Bce 222 Sim SDL Manual - 4

College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building

Matina Campus, Davao City
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UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
Civil Engineering Program
Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged
Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for

Self-Directed Learning (SDL)
Course/Subject: BCE 222 (Mechanics of Deformable Bodies)

Name of Teacher: Engr. Noroddin V. Melog
Author: Engr. Michelle A. Daarol
THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR REPRODUCTION AND
DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED USE. THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE
USE OF THE STUDENTS WHO ARE OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.
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Course Outline: BCE 222 - (MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES)
Course Coordinator: Noroddin V. Melog, RCE

Email: noroddin_melog@gmail.com
Student Consultation: By appointment (thru SMS, email and LMS)
Mobile: 0916-5732-111
Phone: (082) 296-1084 or 300-5456 loc. 133
Effectivity Date: May 2020
Mode of Delivery: Blended (On-line with face to face or virtual sessions)
Time Frame: 90 hours
Student Workload: Expected Self-Directed Learning
Pre-requisite: CEE 117 (Statics of Rigid Bodies)
Co-requisite: CEE 118 (Dynamics of Rigid Bodies)
Credit: 5.0 units lecture
Attendance Requirements: A minimum of 95% attendance is required at all
scheduled Virtual or face-to-face sessions
Course Outline Policy
Areas of Concern Details

Contact and Non-contact Hours This 5-unit course self-instructional manual is designed
for blended learning mode of instructional delivery
with scheduled face to face or virtual sessions. The
expected number of hours will be 90 including the face-
to-face or virtual sessions. The face-to-face sessions
shall include the summative assessment tasks (exams)
since this course is crucial in the licensure examination
for civil engineers.
Assessment Task Submission Submission of assessment tasks shall be on 3rd, 5th, 7th
and 9th week of the term. The assessment paper shall be
attached with a cover page indicating the title of the
assessment task (if the task is performance), the name
of the course coordinator, date of submission and name
of the student. The document should be emailed to the
course coordinator. It is also expected that you already
paid your tuition and other fees before the submission
of the assessment task.
If the assessment task is done in real time through the

features in the Blackboard Learning Management
System, the schedule shall be arranged ahead of time by
the course coordinator.
Since this course is included in the licensure

examination for civil engineers, you will be required to
take the Multiple-Choice Question exam inside the
University. This should be scheduled ahead of time by
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your course coordinator. This is non-negotiable for all

licensure-based programs.
Turnitin Submission To ensure honesty and authenticity, all assessment
(if necessary) tasks are required to be submitted through Turnitin
with a maximum similarity index of 30% allowed. This
means that if your paper goes beyond 30%, the
students will either opt to redo her/his paper or explain
in writing addressed to the course coordinator the
reasons for the similarity. In addition, if the paper has
reached more than 30% similarity index, the student
may be called for a disciplinary action in accordance
with the University’s OPM on Intellectual and Academic
Honesty.
Please note that academic dishonesty such as cheating

and commissioning other students or people to
complete the task for you have severe punishments
(reprimand, warning, expulsion).
Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after the
Assignments/Assessments designated time on the due date, without an approved
extension of time, will be reduced by 5% of the possible
maximum score for that assessment item for each day
or part day that the assessment item is late.
However, if the late submission of assessment paper

has a valid reason, a letter of explanation should be
submitted and approved by the course coordinator. If
necessary, you will also be required to present/attach
evidences.
Return of Assignments/ Assessment tasks will be returned to you two (2) weeks
Assessments after the submission. This will be returned by email or
via Blackboard portal.
For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator will

require some or few of the students for online or virtual
sessions to ask clarificatory questions to validate the
originality of the assessment task submitted and to
ensure that all the group members are involved.
Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the course
coordinator his/her intention to resubmit an
assessment task. The resubmission is premised on the
student’s failure to comply with the similarity index and
other reasonable grounds such as academic literacy
standards or other reasonable circumstances e.g.
illness, accidents financial constraints.
Re-marking of Assessment You should request in writing addressed to the program
Papers and Appeal coordinator your intention to appeal or contest the
score given to an assessment task. The letter should
explicitly explain the reasons/points to contest the
grade. The program coordinator shall communicate
with the students on the approval and disapproval of
the request.
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If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

elevate your case to the program head or the dean with
the original letter of request. The final decision will
come from the dean of the college.
Grading System All culled from BlackBoard sessions and traditional
contact
Course discussions/exercises – 30%
1st formative assessment – 10%
2nd formative assessment – 10%
3rd formative assessment – 10%
All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):

Final exam – 40%
Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual

University system and procedures.
Preferred Referencing Style Depends on the discipline; if uncertain or inadequate,
use the general practice of the APA 6th Edition.
Student Communication You are required to create a umindanao email account
which is a requirement to access the BlackBoard
portal. Then, the course coordinator shall enroll the
students to have access to the materials and resources
of the course. All communication formats: chat,
submission of assessment tasks, requests etc. shall be
through the portal and other university recognized
platforms.
You can also meet the course coordinator in person

through the scheduled face to face sessions to raise
your issues and concerns.
For students who have not created their student email,

please contact the course coordinator or program
head.
Contact Details of the Dean Dr. Charlito L. Cañesares
Email: clcanesares@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082) 296-1084 or 300-5456 loc. 133
Contact Details of the Program Engr. Showna Lee T. Sales
Head Email: ssales@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082) 296-1084 or 300-5456 loc. 133
Students with Special Needs Students with special needs shall communicate with the
course coordinator about the nature of his or her
special needs. Depending on the nature of the need, the
course coordinator with the approval of the program
coordinator may provide alternative assessment tasks
or extension of the deadline of submission of
assessment tasks. However, the alternative assessment
tasks should still be in the service of achieving the
desired course learning outcomes.
Help Desk Contact CEE Blackboard Administrator
Jetron J. Adtoon
jadtoon@umindanao.edu.ph
09055267834
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CEE
Frida Santa O. Dagatan
cee@umindanao.edu.ph
09562082442
082-2272902
GSTC
Ronadora E. Deala, RPsy, RPm, RGC, LPT
ronadora_deala@umindanao.edu.ph
09212122846
Silvino P. Josol
gstcmain@umindanao.edu.ph
09060757721
Library Contact LIC

Brigida E. Bacani
library@umindanao.edu.ph
09513766681
Course Information- see/download course syllabus in the BlackBoard LMS
CC’s Voice: Hello future engineer! Welcome to this course BCE 222 - (Mechanics of
Deformable Bodies). By now, I am confident that you really wanted to become a
civil engineer. Thus, by taking this subject, you will be equipped with the
necessary knowledge needed for all further structural subjects of Civil like
structural analysis and structural design. The application of Mechanics of
Deformable Bodies also includes other subjects like geotechnical engineering,
transportation engineering. You must be able to master this subject since this is
a basic subject for advanced civil engineering courses.
CO: Upon completion of the course, you are expected to:
CO 1. Explain the concepts of stress and strain in relation to material

deformation caused by the applied loads.
CO 2. Compute stresses due to bending, shears, and torsion under plain and
combined loadings.
CO 3. Analyze statically determinate and indeterminate structures in relation to
the beam criteria in terms of shear, moment, and deflection.
CO 4. Determine the elastic stability of columns generally subdivided into three
types: Short, Long, and Intermediate columns.
Let ug begin!
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Big Picture in Focus: ULO-4. You are expected to develop a working knowledge
and understanding on concepts of shear and bending moment diagrams which
includes the following:
a. Formulation of shear and moment equation of beams.
b. Construct shear and moment diagrams in beams.
Metalanguage
These are the frequent terms that you may encounter as you go along the course:
It is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied

laterally to the beam's axis. Its mode of deflection is primarily by
Beams
bending. The loads applied to the beam result in reaction forces at
the beam's support points.
The shearing stress in beam is defined as the stress that occurs
Shearing in Beams due to the internal shearing of the beam that results from shear
force subjected to the beam.
A bending moment is the reaction induced in a structural element
Moment (Bending) in
when an external force or moment is applied to the element
Beams
causing the element to bend.
Point of Zero Point in the Diagram where Shear value approaches to zero.
Shear/Inflection
Point in the Diagram where the Moment Value approaches to
Point of Contraflexure
zero.
Essential Knowledge
Shear and Moment in Beams
Beams refer to a refers to a slender bar that carries transverse loading; that is, the applied
forces are perpendicular to the bar. In a beam, the internal force system consists of a shear force
and a bending moment acting on the cross section of the bar. The internal forces give rise to two
kinds of stresses on a transverse section of a beam: (1) normal stress that is caused by the bending
moment and (2) shear stress due to the shear force.
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Beams
Moment in Beams
Shear in Beams
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Review of Supports and Loads
Beams are classified according to their supports:
Simply Supported
Beam
[Has a pin support at one

end and a roller support at
the other end. The pin
support prevents
displacement of the end of
the beam, but not its
rotation.]
Cantilever Beam
[Is built into a rigid support

at one end, with the other
end being free.]
Overhanging Beam
[supported by a pin and a

roller support, with one or
both ends of the beam
extending beyond the
supports.]
Propped Cantilever
Beam
[indeterminate beams]
Fixed or Restrained
Beams
Continuous Beams
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Constructing Shear and Moment Diagram by Equation
The goal of beam analysis is more involved—we want to determine the shear force V
and the bending moment M at every cross section of the beam. To accomplish this task, we must
derive the expressions for V and M in terms of the distance x measured along the beam. By
plotting these expressions to scale, we obtain the shear force and bending moment diagrams for
the beam.
The shear force and bending moment diagrams are convenient visual references to the
internal forces in a beam; in particular, they identify the maximum values of V and M.
Sign Conventions external loads, shear force, and bending moment
Positive Negative
External
Loads
Shear
Force
Bending
Moment
Procedure for determining shear force and bending moment diagrams by equation:
The following is a general procedure for obtaining shear force and bending moment diagrams of
a statically determinate beam:
1. Compute the support reactions from the FBD of the entire beam.
2. Divide the beam into segments so that the loading within each segment is continuous. Thus,
the end-points of the segments are discontinuities of loading, including concentrated loads
and couples. Introduce an imaginary cutting plane within the segment, located at a distance
x from the left end of the beam, that cuts the beam into two parts.
3. Draw an FBD for the part of the beam lying either to the left or to the right of the cutting
plane, whichever is more convenient. At the cut section, show V and M acting in their
positive directions.
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4. Determine the expressions for V and M from the equilibrium equations obtainable from the
5. FBD. These expressions, which are usually functions of x, are the shear force and bending
moment equations for the segment.
6. Plot the expressions for V and M for the segment. It is visually desirable to draw the V-
diagram below the FBD of the entire beam, and then draw the M-diagram below the V-
diagram.
Example 2b-1. The simply supported beam in the figure carries two concentrated loads.
Derive the expressions for the shear force and the bending moment for each segment of the
beam and draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams. Neglect the weight of the beam.
From the diagram,
a. Determine the location of the point of contraflexure from the leftmost support.
b. What is the shear value at 𝑥 = 1 m?
c. What is the shear value at 𝑥 = 4 m?
d. What is the moment value at 𝑥 = 3.5 m?
e. What is the moment value at 𝑥 = 6 m?
Solution:
Step 1. Determine the support reactions in the beam.
∑ 𝑀𝐷 = 0 𝐶𝑊+:
𝐴𝑦 (7) = 14(5) + 28(2)
𝐴𝑦 = 18 kN
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 𝐶𝐶𝑊+:
𝐷𝑦 (7) = 14(2) + 28(5)
𝐷𝑦 = 24 kN
Step 2. Divide the beam into segments so that the loading within each segment is
continuous.
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Step 3. Draw an FBD for the part of the beam lying either to the left or to the right of the
cutting plane, whichever is more convenient. At the cut section, show V and M acting in
their positive directions.
@ A: 𝒙=𝟎
V equation:
𝑉𝐴 = 𝑅𝐴 = 18 𝑘𝑁
M equation:
𝑀𝐴 = 0
@ Left of section 1: 𝟎<𝒙<𝟐
V equation:
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +: 18 − 𝑉 = 0
𝑉 = 18 𝑘𝑁
M equation:
∑ 𝑀𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 0 𝐶𝑊 + : 18𝑥 − 𝑀 = 0
𝑀 = 18𝑥
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@ B: 𝒙=𝟐
V equation:
𝑉𝐵 = 18 − 14 = 4 𝑘𝑁
M equation:
𝑀𝐵 = 18(2) = 36 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
@ Left of section 2: 𝟐<𝒙<𝟓
V equation:
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +: 18 − 14 − 𝑉 = 0
𝑉 = 4 𝑘𝑁
M equation:
∑ 𝑀𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 0 𝐶𝑊 + : 18𝑥 − 14(𝑥 − 2) − 𝑀 = 0

𝑀 = 18𝑥 − 14(𝑥 − 2)
@ C: 𝒙=𝟓
V equation:
𝑉𝐶 = 4 − 28 = −24 𝑘𝑁
M equation:
𝑀𝐶 = 18(5) − 14(3) = 48 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
@ Left of section 2: 𝟓<𝒙<𝟕
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V equation:
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +: 18 − 14 − 28 − 𝑉 = 0
𝑉 = −24 𝑘𝑁
M equation:
∑ 𝑀𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 0 𝐶𝑊 + : 18𝑥 − 14(𝑥 − 2) − 28(𝑥 − 5) − 𝑀 = 0

𝑀 = 18𝑥 − 14(𝑥 − 2) − 28(𝑥 − 5)
@ D: 𝒙=𝟕
V equation:
𝑉𝐷 = −24 + 𝑅𝐷 = −24 + 24 = 0
M equation:
𝑀𝐷 = 18(7) − 14(5) − 28(2) = 0
Step 4. Plot the Shear and Moment Diagram using the Shear and Moment Equations as
guide:
For Shear Diagram: For Moment Diagram:
At A when 𝑥 = 0: At A when 𝑥 = 0:
𝑉𝐴 = 18 𝑘𝑁 𝑀𝐴 = 0
when 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2: when 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑉 = 18 𝑘𝑁 𝑀 = 18𝑥 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
At B when 𝑥 = 2: At B when 𝑥 = 2:
𝑉𝐵 = 4 𝑘𝑁 𝑀𝐵 = 36 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
when 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5: when 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5:
𝑉 = 4 𝑘𝑁 𝑀 = 18𝑥 − 14(𝑥 − 2)
At C when 𝑥 = 5: At C when 𝑥 = 5:
𝑉𝐶 = −24 𝑘𝑁 𝑀𝐶 = 48 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
when 5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 7: when 5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 7:
𝑉 = −24 𝑘𝑁 𝑀 = 18𝑥 − 14(𝑥 − 2) −
28(𝑥 − 5)
At D when 𝑥 = 7:
𝑉𝐷 = 0 At D when 𝑥 = 7:
𝑀𝐷 = 0
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Questions:
a. What is the location of the point of contraflexure from the leftmost support?
Answer: Point of contraflexure is the point where the moment diagram approaches to
zero value. From the diagram there is none, so no point of contraflexure.
Answer: 𝑥 = 1 falls in the range: 0 < 𝑥 < 2 so use the shear equation of that range:
𝑉 = 18 𝑘𝑁
So anywhere in 0 < 𝑥 < 2, the shear value is 18 kN.
Answer: 𝑥 = 4 falls in the range: 2 < 𝑥 < 5 so use the shear equation of that range:
𝑉 = 4 𝑘𝑁
So anywhere in 𝟐 < 𝒙 < 𝟓, the shear value is 4 kN.
Answer: 𝑥 = 3.5 falls in the range: 2 < 𝑥 < 5 so use the moment equation of that
range:
𝑀 = 18𝑥 − 14(𝑥 − 2)
Substitute 𝑥 = 3.5:
𝑀3.5 = 18(3.5) − 14((3.5) − 2) = 𝟒𝟐 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
Checking by Geometry:
𝑴𝟑.𝟓
1.5m
2m 3m 2m
2m
By Ratio and Proportion:
𝑀3.5 − 36 48 − 36
=
1.5 3
𝑴𝟑.𝟓 = 𝟒𝟐 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
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Answer: 𝑥 = 6 falls in the range: 5 < 𝑥 < 7 so use the moment equation of that range:
𝑀 = 18𝑥 − 14(𝑥 − 2) − 28(𝑥 − 5)

Substitute 𝑥 = 6:
𝑀6 = 18(6) − 14((6) − 2) − 28((6) − 5) = 𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
Checking by Geometry:
𝑴𝟔
2m 3m 2m
6m 1m
By Ratio and Proportion:
𝑀6 − 0 48 − 0
=
1 2
𝑴𝟔 = 𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
Example 2b-2. The cantilever beam carries load as shown. Draw the Shear and Moment
Diagram.
a. What are the shear and moment values at 4 m from the fixed support?
Step 1: Determine the Reactions of the cantilever beam:
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∑ 𝐹𝑦 =↑ +:
𝐴𝑦 − 50 − 10(5) = 0
𝐴𝑦 = 100 𝑙𝑏
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 𝐶𝐶𝑊+:
𝑀𝐴 − 50(2) − 10(5)(2.5) = 0
𝑀𝐴 = 225 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡
continuous.
Step 3. Draw an FBD for the part of the beam lying either to the left or to the right of the
cutting plane, whichever is more convenient. At the cut section, show V and M acting in
their positive directions.
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@ A: 𝒙=𝟎
V equation:
𝑉𝐴 = 𝑅𝐴 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃
M equation:
𝑀𝐴 = −𝟐𝟐𝟓 lb-ft
@ Left of section 1: 𝟎<𝒙<𝟐
V equation:
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +: 100 − 10(𝑥) − 𝑉 = 0
𝑽 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎(𝒙) 𝒍𝒃
M equation:
𝑥
∑ 𝑀𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 0 𝐶𝑊 + : 100(𝑥) − 𝑀𝐴 − 10(𝑥) ( ) − 𝑀 = 0
2
𝑥
100(𝑥) − 225 − 10(𝑥) ( ) − 𝑀 = 0
2
𝑴 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎(𝒙) − 𝟐𝟐𝟓 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 lb-ft
@ B: 𝒙=𝟐
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V equation:
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +: 100 − 10(2) − 50 − 𝑉𝐵 = 0
𝑉𝐵 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒍𝒃
M equation:
∑ 𝑀𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 0 𝐶𝑊 + : 100(2) − 10(2)(1) − 225 − 𝑀𝐵 = 0
𝑀𝐵 = −𝟒𝟓 𝒍𝒃 − 𝒇𝒕
@ Left of section 2: 𝟐<𝒙<𝟓
V equation:
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +: 100 − 50 − 10(𝑥) − 𝑉 = 0
𝑽 = 𝟓𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 lb
M equation:
𝑥
∑ 𝑀𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 0 𝐶𝑊 + : 100𝑥 − 225 − 50(𝑥 − 2) − 10(𝑥) ( ) − 𝑀 = 0
2
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𝑴 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙 − 𝟐𝟐𝟓 − 𝟓𝟎(𝒙 − 𝟐) − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 𝒍𝒃 − 𝒇𝒕

@ C: 𝒙=𝟓
V equation:
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +: 100 − 50 − 10(5) − 𝑉𝐶 = 0
𝑽𝑪 = 𝟎
M equation:
5
∑ 𝑀𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 0 𝐶𝑊 + : 100(5) − 225 − 50(5 − 2) − 10(5) ( ) − 𝑀𝐶 = 0
2
𝑴𝑪 = 𝟎
Question:
What are the shear and moment values at 𝑥 = 4 𝑚?
At 𝟐<𝒙<𝟓
𝑉 = 50 − 10𝑥 lb
𝑉 = 50 − 10(4) = 𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒃 Ans.
𝑀 = 100𝑥 − 225 − 50(𝑥 − 2) − 5𝑥 2
𝑀 = 100(4) − 225 − 50(4 − 2) − 5(4)2 = −𝟓 𝒍𝒃 − 𝒇𝒕 Ans.
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1st degree and

not same slope
2nd degree
not same slope
Checking:
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𝐵𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
30 𝑉4
=
3 1
𝑉4 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒃
𝐵𝑦 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎:

32 12
=
−45 𝑀4
𝑉4 = −𝟓 𝒍𝒃 − 𝒇𝒕
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Example 2b-3. The overhanging beam carries a load as shown. Determine the maximum
positive moment and maximum negative moment acting on the beam. Locate also the first point
of contraflexure from the leftmost part of the beam.
Step 1: Determine the Reactions of the beam:
∑ 𝑀𝐸 = 0 𝐶𝑊+:
𝐵𝑦 (8) − 15(6)(3 + 6) − 90(6) + 30 = 0
𝐵𝑦 = 165 𝑘𝑁
∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0 𝐶𝐶𝑊+:
𝐸𝑦 (8) + 15(4)(2) − 15(2)(1) − 90(2) − 30 = 0
𝐸𝑦 = 15 𝑘𝑁
continuous.
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Step 3. Derive Shear and Moment Equation per segment:
@𝑨 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝑽𝑨 = 𝟎
𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎
𝟎<𝒙 <𝟒
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +
−15𝑥 − 𝑉 = 0
𝑽 = −𝟏𝟓𝒙
∑ 𝑀𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 0 𝐶𝑊 +
𝑥
−15𝑥 ( ) − 𝑀 = 0
2
𝑴 = −𝟕. 𝟓𝒙𝟐
@𝑩 𝒙 = 𝟒
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∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +
−15(4) + 165 − 𝑉 = 0
𝑽𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓 kN
4
−15(4) ( ) − 𝑀 = 0
2
𝑴𝑩 = −𝟏𝟐𝟎 kN-m
𝟒<𝒙 <𝟔
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +
−15(𝑥) + 165 − 𝑉 = 0
𝑽 = 𝟏𝟔𝟓 − 𝟏𝟓𝒙 kN
𝑥
−15𝑥 ( ) + 165(𝑥 − 4) − 𝑀 = 0
2
𝑴 = 𝟏𝟔𝟓(𝒙 − 𝟒) − 𝟕. 𝟓𝒙𝟐 kN-m
@𝑪 𝒙 = 𝟔
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∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +
−15(6) + 165 − 90 − 𝑉 = 0
𝑽𝑪 = −𝟏𝟓 kN
6
-15(6) (2) + 165(6 − 4) − 𝑀 = 0
𝑴𝑪 = 𝟔𝟎 kN-m
𝟔 < 𝒙 < 𝟏𝟎
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +
−15(𝑥) + 165 − 90 + 15(𝑥 − 6) − 𝑉 = 0
𝑽 = 𝟕𝟓 − 𝟏𝟓(𝒙) + 𝟏𝟓(𝒙 − 𝟔) kN
𝑥 𝑥−6
−15𝑥 ( ) + 165(𝑥 − 4) − 90(𝑥 − 6) + 15(𝑥 − 6) ( )−𝑀 =0
2 2
𝑴 = 𝟏𝟔𝟓(𝒙 − 𝟒) − 𝟗𝟎(𝒙 − 𝟔) − 𝟕. 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕. 𝟓(𝒙 − 𝟔)𝟐 kN-m
@𝑫 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎
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∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +
−15(6) + 165 − 90 − 𝑉 = 0
𝑽𝑫 = −𝟏𝟓 kN
−15(6)(3 + 4) + 165(6) − 90(4) + 30 − 𝑀 = 0
𝑴 = 𝟑𝟎 kN-m
𝟏𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝟏𝟐
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +
−15(𝑥) + 165 − 90 + 15(𝑥 − 6) − 𝑉 = 0
𝑽 = 𝟕𝟓 − 𝟏𝟓(𝒙) + 𝟏𝟓(𝒙 − 𝟔) kN
𝑥 𝑥−6
−15𝑥 ( ) + 165(𝑥 − 4) + 30 − 90(𝑥 − 6) + 15(𝑥 − 6) ( )−𝑀 = 0
2 2
𝑴 = 𝟏𝟔𝟓(𝒙 − 𝟒) + 𝟑𝟎 − 𝟗𝟎(𝒙 − 𝟔) − 𝟕. 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕. 𝟓(𝒙 − 𝟔)𝟐 kN-m
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@𝑬 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +
−15(6) + 165 − 90 + 15 − 𝑉 = 0
𝑽𝑬 = 𝟎
−15(6)(3 + 6) + 165(8) − 90(6) + 30 − 𝑀 = 0
𝑴𝑬 = 𝟎
Questions:
Maximum positive moment = From the diagram, the value is:
𝑴+𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 Ans.
Maximum positive moment = From the diagram, the value is:
𝑴−𝒎𝒂𝒙 = −𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 Ans.
Location of the first point of contraflexure from the leftmost support of the beam:
𝑀 = 165(𝑥 − 4) − 7.5𝑥 2 = 0
𝒙 = 𝒙𝒑 = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟓𝟓 𝒎 Ans.
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𝟏°
𝟐°
𝟐°
positive moment and maximum negative moment acting on the beam. Locate also the point of
zero shear.
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Step 1: Determine the reactions of the beam:

30 𝑦
=
6 2
𝑦 = 10 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 𝐶𝐶𝑊+:
1 1
𝐵𝑦 (4) − (30)(6) ( (6)) = 0
2 3
𝐵𝑦 = 45 𝑘𝑁
∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0 𝐶𝐶𝑊+:
1 2 1 1
𝐴𝑦 (4) − ( ) (30 − 10)(4) ( (4)) − 10(4)(2) + (10)(2) ( (2)) = 0
2 3 2 3
𝐴𝑦 = 45 𝑘𝑁
continuous.
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Step 3. Derive Shear and Moment Equation per segment:
@𝑨 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝑽𝑨 = 𝑹𝑨 = 𝟒𝟓 𝒌𝑵
𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎
𝟎<𝒙 <𝟒
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +
1
45 − (30 − 𝑦)(𝑥) − 𝑦(𝑥) − 𝑉 = 0
2
Since there is 𝑦, we must express it in terms of x:
30 𝑦
=
6 6−𝑥
𝑦 = 5(6 − 𝑥)
Thus:
1
45 − (30 − 5(6 − 𝑥))(𝑥) − 5(6 − 𝑥)(𝑥) − 𝑉 = 0
2
𝑽 = 𝟒𝟓 − 𝟐. 𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙(𝟔 − 𝒙) 𝒌𝑵
1 2 𝑥
45𝑥 − (30 − 𝑦)(𝑥) ( ) (𝑥) − 𝑦(𝑥) ( ) − 𝑀 = 0
2 3 2
Since 𝑦 = 5(6 − 𝑥):

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1 2 𝑥
45𝑥 − (30 − 5(6 − 𝑥))(𝑥) ( ) (𝑥) − 5(6 − 𝑥)(𝑥) ( ) − 𝑀 = 0
2 3 2
𝟓
𝑴 = 𝟒𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑 (𝒙𝟑 ) − 𝟐. 𝟓𝒙𝟐 (𝟔 − 𝒙) 𝒌𝑵-m
@𝑩 𝒙 = 𝟒
𝑦 = 10 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +
1
45 − (30 − 10)(4) − 10(4) + 45 − 𝑉 = 0
2
𝑽𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝑵
1 2 4
45(4) − (30 − 10)(4) ( (4)) − 10(4) ( ) − 𝑀 = 0
2 3 2
𝟐𝟎
𝑴𝑩 = − 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝟑
𝟒<𝒙<𝟔
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +
1
45 − (30 − 𝑦)(𝑥) − 𝑦(𝑥) + 45 − 𝑉 = 0
2
Since there is 𝑦, we must express it in terms of x:
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30 𝑦
=
6 6−𝑥
𝑦 = 5(6 − 𝑥)
1
45 − (30 − 5(6 − 𝑥))(𝑥) − 5(6 − 𝑥)(𝑥) + 45 − 𝑉 = 0
2
𝑽 = 𝟗𝟎 − 𝟐. 𝟓(𝒙𝟐 ) − 𝟓𝒙(𝟔 − 𝒙)
1 2 𝑥
45𝑥 − (30 − 𝑦)(𝑥) ( 𝑥) − 𝑦(𝑥) ( ) + 45(𝑥 − 4) − 𝑀 = 0
2 3 2
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑦 = 5(6 − 𝑥)
1 2 𝑥
𝑀 = 45𝑥 − (30 − 5(6 − 𝑥))(𝑥) ( 𝑥) − 5(6 − 𝑥)(𝑥) ( ) + 45(𝑥 − 4)
2 3 2
𝟓
𝑴 = 𝟒𝟓𝒙 − 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐. 𝟓𝒙𝟐 (𝟔 − 𝒙) + 𝟒𝟓(𝒙 − 𝟒)
𝟑
@𝑪 𝒙=𝟔
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +
1
45 − (30)(6) + 45 − 𝑉 = 0
2
𝑽𝑪 = 𝟎
1 2
45(6) − (30)(6) ( (6)) + 45(2) − 𝑀 = 0
2 3
𝑴𝑪 = 𝟎
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𝟐°
𝟑°
Questions:
Maximum positive moment is 𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟕𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

20
Maximum negative moment is - 3 ≅ −𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
Location of zero shear:
𝑉 = 45 − 2.5𝑥 2 − 5𝑥(6 − 𝑥) = 0
𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓𝟕𝟒 𝒎 Ans.
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Example 2b-5. If the reaction at A in the propped beam is 50 kN, draw the Shear and Moment
equations and locate the zero shear and point of contraflexure.
• Determine the remaining reactions of the beam:
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +
1
𝐴𝑦 − (20)(5) − (40 − 20)(3) + 𝐶𝑦 = 0
2
𝐶𝑦 = 80 𝑘𝑁
∑ 𝑀𝑐 = 0 𝐶𝑊 +
1 1
50(5) − (20)(5)(2.5) − (40 − 20)(3) ( (3)) + 𝑀𝐶 = 0
2 3
𝑀𝐶 = 30 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
• Cut the beam into sections and derive the expressions for Shear and Moment at each
interval.
@A 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝑽𝑨 = 𝑹𝑨 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵
𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎
𝟎 <𝒙 <𝟐
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∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +
50 − 20𝑥 − 𝑉 = 0
𝑽 = 𝟓𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎𝒙 kN
∑ 𝑀𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 0 ↑ 𝐶𝑊 +
𝑥
50𝑥 − 20𝑥 ( ) − 𝑀 = 0
2
𝑴 = 𝟓𝟎𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐 kN-m
@B 𝒙 = 𝟐
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +
50 − 20(2) − 𝑉 = 0
𝑽 = 𝟏𝟎 kN
∑ 𝑀𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 0 ↑ 𝐶𝑊 +
2
50(2) − 20(2) ( ) − 𝑀 = 0
2
𝑴 = 𝟔𝟎 kN-m
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𝟐<𝒙<𝟓
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +
1
50 − 20𝑥 − (𝑦 − 20)(𝑥 − 2) − 𝑉 = 0
2
1
𝑉 = 50 − 20𝑥 − 2 (𝑦 − 20)(𝑥 − 2)
Determine the value of a:
20 40
=
𝑎+2 𝑎+2+3
𝑎 =1𝑚
Express y in terms of x:
𝑦 20
=
𝑎+𝑥 𝑎+2
𝑦 20
=
1+𝑥 1+2
20
𝑦= (1 + 𝑥)
3
𝟏 𝟐𝟎
𝑽 = 𝟓𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎𝒙 − ( (𝟏 + 𝒙) − 𝟐𝟎) (𝒙 − 𝟐)
𝟐 𝟑
𝑥 1 1
50𝑥 − 20𝑥 ( ) − (𝑦 − 20)(𝑥 − 2) ( (𝑥 − 2)) − 𝑀 = 0
2 2 3
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20
Since 𝑦 = 3
(1 + 𝑥),
𝟏 𝟐𝟎 𝟏
𝑴 = 𝟓𝟎𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐 − ( (𝟏 + 𝒙) − 𝟐𝟎) (𝒙 − 𝟐) ( (𝒙 − 𝟐))
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
@𝑪 𝒙 =𝟓
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +
1
50 − 20(5) − (40 − 20)(3) + 80 − 𝑉 = 0
2
𝑽=𝟎
5 1 1
50(5) − 20(5) ( ) − (40 − 20)(3) ( (3)) + 30 − 𝑀 = 0
2 2 3
𝑴=𝟎
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1 20
𝑉 = 50 − 20𝑥 − ( (1 + 𝑥) − 20) (𝑥 − 2) = 𝟎
2 3
𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟔𝟒 𝒎 Ans.
Location of point of contraflexure:

1 20
𝑀 = 50𝑥 − 10𝑥 2 − (𝑥 − 2)2 ( (1 + 𝑥) − 20)
6 3
𝒙 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟑𝟓 𝒎 Ans.
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*Self-Help! You can also refer to the sources below to help

Let’s Check!
you further understand the lesson:
Activity
*Pytel, A., Kiusalaas J. (2010). Mechanics of Materials. Phil. Edition, Cengage Learning
*R. C. Hibbeler (2008). Mechanics of Materials. (7th Ed). Pearson Prentice Hall
Let’s Check!
[Strictly Use Shear and Moment Equation Only]
For the beam shown, derive the expressions for V and M, and draw the shear force and bending
moment diagrams. Neglect the weight of the beam.
𝑘𝑁
1. 𝑤0 = 50 𝑚
;𝐿 = 10 𝑚
𝑘𝑁
2. 𝑤0 = 50 𝑚
;𝐿 = 10 𝑚
3.
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4.
Let’s Analyze!
Answer the following problems:
1. Draw the shear and moment diagram.

a. What is the shear value at 𝑥 = 4.5 𝑓𝑡 from left support?
b. What is the location of zero shear from support A?
c. What is the value of the maximum negative moment?
d. What is the moment value at 𝑥 = 7.0 𝑓𝑡 from left support?

a. What is the shear value at 𝑥 = 6 𝑓𝑡 from the leftmost support?
b. What is the moment value at 𝑥 = 3𝑓𝑡 from the leftmost support?
c. Determine the location of point of contraflexure from the leftmost support.

a. What is the value of the maximum positive moment?
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a. What is the value of the shear at 𝑥 = 3 𝑚?
b. What is the value of the moment at 𝑥 = 4 𝑚?
c. Determine the location of zero shear from the left support.
In a Nutshell!
Draw the shear and moment diagram of the following beams:
1.
2.
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3.
Procedure for determining shear force and bending moment diagrams by area method:
Useful relationships between the loading, shear force, and bending moment can be
derived from the equilibrium equations. These relationships enable us to plot the shear force
diagram directly from the load diagram, and then construct the bending moment diagram from
the shear force diagram.
−𝒅𝑽
𝒘=
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑉 = −𝑤𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝐵 𝑥𝐵
∫ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ −𝑤𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝐴 𝑥𝐴
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𝒙𝑩
𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑨 = ∫ −𝒘𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝑨
𝑥
𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 = −(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑤 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐴𝐵
𝑥
𝑉𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴 −(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑤 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐴𝐵
Note: if 𝑥𝐵 > 𝑥𝐴
𝒅𝑴
𝑽=
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑀 = 𝑉𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝐵 𝑥𝐵
∫ 𝑑𝑀 = ∫ 𝑉𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝐴 𝑥𝐴
𝒙𝑩
𝑴𝑩 − 𝑴𝑨 = ∫ 𝑽𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝑨
𝑥
𝑀𝐵 − 𝑀𝐴 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐴𝐵
𝑥
𝑀𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝐵 = 𝑀𝐴 + (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐴𝐵
𝑪𝑪𝑾 𝑪𝒐𝒖𝒑𝒍𝒆 = ( − ) 𝑪𝑾 𝑪𝒐𝒖𝒑𝒍𝒆 = (+)
Procedure for the Area Method:
• The following steps outline the procedure for constructing shear force and bending
moment diagrams by the area method.
• Compute the support reactions from the FBD of the entire beam. Draw the load diagram
of the beam (which is essentially a FBD) showing the values of the loads, including the
support reactions. Use the sign conventions to determine the correct sign of each load.
• Working from left to right, construct the V- and M-diagrams for each segment of the
beam. When you reach the right end of the beam, check to see whether the computed
values of V and M are consistent with the end conditions. If they are not, you have made
an error in the computations.
Example 2b-6. The simply supported beam in the figure carries two concentrated loads. Draw
the shear force and bending moment diagrams using Area Method. Neglect the weight of the
beam.
From the diagram,

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Determine the support reactions in the beam.
𝑉𝐴 = 𝐴𝑦 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒌𝑵
𝑥
𝑉𝐴−𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴 − (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐴𝐵 = 18 − 0 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒌𝑵
𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴−𝐵 + (−14) = 18 − 14 = 𝟒 𝒌𝑵
𝑥
𝑉𝐵−𝐶 = 𝑉𝐵 − (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐵𝐶 = 4 − 0 = 𝟒 𝒌𝑵
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝐵−𝐶 + (−28) = 4 − 28 = −𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝑵
𝑥
𝑉𝐶−𝐷 = 𝑉𝐶 − (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐶𝐷 = −24 − 0 = −𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝑵
𝑉𝐷 = 𝑉𝐶−𝐷 + 𝐷𝑦 = −24 + 24 = 𝟎
𝑀𝐴 = 𝑀𝐴 = 𝟎
𝑥
𝑀𝐴−𝐵 = 𝑀𝐴 + (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐴𝐵 = 0 + 18(2) = 𝟑𝟔 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑀𝐵 = 𝑀𝐴−𝐵 + 0 = 36 + 0 = 𝟑𝟔 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑥
𝑀𝐵−𝐶 = 𝑀𝐵 + (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐵𝐶 = 36 + 4(3) = 𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑀𝐶 = 𝑀𝐵−𝐶 + 0 = 48 + 0 = 𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑥
𝑀𝐶−𝐷 = 𝑀𝐶 + (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐶𝐷 = 48 + 0 = 𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑀𝐷 = 𝑀𝐶−𝐷 + 0 = 48 + (−24(2)) = 𝟎
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From the diagram,
none
𝑉𝑎𝑡 1 𝑚 = 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚|10

𝑉𝑎𝑡 1 𝑚 = 18 − 0 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒌𝑵
𝑉𝑎𝑡 4 𝑚 = 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚|42

𝑉𝑎𝑡 4 𝑚 = 4 − 0 = 𝟒 𝒌𝑵
𝑀𝑎𝑡 3.5 𝑚 = 𝑀𝐵 + 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚|3.5

2
𝑀𝑎𝑡 3.5 𝑚 = 36 + 4(1.5) = 𝟒𝟐 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑀𝑎𝑡 6 𝑚 = 𝑀𝐶 + 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚|65

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𝑀𝑎𝑡 6 𝑚 = 48 + (−24)(1) = 𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝑵
Example 2b-7. The cantilever beam carries load as shown. Draw the Shear and Moment
Diagram.
a. What are the shear and moment values at 4 ft from the fixed support?
Determine the Reactions of the cantilever beam:
𝑉𝐴 = 𝐴𝑦 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃
𝑥
𝑉𝐴−𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴 − (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐴𝐵 = 100 − 10(2) = 𝟖𝟎 𝒍𝒃
𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴−𝐵 + (−50) = 80 − 50 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒍𝒃
𝑥
𝑉𝐵−𝐶 = 𝑉𝐵 − (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐵𝐶 = 30 − 10(3) = 𝟎
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝐵−𝐶 + 0 = 0 − 0 = 𝟎
𝑀𝐴 = 𝑀𝐴 = −𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝒍𝒃 − 𝒇𝒕
𝑥
𝑀𝐴−𝐵 = 𝑀𝐴 + (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐴𝐵
2 2
(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐵 = ∫ 𝑉𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (100 − 10𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 180 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡
0 0
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𝑀𝐴−𝐵 = −225 + 180 = −𝟒𝟓 𝒍𝒃 − 𝒇𝒕

𝑀𝐵 = 𝑀𝐴−𝐵 + 0 = −45 + 0 = −𝟒𝟓 𝒍𝒃 − 𝒇𝒕
𝑥
𝑀𝐵−𝐶 = 𝑀𝐵 + (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐵𝐶
5 5
(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝑥𝐵𝐶 = ∫ 𝑉𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (100 − 50 − 10𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 45 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡
2 2
𝑀𝐵−𝐶 = −45 + 45 = 𝟎
𝑀𝐶 = 𝑀𝐵−𝐶 + 0 = 0 + 0 = 𝟎
Question:
What are the shear and moment values at 𝑥 = 4 𝑓𝑡?
Shear value at 4 ft m from the fixed support:
𝑉@ 4 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑉𝐵 − (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|42 = 30 − 10(2) = 𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒃
Moment value at 4 ft from the fixed support:
𝑀@ 4 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑀𝐵 + (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|42
4
(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|42 = ∫2 (100 − 50 − 10𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 40
𝑀@ 4 𝑓𝑡 = −45 + 40 = −𝟓 𝒍𝒃 − 𝒇𝒕
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1st degree and

not same slope
2nd degree
not same slope
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positive moment and maximum negative moment acting on the beam. Locate also the first point
of contraflexure from the leftmost part of the beam.
Determine the Reactions of the beam:
𝑉𝐴 = 𝟎
𝑥
𝑉𝐴−𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴 − (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐴𝐵 = 0 − 15(4) = −𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑵
𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴−𝐵 + 𝐵𝑦 = −60 + 165 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝑵
𝑥
𝑉𝐵−𝐶 = 𝑉𝐵 − (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐵𝐶 = 105 − 15(2) = 𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑵
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝐵−𝐶 − 90 = 75 − 90 = −𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝑵
𝑥
𝑉𝐶−𝐷 = 𝑉𝐶 − (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐶𝐷 = −15 − 0 = −𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝑵
𝑉𝐷 = 𝑉𝐶−𝐷 − 0 = −15 − 0 = −𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝑵
𝑥
𝑉𝐷−𝐸 = 𝑉𝐷 − (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐷𝐸 = −15 − 0 = −𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝑵
𝑉𝐸 = 𝑉𝐷−𝐸 + 𝐸𝑦 = −15 + 15 = 𝟎
𝑀𝐴 = 𝟎
𝑥
𝑀𝐴−𝐵 = 𝑀𝐴 − (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐴𝐵
4
(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐵 = ∫ (−15𝑥) = −120
0
𝑀𝐴−𝐵 = 0 + (−120) = −120 = −𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝑀𝐵 = 𝑀𝐴−𝐵 + 0 = −120 + 0 = −𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑥
𝑀𝐵−𝐶 = 𝑀𝐴 + (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐵𝐶
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6
(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝑥𝐵𝐶 = ∫ (165 − 15𝑥) = 180
4
𝑀𝐵−𝐶 = −120 + 180 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝑀𝐶 = 𝑀𝐵−𝐶 + 0 = 60 + 0 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑥
𝑀𝐶−𝐷 = 𝑀𝐶 + (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐶𝐷
10
(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝑥𝐶𝐷 = ∫ (165 − 90 − 15𝑥 + 15(𝑥 − 6)) = −60
6
𝑀𝐶−𝐷 = 60 + (−60) = 𝟎
𝑀𝐷 = 𝑀𝐶−𝐷 + 30 = 0 + 30 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑥
𝑀𝐷−𝐸 = 𝑀𝐷 + (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐷𝐸
12
(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝑥𝐷𝐸 = ∫ (165 − 90 − 15𝑥 + 15(𝑥 − 6)) = −30
10
𝑀𝐷−𝐸 = 30 + (−30) = 𝟎
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𝑀𝐸 = 𝑀𝐷−𝐸 + 0 = 0 + 0 = 𝟎
𝟏°
𝟐°
𝟐°
Based from the diagram 𝑴+𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 and 𝑴−𝒎𝒂𝒙 = −𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝑥
𝑀𝑎𝑡 𝑥𝑝 = 𝑀𝐵 + 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚|4 𝑝 = 0
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𝑥
−120 + ∫ (165 − 15𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
4
15𝑥 2 15(42 )
−120 + [165𝑥 − − (165(4) − )] = 0
2 2
𝒙 = 𝒙𝒑 = 5.255 m
positive moment and maximum negative moment acting on the beam. Locate also the point of
zero shear.
Determine the reactions of the beam:

30 𝑦
=
6 2
𝑦 = 10 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑉𝐴 = 𝐴𝑦 = 𝟒𝟓 𝒌𝑵
𝑥 4
𝑉𝐴−𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴 − (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐴𝐵 = 45 − ∫0 (−5𝑥 + 30) = −𝟑𝟓 𝒌𝑵
𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴−𝐵 + 𝐵𝑦 = −35 + 45 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝑵
6
𝑥
𝑉𝐵−𝐶 = 𝑉𝐵 − (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐵𝐶 = 10 − ∫ (−5𝑥 + 30) = 𝟎
4
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝐵−𝐶 − 0 = 0 − 0 = 𝟎
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𝟐°
𝟑°
Point of zero shear:

𝑥
45 − ∫ (−5𝑥 + 30) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟎
0
−5𝑥 2
45 − [( 2
+ 30𝑥) − 0]=0
𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓𝟕𝟒 𝒎
𝑀𝐴 = 𝑀𝐴 = 𝟎
𝑥
𝑀1.7574 = 𝑀𝐴 + (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐴1.7574
1.7574 1.7574 1
(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝑥𝐴1.7574 = ∫0 𝑉𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (45 − (30 + 5(6 − 𝑥))(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = 37. 27922
2
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𝑀1.7574 = 0 + 37. 2792 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟕𝟗𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
1
𝑉 = 45 − (30 + 𝑦)(𝑥) or
2
1
𝑉 = 45 − (30 + 5(6 − 𝑥))(𝑥)
2
30 𝑦
=
6 6−𝑥
𝑦 = 5(6 − 𝑥)
𝑥𝐵
𝑀1.7574−𝐵 = 𝑀1.7574 + (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥1.7574
4
1
(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝑥1.7574
4
= ∫ (45 − (30 + 5(6 − 𝑥))(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = − 43.94589
1.7574 2
−𝟐𝟎
𝑀1.7574−𝐵 = 37.27922 + (−43.94589) = −6.66667 ≈ 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝟑
−20 −𝟐𝟎
𝑀𝐵 = +0= 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
3 𝟑
𝑥 1
𝑀𝐵−𝐶 = 𝑀𝐵 + (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐵𝐶 𝑉 = 45 + 45 − (30 + 𝑦)(𝑥) or
2
1
𝑉 = 45 + 45 − (30 + 5(6 − 𝑥))(𝑥)
2
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6
1 20
(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝑥𝐵𝐶 = ∫ (45 + 45 − (30 + 5(6 − 𝑥))(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = 6.6667 ≈
4 2 3
−20 20
𝑀𝐶 = + =𝟎
3 3
Questions:
Maximum positive moment is 𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟕𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

20
Maximum negative moment is − 3 ≅ −𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑉 = 45 − 2.5𝑥 2 − 5𝑥(6 − 𝑥) = 0
𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓𝟕𝟒 𝒎 Ans.
Example 2b-10. If the reaction at A in the propped beam is 50 kN, draw the Shear and Moment
equations and locate the zero shear and point of contraflexure.
20 20
Determine the remaining reactions of the beam: 𝑦= 𝑥+
3 3
𝑉𝐴 = 𝐴𝑦 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵
𝑥
𝑉𝐴−𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴 − (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐴𝐵 = 50 − 20(2) = 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝑵
𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴−𝐵 + 0 = 10 + 0 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝑵
𝑥 1
𝑉𝐵−𝐶 = 𝑉𝐵 − (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐵𝐶 = 10 − [ (20 + 40)(3)] = −𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝑵
2
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝐵−𝐶 + 𝐶𝑦 = −80 + 80 = 𝟎
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Point of zero shear:
40 𝑦
=
6 𝑥+1
20
𝑦= (𝑥 + 1)
3
𝑥
𝑉𝐵−𝐶 = 𝑉𝐵 − (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐵𝐶 = 0
1
10 − [ (20 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 2)] = 0
2
1 20
10 − [ (20 + (𝑥 + 1)) (𝑥 − 2)] = 0
2 3
𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟔𝟒𝟏 𝒎
𝑀𝐴 = 𝟎
𝑥
𝑀𝐴−𝐵 = 𝑀𝐴 + (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐴𝐵
2
(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐵 = ∫ (50 − 20𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 60
0
𝑀𝐴−𝐵 = 0 + 60 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑀𝐵 = 𝑀𝐴−𝐵 + 0 = 60 + 0 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑥
𝑀2.464 = 𝑀𝐵 + (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐵2.464
2.464
1
(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝑥𝐵2.464 = ∫ ((50 − 20𝑥 − (𝑦 − 20)(𝑥)) (𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
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2.464
1 20
(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝑥𝐵2.464 = ∫ ((50 − 20𝑥 − ( (𝑥 + 1) − 20) (𝑥 − 2))) 𝑑𝑥
2 2 3
𝑥
(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥𝐵2.464 = 2.37604
𝑀2.464 = 60 + 2.37604 = 𝟔𝟐. 𝟑𝟕𝟔𝟎𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝑥𝐶
𝑀2.464−𝐶 = 62.37604 + (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥2.464
5
1 20
𝐶
=∫ ((50 − 20𝑥 − ( (𝑥 + 1) − 20) (𝑥 − 2))) 𝑑𝑥
2.464 2 3
𝐶
= −92. 37604
𝑀2.464−𝐶 = 62.37604 + (−92. 37604) = −𝟑𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑀𝐶 = −30 + 30 = 𝟎
Point of contraflexure:
𝑥𝐶
𝑀2.464−𝐶 = 62.37604 + (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)|𝑥2.464 =0
𝒙 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟑𝟓 𝒎 Ans.
Page 57 of 61
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
*Self-Help! You can also refer to the sources below to help

you further understand the lesson:
*Pytel, A., Kiusalaas J. (2010). Mechanics of Materials. Phil. Edition, Cengage Learning
*R. C. Hibbeler (2008). Mechanics of Materials. (7th Ed). Pearson Prentice Hall
Let’s Check!
Activity
Page 58 of 61
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[Strictly Use Area-Method Only]
Draw the Shear and Moment Diagram of the following beam:
𝑘𝑁
1. 𝑤0 = 50 𝑚
;𝐿 = 10 𝑚
𝑘𝑁
2. 𝑤0 = 50 ;𝐿 = 10 𝑚
𝑚
3.
4.
Let’s Analyze!

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e. What is the shear value at 𝑥 = 4.5 𝑓𝑡 from left support?
f. What is the location of zero shear from support A?
g. What is the value of the maximum negative moment?
h. What is the moment value at 𝑥 = 7.0 𝑓𝑡 from left support?

d. What is the shear value at 𝑥 = 6 𝑓𝑡 from the leftmost support?
e. What is the moment value at 𝑥 = 3𝑓𝑡 from the leftmost support?
f. Determine the location of point of contraflexure from the leftmost support.

b. What is the value of the maximum positive moment?

d. What is the value of the shear at 𝑥 = 3 𝑚?
e. What is the value of the moment at 𝑥 = 4 𝑚?
f. Determine the location of zero shear from the left support.
Page 60 of 61
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In a Nutshell!
Draw the shear and moment diagram of the following beams:
1.
2.
3.
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College of Engineering Education

2nd Floor, B&E Building

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for

Course/Subject: BCE 222 (Mechanics of Deformable Bodies)

Course Outline: BCE 222 - (MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES)

Course Coordinator: Noroddin V. Melog, RCE

Course Outline Policy

Areas of Concern Details

If the assessment task is done in real time through the

Since this course is included in the licensure

your course coordinator. This is non-negotiable for all

Please note that academic dishonesty such as cheating

However, if the late submission of assessment paper

For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator will

If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):

Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual

You can also meet the course coordinator in person

For students who have not created their student email,

Library Contact LIC

Course Information- see/download course syllabus in the BlackBoard LMS

CO: Upon completion of the course, you are expected to:

CO 1. Explain the concepts of stress and strain in relation to material

It is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied

Shear and Moment in Beams

Review of Supports and Loads

Beams are classified according to their supports:

[Has a pin support at one

[Is built into a rigid support

[supported by a pin and a

Constructing Shear and Moment Diagram by Equation

Sign Conventions external loads, shear force, and bending moment

From the diagram,

@ Left of section 1: 𝟎<𝒙<𝟐

@ Left of section 2: 𝟐<𝒙<𝟓

∑ 𝑀𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 0 𝐶𝑊 + : 18𝑥 − 14(𝑥 − 2) − 𝑀 = 0

@ Left of section 2: 𝟓<𝒙<𝟕

∑ 𝑀𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 0 𝐶𝑊 + : 18𝑥 − 14(𝑥 − 2) − 28(𝑥 − 5) − 𝑀 = 0

𝑀𝐷 = 18(7) − 14(5) − 28(2) = 0

b. What is the shear value at 𝑥 = 1 m?

So anywhere in 0 < 𝑥 < 2, the shear value is 18 kN.

c. What is the shear value at 𝑥 = 4 m?

So anywhere in 𝟐 < 𝒙 < 𝟓, the shear value is 4 kN.

d. What is the moment value at 𝑥 = 3.5 m?

𝑀3.5 = 18(3.5) − 14((3.5) − 2) = 𝟒𝟐 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

By Ratio and Proportion:

e. What is the moment value at 𝑥 = 6 m?

𝑀 = 18𝑥 − 14(𝑥 − 2) − 28(𝑥 − 5)

𝑀6 = 18(6) − 14((6) − 2) − 28((6) − 5) = 𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

By Ratio and Proportion:

Step 1: Determine the Reactions of the cantilever beam:

@ Left of section 1: 𝟎<𝒙<𝟐

𝑴 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎(𝒙) − 𝟐𝟐𝟓 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 lb-ft

@ Left of section 2: 𝟐<𝒙<𝟓

𝑴 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙 − 𝟐𝟐𝟓 − 𝟓𝟎(𝒙 − 𝟐) − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 𝒍𝒃 − 𝒇𝒕

What are the shear and moment values at 𝑥 = 4 𝑚?

𝑀 = 100𝑥 − 225 − 50(𝑥 − 2) − 5𝑥 2

𝑀 = 100(4) − 225 − 50(4 − 2) − 5(4)2 = −𝟓 𝒍𝒃 − 𝒇𝒕 Ans.

1st degree and

𝐵𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

𝐵𝑦 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎:

Step 1: Determine the Reactions of the beam: