ajymyg&ap apwemrsm;pGmeJ‹

2002 ck pufwifbmvtwGufxkwfa0wJh ty`rm'r*~Zif;yg aX;vGif(qm;vif;}uD;)&J‹ jrefrmppf

aom rdcifarwWm aqmif;yg;ukd zwfvkduf&vkd‹ 'Daqmif;yg;ukd jrefjrefa&;jzpfwmyg? aqmif;yg;xJ
rSm pma&;olu “,ae‹ rsufarSmufacwfwGifum; pD;yGm;a&;tjrif pD;yGm;a&;rsufvkH; us,fvm
onf/ yGifhvmonf[k qkdcsifuvnf; qkdEkdifygonf? a&S;uxuf avmbawG ykd}uD;vmonf[k
ajymv#if raumif;jrif[k qkdcsifolrsm;vnf;&Sdayrnf? trSeftm;jzifh avmbrsufvkH; us,fvm
jcif;omjzpfygonf” pojzifh }uD;yGm;a&; pD;yGm;a&;twGuf EkdifiH&yfjcm;xGufcGm=uolrsm;ESifh ywf
ouf+yD; ol‹tjrifukd okH;oyfa&;om;xm;ygw,f? aqmif;yg;&J‹ vkd&if;csKyfuawmh EkdifiH&yfjcm;ukd
ykd‹EkdifwJhpGrf;tm;&Sdygvsuf ol‹om;orD;awGukd EkdifiH&yfjcm;ykd‹zkd‹ pdwful;r&SdwJh rdcifwpfa,mufukd
jrefrmyDoolwpfa,muftjzpf csD;rGrf;axmremxm;wJh aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fyg? (om;orD;awGukd
EkdifiH&yfjcm;ykd‹=uwJh rdcifawGukdawmh jrefrmrqefol rsm;&,fvkd‹ ajymvkdcsifwm r[kwfaybl;vkd‹
r,kHr&J ,lqrdygao;w,f?)

wkduf&kduft"dy`g,fjyef&r,fqkd&ifawmh EkdifiH&yfjcm;ukd oGm;a&mufjcif;tay:rSm tjypfjrifwJh a&;

om;r_wpfckvkd‹yJqkd&rSmyg? ol‹aqmif;yg;rSm a':vmvkdcsifwma=umifh EkdifiHjcm;ukd oGm;vkd =uwm
jzpfa=umif;ukdvJ zwf&ygw,f? aemuf+yD; EkdifiH&yfjcm;rSm ukd,fhvlrsdK;awG yef;uefaq; tkd;wkduf
tvkyfrsdK;vkyf&wmtwGufvJ “jrefrmawG EddkifiHjcm;oGm;+yD; atmufwef;pm;tvkyfawG vkyfae
=uonf[k ajymv#ifvnf; cHcsif=urnfr[kwfay” vkd‹vJ a&;xm;ygao;w,f? ol‹tjrif ol‹t
awG;eJ‹ ol‹txif ola&;xm;wmrkd‹ bmrS txl;rajymvkdayr,fh EkdifiH&yfjcm;rSm a&muf&Sd aexkdif
aewJ‹ yk*~dKvfrsm;&J‹ oabmxm;tjriftcsdK‹ukdawmh tenf;i,fr# ajymjycsifygw,f? ukd,fukd,f
wkdif EkdifiH&yfjcm;rSm a&mufae/ EkdifiH&yfjcm; a&mufolawGeJhvJ t+rJwrf; xdawG‹qufqH ae&wm
a=umifh olwkd‹&J‹oabmxm;ukd ykd+yD;em;vnfrdvkd‹ ckvkdajymjyjcif;[m obm0usr,fvkd‹vJ ,lq
rdygw,f?

aX;vGif(qm;vif;}uD;) &J‹pmukd zwf+yD; tjcm;q&mawmfwpfyg;&J‹ rdefh=um;csufukdvJ owd&rdyg

w,f? tJ'Duwnf;u aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fa&;zkd‹ pdwful;rdygw,f/ okd‹ayr,fh txrajrmufcJhygbl;?
ckawmh aX;vGif(qmvif;}uD;) &J‹ pmu pma&;jzpfzkd‹ wGef;tm;ay;cJhovkd jzpfvkd‹rkd‹ a&;jzpfygw,f
aygh? vGefcJhwJhvu pma&;olwkd‹ ausmif;ukd jrefrmvli,fwpfa,muf a&mufvmygw,f? ol‹t
ajymt& ol[m tar&duukd a&mufwm okH;ESpfausmfausmfav;yJ &Sdao;w,fvkd‹ od&ygw,f?
pma&;olwkd‹ ausmif;u olaexkdifwJhae&meJ‹ twefi,fa0;vkd‹ ckrSa&mufjzpfayr,fh olaexkdifwJh
t&yfeJ‹ odyf+yD;ra0;vSwJh bkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;rsm;ukdawmh r=umr=um a&mufwwfyga=umif;
ajymygw,f? txl;ojzifh jrefrm bkef;awmf=uD;ausmif;rsm;u }uD;rSL;usif;yavh&SdwJh 0gqkdyJ/G u
xdefyJeG J‹ o}uFefyJv
G kdtcsdefrdsK;rSmawmh tjrJwrf;vkd a&mufwwfavh&Sda=umif;ajymygw,f? a&muf
wwf&m&m pum;ajymjzpf&if;eJ‹ ol jrefrmjynfu rxGufcGgvmrDu ol‹rdbrsm; tjrJ ukd;uG,f
qnf;uyfavh&SdwJh q&mawmfwpfyg;xHukd uefawmhzkd‹oGm;a&mufcJha=umif;ukd ajymjyygw,f? tJ
'DvkdoGm;a&mufcJh&mrSm q&mawmfu “atm/f rif;u rda0; ba0; bmom omoemeJh a0;wJh
ypPEœ&mpft&yfqDukd oGm;awmhrvkd‹ukd;”vkd‹trdef‹&Sda=umif;ukdvJ ajymjycJhygw,f? aemufjyD; 'DrSm
aejyD; vkyfukdifpm;aomufvkd‹a&m rjzpfbl;vm;/ bma=umifh ckvkd EkdifiH&yfjcm; wkdif;wpfyg;ukd t
xifw}uD; oGm;csif&wmvJvkd‹ trdef‹&SdcJha=umif;ukdvJ ajymjyygao;w,f? 'Dvkd trdef‹&SdwJh q&m
awmf[m olukd,fwkdifvJ txGwftxdyfynmwwfwpfyg;jzpfovkd jyifyA[kokwrsm;eJhvJ jynfhpkH
r,f&,fvkd‹ ,lqxm;ygw,fwJh? tJ'Dvkdq&mawmfwpfyg;u ckvkd jynfyukd xGufcGgr_ukd oabm
ruswJh taersdK; ajymwmtwGuf em;rvnfEkdifatmifjzpfrdygw,fwJh? q&mawmf&Jh trdef‹&SdwJh
pum;twGuf tvGefvnf; 0rf;enf;pdwfraumif; jzpfchJrd&ygw,fwJh? aemufjyD; olu t&Sifbk
&m;taeeJ‹ tJ'D pum;ukd b,fvkd oabm&ygovJvkd‹vJ pma&;ol&J‹ oabmxm; qENukdyg
awmif;cH ar;jref;cJhygw,f?

'Dawmh pma&;olu “atmf 'umav;a&/ wkd‹rsm;ukd,fwkdifu ck EkdifiH&yfjcm;a&mufaeawmh wkd‹

rsm;ajzwJh tajzpum;[m wkd‹vkd&mqGJajzwJh tajzrsdK; jzpfaumif;jzpfEkdifaerSmrkd‹ 'Dae&mrSm wkd‹
'umav;ukdyJ jyefar;yg&ap qkd+yD; pma&;olu ol‹zufukdyJ 'Djy\emukd vSnfhay;cJhygw,f? qkd
ygpkd‹/ 'umav; ck'Dukda&mufvmawmh ukd,fukd;uG,fqnf;uyfwJh bmomw&m;ukd ypfy,fol
wpfa,mufjzpfaecJh+yDvm;? 'grSr[kwf 'DrSm aexkdifaewJhtwGuf aemifrSma&m ypfy,fEkdifr,fh
tvm;tvmrsdK; &SdEkdifovm;/ aemuf+yD; jrefrmjynfrSm &SdaepOfueJh tck uHig;yg;ukd apmifhxdef;
rSKrSm b,frSmaexkdifwmu ykd+yD; ukd,fhukd,fukd vkH+cKHr_&Sdw,f&,fvkd‹ xifygovJvkd‹ pma&;olu
ar;chJygw,f?

ol‹tajymt&awmh jrefrmjynfrSm&SdaepOfuvJ owfwmjzwfwmeJ‹ olrsm; om; r,m;ukd zsuf

qD;wmrsdK; r&SdcJhvkd‹ [kdrSmeJ‹'DrSm tJ'Dusifh0wfoduQmrsm;twGufawmh ododomom rxl;jcm;vS
bl;vkd‹ qkdygw,f? 'gayr,fh jrefrmjynfrSmwkef;uawmh ta&mif;t0,fvkyfief; vkyf&wmrkd‹ t
av;pOf;vJ awmif;pOf;vJ vkyf&wmrsdK;awG wpfcgwav &Sd&a=umif; ajymygw,f? aemufjyD;
ukd,fhvkyfief; ab;roD&efrcapzkd‹eJ‹ tpp tqifajyacsmarG‹apzkd‹ rvdrfcsifayr,fh vdrf&wmrsdK;
rnmcsifayr,fh nm&wmrsdK;awGqkdwm t}udrfrsm;pGm &SdcJhyga=umif;/ t&ufaopmaomufpm;r_
qkdwmvJ vkyfief;oabmt& r=umc% jyKvkyfwwfrda=umif; ajymjyygw,f? 'DrSmawmh tJ'Dt
&mawGukd a&Smifvkd‹&vkd‹ 'Dusifh0wfawGtwGufawmh 'DrSmu ykd+yD;vkH+cKHw,fvkd‹ ajymvkd‹&w,fvkd‹
qkdygw,f?

rdbawGukd ulnDaxmufyHhEkdifr_rSma&m b,fvkdrsm; uGmjcm;r_ &SdygovJ&,fvkd‹ pma&;olu ar;cJh

awmh 'guawmh odyfuGmjcm;wmayghbk&m;wJh/ olu tck 'DrSm wynfhawmfwkd‹vkd tajccH tvkyf
orm;wpfa,muftaeeJ‹ wpfem&DrSm (9)a':vmyJ &wmrkd‹ 'Dutwkdif;twmeJ‹ =unfhr,fqkd&if
awmh tvGefenf;wmayghwJh? 'gayr,fh tdrfvceJ‹ rD;zkd;a&zkd;w,fvDzkef;zkd; E_wfjyD;&if usefwmxJ
u xkdufoifhoavmufukd [kdrSm&SdaewJh rdbESpfyg;ukd ykHrSefuefawmh Ekdifwmrkd‹ auseyfawmh aus
eyf&ygw,fwJh? ol[m tif*sifeD,mwpfa,muftvGefjzpfcsif cJha=umif;/ okd‹ayr,fh olq,fwef;
ausif;om;b0u usL&Sif,lEkdifwJh taetxm;r&Sdwm&,f/ e,frSm ausmif;wuf&wJh taet
xm;pwmawGa=umifh pufr_wuUokdvfukd wufzkd‹ tcGifhtvrf; r&cJha=umif;/ pufr_wuUokdvfukd
wufcGifh&cJh&ifawmifrS ol‹rdbawG&J‹ pD;yGm;a&; tajctaet& ol‹taeeJ‹ wufa&mufEkdifrnf r
[kwfa=umif;ajymjyygw,f? 'DrSmawmh ae‹ykdif;rSm tvkyfvkyf+yD; nykdif;rSm ausmif;wufEkdifwmrkd‹
'DtwGuf txl;auseyfrd&ygw,fwJh/ ck oltvGefqEN&SdcJhwJh tif*sifeD,mwpfa,mufjzpfzkd‹ a&mif
jcnfOD;ukdawG‹jrif&+yDjzpfa=umif;ukdvJ uAsmqefqefajymoGm;ygao;w,f/ ol‹tqkdt& ,Ofaus;
r_"avhxkH;pHt&a&m rdom;pk tokduft0ef;ukd cifwG,fwwfwJh obm0t&a&m jrefrmjynfu
vlwkdif;eD;yg;[m jzpfEkdifr,f qkdyg&if rdbq&morm; aqGrsdK;nmwdawGeJ‹ wpf+rdK‹wpf&Gmwnf;rSm
twlaevkdwJh qEN &Sd=uygw,fwJh/ 'gayr,fh b0wpfckwkd;wufjzpfxGef;Ekdifzkd‹ wpfzufu ay;qyf
&wJht&mrsdK;awGvJ &SdwwfwmvJ obm0wpfckygyJwJh/ ol ckvkdxGufcGgvmwm[mvJ ynma&;
[m t"duygwJh? ol‹tajymt& ukd,fhb0aemifa&;twGuf ynma&;[m ta&;ygwmukd 'DrSm
ykd+yD;oabmaygufem;vnfvmrdygw,fwJh?

'D 'umav;vkdygyJ/ pma&;olwufa&mufaewJh aumvdyfwpfckwnf;rSmukdyJ jrefrmausmif;om;

awG tenf;qkH; (50) avmufawmh &Sdr,fvkd‹ cef‹rSef;rdygw,f? ausmif;om;OD;a& wpfaomif; ig;
axmifavmuf&SdwJhausmif;rSm OD;a& ig;q,favmufqkdwm rsm;w,fawmh rqkdomygbl;? okd‹ay
r,fh +rdK‹rSmaexkdif=uwJh vlOD;a&tcsdK;tpm;eJ‹ E_dif;pm&ifawmh &mckdifE_H;rsm;w,fvkd‹ qkdEkdifygw,f?
ukd,fhvlrsdK;awG[m ynma&;rSm pdwf0ifpm;olawGygvm;qkdwm od&vkd‹ auseyfrd&ygw,f? t
vkyfukdwpfzufvkyf&if; ausmif;ukdvJ wpfzufwufeJ‹ tm;}udK;rmefwuf &kef;uefvSKyf&Sm;ae=u
wJh ukd,fhvlrsdK; vli,f jrefrmausmif;olausmif;om;awGukd awG‹rdawmh tm;vJ tm;&rdygw,f?
jrefrmvli,fawG wkdif;wpfyg;ukd xGufcGg=ujcif;[m pD;yGm;a&;oufoufwpfcktwGuf a':vm&Sm
zkd‹csnf;oufouf r[kwfygvm;qkdwm aumif;aumif;oabmaygufvmrdygw,f?

pma&;olwkd‹taeeJ‹ vl wpfa,mufeJ‹wpfa,muf b0ay;tajctae rwlEkdifa=umif;ukd vG,f

vG,feJ‹yJodEkdifygw,f? aemuf+yD; ae&ma'oawG&J‹ yÉd&lyjzpfr_ rjzpfr_rSmvJ wpfa,mufeJ‹ wpf
a,muf uGmjcm;r_&Sda=umif;ukdvJ em;vnfzkd‹ vkdr,fxifygw,f? ukd,fhtwGuf 'Dae&m 'Da'o
[m oifhwifhaumif;jrwfwJh ae&ma'owpfck jzpfaumif; jzpfEkdifayr,fh wpfyg;olawGtwGuf 'D
ae&m[m oifhawmfaumif;rS oifhawmfygvdrfhr,f? OyrmtaeeJ‹ qkd&&if vloluif;rJh wdwfqdwf
wJh ae&ma'o[m w&m;bm0em yGm;rsm;olwpfa,muftwGuf ae&maumif;jzpfEkdifayr,fh vl
trsm;ukdrSD+yD; pD;yGm;&SmolwpfOD;twGufawmh 'Dae&mrsdK;[m oifhawmfwJht&yfa'o jzpfr,f r
[kwfovkdaygh? aemufjyD; tcsdeftcgeJh tajctaeqkdwmvJ ta&;}uD;wmukd owdjyK&rSmyg?
wpfcsdK‹t&mawGukd ae&mwkdif;rSm tcsdefwkdif; r&Ekdifwmukd pma&;olwkd‹taeeJ‹ oabmayguf
vufcH=u&rSmyg? 'DvkdtcgrsdK;rSm r=umrD &vmvdrfhEkd;eJ‹ ra&&mwJh t&mukd raocsmpGm apmifh
aewmxufpm&if wpfckckukd }udK;pm;vkyf=unfhwmu ykdraumif;Ekdifbl;vm;qkdwm pOf;pm;zkd‹oifh
ygw,f?
aX;vGif(qm;vif;}uD;)a&m/ txufu 'umav;ukd trdef‹&SdcJhwJh q&mawmf}uD;a&m ukd,fhwkdif;
jynf ukd,fvlrsdK;ukd cspfjrwfEkd;pdwfeJ‹ a&;=urdef‹=uwmyJjzpfr,fqkdwm av;av;eufeuf ,kH=unf
rdygw,f/ okd‹ayr,fh cspf=uwJhae&mrSm rSefrSefuefuefjzpfzkd‹vJ vkdygvdrfhr,f? ae‹pOf vlr_b0 vkd
tyfcsuftwGuf pm;zkd‹uxrif;=urf;/ oGm;zkd‹u vSnf;=urf;/ tdyfpufem;aezkd‹u 0g;=urf; &Sd,kHeJ‹
rjynfhpkHEkdifa=umif;ukd tm;vkH;od=urSmyg? 'DavmufqkdjzpfwmygyJvkd‹ ukd,fhpdwfukdvSnfhpm;=unfh
r,fqkd&ifvJ tppftrSefa&mifh&Jr_jzpfzkd‹ cufcJygvdrfhr,f?ajymcsifwmu vkdtyfcsufawG&SdvmwJh
tcgrSm wu,frvkdtyf[ef a&mifh&J[efaqmif+yD; ukd,fhukd,fukd vSnfhpm;aewmxuf tJ'D vkd
tyfcsufawGukd jznfhqnf;zkd‹ b,fvkd=udK;pm;=urvJ/ enf;vrf;b,fvkd&Sm=urvJqkdwmu ykd+yD;
raumif;aybl;vm;vkd‹ pOf;pm;zkd‹yg? rEkdifIonf;cHjcif; r&SdIa&mifh&Jjcif;qkdwJh vlaysmfvlysufawG
&J‹pum;[m ppfrSefwJ cEWDeJ‹ oEWKXD r[kwfa=umif; tvG,fwulodEkdifygw,f? omrefvlom;wpf
OD;[m vlomrefwpfOD;vkdyJ pOf;pm;wmu ykdrkdaumif;rGefygw,f? aemufjyD; t&mwpfckukdokH;oyf
awmhr,fqkd&if tJ'Dt&m&J‹ tajccHta=umif;&if;ukdvJ &SmazG=unfhzkd‹ vkdtyfygw,f?

EkdifiH&yfjcm;oGm;a&mufaexkdif&w,f/tvkyfvkyf&w,f qkdwm xifoavmufrvG,fulvSwmukd

vufawG‹t& pma&;olem;vnfEkdifygw,f? aocsifwJhusm; awmajymif; qkdayr,fh b,fusm;rSm
rS aocsifwJhtwGuf wrifoufouf awmajymif;avr,fr[kwfygbl;? olaexkdifqJjzpfwJh awm
[m ol‹twGuf vkH+cKHr_r&SdEkdifbl;vkd‹ xifvkd‹yJjzpfjzpf/ 'grSr[kwf ol‹twGuf tpma&pm avmuf
avmuf ii r&EkdifrSmukd awG;rdvkd‹yJjzpfjzpf ajymif;=unfhavwmjzpfrSmyg? awmawGxGif;vkd‹ usm;
awG&Sif;oGm;wmudk awm&Sif;olukd tjypfwif&aumif;rSef;rodyJ usm;awGukdyJ tjypfjrifwmrsdK;
uawmh trSefw&m;ukd rwGufq&m a&mufovkdygyJ?

ed*Hk;csKyfyg&ap
'Daqmif;yg;ukdzwf+yD; EkdifiHjcm;ukda&mufaevkd‹ EkdifiHjcm;ukd txif}uD;pdwfa=umifh 'Dvkda&;wm jzpf
rSmygvkd‹ qkdvmygu wpf0uf rSefygw,fvkd‹ 0efcHyg&ap/ urBmhxdyfwef;ukd a&mufaewJh EkdifiH}uD;
wpfckrSm txif}uD;p&m bmrSr&Sdbl;vkd‹ qkdcJh&if tJ'Dvkd qkdolom t&l;jzpfrSmyg/ EkdifiHwpfEkdifiH
vlrsdK;wpfrsdK; wkd;wufzkd‹ ukd,fha&S‹uolawG&J‹ tqkd;awGukdcsnf; jrifwwf&kH/ ajymwwf&kHeJ‹ jynfhpkH
OD;rSm r[kwfygbl;/ tm;usp&mukd tm;us twk,lzG,f&mqkd twk,lwwfzkd‹vJ vkdygao;w,f?
wdwdususajym&&if txif}uD;p&mukd txif}uD;wwfzkd‹vJ vkdygao;w,f? rdbwkdif;[m om;
orD;rsm;ukdawmh cspf=up+rJyg? okd‹ayr,fh ppfrSefwJh rdcifpdwfqkdwm cspfjy&kHeJ‹ +yD;jynfhpkHOD;r,f
r[kwfygbl;? ukd,fhom; ukd,fhorD;ukd olrsm;awGeJ‹ ,SOfvm&if atmufwef; aemufwef; rus&
avatmif tvdrRm tarGay;zkd‹ vkdovkd acwfeJ‹tnD &ifabmifwef;Ekdifapzkd‹ acwfrSDynmtarG
awGukd ay;zkd‹vJ vkdygao;w,f? tJ ‹ ‹ 'Dvkdynmukd b,fae&mu &EkdifyghrvJvkd‹vJ pOf;pm;wwf
zkd‹ vkdoaygh? Ekd‹r[kwf&ifjzifh i,fi,fu zwfcJhbl;wJh qm;wkHq&mawmf&J‹ vuFmav;vkd
a&S;oa&mtcg
jynfAm&m0,f
ukaÉ ºu,ftm;
olaX;om;vsif
om;wpfa,mufjzpf
cspfIwap
tdrfrSmaeI
pmayrwwf
rdbpkaw
cE<maºuaomf
ta&S‹taemuf awmifajrmuf
b,frSm rodygjim;
olaX;om;onf
okdxm;rwwf
t&yf&yfY
ESHtyfOpPm
&SdonfiSmukd
rsm;pGmu|efaygif;
raumif;ckd;ol
,lIajy;a&Smif
tdrfukda&mif;aomf
axmif;axmif;a=uvsuf
cGufvufpJu G m
awmif;pm;ygvnf;
eifomvlrkduf
'kp&kduf[k
&kdufykwfvkduf=u
&GmrSxGufav
awmrSmaoonf
aumifaoVif;wus.wnf;
qkdouJhokd‹aom Am&m%oD olaX;om;Zmwfvrf;opfawG rsm;oxufrsm;vmygvdrfhr,f?

t&Sif Om%dumbd0Ho
(Fremont,CA,USA)