MyaThanTint ReturnFromNorthHill

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31
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32
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33
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34
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35
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36
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37
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38
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39
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40
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41
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47
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59
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60
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61
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64
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66
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67
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68
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69
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70
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71
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72
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73
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75
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tvkyfcdkif;NyD;? uRefawmfwdkY ausmif;om;b0wkef;u tif;vsm;uefrSmpwefYum;wpfum;
um;&dkufw,f? urf;pyfopfyifay:u a&xJudk 'dkifAifxdk;cswJhtcef;? vliSm;NyD; 'dkifAifxdk;
cdkif;wm? tJ'D'dkifAifxkd;wJhvliSm; a&atmufu ikwfeJUaqmifhrdNyD; a&epfaooGm;w,f?
avsmfaMu;av; rjzpfpavmufeJY udpöNyD;oGm;&&Smw,f? bmrSr&vdkufbl;}}
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aqmifonf/
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wu,f&dkufvdkY}}
uRefawmfum; &kyf&Sif&dkufonfudk vdkufMunfhonfhtcgwGif Munfhonf/ &kyf&Sif

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awmif awmifrBuD;udkwufonf/ a&Tbawmif? zefcg;awmifponfwdkYukd wufonf/
wpfae&mwGif oeyfcg;yifusKd;wdk;usJwJudk awGY&wwfonf/ oef;awm? '[wf

awmxJwGif 0ifaygufaeonhf oeyfcg;yif&dkif;rsm; jzpf\/ &efukefolwdkYtzdkYrl xdkoeyfcg;
yifudk rufMuvdfrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif tnmoltzdkYum; oD;acgufvdk tcGHrmí tayG;xlvS
aom oeyfcg;&dkif;acgufudk MudKufMurnfr[kwf/ &Sifrawmifoeyfcg;vdk tcGHyg;yg;? t
ayG;yg;yg;oeyfcg;rsKd;udkrS MudKufMuonf/ zdk;0if;awmifawmxJwGif oeyfcg;yifudk
rnfolrQ rckwfMujcif;rSm xdktaMumif;aMumifh jzpfvdrfhrnf[k uRefawmfawG;rdonf/
76
ausmufp&pfukef;uav;ay:wGif ,kefvdkufonfh,kefpnf;rsm;udk awGY&onf/
,kefvdkufonfh pnf;&dk;uav;awGu cyfedrfhedrfh/ ajcusif;0wfomomavmufrQom &Sd
vdrfhrnf/ ,kefpnf;&dk;uav;awGudkjrifawmh i,fi,fu ,kefvdkufMuonfudk uRefawmf
trSwf&jyef\/ ]waygif;wefcl;,kkef&l;ovdk}qdkonfh t*Fvdyfpum;wpfck&Sdygonf/ jrL;
wl;onfudkajymjcif;avm? aMumufonfudk ajymjcif;avm/ rnfonfudk wifpm;í ajym
onfhOypm pum;rSef; uRefawmf aumif;aumif; rodyg/ odkY&mwGif uRefawmfwdkYqDu ,kef
rsm;url tvGefaMumufwwfygonf/ ,kef0yf&musif;udk awGYvQif ab;wpfzufwpfcsuf
wGif pnf;&dk;edrfedrfhav;awG umNyD; vrf;uav;azmuf pnf;&dk;xdyfvrff;qHk;wGif rD;tdrf
wpfvHk;udkifNyD; wkwfESifhapmifh? odkYr[kwfvQifvnf; pnf;&dk;vrf;qHk;xdyfwGif ydkufaxmif/
aemufu ajcmufvSefYay;vQif udka&T,kefonf b,fudkrSajy;rawmh/ pnf;&dk;twdkif; vdkuf
vmum rD;qDodkY ajy;vmawmhonf/ pnf;&dk;xdyfu &yfapmifhNyD; wkwfESifh&dkuf&Hkom&Sd
onf/ xkdpnf;&dk;uav;udk ausmfNyD; vGwf&muRwf&modkY xGufajy;vQifjzpfEdkifonf/ odkY&m
wGif ,kefonf tvGefaMumufwwfonf/ &Iyfonfhvrf;udk roGm;/ &Sif;aeatmif vkyfxm;
ay;onfhñTefYuGif;wGif oGm;&Jonf/ odkYjzifh ,kefonf a&SUu axmifxm;onfhñTwfuGif;
wGif tpif;om;rdawmhonf/
uRefawmfonf ,kefvdkufonfhpnf;&dk;uav;rsm;udk ausmfí a&Tbawmifbuf

odkY vmcJhonf/ a&Tbawmif[kbmaMumifhac:aMumif; uRefawmfrod/ vrf;wGif awGYonfh
xif;ckwform;rsm;ESihf awGYí ar;Munfhawmh olwdkYvnf; aumif;aumif;rodMu/ ordkif;
ESifhcsDí rajymEdkifonhfwdkif '@m&Dqefqef0wåKuav;udkrQ rajymEdkifMu/
a&Tbawmifu bk&m;rsm;? apwDrsm;onf awmifay:wGif wnfxm;jcif;

r[kwf/ awmifay:u csKdifh0Srf;BuD;awGxJwGif wnfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ausmufavSum;
xpfBuD;awGtwdkif; csKdifh0Srf;xJodkY qif;&onf/ Orifuvnf; auGYaumufum 0uFbmxJ
odkY 0ifae&onfhES,f&Sd\/ odkY&mwGif rJarSmifnpfywfjcif; r&Sdyg/ a*gyuvlBuD;rsm;onf
77
Orifrsm;udk oefY&Sif;atmif jyKjyifxm;um txJwGif vQyfppf"mwfrD;awG xGef;xm;onfh
twGuf vif;aeonf/
a&TbawmifbufrS uRefawmfjyefvmNyD; wnf;cdkZ&yfodkYta&mufwGif bkef;BuD;

wpfyg;ukd 0wfjyKaeonfhat;at;oif;u uRefawmfudk vSrf;ac:onf/
]]q&m cP cP a[m'DOD;yOöif;u q&mhudk awGYcsifvdkYwJh? rat; tapmifhcdkif;

xm;wm? &kyf&Sif&dkufu jyefvmvmcsif; awGYvdkY t0wftpm;awGawmif rvJ&ao;bl;/
at;at;oif;rsufESmwGif yefu&dkrdwfuyfrsm;udk rzsuf&ao;/ rsuf0ef;wdkYu

pdrf;pdrf;jymjym/ yg;wdkYu eD&Jvsuf/EIwfcrf;ay:wGif &,fAvGefMuufaoG;a&mif&ifh&ifh yef;
wpfyGifh yGifhaeonf/
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OD;yOöif;u uRefawmfhudk Munfhíar;\/ uRefawmf olYudk aumif;aumif; rrSwf

rd/ toufig;q,fwpf0dkufavmufrSm &Sdvdrfhrnf/ ydefydefyg;yg;/ tom; cyfvwfvwf/
acsmifusí yg;&dk;awGay:aeonfhrsufESmu awmrSD&aoh&[ef;wpfyg;\jcdK;jcHusifhBuHrI
udk azmfjyaeonf/
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uRefawmfu r,kwfrvGefajzonf/ olYudk uRefawmf awGYzl;onf[kxifonf/

rnfonfhae&m? rnfonhftcsdef[lí aumif;aumif; rpOfpm;r&/ cyf0g;0g;/ pOf;pm;&
oavmufqdkvQif olYrsufESmudk ouFef;0wfESifh qufpyfír&/
]]usKyf vSazav 'dkufOD;u vSaz}}
78
vSaz? udkvSaz? ,ckOD;0drv/ [kwfNyD/ uRefawmf olYudk rSwfrdNyD/ olonf wpfcg
wkef;u awmcdk&JabmfjzLacgif;aqmif jzpfcJhonf/ 1958 ckESpfwGif vufeufpGefYNyD;aemuf
ajray:odkYjyefa&mufvmcJhonf/ xdkpOfu uRefawmf olYudk odcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ &efukef
uwå&m;vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif olYudk wpfESpfavmuf awGYvdkuf&NyD;aemuf olYZmwd 'dkufOD;
bufodkY jyefoGm;um v,fvkyfaeonf[k Mum;vdkuf&onf/ xdkYaemuf wpfcgrQ jyefrawGY&
awmh/ 13 ESpfcefYtwGif;wGif yxrqHk;jyefawGY&jcif; jzpfonf/
uRefawmfonf olYudkMunfhí w&m;usaeonf/
]]b,fvdkjzpfwmvJ OD;yOöif;&JU? &[ef;abmif0ifwm awmfawmfMumyvm;}}
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ajymcsifyHkr&/ uRefawmfhtaMumif;udk oifh&HkrQ ajzNyD; olYtaMumif;udk oG,f0dkufí uRef
awmfar;onf/
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'DZ&yfawGbufudk wpfvaevdkY wpfacgufra&mufbl;}}
OD;0drvu zdk;0if;awmif awmifcg;yef;wpfckudk vufn§Kd;xdk;jy\/ uRefawmfwdkY

Z&yftxuf awmifurÇm;,Hwpfae&mwGif awmifapmif;ukd azmufí wl;xm;onfh*ludk
wpfckudk jrif&onf/ *la&SUwGif oef;yiftkyftkyfuav;awG aygufaeMuonf/ oef;yif?
'[wfyifrsm;ay:wGif arsmufawG aqmhaeMuonf/
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uscJhzl;NyD/ tdrfaxmifawG bmawGvJ r&Sdawmhbl;? ckrSyJ jidrf;csrf;awmhw,f}}
79
uRefawmfonf q,fESpftwGif; 'D*&D 180 txd ajymif;jyef ajymif;oGm;onfh vl
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk awGYcJhzl;\/ tcsKdUonf usdusdwufcsrf;omae&mrS ukef;aumuf
p&m rusefawmhavmufatmif rGJoGm;Muonf/ tcsKdUonf xD;xrf;vrf;avQmufae&mrS
wdkufESifhum;ESifhjzpfoGm;Mu\/ tcsKdUonf ,pfa&T&nfzefcGufudkif&mrS pdyfykwD;ukdqGJoGm;
Mu\/ tcsKdUonf pm&dwåw&m;t&mwGif tvGefvHkjcHKonfh &[ef;wpfyg;tjzpfrS tusifh
odu©mawG wpfvTmNyD;wpfvTm uRwfusum ukd,fvHk;wD; jzpfoGm;Muonf/ tcsKdUonf
bmomw&m;udk r,HkMunf[kqdk&mrS ur®|mef;&dyfomrsm;odkY a&mufukefMuonf/
udkvSazum; xkdtxJwGif wpfa,muf[k uRefawmf qdkcsifygonf/
uRefawmfu bkef;BuD;udk qGrf;uyfrnftjyKwGif OD;0drvu vufumjyum-
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olYudk,fwGif &Hkxm;onfhouFef;udk jy\/ ouFef;u tnmcsnfxnfMurfMurf;

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qGrf;pm;csdefa&mufawmh uRefawmfudk EIwfqufNyD; olY ausmif;ocFrf;odkY jyef<uoGm;onf/
]]bkef;BuD;u awmfawmfqef;w,faemf q&m}}
bkef;BuD; jyefoGm;awmh at;at;oif;u uRefawmfudk vSrf;ajymonf/
]]bmjzpfvdkYvJ}}
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rat;udk rMunfhbl;? q&mhudk xdkifomapmifhaew,f? pum;vJ wpfvHk;rS rajymbl;? awm
rSDwJh &aoh&[ef;qdkwm 'grsKd; xifw,faemf}}
80
]]avmuBuD;udkrsm; cg;oD;emMunf;oGm;ovm; rodbl;}}
uRefawmfonfrQom ajymEdkifygonf/ OD;0drvonf ol tuRwfw&m;&oGm;yHkudk

uRefawmftm;vnf; &Sif;rjy/ &Sif;rjyzdkY vdkonf[kvnf; xif[efrwl/
(5)
udkoef;wifwdkYwawGu &kyf&Sif&dkufaepOf uRefawmfonf rHk&GmESifhzdk;0if;awmif

udk um;wpfpif;jzifh ul;aeavonf/ aeYbufwGif rHk&GmodkYqif;NyD; nqdkvQif zdk;0if;awmif
odkY jyeftdyfonf/
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twGuf rHk&Gmonf uRefawmftzdkY topftqef;awGcsnf;jzpfaeonf/ rHk&Gmurf;em;wGif
armfawmfum;awGu a&Smifí rvGwf/ uav;0? armfvdkuf? azmif;jyif? cEÅD;ponhf
txufrS armfawmfawGvnf; &Sdonf/ jrif;jcH? a&pBudK? yckuúK? pav? ykcef;i,fponfh
ajrvwfydkif;u armfawmfawGvnf; &Sdonf/ anmifwkef;? "EkjzL? jrefatmif? [oFmw
ponfh atmuft&yfrS armfawmfawGvnf; &Sdonf/ {&m0wDjrpf&dk;wpfavQmufrS armf
awmfrsm;onf csif;wGif;odkY0ifvQif tenf;qHk; rHk&Gma&mufatmif 0ifMu&onf/ xdkY
aMumifh rHk&Gmonf csif;wGif;jrpf&dk;wGif a&vrf;oGm;,mOfrsm;qHk&mjzpfonf/ xdkrQruyg/
ajrmufydkif;csif;awmif\wHcg;0jzpfonfh uav;0odkYvnf;aumif;? ajrmufa,mjzpfonfh
*efYa*godkYvnf;aumif; wufEdkifonfharmfawmfum;vrf;rsm; qHk&mvnf;jzpfonf/ tdEd́,
81
e,fpyfjzpfonfhwrl;odkYvnf; oGm;Edkifonf/ ,rm;acsmif;udk ausmfvQif yckuúLodkY a&muf
Edkifonf/ rHk&Gmqdyfurf;onf tNrJ&Iyf,Sufcwfaewwf\/ jrif;vSnf;qdyf? qdkufum;*dwf?
vSnf;qdyf? ukefwifum;qdyfponfwdkYvnf; urf;em;wGif &SdMuonf/
uRefawmfwdkY a&mufaepOfwGif rHk&Gmqdyfurf;u armfawmfum;rsm;ay:odkY qef

tdwfawG wifaeMuonf/ csif;0daoowdkif; ajrmufydkif;&Sd wD;wdef? zvrf;? wGef;ZH?
ponhfNrdKYrsm;odkY ('efyif)vkyf&ef jzpfavonf/ rdk;usvQif uav;0rS csif;jynfe,fajrmuf
ydkif;odkY armfawmfum;rsm; aumif;aumif;oGm;í r&awmh/ xdkYaMumifh rdk;&moDtwGuf rdk;
rusrD qefrsm;udk wifae&jcif;jzpfonf/ armfawmfum;ay:rS qefawGudk armfawmfay:
odkY twifwGif qeftdwfawG aygufusojzifh urf;em;tqif;wGif qefawG azG;aeonf/
uav;wpfodkuf? rdef;rwpfodkufESifha,musmf;BuD;tcsKdUonf ajray:wGif zdwfaeonfh
qefrsm;udk tvkt,ufusKH;,laeMuonf/ wkd;a0SYoH? qJqdkoH? &efjzpfoHrsm;udk Mum;ae
onf/
uRefawmfonf udkav;armifudk oGm;awGYonf/ pifppf udkav;armifonf rHk&Gm

om; r[kwfyg/ yckuúLc&dkifxJu ajrjzL&Gmom; jzpfygonf/ ppfrjzpfrDwkef;u yckuúLwGif
ausmif;aecJhNyD; ppfNyD;acwfwGifvnf; yckuúLrSmyif EdkifiHa&; vkyfcJhonf/
udkav;armifESifhuRefawmf rawGYonfrSm MumvSNyD/ ppfBuD;NyD;onfhaemuf wpf

Budrf ESpfBudrfrQom awGYjzpfMuawmhonf/
1945 ck yltdkufonhf{NyDv wpfnwGif udkcifarmifBuD;onf uRefawmfwdkYaexdkif

&m rEÅav;ydkufusKH;&dyfomodkY a&mufvmonf/ xdkpOfu udkcifarmifBuD;onf tar&duef
ppf,leDazmif;udk 0wfxm;onf/ olYwGif upfbufac: ppfvG,ftdwfBuD;wpfvHk; ygvm
onf/ xdktxJrS uRefawmfwdkYtwGuf pydkY&Syfrsm; yavuyfvHkcsnfrsm;? azmifwdefrsm;? pm
a&;puúLrsm;? oGm;wdkufaq;rsm;udk xkwfNyD; &dyfomwGif&Sdolrsm;udk a0ay;onf/ olonf
tdEd́,rSavxD;jzifh atmufjrefrmEdkifiHwpfae&mwGif qif;NyD; udpöNyD;ojzifh rEÅav;okdY
82
jyefvmjcif;jzpf\/ t0wftpm;rsm;omru pm;p&m aomufp&mrsm;vnf; trsm;
tjym; ygvmonf/ vpfywef vufzufajcmufbl;? eufpfuzDbl;? ig;aowåmbl;/
iwfjywfum pm;&rJhaomuf&rJhjzpfaeonfh uRefawmfwdkYtzdkYum; &wemyHkqdkuf

onfhES,f/
uRefawmfESifhudkcifarmifBuD;onf &dyfomwGif wpfcef;wnf; tdyfMuonf/ ol

tdEd́,rStjyefwGif ppfjcifawmifawG ygvmojzihf uRefawmfwdkYwawG csrf;ompGm tdyfMu
&onf/ olra&mufrDwkef;uqdkvQif uRefawmfwdkYwGif jcifaxmifr&Sd/ acgif;tHk;uav;
wpfvHk;pDESifhtnmvTmcsif;apmifuav; wpfxnfpDom &SdMuonf/ udkcifarmifBuD;onf
pm;zG,faomufzG,fESifhtoHk;taqmifrsm;udkomru uRefawmfwdkYtwGuf jcifaxmifrsm;?
ppfapmifrsm;udkvnf; ,lvmcJhonf/ tar&duefuGefjrLepfacgif;aqmif tm;vfba&muf
'g a&;onfh ]wDrD&ef} qdkonfhpmtkyfwpftkyfvnf;ygvmonf[k uRefawmf rSwfrdonf/
1946-ckaemufydkif;wGif olESifhuRefawmfwdkY rawGYMuawmh/ uRefawmf wuúodkvf

odkY a&mufoGm;onf/ olu tvHeDtjzpf awmcdkoGm;onf/ aemufydkif;wGif olonf tvH
eDygwDrS cGJxGufonfh xl;pdefygwDac:tvkyform; nDñTwfa&; acgif;aqmifwpfOD; jzpfae
onf[k Mum;&onf/ 1962-ckESpfwGif ol vufeufpGJí &efukefa&mufvmNyD;aemuf uRef
awmfqD 0ifvmojzifh cPawGYvdkuf&onf/ xdkYaemuf wpfcgrQ rawGYMuawmh/
udkcifarmifBuD;um; t&ifwkef;uvdkyif pum;ajymvQif tm;&yg;& ajymqJyif/

&,fvQif tm;&yg;& &,farmqJ/
udkcifarmifBuD;onf xdkaeYu uRefawmfESifhtwl zdk;0if;awmifokdY vdkufvmonf/

udkoef;wifESifholuvnf; vkyfazmfudkifzufa[mif;awG/ uRefawmfwdkYoHk;a,muf xdkaeYn
u a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfawGudk ajym&if; tcsdefukefMuonf/ aumif;aumif;yif tdyfcsdef
r&vdkufMu/
83
uRefawmfonf awmcdkcJhzl;onfh vloHk;a,mufukd rHk&GmwGif rarQmfvifhbJ oGm;
awGYaeonf/ olwdkYoHk;a,mufu b0wpfrsKd;pD/ wpfa,mufu &[ef;0wf/ wpfa,muf
u wdkif;aumifpD0if/ wpfa,mufu tpdk;&trIxrf;/
uRefawmfonf EdkifiHa&;oHo&mvnfyHkudk awG;aerdonf/
(6)
aemufwpfaeY nae zdk;0if;awmifu qif;aeNyD; rHk&Gmaps;BuD;em;a&mufawmh

uRefawmfhemrnfudk aemufu vSrf;ac:oHMum;&ojzifh vSnfhMunfhvdkufrdonf/ jrif;vSnf;
wpfpD;ay:u qif;vmaom jrifhxGef;odef;udk awGY&\/ jrifhxGef;odef;rSm xGef;xGef; (aq;
ayghvdyf)uavmiftrnfjzifh a&;aeaom q&m0efpma&;q&m jzpfavonf/ vuf
axmufcGJ pdyfq&m0eftjzpf rHk&GmodkYa&mufaejcif;jzpfonf/
]]cifAsm;wdkYa&mufaew,f Mum;vdkY &SmvdkufwmAsm? zdk;0if;awmifudk wufoGm;NyD

qdkwmeJY reufjzefrSm zdk;0if;awmifudk vdkufvmrvdkY}}
jrifhxGef;odef;u 0rf;omtm;& ajymonf/ jrifhxGef;odef;rSm uRefawmfwdkY

ausmif;xGufNyD;rS ausmif;odkY a&mufvmjcif;jzpfojzifh ausmif;wkef;u olESifhrawGYcJh/
tjyifpmayavmu a&mufrS odMujcif; jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif jrifhxGef;odef;um; vlwdkif;
udk i,foli,fcsif;vdk &if;ESD;pGm aygif;wwfol/ xdkaMumifh olESifhodolwdkif; olYudk rcifol
r&Sd/ taygif;toif;tay:wGifvnf; tvGeftEGHtwmcHonf/ ayayawawvnf; ae
Edkifonf/
84
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'l;qpfem;a&mufatmif 0wfxm;onf/ ycHk;wGif vG,ftdwfEGrf;EGrf;wpfvHk;udk vG,fvsuf/
,pfa&T&nfeHYu woif;oif;/
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jrifhxGef;odef; twif;ac:ojzifh uRefawmfwdkY ygoGm;Muonf/
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vnfonfhvlemrsm;rSm aiGaMu;wwfEdkifolrsm; r[kwfay/ t&yfxJrS qif;&Jolrsm;? aiG
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ajymjyvdkufMuonf/
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85
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onf/ jrifhxGef;odef;tvSnfhodkY a&mufonfhtcgwGif tdyfxJrS aq;xkd;tyfESifh em;Muyfudk
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odkY&mwGif &Ju r,Hk/ ,HkEdkifp&mvnf; r&Sd/ xkdpOfu jrifhxGef;odef;onf t&ufvnf; enf;
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tuÐsBuD;udk 0wfvsuf/ vHkcsnfuvnf; cyfwdkwdk/
jrifhxGef;odef;onf anmifyifBuD;&Jpcef;odkY uefYvefYuefYvefYjzifh ygoGm;onf/

pcef;a&mufawmhrS pcef;rSL;u olYudk q&m0efrSef; awmif;yefNyD; jyefvTwfvdkuf&onf/
rHk&Gmom;rsm;onf jrifhxGef;odef;\þyHkjyifuav;udk wzGzG ajymaeMuonf/
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r[kwfygbl;tpfudk&m? uRefawmf a&;csifwmu b0o&kkyfazmf a&;csifwm? 'gayr,fh ck
jzpfaeyHku tpfudk jrifwJhtwdkif;yJ? tpfudkwdkYu ydkodrSmyg/
jrifhxGef;odef;onf pma&;q&mrsm;udk usdefqJaeonf/
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d awmrSm a&mufaewJhaumifawG tm;wkef;jyKwkef; 0w¬Kav;
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wpftkyfwpfavavmufyJ awGY&w,f? 'geJY uRefawmfvJ 0w¬KvJrzwfawmhbl;? bmpmudkrS
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vm;? ajymif;aum rajymif;Edkifawmhbl;vm;}}
86
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um vufESpfzufudk vSefjyvdkuf&\/
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aeNyD/
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bl;? tcsdefudk apmifhNyD; uk&wm}}
uRefawmfu onfrQom ajymEdkifonf/
aemufwpfacguf jrifhxGef;odef;udk uRefawmfawGY&onfhtcgwGif olonf t

onf;uifqma&m*gjzifh &efukefaq;&HkBuD;ay:wGif a&mufaeNyD/ odkYwdkifatmif jrifhxGef;
odef;onf aorif;udk tNyHK;rysuf &ifqdkifqJ/ olYxHk;pHtwdkif; vlrrmtdyf&may:rS aeí
&,fp&marmp&mrsm;udk? ajymqJ/ pD;u&ufvnf; wpfvdyfNyD;wpfvdyf tqufrjywfzGm
aeonf/ olY&kyfurl awmfawmfysufaeNyD/
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jrifhxGef;odef;u olYAdkufudk vSefjyum tprf;cdkif;vdkufonf/ olY0rf;Adkufudk vSefjy

um tprf;cdkif;onf/ olY0rf;Akdufatmufydkif;u zl;zl;a,mifvsuf wif;rmaeonf/
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zdkufwifcsaeMuwm}}
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uvnf; &,fp&m tajymiftjyufpum;awG/ odkY&mwGif uRefawmfwdkY r&,fEdkifMu/
87
uRefawmfu xdkvxkwf &Ir0r*¾Zif;wGifygonfh olY0w¬Kwdkuav;taMumif;udk
ajymum csD;usL;onfwGif olYrsufvHk;wGif ta&mifvufvmMu\/
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vIdufvSJpGmajymonf/
uRefawmf jyefumeD;awmh olu-
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odkY&mwGif jrifhxGef;odef;onf uRefawmfhpmtkyfudk zwfroGm;&yg/ aemufwpf

aeYwGif qHk;&Smygonf/
rHk&Gmwkef;u olYtdrfwGif npmpm;NyD;aemuf uRefawmfwdkYudk vli,fMunfcdkif

jyZmwfodkY ac:oGm;onf/ pifppf xkdnu aq;&HkwGif ol nwm0efusonf/ xdkYaMumifh
uRefawmfwdkYu ol rvdkuf&efwm;onf/ odkY&mwGif r&/ jrifhxGef;odef;onf aq;&HkodkY cP
0ifum uRefawmfwdkYESifhvdkufvm\/
vGefcJhonfh 17 ESpcf efYu uRefawmfonf armfpudkESifhyDuif;wGif acwfopfjyZmwf

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NyD/ taemufEdkifiHrS jyZmwfrsm;ESifhbmrQrjcm;awmh/ w&kwfjynfurl zGHYNzdK;qJEdkifiH/ odkY&m
88
wGif acwfopfjyZmwfrsm;udk jy&mwGifrl rsm;pGmwdk;wufaeonfudk jrifcJh&onf/ w&kwf
jyZmwfa&;q&mapm,k\]rkefwdkif;ESifh]ta&SUrdk;aumif;uif}qdkonfh jyZmwfESpfyk'fudk uRef
awmf MunfhcJh&onf/ wu,fhtaemufwdkif;jyZmwfrsm;\t&omudk tjynfht0 cHpm;&
onf/ a[mfw,fwpfckudk jyvQif a[mfw,fESifhwlatmif rD;? qufwifponfh tqift
jyifrsm;udk ususee vkyfxm;onf/ aemufcHaw;*Dwudk vdkonfhae&musrS xnfhonf/
rdk;csKef;oHudkqdkvQif aemufutoHjzifh wu,fhrdk;csKef;oHESifhwlatmif o&kyfazmfxm;
onf/ Zmwfvrf;udk ZmwfaqmifwdkY\pum;ajymcef;rsm;jzifh azmfoGm;onf/
uRefawmfwdkYqDwGifvnf; jyZmwf&Hkaumif;aumif;&SdvQif armf'ef'&rfrmudk pif

wifEdkifvdrfhrnf[k uRefawmfxifygonf/ acwfrDonfhudk,fydkifjyZmwfrsm;? odkYr[kwf rSD;
xm;onhftaemufydkif;jyZmwfrsm;udk pifwifEkdifonf/ uRefawmhwdkYqDwGif jyZmwfpmay
rxGef;um;jcif;rSm pifwifEdkifonfhae&mrsm;r&SdonfhtwGufaMumifhvnf; jzpfvdrfhrnf[k
uRefawmfxifygonf/ tu,fíom pifwifEdkifonfhae&mrsm;om&SdvQif jyZmwfta&;
tom;ESihf jyZmwfzwfonfhtavhonfvnf; acwfpm;Edkifayrnf/
jyZmwfNyD;onfhaemufwGif uRefawmfwdkYonf ZmwfcHkaemufaz;wGif vli,fMunf

cdkifESifhaqG;aEG;csifMuonf/ oluvnf; acwfrDjyZmwfrsm;udk wifcsifonfhqE´rsm; &Sd
onf/ odkY&mwGif olYtcuftcJrSm a&;NyD;om;acwfrDjyZmwfrsm; r&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ w&kwf
pma&;q&mapm,k\]rkefwdkif;}jyZmwfudk uRefawmfrSD;í a&;om;xm;onfh]aexGuf
aomn} jyZmwfudk pifwifMunfh&m atmifjrifvdkufonf[k olu ajymjyavonf/
(7)
],if;rmyifvrf;cGJ}&kyf&Sifum;udk zdk;0if;awmifwpf0dkufwGif &dkufNyD;aemuf usef

tcef;tcsdKUudk rdk;n§if;-orÁKa'¨bk&m;wpf0dkufwGif &dkufMuonf/ uifr&mrif;? 'g&dkuf
wmESifhZmwfaqmifrsm;u armfawmfum;jzihf oGm;Muaomfvnf; uRefawmfum; rHk&GmrS
rHk&GmaMu;rHkodkY rD;&xm;jzifh vdkufcJhonf/ rHk&Gmblwm&Hk&Icif;um; yef;csDum;av;wpfcsyf
89
vdk vSonf/ yvufazmif;wGif wrmyifuav;awGu tpDt&D/ wrmyifatmufwGif
vufzuf&nfqkdifcif;um xkdifcHkrsm;udk csxm;onf/
uRefawmfonf wrmyifatmufwGifcif;onfh vufzuf&nf qdkifuav;wGif xdkif

&if; rD;&xm; apmifh&onf/ rEÅav;odkY reuf 8 em&DcGJwGif xGufrnf[k tcsdefZ,m;u qdk
aomfvnf; jrefrmjynfrD;&xm; OMooHonf MuufwGefoHavmufrQyif tcsdefrrSefcsif
awmhyg/ xGufcsifonfhtcsdefwGif xGufygrnf/ xdkaeYu rEÅav;odkYxGufonfhavmuf
u,f&xm;onf ukd;em&DcGJrS xGufjzpfonf/
rHk&GmESifhrHk&GmaMu;rHkonf ajcmufrdkifrQom a0;onf/ uRefawmfonf rHka&T;-

aMu;rHkblwmwGif qif;NyD;aemuf orÁKa'ödkY jrif;vSnf;uav;jzifh vmcJhonf/
uRefawmfa&mufonfhtcsdefwGif udkoef;wifwdkY armifvSa0wdkYwpfodkufonf oHk;

av;uyfavmuf &dkufNyD;aeMuNyD/
aZmf0rf;ESifhat;at;oif; cspfolrsm;tjzpf rHk&GmNrdKYywf0ef;usifu bk&m;rsm;

udk vnfzl;onfhtcef;jzpfonf/
olwdkY &kyf&Sifquf&dkufaepOf uRefawmfu bk&m;a&SUuaps;udk avQmufMunfh

onf/ bk&m;aps;qdkonfhwdkif bk&m;ESifhywfoufí ypönf;rsm;rsm;pm;pm; rawGY&/ wrl;
bufrS0ifonfh tdEd́,ypönf;rsm;udk awmfawmfrsm;rsm; awGY&onf/ yef;uGufazmf aumf
aZm? uoJapmif? yavuyfvHkcsnf? udk&maygif'g? qm&DvHkcsnf ponf/
uRefawmfonf orÁKa'äpwDawmfBuD;a&SUaps;wef;rS uoJapmifwpfxnfudk

0,fvdkufonf/ uRefawmfhtar tvGefESpfoufonfh rPdyl&vkyf uoJapmif? ta&mifu
eDeD&J&J/ tvnfwGif rJcsnfudk tlaMumif;azmufxm;onf/ csif;apmif? uoJapmif ponf
wdkYudk tarESpfoufwwfaMumif; uRefawmfi,fi,fu owdxm;rdcJhojzifh 0,fvdkufjcif;
jzpfonf/ uRefawmf i,fi,fwkef;u taronf aqmif;wGif;qdkvQif csif;apmif? odkYr
90
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onfrSm tESpf 20 avmuf&Sdawmhrnf/ taronf i,fi,fwkef;uvdk uoJapmif? csif;
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vnf; udpör&Sdyg/ uRefawmfhwpfoufwGif tarhzdkY rSwfrSwf&& þwpfBudrfomvQif 0,f
ay;zl;ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh rBudKufonfhwdkif taronf þuoJapmifudk toHk;jyKonfrSm
aocsmygonf/
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ta&miftaoG; ydkpHkonf/ armifvSa0onf &onfhtcGifhta&;udk vufrvGwfyg/ orÁK
a'äpwDawmfBuD;a&SUu aps;wef;udk ZmwfuGufxJ0ifatmif ,lum wpfu'f &dkufvdkuf
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onf/ odkY&mwGif &kyf&Sifudk &HkwifjyvdkufonfhtcgwGif xdktcef;onf uwfaMu;pm jzpf
oGm;ojzifh ygrvmawmh/
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udk oGm;íMunhfcsifonf/ odkY&mwGif tcsdefr&yg/
txl;ojzihf v,fwDausmufpmrsm;udk oGm;Munfhcsifonf/ uRefawmfonf b0

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onf/ xdktcgusrS cufcJeufeJaomtbd"r®mudk vlNydef;em;vnfatmif a&;wwfaom
v,fwDq&mawmf\jrefrmpmta&;tom;onf rnfrQ aus;Zl;BuD;rm;aMumif;udk uRef
awmf oabmaygufawmhonf/ ]igwdkYpmawGu pmwdkufoHbD&dkoH rygbl;As? awmoH jcHKoH
ygw,f}[laom v,fwDq&mawmf\tqdktrdefYudk uRefawmf owd&rdygonf/
&kyf&Sif&dkufNyD;onfhaemufwGif uRefawmfwdkY reufpmpm;Muonf/ MuufoGefOBuD;

rsm;udk tvHk;vdkufxnfhí twHk;BuD;BuD;wHk;NyD; csufxm;onfh 0ufoeDtdk;BuD;csuf? Muuf
91
oGefEdkifEdkif i&kwfoD;EdkifEdkifjzihf aMumfxm;onfhig;ajcmuftpdkaMumf? yJBuD;[if;? refusnf;
&Gufazsmokwf? yJwDcsOfponfwdkYjzpf\/ rHk&GmndKBuD;\tpDtpOfjzpfayonf/ uRefawmf
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Muonf/ tvSLaumif;aumif; rpm;&onfrSm MumNyD/ armarmESifhpm;&onfhtcgwGif
pm;í NrdefvSonf/
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ay;&ef awmif;qdkonf/
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awGYzl;jcif;jzpfonf/ Munhfzl;Muolrsm;url a'pDausmf0if;onfvnf; aemufwufonfh
rif;orD;rsm;wGif xdyfwef;rSvdkufol[kqdkMuygonf/
a'pDausmf0if;udk ydwfum;ay:wGif uRefawmfrjrifzl;ao;aomfvnf; olY]a&Tzdk;

acgif}udkum; a&'D,dkrS rMumcP Mum;&\/ toHwGifvnf;aumif;? qdkyHkqdkaygufwGif
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tcgwGif toHrQomru &kyfuvnf; olYtarESifhawmfawmfwlygonf/ okdY&mwGif olu ydk
í &kyf&SifrsufESm &Sdonf[k uRefawmfxifrdygonf/
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92
a'pDausmf0if;onf xrif;pm;yGJrS udkoef;wifudk aemufavonf/
(8)
uRefawmfwdkYonf rHk&Gmwpf0dkufwGif &dkufp&m&SdonfwdkYudk ukefatmif &dkufcJhNyD;

aemuf rEÅav;odkY jyefcJhMuonf/
rEÅav;tjyefc&D;wGif rD;&xm;wGJwpfwGJudk iSm;í jyefMuonf/ Zmwfvrf;u

rHk&Gm-rEÅav;oGm;rD;&xm;ay:wGif jzpfí wpfwGJvHk; iSm;cJhMujcif;jzpf\/ aZmf0rf;ESifh
at;at;oif;u cspfolrsm;/ at;at;oif;u ol o,fvmonfhtzdk;wef&wemudk aZmf
0rf;tm; to,fcdkif;? aZmf0rf;u bkrodbrodjzifh xdkypönf;aowåmudk ,lvm? a'pDausmf
0if;u trsKd;orD;pHkaxmuf? aZmf0rf;ESifh&nfiHaeol/
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twGuf tqifajyaumif;rS ajyrnfjzpfaomfvnf; xdk&xm;ay:wGif &kyf&Sif&dkufvdkonhf
uRefawmfwdkYtzdkYum; rsm;pGmtqifajyaeonf/ anmifyif0ef;wGif em;awmhvnf;
&xm;u warhwarm? tjcm;c&D;oGm;rsm;wGif jrefjrefa&mufapcsifoavmuf þc&D;udk
rl aES;aES;om oGm;apcsifonf/ odkYrSom wpfacgufwnf;jzihf tNyD;&dkufEdkifrnf r[kwf
avm/
93
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99
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100
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wdkYusoH? rJZmacsmif;a&oGifoGifpD;oH? acs;a[mufoH? wpfwDwl;jrnfoH? ydk;rTm;rsm;atmf
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wu,fhawmpHkNrdKifBuD;? wu,fhuEÅm&BuD;? [dkacsmif;zsm; wpfae&mwGif rif;vuf0JokE´&
aexdkifoGm;cJh&m pcef;&Sdvdrfhrnf/ wJtdkysufuav;wpfvHk;? rD;zdkuav;wpfzdk? ajrvuf
zuf&nfu&m;wpfvHk;ESifh ajrvufzuf&nf yef;uefoHk;av;vHk;? awmif&Snfykqdk;? odk&if;
tuÐs? azmhvHk;acgif;aygif;ESifh? vufwGif ay? odkYr[kwf yk&ydkufudk udkifvsuf/ rJZmawmif
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wu,fuawmh b,folrS jrifzl;onf r[kwf? jyZmwfxJu pdwful;&kyfyHkukdom rSef;Munfh
jcif;jzpfonf/ rJZmacsmif;zsm;u olYpcef;udkvnf; b,folrS odrnfrxif/ pmudk zwfí
rSef;Munfh&jcif;omjzpfonf/ odkYwdkifatmif rJZmawmifajcudk zwfvQif vGrf;NrJ? qGwfysHU
NrJ/
103
onfvrf;udk uRefawmfa&mufonfrSm oHk;acguf&SdNyD/ yxrwpfacgufu 1960/
'kwd,wpfacgufu 1976? ,cktacgufrSm 1980/
bmaMumifhrSef;rod/ onfvrf;udk a&mufwdkif; pdwfvIyf&Sm;jcif; jzpf&onf/ c&D;
onfawGu &efukef-rEÅav;tjref&xm;ay:wGif awGY&onfh c&D;onfrsKd;awG r[kwf/
wu,fh tnmvlxk/ olwdkYavoHu tnmavoH/ olwdkYrsufESmrsm;u ae'PfaMumifh ndK
rIdif;&ifha&mfvsuf/ trsKd;om;BuD;awG? trsKd;om;BuD;awGu rsufESmokwfy0gBuD;awGudk
acgif;aygif;xm;Muonf/ pum;ajymvQif [efyefawGr&Sd/ pdwfxJ&Sdonhftwdkif; atmf
us,f[pfus,f ajymwwfMuonf/
&Icif;uvnf; tqef;/ &efukefrS awmifiltxd oGm;vQif? ab;wpfzuf wpf

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tifwdkif;awmwGif? ysOf;rem;rS txufodkYwufvmvQif ,mcif;awG? refusOf;yiftkyftkyf
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nm&Icif;wdkY wNydKifwnf;aygif;pyfxm;onfhyef;csDum;wpfcsyfESifhyif wlawmhonf/
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qHk;qdkonfh jrpfBuD;em;pmydkY&xm;onfyifvQif touft&G,f tdkrif;vS\/ aumvif;
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acgufjyef&xm;rsm;uvnf; tvGefaemufusonf/ naeav;em&DwGif rEÅav;odkY qdkuf
&rnfhaumvif;acgufjyef&xm;onf n 11 em&DusrS rEÅav;blwmodkY 0ifonfudk uREfkyf
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NyD/
104
onfESpf pmqdkawmfa[majymyGJ c&D;awG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; xGufjzpfvdkufonf/
rEÅav;? rwå&m? anmifusKd;? anmifwkef;? wyfukef;? o&ufNrdKY/ taMumif;rnDnGwfí
uwday;NyD;rS rvdkufjzpfonfhyGJawGu renf;/ ,ckwpfacgufwGifrl uRefawmfwdkYwpfodkuf
tnmodkYwufvmcJhMuonf/ uom? tif;awmf? aumvif;? 0ef;odk ponfh ajrmufzuf
awmifukef;a'ojzpfonf/
pmqdkawmf a[majymyGJwGif oGm;&onfhtcgwGif pmaypdwfjzifh Edk;Mum;aeaom

vlxkudk uRefawmfwdkY awGY&onf/ pmayudk zwfMuonf/ pma&;q&mrsm;udk awGYcsif
jrifcsifMuonf/ olwdkYajymonfhpum;rsm;udk em;axmifcsifMuonf/ jrefrmvlxkonf
onfrQavmuf pmaypdwfEdk;Mum;aeonfudk uRefawmf wpfcgrQ rawGYzl;ao;/
anmifusKd;wGifqdkvQif uRefawmfwdkY pmqdkawmfa[majymyGJodkYvm&if; ydk;xdonfh
vli,fuav;wpfa,mufudk uRefawmfwdkY awGYcJh&onf/ olYtrnfu zdk;wkwf/ toufu
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vkyftNyD;wGif tdrfodkYrjyefawmhbJ uRefawmfwdkYa[majymyGJodkY awmufavQmuf vmcJh
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*Gjzihf xkonf/ a>rayG;u raoao;/ raor&Sif a>rayG;udk vnfrsKdrSqkyfudkifum q&m
0eftdrfodkY vmcJhonf/ tdrfa&mufawmh q&m0efudk rawGY/ q&m0efu a[majymyGJ pifjrifh
ab;wGif uRefawmfwdkYESifhtwl a&mufaeonf/
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a>r\tNrD;udk udkufvQif tqdyfajyonfqdkonfh t,ltqt& udkufjcif;jzpfyHk&\/ cP
Mumawmh zdk;wkwfonf yg;pyfutjr§KyfawGwpDpD xGufvmNyD; vJusoGm;awmhonf/
uRefawmfwdkYESifhtwl a&mufaeonfh q&m0efuav;u a[majymyGJ em;axmif
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NyD; cspfvifESifhtwl awmodkYvkdufvmcJhonf/
105
odkY&mwGif olwdkYESpfa,mufpvHk; qufí em;raxmifEdkifMuyg/ vlemu ta&;
BuD;ojzihf a[majymyGJrS rjyefcsifhjyefcsifjzifh jyefoGm;Muonf/ okdYwkdifatmif q&m0ef
uawmfuav;rSm raeEdkif/ a[majymyGJxJa&mufvmNyD; vlemhtajctaeudk uRefawmfwdkY
odatmif owif;ydkYonf/ a[majymyGJudk em;axmifonf/ xdkYaemuf jyefoGm;um olY
a,musmf;udk ulnDvkyfudkifay;&ao;onf/ tvkyfyg;onfESifh uRefawmfwdkYqDjyefvmNyD;
em;axmifrnfr[kwfyg/ udkif;orm;uav;zdk;wkwfonfvnf; awmf&Hkwef&Hk 0goemrsKd;
jzihf a[majymyGJodkY vmrnfrxifyg/ a[majymyGJNyD;onhftcg em&DjyefwpfcsufcGJaeNyD/
uRefawmfwdkYonf zdk;wkwfudk 0ifMunfhMu\/ q&m0ef\tdrfa&SUcef;u pm;yGJay:wGif yuf
vufrSdef;aeonfhzdk;wkwfudk awGY&onf/ ydk;xdonfh'PfESifhaq;xkd;onfh'PfaMumifh t
enf;i,fyifyef;aeyHk&onfhwdkif olYrsufESmu &Tifvef;aeonf/
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anmifusKd;odkYvmNyD; udk,fydkifaq;cef;zGifhaejcif; jzpfonf/ olwdkYvifr,m;wGif bm
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udk,fydkiftdrf r[kwfojzifh y&dabm*vnf; rnfrnf&&r&Sd/ aus;vufu xHk;pHtwdkif;
jzpforQESifh a&mifh&JMuonf/
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106
olwdkYudkMunhfí pma&;q&m\wm0efonf rnfrQBuD;aMumif;udk uRefawmf ydkí
av;eufpGm oabmaygufvmonf/
uRefawmfwdkYonf pmaya[majymyGJrsm;odkY oGm;jcif;jzihf vlxktaMumif;udkydkí

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wm0efudk ydkíav;eufpGm oabmaygufvmcJhonf/
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ao;onf/ ,if;rSm pma[mif;aya[mif;rsm;udk azmfxkwfEdkifcJhjcif;? awGY&SdvmcJhjcif; jzpf
onf/
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107
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108
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vGef;ojzifh auG;aeMuonf/
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tjcm;ol r[kwfyg/ wkdif;opfawmXme-'kOD;pD;rSL;OD;oef;vGif jzpfavonf/ ,cif
tac:twkdif;om ac:&rnfqdkvQif opfawm0efrif;[k ac:&avvdrfhrnf/
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109
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onf/ xdakY Mumifh rnfolrnf0grSef; uRefawmf ruGJ/ onftxJwGif udkoef;wifudk,fwGif
abmif;bD&Snf? *smuifzm;zm;BuD;udk 0wfxm;um acgif;wGif vnfpnf;ywfxm;ojzifh
&kwfw&wf rrSwfrd/
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uompmqdkawmfaumfrDwD0ifrsm;onf uRefawmfwdkYypönf;rsm;udk um;ay:odkY wifMu
onf/ aemufwGJwGifygvmonfh rEÅav;rSpma&;q&mwpfOD;udkvnf; vdkuf&SmaeMuonf/
rEÅav;rSpma&;q&mqdkonfrSm tjcm;ol r[kwfyg/ qef;xGef;(ref;wuúodkvf) trnf
jzifh a&;aeonfh q&mOD;qef;xGef;jzpfavonf/
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ajymyGJrsm;udkvnf; rvdkufawmh[k aMunmxm;onfrSm MumvSNyD/ okdY&mwGif uompmqdk
awmfaumfrDwDrS ausmif;q&mBuD;OD;vSa0rSm olYwynfh&if;jzpf&m olYwynfh&if;u em;yl
em;qmvkyfojzifh vdkufvmcJhMujcif; jzpfavonf/
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vGif\armfawmfum;uav;ay:wGif vdkufvmcJhMuonf/
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jzpfí &Icif;tvSudk rjrif&/
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vQif OD;qef;xGef;u ajymonf/ OD;qef;xGef; tjym&yfoGm;vQif uRefawmfu ajymonf/
110
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jzpf\/ tESpfESpfq,favmuf ydkBuD;oGm;onfhwdkif q&monf t&ifuvkd oefwkef;jref
wkef;/ olYtoHMoZm xufjrufwkef;/ olYuAsmrsm;udk ppfNyD;p*sme,fausmfwGif uRefawmf
wdkY zwfcJh&onf/ onfwkef;u OD;qef;xGef; r[kwfao;/ uAsmq&m&Sif um,0gpDtjzpf
awGY&jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf &SifnmPdó&trnfjzifh a&;onfhaqmif;yg;rsm;udk uRef
awmfwdkY zwfcJh&onf/ xkdaemufwGif qef;xGef;(ref;wuúodkvf)\#Dumusrf;rsm;? 0daom
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rEÅav;rsufESmBuD; r*FvmaqmifwpfckwGif bdodufoGef;ay;aeaomolYtoHudk toHcsJU
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111
olYtdrfrSm udkvdkeDacwfwkef;u t*FvdyfrsufESmjzL opfawm0efawG aecJhonfh
tdrfa[mif;BuD;jzpfavonf/ tdrfa[mif;BuD; jzpfonfhwdkiftxJu Murf;cif;rsm;u
ajymifvufaeMuonf/
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xm;avonf/
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vufzuf&nfMurf;u &GufopfeHYoif;aeonf/
«3»
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twGif; uajymifvufaeonf/ ysOf;uwdk;vQmxkd;Murf;jyifu ta&mifwzdwf vufvsuf
eif;&ufp&myif r&Sd/ yljyif;onfh aEG&moDwGif tyloufomap&eftvdkYiSm rsufESmpmyif
w&kwfuwfwHcg;awG tjynhfwyfxm;onf/
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qdkawmfaumfrDwDESifhrdwfqufay;csdef &awmhonf/ uompmqdkawmfaumfrDwDrS vlpHkwuf
pHkygonfh aumfrDwDBuD;jzpfygonf/ ausmif;q&m? trIxrf;? t&m&Sd? ukefonf? pmyHkESdyf
wdkufydkif&Sif? pmtkyfudk,fpm;vS,f? a&SUae? owif;axmuf? yifpifpm;-pojzifh tvTm
aygif;pHkrS yg0ifMuonf/
112
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odyfrBuD;ao;/ av;q,fausmf ig;q,fwGif;avmufom &SdOD;rnf/ uwHk;qHawmuf
yg;yg;? tom;vwfvwf? t&yf&Snf&Snf? ausmif;tkyfBuD;qdkaomfvnf; cufxefonfh
ausmif;tkyfBuD;rsKd;[ef[efrwl/ olYrsufESmu tNrJjyHK;csKdaeonf/ &kyfjyOuú|jzpfyHk&
onf/
pmqdkawmfaumfrDwDwGif wuf<uonfh tjcm;wpfa,mufrSm OD;Nidrf;jzpfonf/

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rwdrf;r,drf;avmufom &SdOD;rnf/ tom;ndKndK? t&yfjywfjywf? qHyifwdkYurl uGufwd
uGufMum; jzLpjyKavNyD/ pmqdkawmfaumfrDwD\twGif;a&;rSL;rSmvnf; ausmif;q&m
jzpfonf/ aemufaeYrsm;wGif pmqdkawmfa[majymyGJrsm; usif;yonfhtcgwGifvnf; t
crf;tem;rSL;rsm;rSm a':pef;&D? a':tifeDcifoufa&Tponfh ausmif;q&mrsm; jzpfaeMu
avonf/
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ausmif;q&mwdkY vTrf;rdk;onfhaumfrDwD[kqdkEdkifygonf/
uompmqdkawmfaumfrDwDonf tpDtpOfrsm;udk pepfwus qGJxm;onf/
rlvtpDtpOfrSm opfawmXmewnf;ckd&dyfomwGif tyef;ajzMu&efjzpfonf/ odkY
&mwGif uRefawmfwdkYonf tNidrfraeEdkifyg/ opfawmXme{nfh&dyfomwGif em;onfqdk&HkrQ
em;NyD;aemuf aus;Zl;&Sifrefvnfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; wnfcJhonfh wm0wðom r[m
tb,apwDawmfudk oGm;ízl;Muonf/ apwDawmfrSm wpfESpfu rkefwdkif;'PfaMumifh xD;
awmfajrcojzifh qdkif&mwkdYu xD;awmf topfwif&ef jyifvsuf&Sdygonf/
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wm0wðomewfjynfu pl|mrkedapwDawmfBuD;&JUyHkpHtwkdif; tmvdefig;qifh? awmifpOf
ckepfxyf? jrifhrdk&fawmfcg;yef;rSm aeeJYvwdkY oGm;vmaeyHkudk uRefawmfwdkYtm; &Sif;jy\/
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113
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axmif;MuonfhtrsKd;orD;rsm; tyef;ajyoDqdk&ef q&mawmfBuD;udk,fwdkif pyfay;cJhonfh
uAsmrsm;jzpfonf[k od&avonf/
uRefawmfwdkYonf tqef;wMu,f wnfaqmufxm;onfh wm0wðom r[mtb
,apwDawmfBuD;udk vSnhfywfí zl;ajrmfMu\/ q&mawmfBuD;onf uAsmpmaywGifomr
u? AdokumrIwGifvnf;uRrf;usifaMumif;udk apwDawmfBuD;u oufaocHaeavonf/
refvnfq&mawmfBuD;onf tdEd́,jynf vyfuaemifNrdKY&Sd jywdkufrS a'gufwm
at;zsL;&m;ESifhtquftoG,f&&Sdum ,if;xHrS tHawmfwpfql vufcH&&SdcJhonf/ xkd
tHawmfudk Xmeyemum xkdapwDudk wnfcJhjcif;jzpfonf[kod&onf/
uRefawmfwdkYonf Ak'¨0ifjyyGJudkvnf; 0ifMunhfMu\/ vGefcJhonfhESpf av;ig;ESpf
avmufu a&Twd*Hktaemufrkcf Ak'¨0ifjyyGJrS pcJhonfudk uRefawmfwkYd ra&mufcJhzl;yg/
&efukefwGif pwifjyocJhonfhAk'¨0ifjyyGJrsm;onf e,frsm;odkY a&mufaeonfudk
awGY&avonf/ rESpfu armfvNrdKifwGif awGYcJh&onf/ ,ck uomwGifvnf; jyyGJwpfyGJ/
ausmif;0if;xJu uGif;jyifBuD;xJwGif aps;qdkifwef;awG? Zmwf&HkawGudk awGY&onf/
uRefawmfwdkYonf yGJaps;wef;udk avQmufMunfhNyD;aemuf cyfvSrf;vSrf;rS ausmif;
wpfaqmifay:odkY wufcJhMu\/ tbd"Zr[m&| *k&kbGJY&cEÅD;q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;tm;
*g0&jyK&ef jzpfygonf/
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vdkufMuonf/
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awGrsm;onfhtwGuf uRefawmfwdkYonf q&mawmfBuD; aumif;aumif; pum;rajymcJh
114
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ajymcJh&onf/
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wdkYwawG tem;vnf;&ap? tNiD;vnf;ajyapqdkonfhoabm jzpfygonf/
jrpfxJuaeí MunhfvdkufonfhtcgwGif uomNrdKYonf ukef; ay:uMunhf&monf
xuf ydkívSaeavonf/ wpfzufwGif zufqGwf awmifwef;jymjymBuD;? awmifwef;jym
ay:wGif papöyef;jzLjzLwdkYu aq;pufcsxm;onfhES,f/ wpfzufwGifaomifjyif/ aomif
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wpfem&Davmuf pkefqif;NyD;onfhtcgwGif armfawmfonf aomifpG,fwpfckwGif
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oGm;aeMuonf/ tif;xJ&Sd or0g,rrSig;rsm;udk oGm;,lMujcif;jzpfonf/ uRefawmfwdkY
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BuD;r[kwf/ aqmif;wGif;rdkYom awmfawmhonf/ aEG&moDonfvdk aeYcif;BuD;jzwf&rnf
qdkvQif oufomrnfr[kwfyg/
tif;pyfu wHigwJuav;wpfckodkY ta&mufwGif cPem;Muonf/ b,folrQ

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ydk;xdk;acgif;tHk; oHk;av;vHk;ESifh/ ta0;okdYvSrf;MunfhvdkufvQif pdkufcif;awGu pdrf;vsuf/
tif;xJwGif [oFmawGu tkyfvdkuf ysH0Jvsuf/
onfvdk jrpfa&pyf? tif;tdkiftpyf oJaomifOD;u wHigwJuav;awGudk ra&muf
onfrSm MumvSNyD/
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jzpftysufwpfckudk uRefawmf oGm;í trSwf&onf/
115
ppfjzpfcgeD; wpfaeYwkef;u uRefawmfwdkYoli,fcsif;oHk;a,muf NrdKYpGefu a&Trk
a|mapwDbufodkY bkdifpu,fukd,fpDjzifh ausmif;ajy;Muonf/ a&Trka|mbk&m;ab;u
urf;yg;tjrifhBuD;/ urf;yg;atmufqif;NyD; jrpfv,fuaomifay:okdY uRef;ay:odkY ul;Mu
onf/ jrpfv,fu uRef;ay:odkYa&mufvQif uRefawmfwdkYoli,fcsif;wokduf Avmpmtkyf
udk,fpDjzifh uAsmpyfMuonf/ 0w¬Ka&;Muonf/ wpfa,mufa&;onfhpmawGudk wpf
a,mufu zwfí a0zefMuonf/ a&;wwfí a&;cJhMujcif; r[kwfyg/ a0zefwwfí
a0zefcJhMujcif; r[kwfyg/ pm&l;aygufNyD; vkyfcJhMujcif;jzpfygonf/ aomifjyifxJu wHig
wJuav;wGif xdkif&if;? wpfa,mufu [mopma&;q&m vkyfrnf[kqdkonf/ wpf
a,mufu pHkaxmufpma&;q&m vkyfrnf[kqdkonf/ wpfa,mufu uAsmq&mvkyfrnf
[k qdkonf/
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a,muf aoonf&Sifonfudkvnf; rMum;&ygawmh/ olwdkYESifhywfoufí bmowif;rQudk
vnf; rMum;&awmhyg/ bwfpfum;ay:wGif cPawGYvdkuf&NyD;aemuf rSwfwdkifta&muf
wGif vrf;cGJqif;oGm;onfh c&D;onfrsm;vkd aysmufuG,f oGm;Muygonf/
uRefawmf awG;vdkYaumif;aewkef; OD;oef;vGif\vlrsm;onf ig;awmif;BuD;

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OD;oef;vGifonf tjyefwGif uRefawmfwdkYudk ig;aMumfauR;&ef tpDtpOftjynfh
vkyfvmcJhonf/ armfawmfay:wGif qDtqifoifh/ rD;zdktqifoifh/ ',ftdk;uvnf;
tqifoifh/
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116
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wnf;/ uomqdyfurf;odkY armfawmfqdkufonftxd ig;awGudk wpftdk;NyD;wpftdk; aMumf
ay;NyD; vkdufvmonf/ uRefawmfwdkYuom ig;aMumfawG wpfaumifNyD;wpfaumif pm;
vmcJhMuonf/ olwpfaumifrQ rpm;vdkuf&/ urf;ay:odkY uRefawmfwdkY wufvmonfh
tcgwGif ]]rra&.. . . uRefrajymwJh0w¬Kav;a&;aemf}}[katmf&if; vufjyusef&pfcJhonf/
«4»
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uRefawmfwdkYu zGifhvSpfay;&rnfjzpfonfhtwGuf wnf;cdk&dyfomwGif MumMum t
em;r,lEdkifMu/ yef;ao;tif;rStjyef &dyfomwGif cPomem;NyD; ausmif;odkY xGufvm
cJhMuygonf/ uRefawmfwdkY a&mufonhftcgwGif ausmif;0if;BuD;wpfckvHk; vlawG jynfhae
NyD/ ausmif;ol ausmif;om;awG? trIxrf;awG q&mawG q&mrawG? pmay0goem&Sif
awG/
ausmif;olESpfa,mufu jycef;t0ifwGif zJBudK;udk udkifí &yfaeMuonf/ zsif
Murf;wdkufyHktuÐs? zsifMurf;vHkcsnf? teDuGufwHk; odk;arG;vnfpnf;ESifh&k&Sm;awG aqmif;
onfh&Sufyumac:onfh okd;arG;OD;xkyfBuD;udk aqmif;xm;aom OD;qef;xGef;u zJBudK;
117
jzwfí tcrf;tem; zGifhay;\/
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awmfwdkY enf;enf;uav;rQ rarQmfvifhcJhMuyg/
jycef;xJodkYa&mufonfhtcgwGif uRefawmfwdkYonf wtHwMo jzpfaeMuav
onf/ rjzpfyJaeygrnfavm/
jycef;xJwGif vGefcJhonhftESpfav;ig;ajcmufq,fu pmtkyfawG&Sdonf/ tESpf

av;ig;ajcmufq,fu r*¾Zif;awG &Sdonf/ pmtkyftrsKd;trnfuvnf; pHkonf/ a&S;
wkef;u &dkufonfh ausmif;oHk;*Pef; ocsFmpmtkyfawGvnf; ygonf/ 0w¬KawGvnf; yg
onf/ o'´gpmtkyfvnf; ygonf/ Oyrm aumufpfa&;onfh jrefrmo'´gpmtkyfqdkvQif
1914 ckESpfu &dkufonhfpmtkyfjzpfonf/ xkdrQru pme,fr*¾Zif;awGuvnf; tpHk/
1923 ckESpfxkwf v,fwDw&m;owif;pmrsm;? 1924 ckESpfxkwf aumZmopfr*¾Zif;rsm;?
1935 ckESpfxkwfjrefrmhaMu;rHkowif;pmrsm;? 1936 ckESpfESifhxkdYaemufydkif; tkd;a0r*¾Zif;
rsm;? 1937 ckESpfxkwf rEÅav;ol&d,owif;pmrsm;? 1938 ckxkwfBuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif;
rsm;? 1940 ckw0dkufwGif xkwfonfhynmr*¾Zif;rsm;ESifhAv*sme,frsm; ponfwdkYudk awGY&
onf/ &Sm;&Sm;yg; 0w¬Kpmtkyftrsm;tjym;udkvnf; awGY&onf/ Oyrm 1299 ckESpf xkwf
onfh a&TjynfBuD;0w¬K/ 1941 ckESpfxkwf pkzk&m;vwf0w¬K/
pm0goemygonfh ausmif;q&moHk;av;a,muf pkxm;onfh ypönf;rsm;jzpfonf
[k od&avonf/
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tm;vHk; ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;qGJonfhyef;csDum;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ tqifhtwef;
redrfhMuyg/
118
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r@yfBuD;jzpfonf/ pmqdkawmfy&dowfuvnf; xdkr@yfBuD;tjynfh vmMuonf/
a[majymyGJrprD ausmif;olausmif;om;uav;rsm;\vIdifxdyfacgifwif wpf
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enf;NyD; uaemifrif;om;BuD;taMumif;u rsm;ygonf/ wifjyonfhZmwfoGm;rSm vIdifxdyf
acgifwifu armifawmfuaemifrif;om; rvmí abmv,fawG? tarQmfpdkuf a'G;csKd;awG
a&;NyD; arQmfaeMupOf? armifawmfuaemifrif;om; a&mufvm/ odkY&mwGif trsm;xifo
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vli,fyg rysif;atmif a[majymEdkifolygwnf;/
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243
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244
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245
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246
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247
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249
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275

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