 rad/s. Thus:

𝑚
1𝑊 = 1𝑁 ∙
𝑠
𝑙𝑏
• In the English system, the basic units of power are foot-pounds per second ( 1 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑠 );
however, horsepower (hp) is often used in engineering practice:

𝑙𝑏
1 ℎ𝑝 = 550 𝑓𝑡 ∙
𝑠

For machinery, the frequency of shaft’s rotation, 𝒇 is often reported. This is the
measure of the number of revolutions or “cycles” the shaft makes per second and is expressed
in:

1 Hertz (Hz) = 1 cycle per second

Since 1 cycle = 2𝜋 rad, then 𝜔 =2𝜋𝑓 , thus:

𝑷 = 𝑻𝟐𝝅𝒇

Example 2a-4. A solid steel shaft 5 m long is stressed at 80 MPa when twisted through 4°. Using
G = 83 GPa, compute the shaft diameter. What power can be transmitted by the shaft at 20 Hz?

Solution:

Step 1. Using the given, L = 5 m; 𝜏 = 80 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ;angle of twist, 𝜃 = 4° and G = 83 GPa, we

can express 𝑇 in terms of 𝑑:

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Using the formula:

16𝑇
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜋𝑑3

𝑁 16𝑇 (𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚)
80 2
=
𝑚𝑚 𝜋𝑑3 𝑚𝑚3

16𝑇 = 80(𝜋𝑑3 )

𝑇 = 5 𝜋𝑑 3 → 𝑒𝑞. 1

𝑇𝐿
𝜃=
𝐺𝐽

1000 𝑚𝑚
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑇 (𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚)(5 𝑚) ( 1 𝑚 )
4° 𝑥 =
180° 𝑁 𝜋
83 𝑥 1000 2 ( (𝑑4 )𝑚𝑚4 )
𝑚𝑚 32

180(𝑇)(5000) = 4(𝜋)𝜋(𝑑4 ) → 𝑒𝑞. 2

Substitute eq. 1 to eq.2 :

180(𝑇)(5000) = 4(𝜋)𝜋(𝑑4 )
𝜋
180(5 𝜋𝑑3 )(5000) = 4(𝜋) ( ) (83,000)(𝑑 4 )
32

𝒅 = 𝟏𝟑𝟖. 𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎 Ans.

Step 2. Solve for the Torque to determine the power transmitted by the shaft:

Since:
𝑇 = 5𝜋𝑑3

and 𝑑 = 138.06 𝑚𝑚

𝑇 = 5𝜋(138.06)3 = 41,335,527.5 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚

𝑃 = 𝑇(2𝜋𝑓)

𝑃 = (41,335,527.5 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚)(2𝜋(20 𝐻𝑧))

𝑚𝑚 1𝑚
𝑃 = 5194375581 𝑁 − ( )
𝑠 1000 𝑚𝑚

𝑷 = 𝟓𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟓. 𝟓𝟖 Watts or 5.194 MW Ans.

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Example 2a-5. A steel propeller shaft is to transmit 4.5 MW at 3 Hz without exceeding a

shearing stress of 50 MPa or twisting through more than 1° in a length of 26 diameters. Compute
the proper diameter if G = 83 GPa.

Solution:

Step 1. In this problem, there are two parameters that should be considered. The
shearing stress and the angle of twist. But first, we must able to determine the Torque
from the power supplied:

𝑃 = 𝑇(2𝜋𝑓)

𝑚 1000 𝑚𝑚
4.5 𝑥 106 𝑁 − ( ) = 𝑇(2𝜋(3))
𝑠 1𝑚

𝑇 = 238,732,414. 6 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚

Step 2. Investigate each consideration based on allowable values:

By shearing stress, 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 50 MPa

16𝑇
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜋𝑑3
N 16(238,732,414. 6) 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
50 2
=
𝑚𝑚 𝜋𝑑3 𝑚𝑚3

𝑑 = 289.71 𝑚𝑚

By angle of twist, 𝜃 ≤ 1°,

𝑇𝐿
𝜃= 𝐺𝐽

π rad (238,732,414. 6 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚)(26𝑑)𝑚𝑚

1° 𝑥 =
180° 𝑁 𝜋
(83,000 ) ( ) 𝑑4 𝑚𝑚3
𝑚𝑚2 32

𝑑 = 352 𝑚𝑚

Step 3. We must choose the correct answer. For the shaft to be safer, we must choose the
bigger diameter (angle of twist governs)

𝒅 = 𝟑𝟓𝟐 𝒎𝒎 Ans.

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Flange – Bolt Couplings

In shaft connection called flanged bolt couplings (see figure below), the torque is
transmitted by the shearing force P created in the bolts that is assumed to be uniformly
distributed. For any number of bolts n, the torque capacity of the coupling is:

𝑻 = 𝑷𝑹𝒏

Where: P (force resisted by each bolt)

R (Radius of the path of bolts)
n = no. of bolts

If a coupling has two concentric rows of bolts, the torque capacity is,

𝑻 = 𝑻𝟏 + 𝑻𝟐

𝑻 = 𝑷𝟏 𝑹𝟏 𝒏𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐 𝑹𝟐 𝒏𝟐

Where: 𝑻𝟏 = Torque capacity of outside radius

𝑻𝟐 =Torque capacity of inside radius

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The relationship between two rows of bolts,

𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐
=
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐

where: 𝑃1 = Force capacity of outside radius

𝑃2 = Force capacity of inside radius

Example 2a-6. A flanged bolt coupling consists of ten 20-mm diameter bolts spaced evenly
around a bolt circle 400 mm in diameter. Determine the torque capacity of the coupling if the
allowable shearing stress in the bolts is 40 MPa.

Step 1. Solve for P based from the allowable shearing stress of each bolt.

By shearing stress, 𝜏 ≤ 40 MPa

𝑉 𝑃
𝜏= =
𝐴 𝐴
N 𝑃 𝑁
40 2
=𝜋
𝑚𝑚 (202 ) 𝑚𝑚2
4

𝑃 = 4000𝜋 𝑁

Step 2. Solve for the Torque capacity using the formula.

𝑇 = 𝑃𝑅𝑛

𝑇 = (4000𝜋 𝑁)(200 𝑚𝑚)(10)

1𝑚 1 𝑘𝑁
𝑇 = 25,132,741.23 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 ( )( )
1000 𝑚𝑚 1000 𝑁
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𝑻 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟏𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 𝑨𝒏𝒔.
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Example 2a-7. A torque of 700 lb-ft is to be carried by a flanged bolt coupling that consists of
eight ½ -in.-diameter steel bolts on a circle of diameter 12 in. and six ½ -in.-diameter steel bolts
on a circle of diameter 9 in. Determine the shearing stress in the bolts.

Step 1. Since total Torque capacity is given then,

𝑇 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2

𝑇 = 𝑃1 𝑅1 𝑛1 + 𝑃2 𝑅2 𝑛2

12 𝑖𝑛
700 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡 ( ) = 𝑃1 (6 𝑖𝑛)(8) + 𝑃2 (4.5 𝑖𝑛)(6)
1 𝑓𝑡

48𝑃1 + 27𝑃2 = 8400 → 𝒆𝒒. 𝟏

Step 2. We can also relate 𝑃1 , 𝑅1 , 𝑃2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅2 :

𝑃1 𝑃2
=
𝑅1 𝑅2

𝑃1 𝑅2 = 𝑃2 𝑅1

𝑃1 (4.5) = 𝑃2 (6)

4
𝑃1 = 𝑃 → 𝒆𝒒. 𝟐
3 2

Step 2. Solve for 𝑃1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃2 and their corresponding stresses:

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Subst. 2 to 1:
4
48 ( 𝑃2 ) + 27𝑃2 = 8400
3
𝑃2 = 92.31 𝑙𝑏

4 4
𝑃1 = 𝑃2 = (92.31) = 123.08 𝑙𝑏
3 3

For stress in outside diameter of bolt:

𝑃 123.08 𝑙𝑏
𝜏1 = 𝐴1 = 𝜋 = 626.84 psi Ans.
1 (0.5)2 𝑖𝑛2
4

For stress in outside diameter of bolt:

𝑃 92.31 𝑙𝑏
𝜏1 = 𝐴1 = 𝜋 = 470.13 psi Ans.
1 (0.5)2 𝑖𝑛2
4

Stress on Thin Walled Tubes Due to Torsion

𝑇
𝜏=
2𝐴𝑡
where:

𝑇 = Torque
𝐴 = Area bounded by the centerline of the thin-walled tube
𝑡 = thickness of the thin-walled tube.

Example 2a-8. A torque of 450 lb-ft is applied to the square section shown in the figure.
Determine the stress on the thin-walled tube if 𝑡 = 0.1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 = 2.12 𝑖𝑛.

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Solution:

Step 1. Identify the given: 𝑇 = 450 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 0.1 𝑖𝑛. Now, what is left is to solve
the area bounded by the midpoint of the thickness:

For Area:
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ( 𝑎 )2

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ( 2.12)2 = 4.4944

Thus,
𝑇
𝜏=
2𝐴𝑡
12 𝑖𝑛
450 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡 ( )
1 𝑓𝑡
𝜏=
2(4.4944 )(0.1) 𝑖𝑛2

𝝉 = 𝟔𝟎𝟕𝟕 𝒑𝒔𝒊 𝑨𝒏𝒔.

Example 2a-9. A tube 0.10 in. thick has an elliptical shape shown in the figure. What torque will
cause a shearing stress of 8000 psi?

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Solution:
Step 1. Identify the given: 𝜏 = 8000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 0.1 𝑖𝑛. Now, what is left is to solve the
area bounded by the midpoint of the thickness:

For Area:
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋(1.5)(3) = 4.5𝜋

Thus,
𝑇
𝜏=
2𝐴𝑡

𝑙𝑏 𝑇 𝑙𝑏
8000 =
𝑖𝑛2 2(4.5𝜋)(0.1)𝑖𝑛2

𝑻 = 𝟕𝟐𝟎𝟎𝝅 𝒍𝒃 − 𝒊𝒏 𝑨𝒏𝒔.

Example 2a-10. A tube 2 mm thick has the shape shown in the figure. Find the shearing stress
caused by a torque of 600 N - m.

Solution:
Step 1. Identify the given: 𝑇 = 600 𝑁 − 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 2 𝑚𝑚 Now, what is left is to solve
the area bounded by the midpoint of the thickness:

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For Area:
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋𝑟 2 + 80(20)

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋(102 ) + 80(20) = 1914.159

Thus,
𝑇
𝜏=
2𝐴𝑡
1000 𝑚𝑚
600 𝑁 − 𝑚 ( 1 𝑚 )
𝜏=
2(1914.159 )(2) 𝑚𝑚2

𝑻 = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟑𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝑨𝒏𝒔.

*Self-Help! You can also refer to the sources below to help

you further understand the lesson:

*Pytel, A., Kiusalaas J. (2010). Mechanics of Materials. Phil. Edition, Cengage Learning

*R. C. Hibbeler (2008). Mechanics of Materials. (7th Ed). Pearson Prentice Hall

Let’s Check!

Activity

1. It is a moment that tends to twist a member about its longitudinal axis.

2. A body is considered rigid if there is no change in the body even though external or
internal forces have already been applied to it.
3. It is equally strong at all points; convenient for concrete lining and tubbing, both of
which can be made relatively watertight; and offers the least resistance to airflow.
4. It is the coefficient of elasticity for a shearing force. It is defined as:
"the ratio of shear stress to the displacement per unit sample length (shear strain)”
5. It is s the moment of Inertia of the cross-section with respect to the point of intersection
of the axis and the plane.
6. It is defined as the work performed per unit of time.
7. This is the measure of the number of revolutions or “cycles” the shaft makes per second
and is expressed in.
8. A type of coupling used between rotating shafts that consists of flanges one of which is
fixed at the end of each shaft, the two flanges being bolted together with abolts fitted
circumferentially to complete the drive.
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9. It is called 1 cycle per second.

Let’s Analyze

Answer the following problems:

1. The 60-mm-diameter steel shaft is subjected to the torques shown. Determine the angle
of twist of end A with respect to C. Take 𝐺 = 75 𝐺𝑃𝑎.

2. A series of gears are mounted on the 40-mm-diameter steel shaft. Determine the angle
of twist of gear E relative to gear A. Take G = 75 GPa.

3. The splined ends and gears attached to the A992 steel shaft are subjected to the torques
shown. Determine the angle of twist of end B with respect to end A. The shaft has a
diameter of 40 mm. Use G =75 GPa.

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4. The solid circular shaft is subjected to an internal torque of 𝑇 = 5 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚. Determine

the shear stress at points 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵.

5. The hollow circular shaft is subjected to an internal torque of 𝑇 = 1 0 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚.

Determine the shear stress at points 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵.

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6. If the gears are subjected to the torques shown, determine the required diameter of
the A-36 steel shaft to the nearest mm if 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 60 MPa. 𝐺 = 78 𝐺𝑃𝑎.

7. A steel tube with the cross section shown is 6 ft long and has a wall thickness of 0.12 in.

Determine:

(a) If the allowable shear stress is 8000 psi, determine the largest torque that can be
applied safely to the tube.

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(b) Compute the corresponding angle of twist. Use G = 12 𝑥 106 psi for steel.

8. A 3-m-long aluminum tube with the cross section shown carries a 200-N-m torque.

Determine:

(a) the maximum shear stress in the tube; and

(b) the relative angle of rotation of the ends of the tube. For aluminum, use 𝐺 = 28 𝐺𝑃𝑎.

9. A torque of 950 N-m is to be carried by a flanged bolt coupling that consists of eight 13
mm - diameter steel bolts on a circle of 305 𝑚𝑚 − diameter and six 13 -mm diameter
steel bolts on a circle of 228 𝑚𝑚 −diameter . Determine the shearing stress in the bolts.

10. The gear motor has an angular velocity 𝜔 = 5𝜋 rad/s. If the allowable shear stress for
1
the shaft is 12 ksi, determine the smallest diameter of the shaft to the nearest 8 𝑖𝑛 that
can be used.

In a Nutshell

Answer the following problems:

1. The steel shaft is formed by attaching a hollow shaft to a solid shaft. Determine the
maximum torque T that can be applied to the ends of the shaft without exceeding a shear
stress of 70 MPa or an angle of twist of 2.5°in the 3.5-m length. Use 𝐺 =
83 𝐺𝑃𝑎 for steel.

2. The compound shaft consists of bronze and steel segments, both having 120-mm
diameters. If the torque T causes a maximum shear stress of 100 MPa in the bronze
segment, determine the angle of rotation of the free end. Use 𝐺 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎 for steel and
𝐺 = 35 𝐺𝑃𝑎 for bronze.

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3. The solid aluminum shaft ABCD carries the three torques shown.

Determine:

(a) the smallest safe diameter of the shaft if the allowable shear stress is 15 ksi.
(b) Compute the angle of rotation of end A of the shaft using G = 4 x 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖.

4. The 25 mm diameter shaft on the motor is made of a material having an allowable shear
stress of 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 ≤ 75 𝑀𝑃𝑎. If the motor is operating at its maximum power of 5 kW,
determine the minimum allowable rotation on the shaft, 𝜔.

5. The four gears are attached to a steel shaft that is rotating at 2 Hz. 𝐺𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐵 supplies 70 kW
of power to the shaft. Of that power, 20 kW are used by gear A, 20 kW by gear C, and 30
kW by gear D.

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(a) Find the uniform shaft diameter if the shear stress in the shaft is not to exceed 60 MPa.
(b) If a uniform shaft diameter of 100 mm is specified, determine the angle by which one
end of the shaft lags behind the other end. Use 𝐺 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎 for steel.

6. A portion of an airplane fuselage can be approximated by the cross section shown. If the
thickness of its aluminum skin is 10 mm, determine the maximum wing torque T that can
be applied if 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 4 MPa. Also, in a 4-m-long section, determine the angle of twist.

7. Determine the torsional stress in the thin-walled tube as shown:

8. A flanged bolt coupling consists of ten 15-mm diameter bolts spaced evenly around a
bolt circle 350 𝑚𝑚 in diameter. Determine the torque capacity of the coupling if the
allowable shearing stress in the bolts is 30 MPa.

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