Agric GR 5

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college press L-
Ventures Primary CD
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Agriculture
M. Chagwiza T. Mabvakure
.1. Kuzhazha
Learner's Book
Ventures Primary
Agriculture
Learner's Book
Olcoliege press
Ventures Agriculture Learner's Book Grade 5
© M. Chagwiza, J Kuzhazha, T Mabvakure 2018

© Illustrations and design College Press Publishers (Pvt) Ltd, 2018
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First published 2018
Published by
College Press Publishers (Pvt) Ltd
P.O. Box 3041, Harare, Zimbabwe
Typeset in [12 point Century Gothic]

- _Artworks by W. Mukutirwa, C. Sizara and K. Ngundu
Cover image by Chancellor Primary School and Tnash Photography
Printed and Bound by: Impress Investments
ISBN: 978-1-77930-069-0
WIP: 0186Z000
Acknowledgements
The authors and publishers would like to acknowledge Lion Images, MacMillan Archives Collection,
Chancellor Primary School and Tnash Photography for photographs used.
The publishers have made every effort to trace the copyright holders. If they
have inadvertently overlooked any, they will be pleased to make the
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Topic 1 Introduction to agriculture and basic farm tools 1
Unit 1 Importance of agriculture 1
Unit 2 Farm tools 7
Unit 3 Safety in agriculture 12
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Topic 2 Climate and land use 15
Unit 4 Climate c,-,;''' kl4r7r/P4-1-7;$
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Topic 3 Soil 9 I. '4/i)k.c6
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4 S-pp. '...0-1b614?,4%. 22
Unit p.
5 Soil composition F6' , 4.9 I_ 22
Unit 6 Soil types Q 8.c,
4-40 26
Unit 7 Soil fertility .41:. , Al
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Unit 8 Soil erosion 3ive -'i
ros / 35
Unit 9 End of term 1 assessment I 40
Topic 4 Water 44
Unit 10 Water conservation 44
Topic 5 Plants 53
Unit 11 Introduction of the study of plants 53
Unit 12 Plant nutrition 59
Unit 13 Vegetable crops 62
Unit 14 Field crops 70
Unit 15 Growing field beans 74
Unit 16 Orchard/Fruit trees 80
Unit 17 Ornamental horticulture 88
Unit 18 Forestry 92
Unit 19 Plant protection 97
Unit 20 End of term 2 assessment 101
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Topic 6 Animals 105
iic:-110
Unit 21 Introduction to animal study , -0 ,6 a. 105
Unit 22 Animal nutrition ,--> -5-Tic.., 110
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Unit 23 Small livestock production: Rabbits :74-0. • G'• 114
Unit 24 ,.,•,',. , v.,, „flo-1.-,,
Small livestock production: Poultry......:e.
d.-1,,-,9 9, 0.4.---0A , 120
Unit 25 Apiculture T--1 --0„ %., 128
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Topic 7 Farm Implements and machinery ?(...5 ':‘;.A
'4 . \ 133
Unit 26 Farm implements T 133
11,
Topic 8 Agri-business 137

Unit 27 Agri-business 137
Unit 28 End of term 3 assessment 145
Introduction to agriculture and basic
Farm tools
Unit 1 Importance of agriculture
In this unit you will:

. explain the importance of agriculture to the community and nation.
Flashback
In the previous level, you learnt about the importance of agriculture at family
level. You should be able to explain the importance of agriculture in your family.
What are the products you get from your agricultural activities?
Key words
community export by-product
1.1 Importance of agriculture to the community

We all live in communities. People living in one place, ward, township or district
make up a community. A community is a group of people living in the same
place. Any community, whether in town or rural areas, relies on agriculture. Some
communities do agricultural activities which include growing vegetables, fruits and
field crops. Some people within your communities might be keeping animals such
as chickens, rabbits, cattle, goats and donkeys. All these agricultural activities are
very useful to community members.
Benefits of agriculture to the community

Agriculture provides food, income and employment to the community.
1. Source of food for the community
We all need food in order to live. It is through agriculture that we can produce
food for the community. There are different crops that are grown for food, for
example, maize and sorghum are commonly grown because they are used to
prepare our staple food (sadza). There are other crops and fruits grown for food,
see Figure 1.1.
We also get food from the animals we keep at our homes. Some of the animal
products we eat are meat, eggs and milk. Different types of animals are kept at
homes because of their products we use as food.
maize potatoes matohwe/uxakuxaku chicken
cabbage bananas fresh milk carrots cooking oil
Figure 1.1 Foods that come from agriculture
Activity 1 Practical
1. Take a tour around your community.
2. Name some of the crops and fruits grown in your community that provide
food?
3. List common animals and the food products they provide.
2. Source of income
Agriculture provides income to the community; when farmers sell their produce.
Some agricultural products are sold at the local markets. In some cases,
agricultural products are exchanged for other products. For example, maize can
be exchanged for cooking oil and soap. This form of trade is common in rural areas
and is called barter trade. This is done when farmers do not have ready cash to
pay for their requirements' see Figure 1.2. Agriculture also provides income by
•
selling of by-products. These are produce from an agricultural project that is not
the main product, for example when keeping poultry we can sell chicken manure
and when keeping cattle for meat we can also sell the hide to make leather.
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3. Source of employment
Agriculture provides employment to
members of the community. Some
members are employed as herd boys.
These people tend livestock. Some
people are employed for short periods
of time, for example, during weeding
and harvesting time.
Figure 1.2 A farmer exchanging sorghum for groceries
Activity 2 Individual work

. Name some of the agricultural products that are found at the local market.
. List some agricultural activities in your community where people are
employed.
. List agricultural activities practised in your local area.
Exercise A
1. A community is
A. people in the same family B. people who live in the same place
C. people who go to school D. people who are male
2. The process of exchanging goods for other goods is called
A. export B. income C. barter trade D. exchange rate
3. Which of the following animal provides both meat and eggs?
A. Goat B. Cattle C. Sheep D. Chicken
4. A person who is employed to tend livestock is called a
A. driver B. gardener C. herd boy D. extension officer
5. Which agricultural activities are a source of income for family members?
6. List at least two activities that are carried out throughout the year in your
community.
7. Apart from keeping animals for food and cash, what are the other uses of
animals in your community?
Activity 3 Research
1. List the 5 major agricultural products in Zimbabwe.
2. Which of the 5 agricultural products are sold to industries?
•
3. Copy and complete Table 1.1 in your books.
Table 1.1 Agricultural products and their by-products
Agriculture Produce Products By-products
a) maize mealie-meal fodder

b) cotton
c) cattle
d) chickens
e) timber
f) sugar cane
1.2 Importance of agriculture to the nation

Agriculture is important because it plays an important part in the development
of the country. Some of the benefits of agriculture to Zimbabwe are explained
below:
1. Provides food
In Zimbabwe agriculture is important because it provides food. In Zimbabwe
commercial farms produce large amounts of maize every year in order to produce
adequate mealie-meal for the whole country.
2. Provides employment
Agriculture employs more people than other sectors of the economy like,
education and health. Some of these people are employed in the production of
raw products. Others in industries that manufacture agricultural implements, tools,
chemicals and fertilisers. Lastly, some in agricultural services such as veterinarian
officer, extension officers, agriculture teacher, farm manager and farm labourer.
3. Provides raw materials for industry

Agriculture produces raw materials that are processed into useful products. Some
of the raw products include milk, hides, sugarcane, cotton, tobacco, timber and
tea. Hides from crocodiles are processed into handbags, belts, jackets and shoes.
4. Brings in foreign currency

Agricultural products can be exported to other countries. Selling products to
other countries is called exporting. These countries buy the agricultural products in
foreign currency such as the Chinese Yen. Through this trade, the country earns a
lot of foreign currency. For example, tobacco is one of the crops that brings in a lot
of foreign currency. The other products that bring in foreign currency are flowers,
beef and milk by-products. Figure 1.3 shows various ways in which agriculture is
important to Zimbabwe.
Figure 1.3 Importance of agriculture to Zimbabwe
1. Collect some labels on food containers.
2. Read the label and identify the name of the food stuff.
3. Find the raw product(s) that were used to prepare the food stuff.
4. Write a list of up to 10 food stuffs and their raw products. Use the example
given in Table 1.2.
Table 1.2 Food stuffs and their raw materials
Food stuff Raw •roduct s

Example: cheese milk
Example: marmalade jam oranges and sugar cane
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1. Which sector employs most people in Zimbabwe?

A. Health B. Education C. Transport D. Agriculture
2. What is the raw material for dairy products?
A. Tobacco B. Milk C. Sugarcane D. Sunflower
3. Foreign currency is brought info Zimbabwe when we sell products
A. at home
B. between ourselves
C. to industries
D. to other countries.
4. Which of the following is a raw material for the construction industry?
A. Maize B. Fruits C. Flowers D. Wood
5. List four ways in which agriculture is important to Zimbabwe. (
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Glossary
Rely - depend on in full trust #
Adequate - acceptable in quality and quantity A
Foreign currency - money from other countries

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Unit 2 Farm tools

classify tools according to their uses.
Flashback
Farmers use many devices and machines to help them prepare the land and
grow crops. Think of some hand operated tools used in agriculture to prepare
the soil.
Key word
farm inventory
2.1 Classifying farm tools according to their use

Tools make work easier. In agriculture we have various farm tools used for different
processes. Farm tools are classified as digging tools, cutting tools, watering tools
and spraying tools. Table 2.1 to 2.3 below shows farm tools and their uses.
Table 2.1 Digging tools
Type Diagram Uses (s)

Digging tools hoe - digging moist soil
- weeding
spade - digging moist soil
111116---‹
pick - digging hard ground
•
garden fork - digging moist soil
- turning compost
garden trowel - lifting seedlings from nursery

bed
Table 2.2 Cutting tools

Dia ra
Cutting tools sickle
- cutting grass
- cutting grass
axe Alik - cutting trees
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matchet - cutting small branches

- cutting maize stalks and sugar
....••••••
cane
Saw - cutting trees or timber

Table 2.3 Watering, spraying and levelling tools
Type MOW
Watering tools watering can - watering
Spraying tools Knapsack sprayer - spraying chemicals
Levelling tools garden rake - levelling

- break clods or soil lumps
- remove grass and stones
- cover sown seed
1. Collect tools from the store room.
2. Group them according to their uses.
Activity 2 Individual work

1. Draw one digging tool and one cutting tool of your choice.
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2.1 Inventory of farm tools

An inventory of farm tools is a record that is kept to show the total number of farm
tools, their location and condition. When a person finishes working with certain
tools they bring them back to the store room where tools and their condition are
recorded.
Below is a sample of a farm inventory record.
Number Condition
C
Date Type of tool Number
PI
issued returned
1.
16/07/2019 Sickle 8 8 good
19/07/2019 Hoe 13 13 one hoe good
handle broken 2.
20/07/2019 Sickle 5 3 good
3.
1. Name any four tools used for digging.

2. What are the uses of the following tools? C
a) sickle
b) spade D.
c) hose pipe N
3. Name the tools shown in Figure 2.1. M
Tii
C
a) b) c)
4. Copy and complete the table below.
Tool Use
a) hoe
b) matchet
Watering
d) Spraying chemicals
Activity 3 Group work
1. Design a farm tool inventory.
2. Go to the school storeroom and fill in your farm tool inventory.
. Use it every time you use tools from the store room.
Activity 4 Games
Play a naming game.
1. In groups sing:
Let's play; Anything; Like what?
Names of cutting tools.
2. A member each take turns giving an example of a cutting tool. If they fail
to give a name or mentions an incorrect tool, they are out.
3 Learners keep on suggesting different groups of tools until they are all
complete.
J
Glossary
Device - tool used for a purpose
Nursery - place where seedlings are raised
Maize stalk - stem of maize
Timber - wood prepared for building and carpentry
Clod - a lump of earth
Unit 3 Safety in agriculture

1. explain the safe use of farm tools and implements
2. use farm tools safely.
Flashback
Name some of the tools used in preparing a vegetable bed.
Key words
tines corrode
Activity 1 Discussion
1. Discuss where you should keep farm tools.
2. Explain why you should keep them at this location.
Farmer tools will last longer if they are looked after properly. If tools are damaged,
their repair could cost a lot of money. All tools should be used only for the job they
were made for.
Safety in storeroom
• Keep tools in a storeroom.
• Keep records of tools in stock.
• Arrange tools into similar groups in the storeroom.
• Never leave tools with tines, such as rakes with their teeth facing up because
this may cause injury to whoever will step them. Tines are sharp or pointed
edges. Keep rakes on tool racks.
Collecting tools for use

Check the condition of tools before you use them. Do not use tools with broken
•
•
handles or that are damaged as they may cause accidents.
• Do not use blunt tools; make sure tools are sharpened before use.
Handling of tools
• When carrying tools, make sure the pointed or sharp parts are facing down.
• When cutting grass with a sickle or slasher, you should be well spaced to
prevent injuring one another.
• All farming tools should be used carefully for them to last longer and to reduce
losses.
• To avoid rust, wash and dry the tools before storage. Rust corrodes metal
resulting in the short life span of the tool. To corrode is to destroy slowly by
chemical reaction.
Summary
• Importance of agriculture to the community and nation is that it is a source of
food, income, foreign currency, employment and raw materials.
• Tools are grouped according to their use, for example, digging, levelling,
cutting, cultivating and watering tools.
• Tools should be used for the proper job so that the best results are produced.
• Tools should be kept in a storeroom.
• Farm tool inventory record is used to keep records of tools issued out and
received back and their current condition.
Glossary
Proper - suitable
Blunt - having a worn down edge
Life span - a length of time of which a person, animal or tool lives
End of topic assessment

m-71
Multiple choice rn
One of the following is not a benefit of agriculture at national
A. Food security B. Employment
C. Foreign currency D. Paying lobola
2. Which crop is a raw material for the clothing industry?
A. Sunflower B. Tobacco C. Cotton D. Coffee
3. Which one of the following is most suitable for digging moist soil?
A. Muttock B. Spade C. Pick D. Shovel
4. Which one of the following crops brings in most foreign currency to Zimbabwe?
A. Vegetables B. Fruits C. Maize D. Tobacco
•
5. Which one of the following is a staple food in Zimbabwe?
B. Rice C. Maize D. Potato
A. Wheat
6. What is foreign currency?
A. Money from the community
B. Money from the local sales
C. Money from other countries
D. Money from family members
7. To prevent rust we tools.
B. paint C. oil D. brush
A. steal
8. A farm tool inventory record is kept to record
D. seeds
A. tools issued B. tools wanted C. hoes
9. Which one of the following is a by-product of cotton seed?
A. Cooking oil B. T-shirt C. Cotton material D. Cotton buds
10.Which tool is used for watering seedlings?
C. Watering can D. Hosepipe
A. Hoe B. Bucket
Structured questions
[4]
11.List the 4 importances of agriculture to a nation.
12.a) What is meant by barter trade? [1]
b) Which three agricultural products are used for barter trade
in your community?
[3]
13. What is the danger of rust on tools? [1]
[6]
14. Write down the name and use of each tool in Figure 3.1.
4t.
Unit 4 Climate

define weather
explain the influence of weather on agricultural activities.
Flashback
Farming is the growing of crops and keeping of animals. This can benefit the
farmer and the country at large. However, not all crops and livestock do best
in the area one lives. This is because production is influenced by climate, soil
and relief.
Key words
weather wind influence pollination
winnowing temperature humidity
Activity 1 Practical recording

1 Go outside and record the temperature at the following times:
a) early morning
b) mid-day
c) towards sunset
2. Is the day windy?
3. Which direction is the wind blowing?
4. Are there some clouds in the sky?
5. Which plants or crops have flowers?
4.1 Weather
•
From all this you can see that the state of the atmosphere is ever-changing from
time to time throughout the day.
Weather conditions A
This condition of the atmosphere at any time is called weather. sf
are controlled by weather elements such as rainfall, temperature, wind and humidity.
Weather elements Zi
C
Different weather elements are measured by
different instruments. Rainfall is measured by an
instrument called a rain gauge. The S.I. unit for P
rainfall is millimeters (mm). Tc
Temperature is measured by an instrument

called thermometer. A maximum and minimum
thermometer is used to measure minimum
and maximum temperatures for the day.
Temperature is measured in Degrees Celcius
Figure 4.1 A rain gauge
(°C).
When measuring wind speed you use an

instrument called cup anemometer. Wind speed
is measured in knots. Wind direction is measured
using a wind vane.
Activity 2 Educational tour

Visit a weather station near-by and identify
the instruments used to record weather.
Figure 4.2 Maximum and

minimum thermometer
Activity 3 Survey
1. In which season are you in now?
2. What is the weather like?
3. Which 3 crops are being grown in the
gardens?
4. What 3 crops are in the fields right now?
5. Visit a nearby market selling agricultural V
products. Which crops are common
on the market and why?
6. Can you name some of the crops grown
throughout the year in your area?
Figure 4.3 Cup anemometer
After this survey, you can now see that different activities are done in different
seasons or months of the year because of weather changes. However, some
crops can be grown throughout the year.
Zimbabwe's four seasons are:
Cool season- mid-May - August
Hot season - September - mid-November
Main rain season - mid-November to mid-March
Post rain season - mid-March to mid-May
Table 4.1 Weather conditions in different seasons
Season Rainfall Temperature

Cool season low low
Hot season no rain high
Main rain season very high medium
Post rain season low medium
Exercise A
Choose the correct answer:
1. The following is an element of weather except.
A. Weather thermometer B. Sunlight intensity
C. Wind speed D. Rainfall amount
2. A rain gauge is used to measure
A. wind B. temperature C. rainfall D. humidity
3. is used to measure wind speed.
A. Cup anemometer B. Barometer
C. Wind vane D. Rain gauge
4. Name an instrument used to measure temperature.
5. Define weather.
4.2 Influence of weather on agriculture

Wind
At times you see the leaves of trees or plants moving sideways. This movement of
plant leaves is caused by the moving air we call wind. There are various ways in
which wind influences agricultural activities.
i. Wind assists in plant pollination, see Figure 4.4. Pollination is when pollen grains
•
are carried by the wind from the male to the female parts of the plant. Pollination
enables plants to increase in number by producing many seeds.
a) wind pollination b) insect pollination
falling pollen
land on the silk
silk
Figure 4.4 Pollination
ii. Wind contributes to cloud

formation which results in
rain. It cools the heated
water in the air causing it to
form clouds which will later
fall as rainfall.
iii. Wind is also required when
separating grains such as
maize and sorghum from
unwanted materials. This is
known as winnowing (see
Figure 4.5).
However, the wind may cause

Figure 4.5 Winnowing maize
problems like:
i. breaking plants
ii. falling of flowers and fruits from plants
iii. spreading plant diseases and weed seeds
iv. increasing the rate of water loss in plants through evaporation and transpiration
v. causing soil erosion.
Temperature
Temperature is the level of hotness or coldness of the atmosphere. It is hot when
the temperatures are high. When temperature is low, it is cold. There are various
ways in which temperature influences agricultural activities. Certain crops are
grown in certain seasons because of how they respond to different temperatures.
For example, wheat, onions, cabbage and lettuce are grown in winter.
ihomm.
High temperatures can lead plants to wither and die. You can control high
temperatures by regular watering of crops and shading of newly transplanted
seedlings. Examples of summer crops are maize, tomatoes and beans.
When temperatures are too low, plants can be affected by frost. Tomatoes,
potatoes and beans are affected by frost. Low temperatures can cause the
death of young animals like piglets and day old chicks. To reduce frost damage,
water plants in the evening and also build frost barriers.
Activity 4
List the crops that are attacked by frost. How are crops protected from frost?
Rainfall
When rainfall is very low, crops fail to grow. If there is no rainfall for a long time some
crops die. Heavy rains can cause damage to crops by flooding. Heavy rainfall can
also cause soil erosion.
Humidity
Humidity is moisture in the air. Low humidity means the air is dry. Dry air increases
transpiration. Therefore, plants lose water when humidity is low. Plants wilt when
the soil loses water through evaporation. When humidity is high the air is damp;
meaning air is full of moisture. Moist conditions cause fungal and bacterial diseases
such as cob rots that affect maize and bacterial blight that affect beans.
Exercise B
1. What are the three advantages of wind to the farmer? [3]
2. What is carried by the wind when it blows? [1]
3. List 3 crops that are affected by frost. [3]
4. How are crops protected from frost? [1]
5. How does humidity influence agricultural activities? [2]
Activity 5 Practical Research

. Visit a garden or field and search for signs of diseases affecting
different crops.
With the help of your teacher, name the diseases.
111.
41=11
In groups, carry out an experiment to demonstrate loss of water from plant leaves
through the process of transpiration. Use plastic pockets and rubber bands.
Summary
• The agricultural weather elements are rainfall, temperature, wind and humidity.
• Weather changes from time to time.
• There are four seasons in Zimbabwe.
• Seasonal weather changes cause changes in agricultural activities.
• Weather affects agricultural production through the effects of rainfall,
temperature and wind.
• Rainfall received in different areas makes different crops grow.
• Plants die, diseases and pests increase because of both high and low
temperatures.
• Low rainfall may cause plants to die.
Glossary
Instrument - a measuring device
S.I. unit - International system of units used for measuring
Frost - ice that forms in humid climates when temperatures are very low
Wilt - when a plant becomes limp due to lack of water
Multiple choice
1. Farmers in Zimbabwe sometimes get low maize yields because of

A. low temperature B. low rainfall
C. high pressure D. high wind
2. Which one of the following crops is affected by very low temperatures?
A. Peas B. Onions C. Tomatoes D. Cabbages
3. The instrument used to measure wind direction is a
A. thermometer B. hygrometer
C. barometer D. wind-vane
4. Which instrument is used to measure rainfall?
A. Rainmeter B. Barometer C. Rain gauge D. Thermometer
Ele
5. What is the following instrument used to measure?
A. Temperature B. Rainfall
C. Humidity D. Wind speed
6. The hot season in Zimbabwe has
A. no rain, low temperature
B. no rain, high temperature
C. rain, low temperature
D. rain, high temperature
7. In Zimbabwe the cool season is from
A. Mid-March to mid-May
B. Mid-May to August
C. September to mid November
D. Mid-November to mid-March
8. Wind assists agricultural activities by
A. breaking plants B. pollination
I C. flower drop D. soil erosion
9. Low humidity leads to
A. transpiration B. photosynthesis
C. growth D. germination
10. leads to wilting and plants to die.
A. Low temperature B. Low rainfall
C. Low humidity D. High rainfall
11. List 4 disadvantages of wind in farming? [4]

12. Give 3 effects of very low temperature. [3]
13. Give the units of measuring
a) temperature
b) rainfall. [2]
14. Name a disease that is promoted by damp weather conditions. [11
Unit 5 Soil composition

1. state the percentages of soil components.
Flashback
In the previous level, you learnt that soil is made up of different materials. These
materials come from rocks, plants and animal matter. State the materials where
soil comes from?
Key words
particles organic matter inorganic matter
1. Take a handful of dry soil.
2. Spread the soil on a piece of paper.
3. What do you observe?
You will see that the soil has some small grains, which are known as particles. Rub
the soil particles between your fingers. What do you feel? Some of the particles are
big and can be felt between the fingers. These particles are made from broken
rocks and are known as inorganic matter. As you observe the soil you will see
some plant and animal materials. These are known as organic matter.
Activity 2 Experiment
To show that there is air in the soil.
Materials: 2 beakers, measuring cylinder, dry soil, wet soil and water.
Method:
Put equal volumes of soil in the two beakers or half fill them (see Figure 5.1).
Pour equal volumes of water in one beaker and observe the bubbles of gas that
will be produced with the other beaker left dry.
beaker
water
dry soil wet soil
air bubbles
Figure 5.1
Observations
1. In which beaker were the most bubbles seen?
2. Which soil had more air?
3. Can you suggest the uses of air in the soil?
From this experiment you have seen that soil contains air because of the bubbles
which were seen in the dry soil when water was added. Besides air, soil also
contains organic matter that settle at the top and rock particles settle at the
bottom. Different soils contain different amounts of air. From Activity 2, the wet soil
had less air than dry soil. We have established that soil contains inorganic matter,
water, air and organic matter. These have various functions.
Inorganic matter
Inorganic matter is the mineral matter that comes from rocks that would have
•
broken down to form soil. They are the main component in soil and contain
different nutrients such as zinc, nitrogen and potassium.
Water
Water in soil is used to dissolve nutrients that are absorbed by plant roots.
Air
Air in soil is used by bacteria, fungi and small living organisms that live in soil such
I
as earthworms.
Organic matter
Organic matter is dead plant and animal matter. This decays through the help of
bacteria and small living organisms that live in soil such as earthworms. They add
nutrients to the soil.
Healthy soil also contains some living organisms. Some of the organisms are
earthworms, bacteria, fungi and viruses.
Percentages of soil components

We have established that soil contains inorganic matter, water and air and
organic matter. The percentages of soil components are inorganic matter 45%,
water 25%, air 25% and organic matter 5%. When there is too much water in soil it
takes the space of air.
Soil composition
■ Organic matter
■ Inorganic matter
m Water
wi Air
Figure 5.2 Composition of soil
Exercise A
1. The least component of soil is
A. water B. organic matter
C. air D. inorganic matter
2. Which one is a use of soil minerals or inorganic matter?
A. Supply plant with nutrients B. Supply oxygen
C. Supply organic matter D. Supply water
I■= '
3. The heaviest particle of soil is
A. silt B. sand C. gravel D. clay
4. A good soil contains
A. water and gravel
B. water, air, organic matter and inorganic matter
C. air and nutrients
D. water, minerals and organic matter
5. Name four components of soil. [4]
6. What is the danger of having too much water in the soil? [11
7. Figure 5.3 is a diagram of soil composition. What do the parts A, B, C and
D represent? [4]
Figure 5.3
Summary
The composition of soil which is good for plant growth is as follows:
Air 25%
Water 25%
Organic matter 5%
Inorganic matter 45%
Healthy soil also contains some living organisms. Some of the organisms are
earthworms, bacteria, fungi and viruses.
Glossary
Component - a part of something
■
Unit 6 Soil types
In this unit ou will:

. determine the type of soil through particle size.
Flashback
In the previous unit you learnt that good soil contains air, water, organic matter,
inorganic matter and living organisms. The inorganic matter comes from Fig!
broken rocks. This inorganic matter is called soil particles. In this unit you will learn
that these soil particles have different sizes. The different soil particle sizes can be ThE
separated. foil
pa
Yoi.
Key words plc
p soil particle
Frc
wl-
• Fill a glass jar or a plastic bottle two thirds full with water.
• Pour in soil until the jar is almost full.
• Close the jar with your palm and shake the mixture.
• When the soil has settled, hold a piece of cardboard against the side of the
jar and mark the different layers of soil.
• Label the layers.
• What did you observe in the jar?
• Which particle settled at the bottom first? Figi
Ck
The results show that soil particles will settle in the following order:
- coarse sand,
- fine sand,
- silt and
- clay (see Figure 6.1).
2.
3.
glass jar
organic matter
— clay
silt
fine sand
coarse sand
Figure 6.1 Layers of soil
The big particles are the first to settle. These are coarse sand particles. They are
followed by fine sand and then silt. The water remained cloudy because the clay
particles were suspended in water. Organic matter floats on top of the water.
You can do this activity using several jars with different soils taken from different
places (see Figure 6.2).
From the activity you have seen that any type of soil has different particle sizes
which are coarse sand, fine sand, silt and clay.
(
clay
silt
sand
gravel
sand loam clay
Figure 6.2
Clay soil drains water poorly. When it is wet it becomes slippery.
Exercise A
Choose the correct answer.
1. Clay has got particles.
A. tiny B. few C. large D. mixed
2. Which soil gets waterlogged quickly?
•
A. Silt B. Clay C. Loam D. Sand
3. If soil is mixed with water, what floats on top of the jar?
A. Air B. Water C. Organic matter D. Clay
Ur
4. soil drains water extremely poorly.
A. sand B. clay C. loam D. silt
5. The smallest soil particle is called
6. Soil with a smooth feel when wet is
7. Clay has the biggest soil particles. TRUE/FALSE
8. If soil is mixed with water in a container, what will remain floating?
9. Which soil gets slippery when wet?
Experiment: To find out soil particle sizes by way of feeling. In
1. Take different samples of soil and add water until it is wet. ab
2. Try to make rolls with each soil. m(
3. What is your observation/did you see from each type of soil?
Activity 3 Research
Find out how the sedimentation method is used to classify soil particle sizes. Your
teacher will give you instructions to carry out the research.
Summary
• Soil is made up of particles of different sizes. These are coarse sand, fine sand,
silt and clay.
• The smallest particles are clay and the largest particles are coarse sand.
Glossary For
con
Coarse - rough and loose in texture anc
Cloudy - in a liquid not transparent or clear
Ors
Org
org(
ferti
pig
chic
can
A CI
fertil
DcPUTY
Unit 7 Soil fertility pRNARY
2 5 FEB 2019
In this unit you will: •Box 30, ritirm(osE
zIP4BAsw E
state different types of fertilisers
state the advantages and disadvantages of organic and inorganic
fertilisers.
Flashback
In the previous level you learnt about the characteristics of fertile soils. We learnt
about the three major nutrients necessary for plant growth. Name the three
major nutrients needed in soil.
Key words
organic fertiliser compost inorganic fertiliser compound
Activity 1 Discussion
1. What is needed for any plant or crop to grow?
2. What do farmers in your area add to the soil for plants to grow?
3. Which five materials are needed to make a compost?
For crops to grow healthy they need water, air and nutrients. Plant nutrients are
contained in manures or fertilisers that can be supplied in the form of organic
and inorganic fertilisers.
Organic fertiliser
Organic fertiliser is dead plant and animal matter that rots or decays to produce
organic manure or fertiliser. Organic manure is also known as humus. Organic
fertilisers can be obtained from compost manure, kraal manure, poultry manure,
pig manure and rabbit manure. The manure from animals like pigs, cattle, sheep,
chickens, goats and rabbits is often used by farmers when growing crops. Farmers
can prepare compost to obtain manure.
A compost is decayed remains of organic matter that has rotted into a natural
fertiliser. Figure 7.1 shows a compost heap.
brown leaves
kitchen scraps
straw
green materials
brown leaves
sticks
Figure 7.1 Compost heap
-\
Materials:
Organic matter such as dry grass, leaves, maize stalks, green leaves, cattle or
chicken manure and water.
Method:
1. Mark a rectangle 1 metre wide and 2 metres long.
2. Put pegs at the corners of the rectangle.
3. Make the first layer using dry grass, leaves or maize stalks. The layer should
be 30 cm deep.
4. Cover the first layer with cattle or chicken manure. This layer should be 5 cm
deep.
5. Apply water so that the material becomes wet.
6. Apply a layer of green materials such as grass, weed or banana leaves. Inc
7. The same process is repeated until your compost heap is 1 metre high.
8. Make sure that the compost heap is kept moist by applying water especially Inor
during the dry season. plar
9. Turn your compost heap after 3-4 weeks. are
10. When the material is well rotten it is applied to the garden. The compost labE
should be ready for use after 2-3 months.
.} Ther
\..
ferti
Table 7.1 shows advantages and disadvantages of organic fertilisers.
Table 7.1 Advantages and disadvantages of organic fertilisers
Advantages of an organic fertiliser Disadvanta -es of an or • anic fertills -r

• Loosens clay soil thereby improving • It has low nutrients
soil structure
• Improves drainage in clay soils • Too heavy to carry
• Improves the fertility of soil • Causes pests and diseases
• Improves water holding capacity • Needs a lot of labour
• Improves soil temperature needed • Can spread weeds
at seed germination
xercuse A
. Give three examples of organic manure or fertiliser.
[3]
2. List the materials used when making a compost heap.
[4]
3. How long does it take for a compost heap to be ready for use?
[1]
4. What is the advantage of having organic matter in the soil?
[1]
5. Give two disadvantages of using organic manure.
[2]
Inorganic fertilisers
Inorganic fertilisers are made through the mixing o f chemicals which provide
plants with nutrients. These artificial manures are made by mixing chemicals. They
are manufactured in industries and are sold in packages. The packages are
labelled to indicate the nutrients contained in them.
There are two types of inorganic fertilisers. These are compound and straight
fertilisers.
Major nuttier*: N P + K
Mhor nutrienis: + Mil +Zn +
Compound D Ammonium nitrate

Figure 7.2 Fertiliser containers
Exercise B
1. What are inorganic fertilisers?
2. Where are they found?
3. Give examples of inorganic fertilisers used by farmers in your area.
4. What is organic fertiliser made from?
5. Organic fertiliser can spread weeds. TRUE or FALSE.
1. Collect empty containers or bags of some inorganic fertiliser
2. Identify where and when the fertiliser is used.
Compound fertiliser
These are fertilisers containing more than two plant nutrients. They contain the
three major plant nutrients which are:
• Nitrogen (N)
• Phosphorous (P)
• Potassium (K)
Different compound fertilisers are manufactured to suit different types of crops.
For example, Compound D is mostly used in maize. The differences in compound
fertilisers are recognised by the letters of the alphabet. Examples of compound
fertilisers are A, B, C, D, J, L, M, P. S, X and Z.
Straight fertilisers
These are fertilisers that contain one major nutrient either N, P or K at a time. As a
•
result the fertilisers are named based on the nutrient contained in them. Examples
of straight fertilisers are Ammonium Nitrate, Urea, Single Super Phosphate.
Table 7.2 shows advantages and disadvantages of inorganic fertilisers.
Table 7.2 advantages and disadvantages of inorganic fertilisers
Advantages of an inorganic fertiliser Disadvantages of an inorganic fertiliser
• They are absorbed by plants quickly • They are very expensive
They need a smaller space for • They destroy the soil structure
storage
They are easy to transport • They pollute water sources
They are easy to apply • They increase the soil acidity
The level of nutrients is known
Exercise C
1 Urea is an example of
A. compound fertiliser B. straight fertiliser
C. phosphatic fertiliser D. potassic fertiliser
2. One of the following factors contributes to the loss of soil nutrients.
A. Erosion B. Weathering
C. Manuring D. Weeding
3. One of the following is an advantage of using inorganic fertilisers.
A. Amount of nutrients in the fertiliser is known
B. Cheaper than organic fertilisers
C. Nutrients are used for several years
D. They are manufactured at the farm
4. An example of a straight fertiliser is
A. compound Z B. basal dressing
C. top dressing D. ammonium nitrate
5. What are the two types of inorganic fertilisers?
6. What causes loss of soil nutrients?
7. List two advantages of compound fertilisers.
8. Name any two inorganic fertilisers manufactured in Zimbabwe.
9. Which fertiliser is used for top dressing maize?
10. Explain 4 differences between artificial and organic fertilisers.

1 1. Which fertiliser would you use when;
a) planting crops
•
b) plants are about to flower.
Summary
• Organic fertilisers are obtained from plant and animal products.
• Animal droppings from pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, chickens and rabbits are
used as manure.
• Compost manure is made from plant materials and animal waste.
• Artificial fertilisers are chemical substances used to enrich the soil.
• They are manufactured in industry and are sold in packages. The packages
are labelled to show the nutrients contained.
• The two types of inorganic fertilisers are compound and straight fertilisers.
Glossary
Manure - it is decaying organic matter from animal feaces
Humus - organic matter from dead plant and animal matter
Drainage - is the natural or man made removal of water from soil
Germination - the development of plant seed into a new plant
Soil structure - the arrangement of soil particles
111.1111pr.
Unit 8: Soil erosion

state the agents of soil erosion
name the types of erosion.
Flashback
In the previous level, you learnt about the causes of soil erosion. Name the three
human activities that lead to soil erosion.
Key words
agent bare soil erosion mulch run off
gully rill
8.1 Agents of erosion
Activity 1
Observe water flowing on the ground soon after it rains:
1. What is the colour of the flowing water?
2. What materials are flowing with the water?
3. Hold dry soil and throw it in the air.
What do you see?
After doing all this you can now see that when wind blows and also when water
flows on the ground, soil is carried away. This removal or washing away of top soil
by wind and water is called soil erosion. In Zimbabwe wind and water are the
main agents of erosion. An agent is something that causes an event to occur.
When the wind blows, thick clouds of dust can be seen in the air. The clouds of
dust are the soil particles. This is common in dry seasons, especially on bare soils.
Bare means without cover.
Water is another agent of erosion. When water flows, it carries away soil particles.
Erosion is a problem on bare soils because water can easily carry the soil particles.
•
Human activities also influence soil erosion. When people cut down trees for
farming or residential areas they leave the soil bare. The soil is then easily blown
away by wind or washed away by water when it rains.
Exercise A
Spl
1 of weather cause erosion. wr
A. Effects B. Agents C. Types D. Causes grc
2. Dust in the air is a sign of soi,
A. air erosion B. wind erosion C. water erosion D. danger erosion cic
3. The removal of causes soil erosion. Thi:
A. wind B. grass and trees we
C. water D. animals we
4. What is soil erosion?
5. State two agents of erosion. we
6. In which season is wind erosion very common?
7. What is the main cause of erosion during summer?
8. How can you reduce erosion on bare soil?
Shf
Lar
Activity 2 Research the
ca
1. Find ways in which people in your community cause soil erosion.
ca
2. How best can you advise them to reduce erosion.
8.2
uni
Experiment: How does soil erosion occur?
• Put some soil in two trays then cover one of the trays (tray B) with mulch and Rill
leave the other uncovered. Sor
• Tilt the trays at the same angle. ch(
• Sprinkle same amount of water on each tray wa
• Place graduated beakers at the end of each tray to receive water coming pa
out of the trays.
• Remove grass/mulch in tray B and observe the surface.
Gu
Questions This
In which tray are small holes formed? wh
1.
2. What has happened to the soil in tray A and B? an(
Compare the amounts of water collected at the edge of each tray. wa
3.
4. Which water had more soil particles? de(
sor
ob!
Figs
8.2 Types of erosion
Splash erosion
When heavy raindrops hit the
ground, they displace some
soil particles. The air spaces are
closed by the small soil particles.
This then reduces the sinking of
water into the soil. Since less
water will be sinking in the soil, it
flows on the surface. The flowing
water will cause erosion. Figure 8.1 Splash erosion
Sheet erosion
Large amounts of water cover
the ground and flow slowly
carrying away the soil: This is
called sheet erosion (Figure
8.2). It reduces the depth of soil
uniformly.
Figure 8.2 Sheet erosion
Rill erosion
Some rain water collects in
channels and flows. The flowing
water moves away all loose
particles of soil causing erosion.
Figure 8.3 Rill erosion

Gully/Donga erosion
This is caused by rill erosion;
when the small channels widen
and deepen because of flowing
water. The gullies formed are
deep and very wide. Identify
some gullies in your area and
observe how deep they are.
Figure 8.4 shows gully erosion.
Figure 8.4 Gullies

Activity 4 Field survey
Move around the school grounds and identify signs of erosion such as exposed
plant roots; stones; heaped soil; soil sticking on walls and trunks of trees.
1
Activity 5 Research
Find out how people in your locality have tried to control soil erosion. Record
material they have used and identify the types of erosion. 2.
3.
Exercise B
1. The type of erosion which reduces soil depth uniformly is called
C. gully D. rill erosion 11
A. raindrop B. sheet
2. The type of erosion which carries soil particles away and causes small channels
to form is
C. gully D. none of the above 12
A. rill B. sheet
3. The main cause of erosion in winter is
B. wind C. water D. pressure 13
A. ice
4. One sign of erosion is
B. clean flowing water 14
A. muddy flowing water
C. sinking water in the ground D. none of the above
5. Two agents of soil erosion are and
6. Which agent of erosion causes the formation of gullies?
7. Which type of erosion reduces the depth of top soil?
15.
8. Where is sheet erosion common?
9. What are the 4 types of erosion caused by water?
10.Name any 3 agents of soil erosion.
Summary 18.
• Soil erosion means the removal of top fertile soil by wind and flowing water or ice.
• There are four types of erosion which are rain drop, sheet, rill and gully erosion. 10
Glossary
Influence - to have an effect on
Residential area - place reserved for human dwelling 11
Mulch - an area of material covering plants in a garden 12
13
14
38
Multiple choice
1. When you pour water into soil, bubbles rise up to show presence of
in soil.
A. mineral matter B. air
C. water D. organic matter
2. The percentage of inorganic matter in soil is
A. 25% B. 5% C. 45% D. 95%
3. Organic matter comes from
A. air B. water
C. dead plants and animals D. rocks
4. The largest component found in soil is
A. organic matter B. air
C. water D. inorganic matter
5. Sand soil has particles.
A. small B. large - C. fine D. no
6. The following are materials that form compost except
A. dry grass B. green leaves C. plastic D. chicken manure
.
7 The following are advantages of organic matter except
A. improves fertility of soil
B. improves water holding capacity
C. spreads pests and diseases
D. improves drainage in clay soil
8. The following are advantages of inorganic fertiliser except
A. they are absorbed by plants quickly
B. they are expensive
C. they are easy to apply
D. the level of nutrients is known
9. Which of the following are agents of soil erosion?
A. Water and temperature B. Water and wind
C. Wind and temperature D Temperature and humidity
10. People cause soil erosion when
A. they plant trees B. they use paddocks for grazing
C. Cut down trees D. Fill up gullies
1. Name 4 components of soil.
2. Soil with large soil particles is called
3. List 3 advantages of organic fertilisers.
4. List 2 agents of soil erosion.
Unit 9 End of term 1 assessment
1. When you pour water into soil, rise up to show the presence of air in
soil.
A. bubbles B. air C. water D. organic matter
2. A person who is employed to assist farmers with agricultural issues is called
A. driver B. extension officer

C. teacher D. gardener
3. Which of the following animals is used as draught power?
A. Chicken B. Goat C. Donkey D. Pigs
4. A by-product of cattle is
A. a leather belt B. beef
C. hide D. horns
5. Selling products to other countries is called
A. importing B. exporting C. foreign currency D. barter trade
23
6. is a raw material for the construction industry.
A. Milk B. Beef C. Timber D. Cotton
24
7. A tool used to transplant seedlings is
A. hoe B. spade C. garden trowel D. pick
25
8. You level soil using a
A. mattock B. rake C. watering can D. spade
26
27
28
5. The tool above is classified as a
A. digging tool B. watering tool
C. cutting tool D. spraying tool
6. Farm tools should be kept in a .
A. kitchen B. storeroom C. house D. fields
29
7. The importance of agriculture at national level is
A. paying lobola. B. making furniture
C. food security D. irrigation
8. Which crop brings in the most foreign currency in Zimbabwe?
A. Maize B. Oranges C. Tomatoes D. Tobacco
30
9. The staple food in Zimbabwe is
A. rice B. carrot C. potato D. sadza
10. A farm tool inventory record is kept to record
A. tools needed B. tools issued
C. hoes D. mattocks
15. Rainfall is measured using a
A. rain gauge B. wind vane C. thermometer D. cup anemometer
16. The cool season is also called.
A. Autumn B. Summer C. Winter D. Spring
17. Which plant is a source of bio-diesel?
A. Jute B. Sugarcane C. Sisal D. Jatropha
18. The soil with the smallest grain is
A. silt B. clay C. sand D. loam
19. Which of the following raw materials does not come from agriculture
A. tobacco B. cotton C. wattle tree D. coal
20. What is the raw material for leather shoes
A. Pelt B. Feathers C. Beef hide D. Scales
21. is the movement of air.
C. Wind D. Humidity
22. Temperature is measured in
A. millilitres B. degrees celsius
C. knots D. grams
23. Wind vane is an instrument used to measure
A. wind speed B. rainfall C. wind direction D. humidity
24. Which soil component is 5% of soil components?
A. Air B. Water C. Mineral matter D. Organic matter
25. Which material is not required when making a compost heap?
A. Plastic B. Straw C. Manure D. Stover
26. When soil has all the nutrients needed for plant growth it is called
A. soil pollution B. soil components
C. soil erosion D. soil fertility
27. Organic manure is also known as
A. clay B. humus C. autumn D. human
28. Which of the following is an advantage of using organic fertiliser?
A. Too heavy to carry
B. Does not contain chemicals
C. Causes spread of pests and diseases
D. Needs a lot of labour
29. Two types of inorganic fertilisers are
A. compound and compost fertilisers
B. compound and manure fertilisers
C. compound and straight fertilisers
D. straight and compost fertilisers
30. An example of a straight fertiliser is
A. Compound D B. Compound A
C. Urea D. Compound X
Mir
31.The process of exchanging agricultural products for other products is called
A. exchange rate B. export C. barter trade D. import

32.The following are occupations in Agriculture except
A. Veterinary officer B. Herd boy
C. Bus driver D. Extension officer
33. corrodes metal.
A. Paint B. Oil C. Rust D. Dust
34.Which material is used to measure wind speed?
A. Thermometer B. Wind vane
C. Rain gauge D. Cup anemometer
35.Rainfall is measured in
A. knots B. millimetres C. degrees celsius D. joules
A
36.The cold season occurs from to .
1
A. September to mid-November B. mid-November to mid-March
D. mid-March to mid-May 2
C. mid May to August 3
37.There are seasons in Zimbabwe.
D. 1 4
A. 5 B. 2 C. 4
5.
38.The main rain season has .
6.
A. low rainfall and low temperatures
B. no rainfall and hot temperatures
C. high rainfall and medium temperature
D. low rainfall and medium temperatures
39.The following are all elements of weather except.
C. Wind speed D. Wind vane
40.Which of the following plant is not affected by frost?
A. Maize B. Tomato C. Sweet potato D. Beetroot 7.
41.When there is little or no rainfall in the main rain season it is called
A. fast B. drought C. flood D. river
42. Cob rot is a disease.
A. viral B. fungal C. bacterial D. protozoa
43. has a soil composition of 45%.
A. Organic matter B. Mineral matter
C. Water D. Air
44.0rganic matter soil.
A. dissolves nutrients in B. adds nutrients to
C. Adds water to D. uses up nutrients in
45. Which soil type has large and small particles together?
A. Sand B. Clay C. Loam D. Silt 10
46.A source of organic fertiliser is
A. compound D B. urea C. compost D. ammonia nitrate
47.A disadvantage of using inorganic fertilisers is
A. it is absorbed by plants quickly B. it is easy to apply
C. it is expensive D. the level of nutrients is known
.-
(48.Animals can lead to soil erosion due to
A. low rainfall C. cutting down trees
B. high winds D. overgrazing
49.Soil erosion is the washing away of by water.
A. wind B. rain C. top soil D. soap
50.An agent of soil erosion is
A. sound B. wind C. sun D. moon
Paper 2
Answer all questions.

1. List 3 benefits of agriculture to the community.
[3]
2. Three uses of animals to the nation.
[3]
3. Name 4 tools used for cutting. [4]
4. Explain the importance of farm inventory record. [2]
5. What is weather?
[1]
6. Copy and complete the table below.
Weather Instrument used to Units
element measure
Temperature a) b)
c) Rain gauge d)
Knots
[6]
7. Fill in the components of soil.
,z•
bf.iffuivoANde ??..
6-O e-
PR I NA
.t.:',11fItIT
:0.
2 5 FES 2c19
0.
SOX 30, AlUFAKOSE
21,4846 WE
[4]
8. State the three major plant nutrients. [4]
9. List 4 advantages of inorganic fertilisers. [4]
10.State 4 types of water erosion. [4]
11.How do the following elements affect agricultural activities
a) wind [2]
b) rainfall [2]
c) humidity
[1]
-111111n-
Unit 10 Water conservation

1. describe methods of harvesting water
2. state the methods of storing water
3. describe methods of conserving water.
Flashback
The main source of water for agriculture is rainfall. Rainfall in Zimbabwe is
seasonal hence it is important to conserve it.
Key words
water harvesting gutter irrigation domestic use
mulching percolation 2
10.1 Water harvesting

Water harvesting is a process of collecting rainwater for use in the future. There are
different methods of harvesting water. These include:
1. Roof water collection

Rainwater that falls on roofs
flows downwards to the edges
of the roof where water collects
into gutters which direct the
water into storage tanks.
Figure 10.1 Water harvesting using gutters

A gutter is a folded metal or plastic sheet that runs along the roof edges collecting
water into storage tanks. If the rainwater is not collected it can run to the ground
where it flows to the rivers, but once collected it can be put into good use.
2. Dam
A dam can be built on a low lying area to collect flowing water. A dam can still
be built across a river. A concrete or earth wall is built to block all water flowing
above it from flowing down the river. A concrete dam is much stronger, but is
expensive to build.
3. Harvesting from rocks,

dwalas or a dome/high ground
Rain water falling on large rock
surfaces is collected and stored
in tanks. As water collects on
high ground circular walls and
canals can direct water into
storage tanks or dams.
Other methods of harvesting
water:
1. Using water buckets to
harvest from roofs. If harvested Figure 10.2 Dwala collecting water to a tank
from asbestos, the water should not be used for drinking as it will be poisonous.
2. Weir
3. Well
4. Borehole
NB: Blair toilets should be 100m away from wells to avoid underground water
pollution by percolation. Percolation is gradual sipping through of liquid or gas.
Exercise A
1. When collecting water from roof edges we use
A. pipe B. tank C. gutters D. straight wall
2. Water from gutters is stored in
A. buckets B. tanks C. pipes D. dams
3. A is used to direct water from a Dwala into a tank.
A. pipe B. bucket C. gutter D. rill
4. What is the source of water for your school garden?
5. Name the sources of drinking water in:
a) your home
b) town.
6. List three methods of harvesting water.
7. Name the largest dam in Zimbabwe.
8. What is the water in the dam above used for?
Activity 1 Research
1. What are the methods that can be used to recycle water in your community?
2. How is water harvested at your home?
.._
10.2 Water storage

You have learnt about how to harvest water. Harvested water needs to be stored
for future use.
Activity 2
What source of water do you use at home and at school?
Name the sources of drinking water in
a) towns
b) rural areas.
From activity 2, you realiSe that it is necessary to store water. Storage is keeping
something safely for future use. The water storage facilities commonly used in
Zimbabwe are dams, drums, tanks and buckets.
-\
Activity 3
1. Name any three well known dams in Zimbabwe.
2. Where do these dams supply water to?
What is that water used for?
3.
Water is necessary for
vegetable production. Rivers
are the main sources of
water for irrigation in fields and
gardens (see Figure 10.3).
There are many rivers but

some of them go dry during
the dry season. To make
water available for irrigation
at all times, water must
be stored for future use.
Can you think of a way to
harvest water in seasonal or Figure 10.3 Irrigation system connected to a river and a water
perennial rivers? tank
Water can be pumped from a river
and stored in tanks where it can be
used when it is required.
Pumps are used to draw water from

rivers. In rivers that flow throughout the
year; water can be pumped directly
into fields or orchards.
Wells and boreholes can be sunk to

obtain underground water. Wells can
be dug into the ground to retain water.
Water can be drawn from wells using
buckets or any suitable containers. Figure 10.4 A protected well
Where do you think the set up in

Figure 10.4 is common? How can
this system be improved? To obtain
safe water for domestic use, wells can
be built and the top covered with a
lid which can be opened to allow
buckets to draw water from the well.
Domestic use means being used in
the home.
Water in boreholes can be stored
in tanks and later used in gardens
and homes (see Figure 10.5).
Figure 10.5 A borehole directing water in a tank
which is feeding water to a house
Activity 4 Game
Rearrange the following words to show methods of storing water.
1. robelohe 2. mad 3. kant 4. riverrsoe
10.3 Water conservation

Activity 5
Can you list three crops grown in your area during summer (October - March)?
Which other crops are grown during the dry period in your area?
How do farmers manage to grow crops during the dry season?
Name four sources of water in Zimbabwe.
Have you noticed in Zimbabwe rainfall occurs mainly during the rain season but
crops can be grown throughout the year by irrigation. Water conservation has
helped farmers to grow crops from January to December. Therefore, water has to
be conserved for domestic use, recreation, industry, electricity and agriculture.
Activity 6 Research
Find out methods of conserving water in vegetable gardens.
(..
Mulching
Mulching is the covering of
the soil surface using any loose
material that later decomposes.
Mulching can be done by use
of dry grass, tree leaves, old
manure or even crop residues
from groundnuts, maize or
sunflower. As the ground is
covered, water sinks more into
the soil. Mulch also reduces
the loss of water through
Figure 10.6 Crops growing on a mulched bed
evaporation.
Watering crops when it is cool
You can save water by watering crops in the morning or late in the afternoon.
There will be less evaporation.
Efficient Irrigation
Use a method of irrigation which saves water such as drip irrigation and pitcher
irrigation
Figure 10.7 Drip irrigation

a) Drip irrigation
This method of irrigation uses less water (see Figure 10.7). The water is applied
directly to the roots of crops.
b) Pitcher irrigation
Water is applied to the roots of crops.
Bottles are filled with water and closed
with perforated tops. They are pushed
upside down into the soil near the plants
(see Figure 10.8). The water will drain slowly
through the perforated bottle tops and is
0
taken up directly by the roots. This method
is suitable for small gardens and orchards. C.71 3.: N., -.0
Collect empty two litre bottles. Fill the

bottles with water.
• Place up to five bottles upside down
around each orchard plant.
• Observe how long it takes for the bottle
to drain the water. Figure 10.8 Pitcher irrigation
This is a method that you can use to water your orchard or vegetables at school
and home.
Conservation tillage
This is the ploughing whereby crop left overs are left lying in the soil surface. The
crop wastes act as mulch thereby reducing water loss by evaporation.
Other methods
Other methods of conserving water include tied ridges, contour ploughing and
cultivation.
Activity 7
Experiment: The effects of grass mulch on water conservation.
1. Select two beds with crops in the garden
2. Mulch one of the two beds with grass and leave the other bed un-mulched
3. Water both beds with the same amount of water.
4. Compare the wetness of the soil in the 2 beds the following day.
Compare the growth rate of crops on the two beds in two weeks.
From all these methods you have seen that water conservation is important since it:
• Increases the production of food and cash crops by irrigation using conserved
water in rivers and dams.
Figure 10.9 People fishing
• Provides water for people to use and for animals to drink.

• Provides water for electricity generation.
• Provides water for industry and town development.
• Dams are important for fish rearing like what is happening at Kariba dam.
• Water attracts tourists, for example like the Victoria Falls.
Activity 8 Research
1. Establish how many major dams are used by farmers for agricultural production
in your province.
2. Is the water enough for irrigating crops? ..I
Exercise B
1. The main source of water for agriculture is
B. spring C. borehole D. river
A. rainfall
2. In season water is found in large amounts.
B. autumn C. spring D. winter
A. summer
3. When should crops be irrigated if we want to reduce water loss?
C. Mid-day D. Daily
A. At all times B. Morning
4. During which season is water found in large amounts in the soil?
[1]
5. Why do we need to conserve water?
[1]
6. State three ways of conserving water in the garden.
[3]
7. State 2 reasons for mulching vegetable beds. [2]
8. Give 3 materials used for mulching.
[3]
Glossary
Concrete - a mixture of sand, stone and cement used for building
Low lying - is land near or at sea level
Orchard - a place where fruit trees are grown
Conservative tillage - a method of cultivation that leaves the previous season's
residue on the land.
Multiple choice
1 A perennial river is a river which
A. gets dry during dry season
B. flows throughout the year
C. supplies water to a small home
D. only supplies water to a school.
2. An underground source of water is
A. tap B. river C. lake D. spring
3. Gutters are used to harvest water from
A. roofs B. wells C. boreholes D. dams
4. A dam can be used to store water flowing in
A. a river only B. an open space
C. both river and open space D. a borehole
5. A pump is used to draw water from
A. roofs B. springs C. dams D. tanks
6. Which one is not a way of harvesting water?
A. Watering vegetables in the garden
B. Collecting water from roof sheets using gutters
C. Collecting water from dwalas
D. Collecting water from perennial river into a dam.
7. Which method of irrigation is being illustrated in Figure 10.10?
A. Drip irrigation B. Pitcher irrigation
C. Basin irrigation D. Flood irrigation
•
Figure 10.10
8. Give two ways of conserving water in the field.
9. How does mulching conserve water in the garden?
10.Where is water collected from roof sheets stored?
11.What is the best method of storing water in seasonal rivers?
12 How can water from a deep well be collected to water vegetables?
13.Give two agricultural uses of dam water.
14.Give 3 uses of water in agriculture.

15.List 2 reasons why water tanks are placed on higher place.
101111.tri
Unit 11 Introduction to the study of plants

. classify plants according to use
classify plants according to life cycle.
Flashback
Crops that are grown_by farmers are important to the community. These crops
can be divided into different groups. This unit covers the respective plant groups
such as food crops, fruit crops and many others.
Human beings use plants that are grown or cultivated. These plants are known
as crops. A crop is a plant grown by people for food or other uses. We also use
plants that are found in the wild.
Key words
classification plant edible crop wild plants fodder
annual perennial biennial
11.1 Classes of plants by use

Plants can be grouped into classes. They can be arranged into groups according
to their uses. There are several uses of plants especially those that are grown by
human beings.
Activity 1
1. List the different types of plants that are grown in your area.
2. Give two uses of plants.
•
3. Give four types of wild plants.
Plants that are grown can be classified into eight different groups. These groups
are illustrated below:
a) Field crops: These crops are grown for food. They include, maize, wheat,
sorghum, cassava, potatoes, beans and cowpeas.
b) Vegetable crops: Vegetables are special crops that are grown for use as part
of a meal. They provide food that is rich in both vitamins and minerals. The
nutrients are needed by our bodies to help prevent diseases. Some examples
of vegetable crops are cabbages, rape, tomatoes, onions and beans.
c) Fruit crops: These are plants that are grown for producing fruits. Fruit trees are
grown in orchards. They are also important because they provide our bodies
with vitamins and minerals. Some of the common fruit crops include mangoes,
bananas, oranges, peaches, apples, paw-paws, avocado pears, grapes and
guavas.
d) Cash crops: These are crops that are grown in fields and are sold to industries.
The industries will then process these crops into other products. These crops
cannot be used directly as they are from the farm. Some of these crops are
cotton, tobacco and sisal
e) Trees: These are grown in plantations. They provide timber that is used for
various purposes. Besides timber, trees have many other uses such as providing
shade, windbreaks and shelter.
oxygen 0 0 0
0
o
0 0 00
medicines o honey
00 0 0
0 00,0
O
shelter
fruits
fuel
glue
sports natural habitat

goods for wildlife
furniture soil binding
rubber
Figure 11.1 Uses of trees

fps
Activity 2
at,
1. Why is it important to protect our trees?
2. List some of the uses of trees in your area.
art
he 2
les f) Fodder crops: These crops are grown as food for animals like cattle, goats,
sheep, donkeys and horses. Some of the fodder crops include star grass,
ire lucerne, rhodes grass and kikuyu grass.
es g) Flowers: These are plants grown for the purpose of producing flowers. They
are grown for their beauty and fragnance. Plants grown as flowers make our
homes look beautiful. Flowers can also be exported to other countries.
Activity 3
ps
re At which events are flowers commonly used in your community?
Name some of the flowers used for these occasions?
or
Ig Legumes: These are plants which produce pods with seeds that are rich in
proteins. Examples include peas, beans, groundnuts and cowpeas.
Herbs: These are plants whose leaves or seeds are used to give flavour to food.
Some of the herbs are used as medicines and for pest control. Some of the
common herbs include garlic, pepper, lemon grass, mint, ginger and lavender.
Activity 4
1. Which are the common herbs used in your community?
2. What are these herbs used for?
Vegetable
crops
Figure 11.2 Groups of plants

Exercise A
S
1. Which of the following is a legume crop?
A. Covo B. Peas C. Maize D. Cabbage
2. One of the following is a fodder crop.
A. Lucerne B. Tobacco C. Cotton D. Maize
3. Apart from tobacco, which other crop is grown for export?
A. Rapoko B. Cassava C. Flowers D. Sweet potatoes
t
4. Draw a map of your home or future home showing the different groups of
plants that you grow. The plan could show the following:
a) Field crops
b) Garden (vegetables and herbs)
c) Orchard
d) Woodlot (forest area)
e) Flower beds
5. List products which can be obtained from trees.
a)
b)
c) Fi
d)
e) P
6. Which 3 plants produce seeds that are processed into cooking oil? TI
7. List 3 classes of plants according to their uses. fr
g
Activity 5 Survey
1. Move into a forest close to your school and identify plants that are used as
traditional medicines.
2. Name the plant parts that are used as medicines.
Another method of grouping plants is by looking at how plants grow. Plants can
be grouped according to their life cycle.
Fi!
1. Collect different plants in your area.
2. Identify the plants that live for one season and those that live for more than Bi
two years. Tr
in
11.2 Groups of plants according to lifecycle le
SE
Plants can be grouped into two classes. One group include plants that live for one
season and the other group is for plants that live for more than two years.
Annual plants
These are plants that live for one year or season. They grow, flower and produce
seed and die in one season or year. Plants such as maize produce seeds the same
year.
Most of the crops we grow in our fields or gardens are annuals. Some plants which
•
grow in the wild are also annuals. Some of the grasses that are eaten by animals
are annuals. Annual plants produce a lot of seeds before they die. Their cycle
f takes only one year.
Figure 11.3 Different types of annual crops
Perennial crops
These are plants that live for more than two years. Once they have started producing
fruit they will continue producing fruits every year. Most trees are perennials. Some
grasses are also perennials, for example, sugar cane. Some perennials do not
1 produce seed but they increase by shoots or cuttings.
Figure 11.4 Perennial crops
Biennial plants
/ These are plants which require two seasons or years to grow, flower and reproduce.
They produce flowers in the first year and mature in the second year. Examples
include carrots, cassava and lettuce. The carrots we eat grow, roots, stem and
•
leaves in the first year. But if you need carrots seeds they only flower and grow
e seeds in the second year, hence carrots are biennial.
Exercise B
1. Which one is an annual crop?
A. Apple B. Maize C. Mango D. Banana
2. An example of a biennial is
A. rapoko B. apple C. carrot D. mango
3. Which one does not produce seeds?
A. Maize B. Carrots C. Mango D. Cassava
4. Copy and complete table 1 1.1 and give examples of annual and perennial
crops for each of those three groups of plants.
Table 1 1.1
Vegetables Field Crops Fruit Trees
Annual plants
Perennial plants
5. Group the following plants into annual, biennial and perennial crops.
a) b) c)
d) e) f)
N
rE
Summary
• Plants can be classified according to their uses.
• The main classes of plants according to their uses are: food crops, vegetables,
cash crops, flowers, fruits, trees, herbs and forage crops.
• Cultivated plants as well as wild plants are useful to people and animals.
• Plants can also be grouped according to their life cycles. These are annual
and perennial plants.
Glossary PI
nutrient - a substance that gives nourishment necessary for growth and life pr
industries - these are companies that manufacture goods needed in a nation th
windbreak-these are plants used to protect fields or homes from direct contact IDI
with wind ni.
fragnance - is a pleasant smell that comes from flowers
it to
mature - ripe or of age
Unit 12 Plant nutrition

. classify plant nutrients as major and minor nutrients.
Flashback
In the last unit, you learnt about the different groups or classes of plants. An
understanding of the classes of plants is useful because it helps you to know the
requirements of different plants.
You have noticed some plants growing in the garden. Some of the plants fail
to grow. What is the reason of their failure to grow even when provided with
enough water?
In this unit, you will learn about the nutrients needed by plants to grow and remain
healthy. You will understand why it is important to grow and eat vegetables.
rm Key words
nutrients major yield
12.1 Major plant nutrients

Nutrients are substances used by plants, people and animals to survive, grow and
reproduce. Nutrients are required by both plants and animals.
Activity 1
What is the reason some plants fail to grow even if there is enough
water?
2. Which nutrients do you need for good health?
3. Where do you get these nutrients from?
Plants, like human beings, require nutrients. Nutrients make plants grow faster and
produce good food. There are many nutrients needed by plants with some of
these nutrients being needed in larger amounts. The nutrients that are needed by
plants in larger amounts are called major plant nutrients. The three major plant
nutrients are Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K). Potassium is available
to plants as potash. Any plant which does not have enough of these nutrients will
look unhealth and it will grow slowly.
Nutrient Sources Uses Deficiency signs
Nitrogen (N) Ammonium Boost greenish yellowing of leaves,
nitrate, Urea, colour in a plant slow growth, low
Organic manure For protein yield
manufacturing in
other plants
Phosphorus (P) Compound Leaf growth purple leaves,
fertilisers, Single Root formation poor root or tuber
and Double super Root growth development
phosphate
Potassium (K) Muriate of potash Flower formation dropping of leaves,
Fruit development scotched leaf edges
Exercise A
1. Which one of the following is a major plant nutrient?
A. Boron B. Copper C. Phosphorus D. Zinc
2. Which is a source of nitrogen?
A. Calcium sulphate B. Urea
C. Gypsum D. Single super phosphate
3. An example of a minor nutrient is
A. Nitrogen B. Boron C. Calcium D. Potassium
Indicate whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE for question 4 to 6.
4. Yellowing of leaves is a symptom of nitrogen deficiency.
5. Boron is a major nutrient.
6. Potassium is needed for fruit formation.
7. Name the 3 major plant nutrients.
8. State a symptom for lack of
a) Nitrogen b) Phosphorus
a) b)
Figure 12.1 a) a healthy maize plant b) an unhealthy maize plant
The illustration in Figure 12.1 shows two maize plants. The short plant with a small
cob shows that it does not have enough nutrients. The taller plant with a big cob
was given the required nutrients. It is important that we provide our crops with
enough Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium. This will make them grow healthy
and produce high yields. Yield is the total amount of produce that comes from a
harvest of crops. All the crops we grow should be provided with these nutrients.
To show that plants require nutrients in order to grow.
1. In your school garden, measure two beds 1 metre length x 1 metre width.
2. Dig up the two beds.
3. Apply manure in one bed only.
4. Plant a crop of your choice in the two beds, for example, maize.
5. Make sure the beds are watered when they need water.
6. As the plants grow, mark the bed with
a) healthy plants
b) fast growing plants and
c) yellowish plants.
Minor nutrients are nutrients necessary for plant growth but are not required in
large quantities. These are Calcium, Magnesium, Boron, Iron and Zinc.
Summary
• All plants need nutrients to grow.
• The three major nutrients needed by plants are Nitrogen, Phosphorus and
Potassium.
• Minor nutrients include calcium, magnesium, boron, iron and zinc.
Glossary
formation - coming to being or creation of something
scotched - damaged or dead
cob - part of the corn ear to which the grains, or kernels are attached
J
F FA
MAKUl.'-”DANO GOVERNMENT
PRIMARY SC 1.!(:01_
2 5 FEB 2019
P. 0. BOX 30, MUFAKOSE
ZIMBABWE
Unit 13 Vegetable crops

state the nutritional value of vegetables
grow a root vegetable of your choice
Flashback
In unit 11, you learnt about the different groups of plants. These groups were
arranged according to the uses of plants and their life cycles. One of the most
important group of plants we use daily are the vegetables. We eat cooked
vegetables together with sadza/isitshwala. Sometimes the vegetables are
eaten raw or uncooked.
r Key words
relish pod legume variety transplant
seedling thinning germinate harvest
Classes of vegetables
In order to know the different types of vegetables, it is important to group them.
Vegetables can be grouped according to the parts eaten as food. Which parts
of vegetables are eaten?
Figure 13.1 Classes of vegetables
Activity 1
1. Copy Figure 13.1 in your exercise book.
2. Give more examples for each class of vegetables.
3. Collect different vegetables that are grown in your area.
4. Group the vegetables into the five classes.
5. Which is the most common vegetable group grown in your area?
. Give four examples of vegetables that are eaten raw.
13.1 Nutritional value of vegetables
Healthy food
Vegetables are grown because they provide us with a healthy diet. They are
useful foods to us because they provide us with both vitamins and minerals. These
are nutrients needed for a healthy body. Some vegetables contain nutrients like
proteins, carbohydrates and fats. These are needed for a healthy and balanced
diet. It is therefore, necessary that we eat vegetables regularly in order to stay
healthy. Table 13.1 shows nutritional value of different vegetables.
Table 13.1 Nutritional value fo different vegetables
Type of nutrient Vegetables Functions

Vitamin A Carrots, Tomatoes, Sweet It is good for your eye sight
Potatoes, Spinach, Red
Pepper
Vitamin B Butternut Squash, Okra, Helps in the function of the
Peas, Potatoes, Sweet immune system
Potatoes, Broccoli,
Beetroot
Vitamin C Butternut Squash, Broccoli, Growth and repair of tissues in

Green Pepper, Kale, all parts of your body. It also
Cauliflower, Peas important for healthy skin
Iron Spinach, Beetroot, Its needed for making blood

Soyabean, Sweet
Potatoes, Kale, Chickpea
Calcium Okra, Garlic, Avocado, It assists in the development of

Cabbage, Turnip, Kale teeth and bones
Carbohydrates Carrots, Pumpkin, Sweet Provides energy and also helps

potatoes to fight diseases
Proteins Cabbage, Peas, Beans Helps in growth and

development of body and
helps in muscle building
Fiber Green vegetables, Provides energy to our body,
Beetroot, Spinach, removes toxins
Potatoes, Sweet potatoes,
Peas, Turnip, Broccoli
Exercise A
1. When people eat legumes which nutrient do they benefit?
A. Vitamins B. Carbohydrates
C. Proteins D Minerals
2. Carrots are eaten to prevent the problem of
A. night blindness B. strong teeth
C. Beri-beri D. constipation
3. An example of a vegetable that cannot be eaten raw is
A. cabbage B. carrot C. lettuce D. pumpkin
4. An example of a vegetable that is rich in iron is
5. What are the two reasons for growing vegetables?
1. Go to the nearest vegetable garden and list all the vegetables grown there.
2. Classify the vegetables in their groups and find out their nutrient value.
13.2 Growing carrots

Carrots are the easiest root vegetables to grow. With carrots it is possible to get
high yields in a small area. They are very popular with children because they can
be eaten raw and are sweet.
Activity 3 Research
1. Find out the different ways in which carrots are used as food.
2. Study the shape of carrots and sweet potatoes. What are the differences?
Land preparation
Carrots are planted in beds. The beds should be prepared
before planting.
a) Digging is done using a hoe or spade; it is done to
loosen the soil. During digging, remove roots and
stems of weeds.
b) Manuring: add 2 kg of well rotten manure per square
metre. Work the manure deeply into the soil so that
the roots of carrots do not come into direct contact
with manure. This is as it causes development of
carrots that have side roots (forked), rough skin and
many root hairs (Figure 13.2). Figure 13.2 Forked carrot
Planting
• Carrots are planted in beds where they will mature.
• A day before sowing, water the bed.
• Mark the rows 30 cm apart (the size of your ruler).
• Carrot seeds are very small. Therefore due to their size, sow carrot seeds thinly
along the rows. Rub the seeds between your fingers as you sow them.
• You can mix the seeds with fine sand before sowing for even distribution.
• Cover the seeds with fine sand.
• Cover the bed with grass as this will help the soil to remain moist.
• Water the bed soon after sowing; use a watering can fitted with a fine rose.
1 Grow some carrots in your garden and put a label on the bed that shows:
Name of crop:
Variety:
Date Planted:
2. Why is it important-to have this information?
Varieties
There are many carrot varieties that you can grow in your garden. The four
common varieties are
a) Nantes b) Chantenay c) Danvers d) Oxheart
Figure 13.3 Common varieties of carrots
Activity 5
1. The diagram in Figure 13.3 shows the different varieties of carrots.
2. Which variety would you choose to plant in your area?
3. Why would you choose that variety?
Caring for carrots

The care given to vegetables from the time the seed germinates until they are
ready for harvesting plays an important part in the growing of this crop.
a) Thinning: Two weeks after
germination, thin the
carrots to 20 cm apart. Thin
the same bed of carrots
a month later so that the
remaining plants are 4 - 6
cm apart. When you do
this you will find out that
the roots begin to form.
After the second thinning,
carrots usually grow fast so
that within a month or so
you will have fully grown
roots. Figure 13.4 Carrots being thinned out
b) Watering: Carrots need a steady water supply. So keep the soil moist during
the growing period. If you do not water them enough, they will not grow fast.
c) Weeding: Remove all weeds by hand. You should also cover the exposed
roots with soil when they begin to swell up. This is done to prevent the roots
from direct sunlight.
d) Top dressing: Carrots are not usually top-dressed. If you notice that the leaves
are turning yellowish, then you can apply Ammonium Nitrate fertiliser. You
apply 1g per square metre. The fertiliser is applied a month after germination
of the seeds.
Aphids and nematodes attack carrots. Use rogar to
e) Pest and disease control:
control aphids. Rotate crops to control nematodes.
Harvesting carrots
You can harvest your carrots after 2-3
months from planting. Harvest the
bigger ones first and leave more room
for the young seedlings to develop.
Water the bed first, then lift the carrots
by hand. You can also loosen the soil
using a garden fork, then pull up the
carrots by hand. The carrots can then
be tied into bunches of 5 - 7 carrots
(see Figure 13.5).
Figure 13.5 Washing carrots
Marketing
Carrots are sold with no leaves. Keep your carrots in a cool place.
Exercise B
1. How would you store carrots for future use?
2. When you harvest carrots, how do you use them at home?
3. Why are carrots thinned?
4. List all the tools you require for growing carrots. Name the tools and their use.
Growing beetroot
Carrots and beetroot belong to the same class of vegetables.
Activity 6 M
1. What is the name of the class of vegetables for carrots or beetroot?

2. If you look at the shape and colour of carrots and beetroot, what differences
can you see?
_.}
Beetroot has red roots. It is cooked and the skin can easily be removed after
cooking. It is used in salads, soups and relish. The leaves of beetroot can also be
cooked like other leafy vegetables like as rape and cabbage.
Soil preparation
Beetroot is grown in beds where they mature. It is not transplanted. The bed is
prepared the same way as that of carrots. Dig the bed first and then rake it.
1. In bed preparation, why should you rake the bed?
2. Mark the bed 1 metre long and 1 metre wide.
3. Put pegs at the corners.
4. Prepare the bed for planting beetroots.
J
Varieties
The most common beetroot varieties are:
a) Crimson globe - very popular variety that grows well in most soils.
b) Detroit dark red - its dark red and smaller than crimson globe.
c) Eclipse - is of medium size.
Planting
Mark rows that are 1 cm deep and 45 cm apart. Plant the seeds thinly
along the rows. Cover the seeds with fine soil. You should cover the bed with grass
and water using a can with a fine rose. Why do you cover the bed with grass?
1. Plant beetroot in the bed you have prepared.
2. Observe how long it will take for the seeds to germinate.
Write a label to show the following:

Date of planting:
Variety:
Caring for beetroot

a) Thinning: Two weeks after germination the beetroot it should be thinned. It is
thinned such that there is 7 cm between plants. Which other crop is thinned?
Why do you thin betroot?
b) Weeding: The beetroot bed should be kept free of weeds. How do you control
weeds in your bed? You can pull the weeds by hand. Another method is by
cultivating or loosening the soil using a hand fork.
c) Watering: The crop should be watered at least two times a week. This is to
encourage rapid growth and to produce soft roots.
d) Top dressing: When plants are not growing fast, you should top dress with
Ammonium Nitrate. The fertiliser is applied four weeks after planting.
e) Harvesting: Beetroot should be harvested when it is still tender. This is when it
is still soft for eating. Harvesting is done three months after planting. Wash the
beetroot and store in a cool place. You can use the beetroot as salad or it can
be cooked. You can sell the beetroot at the local market.
Harvest your beetroot.
Find out the weight of the beetroot.
Exercise C
Which of the following is a list of cash crops?
A. Beans, maize, tobacco B. Tobacco, cotton, tea
C. Maize, cotton, tobacco D. Beans, tobacco, cotton
2. What is grown in an orchard?
A. Cash crops B. Vegetable crops
C. Fruit trees D. Tree crops
3. Fodder crops are grown for
A. feeding human beings B. improving soil fertility
C. feeding livestock D. controlling erosion
4. An example of a perennial crop is
A. maize B. wheat
C. sugar cane D. beans
5. An example of a perennial vegetable is
A. covo B. beans C. peas D. cabbage
6. Which part of the carrot is eaten?
A. Tuber B. Root C. Leaves D. Stem
7. What is thinning of carrots?
A. Removing weeds from the carrot bed
B. Transplanting carrots
C. Top dressing carrots
D. Removing crowded plants
8. Which vegetables are suitable for preparing salads?
A. Cabbages and rape B. Cucumber and beetroot
C. Cabbages and beans D. Beans and cucumber
9. State two vegetables that belong to the legume family.
10. Why is weeding necessary in a vegetable garden?
11.State the tool that is used when harvesting carrots.
12. Name the fertiliser used for top dressing carrots.
Summary
• Vegetables are grouped according to parts eaten.
• These parts are leaves, seeds, roots, bulbs, fruit and tubers.
• Vegetables provide us with vitamins and minerals.
• Vegetables are also grown as a source of income.
• Beetroot belongs to the root family of vegetables.
• They can be eaten raw or cooked.
• The crop is planted in a bed where it will mature and it is not transplanted.
• After the crop has germinated, it should be thinned.
• As the crop grows, it should be well watered and the weeds should be removed.
The crop is ready for harvesting 3 months after planting.
Glossary
Nematodes - are living organisms that live in the soil that can damage plant
growth for example, roundworms
Rogar - a chemical used to control aphids
Unit 14 Field crops

1. state the value of field crops.
Flashback
In the last unit, you learnt about vegetables. Now we want to look at other
crops that are grown in fields. In Zimbabwe most of the field crops are grown
during the rain season only. However, there are some field crops that can be
grown in winter. Give examples of field crops grown in winter.
Key words
field staple diet legume
Activity 1
Study the crops that are grown in your area, list down 10 common crops and
their uses as in Table 1 4.1 .
Table 14.1
Crop Uses Crop Uses

1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
Which are the most popular crops grown in your area? List the top 5 crops.
Importance of field crops

A field is a vast land were crops are grown. Field crops are crops grown in a
vast land. There are many field crops grown in Zimbabwe. From Activity 1, you
were able to name 10 crops. These crops are very useful to human beings
and animals (see Figure 14.1).
Figure 14.1 Examples of field crops
a) Source of food
Most of the crops that are grown in the field are used as food. They are the staple
diet. Staple diet is the most common diet eaten in a country. For example, staple
food crops diet in Zimbabwe are maize, sorghum and wheat. These crops provide
our bodies with food that is rich in energy.
Other field crops provide our bodies with proteins. Proteins are needed for growth.
Some of the crops that provide us with proteins are beans, cowpeas (nyemba/
indumba), groundnuts, soyabeans and Bambara nuts (nylmo/indlubu). Fat is
needed to provide us with energy and also to keep our bodies warm. The fat is
obtained from cooking oil. Peanuts, soya beans and sunflower seeds.
b) Source of income
Some crops are grown to sale and can be sold at local markets while some crops
can be sold to other countries, for example, tobacco. Some crops are exported
for foreign currency.
c) Raw material
For manufacturing, for example, wheat for the milling industry and cotton for
clothing.
d) Stock feed
For example, lucerne, hay and silage.
e) Exchange for goods

Farmers grow crops that they may use in exchange for other goods. The exchange
of goods with other goods is known as barter trade.
f) Gifts or presents
Some crops are given to people as gifts or presents.
g) Fuel
For example Jatropha for bio-diesel, sugarcane for ethanol for blending petrol.
Do the following.
1. Name two crops that produce cooking oil.
2. Think of occasions when crops are given as presents.
Exercise A
1. Which one is a cash crop?
A. Tobacco B. Carrots C. Cassava D. Tomatoes
2. Which crop is grown in the field?
A. Cotton B. Onion C. Mango D. Tree crop
3. Name a field crop that is grown in winter using irrigation?
4. Why are field crops mostly grown in summer?
5. List the staple food crops grown in Zimbabwe.
6. Name four legume crops and their uses.
7. Name 5 field crops grown in your area, their main uses and other uses. Copy
Table 14.2 below in your exercise book.
Table 14.2
Name of cro Local name Main use
1. Maize Chibage (Shona) Prepare mealie-meal that is
Umumbu (Ndebele) used to cook sadza
Selling for cash
Livestock feed
2.

1. Collect samples of field crops and classify them according to their groups.
•
2. Find out how cooking oil is made from sunflower.
Summary
• Most of the field crops are grown in summer.
• Field crops are mostly used as a source of food.
• Some field crops can be sold to get income for the family.
• Tobacco is a cash crop that is exported to earn the country foreign currency.
• Families can buy goods in exchange for field crops.
i
Glossary
local market - a place where produce is sold in your community of the nation
ethanol - an organic fuel
bio-diesel is a natural fuel that comes from plants like Jatropha
Unit 15 Growing field beans

grow a legume crop of your choice.
Flashback
You learnt that beans belong to the class of legumes. Legumes are a special
crop grown in the field. Legumes are grown because they are rich in protein.
In this unit, you will learn how to grow this important crop. This crop is very
common in every family and you should be able to grow your own beans.
Key words
drought harrow top-dressing
Soil preparation
Figure 15.1 Land being ploughed using an ox-drawn plough
If you want to grow beans in the field, you should first clear all the vegetation. The
land is then ploughed using cattle or donkeys (Figure 15.1).
Ploughing is done as soon as the main rain season begins. If you have water for
irrigation, you can prepare your land any time of the year. After ploughing, the
land is harrowed. This is a process of breaking soil lumps and levelling soil, as shown
in Figure 15.2.
Figure 15.2 Land being harrowed, two donkeys pulling a narrow
Varieties
There are several varieties of beans which are available in the country. The
common varieties grown are: Top Crop, Sugar Beans and Red Canadian Wonder.
Collect different varieties of beans.
1. What are the differences in colour, size and shape of the seed?
2. Which other crops belong to the class of legumes?
Explain why legumes are of great importance in farming.
Planting
Mark rows that are 45 cm apart and apply Compound D fertiliser along the rows.
Spread the fertiliser thinly along the rows and cover it so that it does not come into
contact with the bean seed. Plant the beans along the rows at 5 cm apart and
cover the seeds with soil.
1. Mark a row 1 metre long and plant seeds along the row at a spacing of
•
5cm apart.
2. Count how many seeds you have planted along the 1 metre row.
L3. How many seeds do you need per row if your field is 50 metres long?
Activity 3 Research
Make a survey on the variety of bean crops grown in your area and find out why
these varieties are mostly grown.
What is the variety of beans grown at your school?
Weeding
The crop is grown in summer, during
the main rain season. At this time, a
lot of weeds will grow in the bean
field therefore, weed control must
start soon after the beans have
germinated. Weeding must be
shallow to avoid root damage.
Weeding is done using a hoe since the
crop is being grown in a field bigger
than a vegetable bed (Figure 15.3).
Figure 15.3 A farmer weeding a bean crop
1. Collect some of the weeds from your bean field.
2. Can you name the types of weeds you have collected?
3. Which other methods of weed control can you do?
4. Which variety of beans did you grow?
5. How long did the seed take to germinate?
Pest control
The common pests that attack beans are Aphids, CMR beetles and Looper
caterpillars. These pests can however, be successfully controlled by pesticides.
Disease control
Bacterial blight, rust and dumping off are very common bean diseases. They can
be controlled by spraying fungicides and crop rotation.
Activity 5 Research
1. Make a collection of bean pests and cure, then paste them on a file or folder.
2. Label each pasted pest and state the damage it causes.
Irrigation
During the growing season, you may experience a period of dry weather. This
period is called drought. A dry period during the flowering of your beans reduces
yield. It is therefore, necessary that you irrigate the bean crop during the period
of drought.
Top dressing
Top dressing is the fertiliser that is applied when plants have already germinated.
Beans, however, do not require any top dressing. If the growth of your plants is
slow, apply Ammonium Nitrate fertiliser at the rate of lOg per square metre. The
fertiliser should be applied when plants have flowered.
Harvesting
Beans are harvested either when the pods are green or when they are dry. If you
want to harvest green beans, this should be done two weeks after flowering. Crops
are harvested by hand when the pods are nearly full size. The pods should easily
break and the seeds are small. Beans can also be harvested when they are dry.
This is done when the bean plant has turned yellow and the pods are well filled.
Harvesting is done in the
morning to avoid the splitting
of the pod. Pull the whole
plant by hand and place the
bean plants on top of a plastic
sheet. You remove the seeds by
beating the plants using a thick
stick. As you thresh the plants,
the bean pods will open and
the seeds are released and
collected.
After you have collected the

seeds, you should clean them
and remove any plant material.
The beans are packed into
bags and stored in a safe
place. You can sell the beans
at the local market. Figure 15.4
shows examples of units used to Figure 15.4 Beans measured in cups for sale. Price
measure beans. indicated, for example, $1 for 2 cups
•
Activity 6
If you sell your beans using a cup as a measurement:
1. How many cups will fill a 20 litre bucket?
2. If the selling price is $1 for two cups, how much money will you get from a 20
litre bucket?
Exercise A
Choose the correct answer from the answers given
1. Which one of the following is not a legume crop?
A. Peas B. Beans C. Groundnuts D. Tobacco
2. Which one of these produces seeds in pods?
A. Maize B. Wheat C. Rapoko D. Cowpeas
3. One of the characteristics of beans is that it
A. fixes oxygen B. fixes nitrogen
C. fixes carbon dioxide D. fixes water
4. The bean crop can be harvested at and
5 crop should always be included in a rotation because it fixes nitrogen
in the soil.
6. List four management practices done on a bean crop.
7. The nutritional value of beans is
8. Explain the harvesting of beans.
9. What should the farmer do to beans to increase its market value?
10.Identify other markets where a farmer can sell beans at a better price than
the GMB.
Summary
• Beans belong to the class of legumes and are considered to be rich in proteins.
• The bean field should be ploughed first and harrowed.
• Make rows that are 45 cm apart.
• Apply Compound D along the row and cover it with soil.
• Plant the beans along the rows at a spacing of 5 cm apart.
• There are several varieties of beans but the most popular field beans are sugar
beans.
• In order to get a good harvest, you should take care of your field beans when
they are growing.
• In case there is drought, you should irrigate your crops.
• Beans do not require top dressing, but if your plants are showing signs of
slow growth, apply Ammonium Nitrate when the plants are flowering.
• Beans can be harvested when green or when they are dry.
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Glossary
Irrigation - supplementary water supply by man-made watering systems
Weed - unwanted plant that competes with crops for nutrients
Germination - the process of a seed forming into a plant after dormancy
Pesticides - chemicals used to control pests
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Unit 16 Orchard/Fruit trees

. state the exotic and indigenous fruit trees by sexual and asexual means.
. propagate exotic and indigenous fruit trees by sexual and asexual means.
Flashback
In the previous units, you learnt about the classification of plants. One of the
classes of plants is fruits. Fruits provide vitamins and mineral salts. These plants
multiply by use of seed or by other parts of the plant like stem, roots or leaves.
In this unit, you will learn about how fruit trees multiply using seeds and cuttings.
Key words
indigenous exotic germination polythene pocket
16.1 Fruit trees

There are two types of fruit trees namely Indigenous fruit trees and Exotic fruit trees.
indigenous trees
Indigenous fruit trees are trees that have always grown in Zimbabwe. Examples
include baobob, wild loquat or sugar apple.
Wild loquat Baobob/Mauyu/Umkhomo Tsubvu/Umtshwankela

Baobob IMauyu/Umkhomo
Wild loquat fruit fruit Tsubvu/Urntshwankela fruit
Figure 16.1 Pictures of some indigenous fruit trees
Exotic fruit trees

Exotic trees are fruit trees which originally grew in other countries and are now
being grown in Zimbabwe. Examples include mango, banana, paw paw and
avocado.
Collect different kinds of seeds that came from fruits of both indigenous and
exotic trees.
Take the seeds out of the pods as in Figure 16.2.
Figure 16.2 Different fruits and fruit seeds
1. Soak seeds in water for twelve hours.
2. Put some of the soaked seeds on a flat dish with damp cloth or newspaper
under and above the soaked seeds.
3. Keep the seeds damp.
4. Observe seeds daily for two weeks.
5. Count the seeds that germinate.
16.2 Propagating fruit trees
There are different methods of multiplying fruit trees.
These include, seeds, cuttings and grafting.
Indigenous fruit trees usually grow on their own.

They grow from seeds. The early stages of a
growing seed is called germination. This is when the
radicle and plumule have developed. The plumule
develops into the shoot and the radicle develops
into the roots (see Figure 16.3).
Fruit tree seeds are planted differently from field
crops or vegetables. The seeds are either raised in
Figure 16.3 Germinating seed
a nursery or individually in containers or polythene showing radicle and plumule
pockets.
Place avocado seeds in a tin of water as shown in Figure 16.4.
Figure 16.4 Avocado seed slightly immersed in water
When choosing seeds for propagation, select seeds from fully mature fruit.

1. Visit a tree nursery where trees are grown.
2. Identify where the seedlings are raised.
3. List the types of seedlings in the nursery.
4. What is the enclosure covering the nursery made of?
5. How are seedlings protected from the:
a) wind? b) sun?
Fruit tree seedlings are either raised in shades or greenhouses as shown in
Figure 16.5.
Figure 16.5 Nursery under thatched shed with seedlings in sleeves and pots or boxes
A shade made from poles with a roof of grass thatch is the best to protect seedlings
from heavy rains and direct heat from the sun.
Location of nurseries
Nursery should be located in deep, well-drained soils. The area should be free from
frost. A permanent water source should be close to the site. The site should also be
near the road for easy transportation of seedlings from the nursery to the orchard.
Sowing of seed
Seed boxes, pot, sleeves or polythene pockets should be filled with soil mixed with
organic matter. Leave about 20 mm above the soil for water to collect when
watering. The polythene pockets should be punctured around and beneath to
allow water drainage.
Make a diary and write notes about the kind of tree seedlings grown in your
school, at least once each term.
Use the following headings:
Name of tree seedling
Month and year
Time taken to germinate
Height of seedlings
Health of seedlings
Weather conditions
Activity 6 Research
Find out 5 indigenous trees that can be grown from cuttings.
By keeping this record you will be able to know the life of your seedlings. Your
nursery should be weeded and protected from insects.
Cuttings
This is a way of propagating trees by use
of stems or off-shoots in order to grow
new plants. (Figure 16.6)
When choosing a stem of a tree for

cutting, take plants from healthy,
disease-free plants. Remove flowers
or buds because we want the plant to
use its energy to grow roots not flowers.
Cuttings are used to propagate trees like
mulberry, pineapple, grapes and apples.
New roots are formed at the node. Figure 16.6 Cutting showing nodes and
internodes
Activity 7
Copy the table below. State the method of propagation of each fruit tree:
Fruit tree Method of propagation
Mulberry
Apple
Peach
Paw-paw
Avocado
Guava
2. Collect branches or shoots from different fruit trees in your area and:
• stick these in the ground during the rains
• observe new growths from these cuttings
• list the fruit trees which grew successfully.
J
Grafting
It is a method of propagating plants where parts of a plant are joined together so
that they end up growing as a single plant. In grafting, the upper part (scion) of
one plant grows on the root system (rootstock) of another plant. A bud is taken on
another plant and is grown on another.
scion
\ 1
root stock root stock
Figure 16.7 A grafted plant
Exercise A
1. Which of the following trees is planted from seeds?
A. Guava B. Banana C. Mulberry D. Grape
2. Raising trees from cutting means growing trees from
A. joining 2 stems B. joining a bud to stem
C. joining two buds D. a piece of stem
3. Baobab tree is an example of an tree.
A. exotic B. indigenous C. imported D. foreign
4. A cutting is a
A. seed B. part of a stem
C. root D. flower
5. Name one fruit tree grown from a seed.
6. is the best material used to raise fruit
tree seedlings.
7. Name the method of raising fruit trees shown
in Figure 16.8.
8. Name two trees that can be grown using the
method in Figure 16.8.
9. On the stem cutting, where are new roots
formed?
10.How is water drained in polythene pockets?
Exercise B
. Which of the following list of crops are staple diet in Zimbabwe?
A. Groundnuts, maize, sorghum
B. Maize, wheat, sorghum
C. Wheat, tobacco, cotton
D. Beans, groundnuts, sorghum
2. Which crop is rich in proteins?
A. Maize B. Soyabeans C. Sorghum D. Wheat
3. When growing field beans, which fertiliser do you apply at planting?
A. Ammonium Nitrate B. Urea
C. Compound D D. Compound S
4. What is the spacing between rows of field beans when planting?
A. 30 cm B. 45 cm C. 90 cm D. 1,5 m
5. Which plants are propagated by cuttings?
A. Mango and paw paw B. Avocado and guava
C. Mulberry and sugar cane D. Guava and sugar cane
6. Holes on planting pots or polythene pockets are important for
A. allowing water drainage
B. allowing roots out of the pot
C. allowing insects out of the pot
D. none of the above
7. What is used to apply water in a nursery?
A. A bucket B. A hose pipe
C. A watering can with a rose D. A cup
8. Plants which do not produce seeds are grown from
A. cuttings B. pods C. flowers D. roots
9. State two methods that can be used to propagate fruit trees.
[2]
10.ln Figure 16.9 the method used to propagate fruit trees is called [1]
Figure 16.9 Propagating a fruit tree
11.What is the purpose of a shade structure when establishing a fruit tree

nursery? [1]
12. Indicate by writing (T) for true and (F) for false for each of the following
statements.
a) All fruit trees are propagated from cuttings.
b) All fruit trees are propagated from seeds.
c) Fruit trees can be raised any time of the year.
d) Trees make flowers so that fruits can be produced.
e) Green house is used to grow tomatoes.
Summary
• Mango, granadilas, avocado, guava and paw paw are examples of trees
that are propagated from the seed.
• Cuttings are used to propagate trees like mulberry, pineapple, grapes and
apples.
• Cuttings are cheap and easy to plant and they produce plants that are the
same as parents.
• A shade or a green house is the structure used to protect a tree nursery from
bad weather conditions such as direct heat from the sun, strong winds, cold
and heavy rains.
Glossary
Propagate - multiplication of plant
Greenhouse-a room that is used to grow plants in controlled weather conditions
Bud - a small growth on a plant that grows into a shoot, leaf or flower
J
Unit 17 Ornamental horticulture
In this unit you will

. establish flower beds.
Flashback
In the previous units, you learnt about the importance of plants. Ornamental
plants improve the outlook of a place and are also important for the export
market. Ornamental horticulture is the growing of plants for decoration. In this
unit you will learn how to establish a flower bed for growing flowers, shrubs,
hedges and lawn.
Key words
ornamental horticulture decoration in-situ
Activity 1 Research
Visit a decorative garden in your area.
1. Collect different flowers from the garden in your area.
2. Group the flowers into annuals, perennials and biennials.
3. Identify different places where flowers can be grown.
From the activity, you have seen that flowers can be grown in pots, sleeves and
beds.
Establishment of flower beds

Flower beds can be used to raise flowers. The beds can be used for annuals,
biennials or perennials. Flowers can be planted in-situ (growing plants directly in
permanent beds) or transplanted.
Land preparation
After choosing a flower bed site, remove the stumps and then dig the area to a
depth of 200-300mm. Remove any large stones or pieces of rubbles as you dig.
Add decayed compost manure and the dark soil found under trees to improve
the soil in the flower bed. New soil is always low in phosphate and will need super
phosphate at 70g per square metre.
Varieties of flowers
There are many varieties of flowers. The most common varieties are Flame lily,
Rose, Marigold, Lavender star and Petunia.
rose marigold lavender star flame lily

Figure 18.1 Varieties of flowers
Propagation of flowers
Flowers can be grown from seeds or cuttings. Other flowers are grown from tubers
and bulbs.
Types of flowers according to propagation methods.
Flowers grown from seeds Flowers grown from Flowers grown from bulbs
cuttings and tubers
• Petunia • Roses • Flame lily
• Dahlia • Elephant ear
• Lavender
• Marigold
Planting time
Flowers can be planted all year round depending on the suitable varieties. In
winter, flowers can be planted in pots, beds and greenhouses. Varieties which
need a lot of water should be grown during the rainy season. Some varieties of
flowers can survive dry spells and can grow throughout the year, for example,
aloe.
Planting Method
Sowing in situ
Sow the seeds in permanent beds in March. These plants will flower in the dry
season.
Cutting
Small stems are planted in well prepared pots or beds in a nursery.
Management of flowers
1. Weeding - ensure that flower beds are weed free. Weeds are removed by
hand pulling with the help of a garden trowel or hand fork.
2. Watering - watering should be done regularly during the dry season and less
frequently during the rainy season. Make sure the beds are moist but avoid
waterlogging.
soil should be well fertilised with super phosphate at planting.
3. Fertilising -
Flowers should not be top dressed with ammonium nitrate. This will affect flower
production.
use a pair of secateurs or a very sharp knife to remove weak shoots
4. Pruning -
and dead or diseased parts of the plant. Pruning also encourages new growth
and controls the height of the flowers.
Harvesting
• Cut flowers in early bloom.
• Allow 30cm stems, grade and remove lower leaves.
• Tie in bundles.
Label accordingly, cure by setting 20cm of the stem for 20 minutes in boiling
•
water. This will make your flower last longer.
• Store flowers in cool conditions.
Marketing
Flowers need fast transport to the market. Flowers can be sold in bundles,
•
boxes or as pots.
Flowers are sold in bouquets at a local market or are packed in boxes for
•
export market.
They are bought for different occassions such as weddings, funerals and
•
parties.
Exercise A
1. Which of the following is a decorative plant?
A. Green beans B. Cotton
C. Flame lily D. Cabbage
except
2. The following flowers can be grown from seed D. lavender
A. marigold B. petunia C. rose
3. Which of the following occasions does not use flowers?
A. Wedding B. Funerals
C. Traditional ceremonies D. Parties
4. Name 1 tool used to prepare a flower bed.
5. State 2 varieties of flowers.
6. State 2 occasions where flowers are used.
7. Apart from tobacco, name one horticulture crop that can be exported from
Zimbabwe.
Collect flowers and prepare a flower bouquet for a classmate who is celebrating
or about to celebrate his/her birthday.
Activity 3 Research
Find and state 5 indigenous flowers that are grown in your locality.
Summary
• Ornamental horticulture is a section of agriculture which deals with adding
of beauty to homesteads. It creates employment and is a source of income.
These plants are grown in beds and in pots.
I
Glossary
Sleeve - a polythene bag where seedlings can grow in
Stump - the bottom part of the tree left on the ground when a tree is cut
s,
down
Waterlogging - when there is too much water in the soil
)1.
Bouquets - bunches of flowers
d
n
Unit 18 Forestry

1. establish a nursery of exotic and indigenous trees
2. manage a nursery of exotic and indigenous tree seedlings
3. market exotic and indigenous tree seedlings.
Flashback
In the previous level, you learnt about the importance of forests at family and
national level. You should now be able to explain the importance of trees to
your family.
Key words
pricking out scarification
Activity 1
1. What are the uses of trees?
2. Identify by name trees that are beneficial to your family.
3. Which trees are used for timber?
4. Which trees are used for fencing poles?
5. Some of these trees are used to produce products that can be
exported to other countries. Give three examples of these products.
In this unit, you will be able to establish the difference between a nursery of exotic
and indigenous trees. You will also be able to collect some seeds and plant them
in pots or beds. Seedlings will later be planted in woodlots or plantations.
1. Collect seeds from different trees like:
Exotic: gum trees, jacaranda, pine, cyprus, wattle and teak.
Indigenous: musasa/gonde, munhondo/umnondo, muhacha/umkuna,
mutamba/ umkhemeswana, mupfuti/itshabela.
2. From exotic seeds, find out which seeds have a hard seed coat and those
with large seeds.
3. Do the same with indigenous seeds.
How can you make all the seeds germinate?
For tree seedlings to be raised, a nursery
is needed. This is a structure in which
beds, pots and boxes are placed for
raising tree seedlings.
Choosing a place for a tree

seedling nursery.
A tree nursery should be where there
is enough water. The seedlings should
be grown under shade and protected
from wind.
Preparing seed
Seedlings and seeds can be obtained
from the Forestry Commission, but a
farmer can raise his/her own seedlings
in seedbeds or polythene sleeves. Think
of other materials you can use to raise
seedlings besides polythene sleeves.
Empty pockets of sugar, rice, salt,
mealie meal or empty containers of
cooking oil or seeds can be used to
raise seedlings. Figure 18.1 Nursery in a green house
• Collect as many empty plastic containers as you can.
• Fill the containers with soil mixed with well decomposed organic matter.
• Puncture a hole underneath the plastic container to allow water to drain
from the container.
After this exercise you can do the following in each container:
1. Make a depression 2 mm deep using a hand tamper.
2. Place a pinch of gum tree seeds. A 100 mm nail can be used to get the
correct amount of seeds.
3. Cover seeds with fine sand.
4. Cover polythene or plastic containers with a thin layer of combed grass.
5. Water using a can fitted with a rose.
6. Water every morning and afternoon.
7. Raise grass cover a few centimetres above the young seedlings.
• Collect all containers with poor germination or in which germination has failed.
• Remove some seedlings where they are more and plant them in individual
containers. This is done 3 weeks after germination.
Figure 18.2 Pricking out
The removal of excess seedlings and planting them in pockets is called pricking
out (see Figure 18.2). It is done during a cloudy day or early in the morning when
temperatures are low. Prick out when seedlings have 2 - 3 leaves.
Growing indigenous trees

Collect seeds from trees when the fruit is ripe. Dry the
seeds adequately before sowing them in pockets.
Seeds with hard coats should be softened. This is
done by soaking seeds in water. Once the seed
becomes soft it can now be planted. This process
is called scarification.
When these seeds have germinated they are

planted in pockets where they grow to transplanting
size of 15 - 20 cm. Indigenous trees have long tap
roots. Avoid or do not expose the tap root.
Figure 18.3 Scarification
Management of a nursery
1. Shading
A shade for the nursery is provided to reduce transpiration, although it should allow
light needed for growth.
2. Watering
Regular watering should be done to avoid moisture stress. Water them after every
two days then reduce at hardening. Water seedlings a day before planting. We
use a watering can to water seedlings.
3. Hardening
Move seedling containers to a place where they can receive direct sunlight.
Reduce the amount of water to make the plants adjust to field conditions.
4. Pricking out
When many seedlings have germinated in one container, remove some and plant
them in new containers to create more space.
5. Root pruning
Lift each seedling container from the ground each week to prevent roots from
penetrating into the ground. Trim the roots that have grown out of the pockets.
6. Weeding
Keep the nursery weed free.
7. Pest and Disease control
Regular checks are done for pests and diseases. Spray pesticides and fungicides
as soon as they appear in the nursery.
Exercise A
1. Trees from other countries are called trees.
A. indigenous B. gums C. wattle D. exotic
2. Removal of seedlings from pockets to individual containers is called
A. transferring B. pricking out C. transplanting D. planting
3. An example of an exotic tree is
A. wattle B. musasa C. muhacha D. yellow wood
4. The best soil to raise tree seedlings should contain
A. a lot of sand B. a lot of clay
C. organic matter D. gravel
5. a) What is used to cover seeds in a hole?
b) What is used for watering a nursery?
Marketing tree seedlings

Running a tree nursery business is a good business. Tree seedlings in Zimbabwe are
often sold on main roads and in hardwares where agricultural products are sold.
You can supply seedlings to hardwares or you can sell them by yourself at main
roads and markets.
Summary
Exotic trees produced in Zimbabwean nurseries are gumtrees, pine and wattle.
• Seedlings can be raised in beds or pockets.
• Shade houses are structures used to shelter seedlings from direct sunlight.
• Compost soil is important for raising tree seedlings.
• Both indigenous and exotic tree seedlings can be raised in nurseries.
i
-
Glossary
Woodlot - a vast piece of land where forest trees are grown or maintained
Plantation - large scale farm used to produce cash crops
0
Unit 19 Plant protection

list the effects of animals, fire and drought on plants
suggest methods of protecting plants from animals, drought and vel
Flashback
In the previous units, you have learnt that for plants to grow healthy they need
proper management. This includes watering, pest control, disease control and
weed control. They also need a good supply of nutrients. In this unit, you will
learn how to protect plants from veld fires, animals and drought.
r
Key words
fireguard veld fire
_)
We grow plants for many reasons. Crops can be damaged leading to reduced
yield. Below are some of the things that affect plant growth.
Weed control
Crops can be affected by weeds. Weeds compete for nutrients with plants resulting
in poor growth. Some weeds provide shelter and food for pests that later attack
the crop. Remove these weeds using the methods you know from the period of
transplanting until the end of the rainy season.
Activity 1 Research --
What do you think the following can cause on a woodlot or plantation?

• Fire
• Cattle, sheep and goats
Insects like termites
Drought
Drought is the shortage of rain water for a long time. When plants do not get
enough water they wilt, resulting in poor growth and even death of plants. Low
rainfall also causes low yields and poor growth. To protect crops from drought you
could;
Glossary
Draught power - the use of an animal to pull carts and ploughing
Lobola - bride price
Tourism - it is business of travelling, accommodation for leisure
Unit 22 Animal nutrition

. identify nutrients needed by animals
. state sources of nutrients.
Figure 22.1 Different food materials used to feed animals
1. What do animals benefit from the food stuffs shown in Figure 22.1?
2. What is the effect of eating only one type of food?
3. Why should animals eat different types of foods?
Key words
pellets balanced diet supplementary-feeding hay
Importance of food
All living things need energy in order to survive. Food is the source of energy for
all living things. Green plants are able to make their own food but animals must
feed on green plants or other animals to get energy. In this unit you will learn more
about the sources of nutrients needed by animals. Farm animals need balanced
feed that contains all nutrients needed by the body in correct amounts. The same
nutrients are needed by farm animals for growth and health. Animal feeds should
contain proteins, fats, oils, mineral salts, vitamins and carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates
Sources of carbohydrates include pasture grass, veld grass, cereals and sugar
cane/molasses.
Proteins
Proteins have two sources:
• animal protein
• vegetable protein.
If an animal drinks milk and eats legume plants it will get proteins. For example,
if they eat groundnuts, cowpeas, soyabeans, cotton seed cake, sunflower seed
and pasture legumes they also benefit from the proteins in the products.
Fats
Sources of fats include: sunflower, cotton seed and groundnuts.
Minerals
There are many types of minerals required by an animal in order for it to stay
healthy. Two minerals needed in large amounts by the animal are:
• Calcium
• Phosphorus.
Minerals are obtained from salts, mineral leaks, fresh green grass and shell grit.
Vitamins
These are added to the diet for the normal functioning of the body and good
health. Vitamins required by animals are A, B, C, D, E and K. Sources of vitamins are
plants and animal products. Apart from essential nutrients, water is an important
requirement in a balanced diet.
Activity 1
Learners visit a livestock production farm. Ask the resource person the following
questions.
1. Name the 5 nutrients that are present in your feed.
2. What are the sources of the above nutrients?
3. How much water do the animals drink on a hot day?
4. Do they take the same amount of water on a cool day?
On a cool day, will they eat more feed or less feed?
Water
Water is needed by all animals in order to survive. Sources of water are rivers,
dams, lakes and boreholes.
Activity 2
Draw and name a farm animal. Now use your picture to answer the following
questions.
L
1. Is the animal a grazer or browser?
2. Name two foods that make up the diet of the animal.
3. What else is needed to complete the diet of the animal?
4. What is a balanced diet?
5. Give two sources of each of the following food groups:
a) vitamins
b) carbohydrates
c) proteins.
Activity 3 Research
Find out the types of feeds that are given to different livestock by local farmers.
Exercise B
1 Which animal food type gives more carbohydrates?
A. Maize crushes B. Meat meal
C. Bone meal D. Hay
2. The main source of proteins to cattle is
A. groundnut cake B. hay
C. carbohydrate concentrate D. water
3. A balanced diet provides animals with
A. carbohydrates only
B. proteins only
C. mineral salts only
D. all the needed nutrients in the correct amount
4. Young animals need
A. more proteins and carbohydrates
B. less proteins and more carbohydrates
C. carbohydrates only
D. water only
5. When feeding animals we should give them
A. water only B. food only
C. both water and food D. soil and water
6. A balanced diet should contain carbohydrates, proteins, fats, mineral salts
and [1 ]
7. Give two types of food that give proteins to animals.
[2]
8. Give one source of water for animals.
•
[1]
Summary
• Animals should feed on green plants or on other animals to get energy.
• Food is needed for growth, health and reproduction (ability to increase in
numbers).
• The main food nutrients are carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, mineral salts and
proteins.
• Animals should eat a balanced diet in order to get all the food nutrients.
• Water should be provided to all animals.
Glossary
Balanced diet - food containing all important nutrients in their correct amounts
Benefits anything that brings help
Fodder crops grown as food for cattle, goats, sheep, donkeys and other
animals
Unit 23 Small livestock production: Rabbits

1. state the housing requirements
2. describe the housing systems
3. make a model house of rabbits
4. rear rabbits.
Flashback
In the previous unit, you learnt about sources of nutrients needed by animals.
What are these nutrients needed for?
• carbohydrates and
• proteins.
In this unit you will learn about small livestock production.
Key words
cage hutch predator rearing period
slaughter batch
Activity 1
Where do the following animals live?
a) cattle b) pigs
c) goats d) chickens
e) rabbits f) horses
Choose one animal from the list above and make a model of it out of clay.
Apart from food, animals need proper shelter to live in or sleep. A rabbit needs
a permanent home which protects it from weather conditions, predators and
thieves. Predators are animals that hunt other animals for food.

Visit an area where rabbits are kept.
1. Where are they kept?
2. What is the structure made up of?
3. How is it ventilated?
4. How are the rabbits protected from wind, direct sun rays and rain?
From your visit to the rabbitry (Activity 2), you now know that rabbits need houses
with the following features:
1. big enough to allow rabbits to leap or move around
2. well ventilated
3. allows self cleaning (allows droppings to drop on the floor)
4. allows one to feed and water freely
5. not expensive to build but strong
6. gives protection to the rabbits against bad weather conditions and predators.
Rabbit houses
A rabbit house is called a cage or hutch. Materials needed for the construction of
cages include:
• fence (mesh wire)
• metal or wooden poles
• nails
• roofing sheets or thatching grass
Figure 23.2 Housing structure
The hutch should be:

• 60 x 60 cm (length and height)
• Raised from the ground to prevent frightening by dogs and other predators.
• Wire fence with very small holes should be used on the sides and supported
by metal or wooden poles. The wire should not allow predators in or to injure
the rabbits.
• Floor fence should allow both droppings, urine and spilled water and food
to fall out. The floor fence should be thicker to avoid injuring the legs of the
rabbits.
• Roof should slant to allow fast drainage of rain water.
• Grass or roofing sheets can be used for roofing.
• Back wall: Can be made of both wood or fence. The wall should protect
animals from the wind.
Exercise A
1. A housing system for rabbits is called a
A. hutch B. deep litter C. bedding D. kraal
2. The following are small livestock except
A. rabbit B. pig C. duck D. turkey
3. What two materials can be used for roofing hutches?
4. Where are rabbits housed?
5. Give three requirements of a rabbit house.
6. What name is used for the unit used to keep one rabbit?
7. Why does the floor of a hutch have holes?
8. a) Identify the type_of animal in Figure 23.3.
b), State the type of feed being eaten by the animal.
c) Give an example of a commercial rabbit feed.
Figure 23.3
Move around the school vegetable garden and collect the following:
• Cabbage leaves
• Weeds
• Maize leaves
Banana leaves.
Put all the things collected in the rabbit cage and watch the rabbits feeding.
1. Which material is eaten first?
2. Which material is eaten last?
3. What nutrients are supplied by these greens?
4. Is this a balanced diet?
5. What else do you need to add to your rabbits' feed for them to get all the
necessary nutrients?
Nutrient requirements for rabbits

Rabbits need balanced diet, that is, vitamins, carbohydrates, proteins, fats,
minerals salts and water. Most greens are fed to rabbits but some of them are
poisonous to the animal especially tomato leaves, potatoes and onions. Lucerne
is a green plant that can be grown to feed rabbits and chickens.
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Rape Lucerne
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Figure 23.4 Green plants
Pellets are commercially prepared rabbit feeds. It is encouraged to combine

pellets with greens. The cost for using commercial feeds could be reduced by
using green leaves.
Feeding times
Feed rabbits with pellets once a
day in the morning and give them
green leaves in the afternoon.
Remove all left overs before each
feeding period.
Food trough
Pellets should be put in tins fixed to
walls of the cage or hutch to avoid
wastage of feed.
•
Figure 23.5 A rabbit feeding on green leaves
Water trough
A 2 litre cooking oil or drink empty
container can be used for the drinking
water (see Figure 23.6). Water troughs
should be washed daily and refilled with
clean fresh water.
Care for animals

How can you reduce the risk of rabbits
being attacked by diseases and pests?
Just like in people, hygiene in animals
can reduce most problems.
What you need to do:

Figure 23.6 Water trough
• Clean the hutch regularly.
• Clean feeding troughs and drinkers whenever you put new feed and fresh
water.
• Give animals correct feed.
• Dust your rabbits with chemicals to avoid or in order to remove parasites.
• Separate sick animals from the healthy ones and feed them separately.
Exercise B
1. Rabbit cages that are kept inside a house are called
A. outdoor hutches B. indoor hutches
C. house cages D. battery cages
2. Which one is poisonous to rabbits?
A. Cabbage B. Carrots C. Tomato leaves D. Maize leaves
3. Which feed is poisonous to rabbits?
4. is the commercial rabbit feed.
5. is the common disease in rabbits.
6. Pellets should be given throughout the day. (TRUE or FALSE)
7. The process of introducing a drug in an animal to prevent diseases is called
Summary
• Rabbits live in cages or hutches.
• Cages are made of wire mesh.
• Rabbit houses should protect rabbits from predators, bad weather and thieves.
• Each hutch should have a nest box for the doe to kindle.
• Rabbits should be fed with feed or plants that are not poisonous.
• Plastic containers are used as water troughs to avoid rust.
• Most green leaves are fed to rabbits except those of onions, tomatoes and
potatoes.
• Pellets provide a balanced feed for rabbits.
• Strict hygiene should always be practised to reduce disease outbreak.
• Parasites like mange mites are removed by dusting rabbits with dusting powder.
Unit 24 Small livestock production: Poultry

1. state the housing requirements
2. describe the housing systems
3. make a model house of broilers/layers
4. rear broilers/layers.
In the previous unit, you learnt about rearing rabbits. In this unit you will learn
how to care for poultry.
Key words
poultry rearing period fowl run parasites vaccinate
concentrates isolate disinfect
Poultry
Poultry means domesticated birds kept either for meat or eggs (see Figure 24.1).
Can you name some of these birds? Where are they kept?
Figure 24.1 Domestic birds that fall under poultry
Activity 1 Survey
Move around your area and find the type of poultry that is kept by the people
in your community.
In your visit, you can use the following information given in Table 24.1.
Just tick Yes or No on the Table 24.1.
Table 24.1
Type of Poultry Yes No

Chickens
Ducks
Pigeons
Turkeys
Geese
Guinea fowls
From your visit:

1. Which type of poultry is common to most farmers?
2. Why is this type of bird kept by many people?
3. Which poultry is kept at your school?
4. Why are you keeping the bird?
From your visit to different places, you now know that chickens are the commonest
poultry kept. Chickens need special houses.
Activity 2 Research
• Draw a hen and its chicks.
• How does the hen provide warmth to its chicks?
• How does the hen train its young ones to look for food?
Chickens can be reared naturally. A hen lays eggs and provides warmth for 21
days till they hatch. The hen hunts for food and protects its chicks from predators.
Commercial farmers keep chickens in large numbers under artificial methods. Day
old chicks are kept in brooders with heaters which provide warmth to the chicks.
They are also provided with light.
Activity 3 Research
1. Which type of brooder is common in rural areas?
Which type of brooder is common in towns and why?
Chicks are kept in the brooder for 14 days. When the brooding period is over, the
chicks are taken into a fowl run until they get to slaughter age. Chickens that are
kept for meat are called broilers and those kept for egg production are called
layers.
Housing systems
There are various types of housing systems for poultry.
Extensive/Free range system

Here birds are only housed at night. A small house of poles or bricks is used to keep
them overnight. They move around all day looking for food, water and shade.
Chickens usually feed on grasshoppers, grubs and green plants. This system is very
common in rural areas.
414
Intensive housing system
Figure 24.2 Housing system
Semi-Intensive
Here birds are housed but
have limited access to
sunshine and to finding
food. They do not move
outside the house. These
birds do exercise and are
locked in fowl run at night.
Intensive
Birds are kept in a house
throughout their life cycle.
Examples of this housing
•
system are the deep litter
and the battery cage. Semi-intensive housing system
Feeding equipment for chickens
Chick feed is put in plastic feeders and drinkers. Store bought certified feeders and
drinkers enable the farmer to feed birds accurately without measuring the feed.
However, where there is shortage of resources, the farmer can make improvised
feeders from eggtrays or rectangle containers. Feeders can be made of metal or
plastic. These improvised feeders, however, promote unhygienic conditions since
droppings are dropped into the feed. The feeders also waste food.
feeder drinker
Figure 24.3 Feeding equipment for chicks
Drinkers should be cleaned whenever putting fresh water. Plastic drinkers are the
best because they do not rust.
Layers
Layers have three growing stages namely chick, grower and layer. They are fed
with three different feeds as shown in Table 24.4.
Table 24.4 Age for layers and feeds for appropriate age
A•e Feed
1-8 weeks chick mash
8-18 weeks growers mash
18 weeks and layers mash
above
Besides the commercial feed we buy from shops, farmers can prepare their own
feed using layers concentrate.
Activity 5
Visit an area where layers are kept and observe the following:
1. System of housing
2. Location of feed troughs and drinkers
3. Materials used to clean collected eggs
4. How breakages are reduced.
Exercise A
1. A young one of a chicken is called
A. grower B. hen C. cock D. chick
2. The structure used to provide heat to young ones of chickens is called a
A. fowl-run B. brooder C. nest box D. cage
3. is put in a hay box brooder.
A. Electricity B. Red lamp C. Hay D. Heat
4. What nutrients are present in most animal feeds?
5. Which two nutrients are found in broiler feeds?
6. What are concentrates?
7. Identify the feeding equipment shown in Figure 24.4.
Figure 24.4 Chicken feeding equipment
8. When are broilers ready for sale?

9. Draw and label a water trough for chickens.
Grading and storage of eggs

Eggs must be cleaned before storage. Clean eggs using either:
• moist cloth,
• steel wool or
• oiled cloth.
Do not dip eggs in water for they can rot quickly. Eggs are graded according to:
• size
• colour E.Pt
• shell condition TA1<UP,,,r0.41VO G0116
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• freshness. MAR Y
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Grades of eggs are shown in Figure 24.5 2 5 FEB 2019
P. O. BOX 30,
ZIMBA8 NHJF..4kOSE
14/£
Figure 24.5 Grades of eggs
4
small medium standard large
Look for the grades of eggs are marked on the crates you buy from the shops. The
eggs are packed in trays, cartons and boxes then stored in cool places away from
heat and smells like onion. This is done to prevent the eggs from rotting.
Care of animals
Just like for rabbits, poultry diseases are caused by dirty water and living areas. At
all times, practise good hygiene when keeping poultry. Keep the fowl run dry to
reduce diseases like coccidiosis. Isolate sick birds and give them treatment. Clean
and disinfect the fowl-run using cleaning chemicals.
Exercise B
1. Complete Table 24.5 on broilers.
Table 24.5
Age Type of feed

1-4 weeks a)
b) Broiler finisher mash
2. Broiler feeds are very high in and

3. The slaughter age for broilers is
4. Broilers are birds for and layers are for
5 Draw and label a feed trough for chicks.
Summary
• Chickens are the most common type of poultry (birds) and are raised from
day old chicks.
• Chicks can be reared naturally by the mother hen if production is done in
small numbers.
• The rearing of day old chicks is called brooding.
• Feeding of poultry birds depends on the age and the purpose of the bird
(whether for eating or eggs).
• Broilers are ready for table meat at five weeks.
1
• Broilers that are kept for more than 10 weeks are called roasters and this is not
productive as the quality of meat becomes poor.
• Broiler feed contains more proteins and carbohydrates while that of layers
contains more calcium for strong egg shells.
Poultry diseases are controlled by practising hygiene.
(-
Glossary
Brooder - a heated house for chicks or piglets
Slaughter age - it is an age when a domesticated animal raised for meat has
reached maturity
Artificial - not natural but man made, artificial, synthetic
\._
Unit 25 Apiculture

. identify natural and artificial bee hives
. describe natural and artificial bee hives.
Flashback
In the previous topics, you learnt about forms of agriculture which include
vegetable production, forestry, animal production and horticulture. In this unit
you will learn about bee keeping. Bee keeping is also known as apiculture.
1 -\
Key words
apiculture apiary bee forage
}
Visit your ornamental garden/orchard and try to identify insects that are moving
in the flowers.
1. Name some of the insects moving.
2. What are they important for in agriculture?
3. What are they important for in the community and to the nation?
From your visit, you have seen that one of the most common insects in a decorative
garden is a bee. Bees are found in bee forage. These are plants that flower to
produce food for bees.
As they visit the flowers they pollinate plants. Bees take nectar which they use to
make honey. Bees are also found in forests gathered on tree branches, in holes of
termite anthills and in holes of dead and living trees.
Bees live in large groups called a colony. Bees make honey in bee hives. These bee
hives are kept at an apiary. This apiary should be protected from stray animals, the
sun, wind and pests. Bee hives are grouped into two;
1. Natural bee hives

These can be in an anthill, tree hole and cave. Each type has advantages and
disadvantages
Type of bee hive Advantages Disadvantages
Tree hole It is natural • It is difficult to extract honey
hive
• It is difficult to inspect for
pests
Anthill It is natural • Difficult to inspect and

hive extract honey
• It makes the honey combs
dirty
2. Artificial bee hives

These are structures made by man which are used as bee hives. These are placed
where there is bee forage. For example in an orchard, woodlot or under a tree
where bees come to occupy. Examples of artificial bee hives include bark bee
hive, basket hive, clay pot, top bar hive and langsthroth bee hive.
Type of artificial hive Advantages Disadvanta • es
• It is cheap to make • Attracts pests
• It can be made from • Difficult to extract
Basket
hive local material, for honey
example, grass, reeds
• The bark bee hive is •

Destroys vegetation
cheap to make through ring barking
• Made from locally •
It is difficult to extract
available material, honey
for example, bark
from ring bark tree
• Allows easy extraction • Expensive to construct
of the honey combs • Has limited honey
• Easy to inspect for production capacity
pests
Top bar hive

• It is cheap to make • It is difficult to extract
Claypot honey
hive • Can easily break
• It produces more • Very expensive to

honey construct
• Easy to inspect
honey combs
Langstroth hive
These artificial bee hives can be made by companies. Information can be obtained
from agritex officers in your area.
Sites of bee hives

Bee hives can be placed in a quiet place away from noise and activity. At the
bottom bee hives should have raised floors which have openings to allow bees
to enter the hive and protect them from water and ants. Bee hives should be
located in the shade for more honey to be produced.
Collect reeds and try to make a basket bee hive.
1. How can you make the hive air tight?
. How can you protect your bee hive from direct sun and rain?
Exercise A
1. Bees collect from flowers to make honey.
A. water B. flowers C. nectar D. sugar
2. Which one is a traditional (natural) bee hive?
A. Tree hole B. Top bar C. Basket D. Bark
3. One advantage of a top bar hive is it is
A. easy to inspect for pests B. cheap materials
C. easy to construct D. made of wood
4. State 3 advantages of artificial bee hives over natural bee hives.
5. How is water prevented from entering into a
a) top bar bee hive
b) basket bee hive?
Activity 3 Research
1. Visit a school where apiculture is done and identify the types of bee hives
found.
2. How far is their apiary?
3. Where are the hives placed?
4. What type of hives are used?
5. How are learners in that school protected from bees?
Summary
• A bee hive is a structure in which bees make their honey.
• The bee hives are grouped into natural and artificial bee hives.
• These bee hives should be located in quiet places where there is no direct
heat from the sun.
• They should be placed raised from the ground to prevent water and ants from
entering the hives.
I- End of topic assessment

Multiple choice
1. Choose a poisonous food that should not be fed to rabbits from the list below.
A. Tomato leaves B. Lucerne C. Pellets D. Hay
2. When feeding animals with dry feed you should give them
A. more water B. less water
C. no water D. none of the above
3. Rabbits are kept in a
A. brooder B. kraal C. fowl run D. cage
4. Why do we clean feed troughs and water troughs before putting fresh and
clean water?
A. To keep animals active
B. To reduce diseases
C. For animals to drink more water
D. Control population
5. Why do we change the grass in chicken houses?
A. to reduce diseases
B. to provide warmth
C. to keep the fowl-run clean
D. for chickens to eat more food
1. List two necessary conditions for day-old chicks to grow well. [2]
2. How are diseases reduced when keeping both chickens and rabbits? [1]
3. Keeping of chickens in a house at night only is called housing
system. [1]
4. Two intensive systems for keeping chickens are and [2]
5. How are eggs graded? [1]
6. List the four grades of eggs. [4]
7. How do we care for laying chickens apart from giving clean water and [1]
food?
Topic
Unit 26 Farm implements

1. state the uses of farm implements.
Flashback
In unit 2 you covered farm tools. You learnt about basic farm tools that are
needed by successful farmers in agriculture. This unit will cover the different farm
implements and their uses in agriculture.
r Key words
implements spike ridge
}
Table 25.1 Animal drawn implements and their uses
Implements Illustration Uses

Plough - There are - Ploughing the fields
two types of ploughs: - Making ridges
ox-drawn and tractor - Making rows for planting
drawn crops such as maize or
groundnuts
- Harvesting groundnuts
Im • lements Illustration Uses
I
Ripper tine - Marking planting lines
(rows) on unploughed field.
This is a reduced tillage
method because you do
not need to plough the
whole field.
Planter - This implement is used to

plant seeds and apply
fertiliser to the soil.
- To smoothen the ploughed

field.
Harrow - To cover seed and
fertiliser.
To destroy weeds and

Ox-drawn cultivator loosen the soil.
Scotch cart - To transport goods and

produce.
Water cart - To carry water for domestic

use.
Table 25.2 Tractor drawn implements and their uses
Implement Illustration Uses
disc plough - To plough land
disc harrow - To break large lumps of

soil into fine till, mixes fertiliser
with soil.
planter - Used for sowing seed,

drops fertiliser in the soil and
marks soil depth
- Covers seed and fertiliser
cultivator - Used for weeding
Activity 1
1. What are the differences between a ridger and a plough?
2. Name some crops that are grown on ridges.
Exercise A
1. An example of an animal used to pull implements is an
A. impala B. zebra C. ox D. sheep
2. The major use of a cultivator is to
A. remove weeds B. place seed in the soil
C. apply fertiliser D. dig the soil
3. Which implement do you use if you want to grow potatoes?
4. Which implements are used for:
a) covering seeds?
b) controlling weeds?
c) carrying manure?
Summary
• There are different types of implements used on farms.
• These implements are pulled by animals or tractors.
• Implements are faster and make the work easier.
Glossary
Ridge - a raised bed for planting crops
Tillage - cultivation or digging of land to sow seeds
Unit 27 Agribusiness
. prepare a sales record for an agriculture enterprise
. prepare input records for agriculture enterprise.
Flashback
In the last units, you learnt about how to grow some crops and how to keep
some animals. What is the main reason for growing crops and keeping animals?
Besides eating the agricultural products, the other reason is to sell the produce
in order to get cash.
In this unit, we look at record keeping for an agriculture enterprise. For example,
what have we sold and for how much? How much was the cost of producing
the product?
Key words
price expenditure income record information
Activity 1
Find out the agricultural products that are sold in your community at the local
market.
List the products, the unit of measurement used when selling and the unit price.
Complete Table 27.1.
Table 27.1
Product Unit of measurement Price

1. Maize 20 litre bucket $4.00
2.
\,3.
From Activity 1, you have noted that farmers use different units of measurement
when they are selling their products. List some of the measurements that are used
by farmers. Are these measurements accurate? How can farmers improve on their
measurements?
A
Figure 27.1 Two 20 litre buckets filled with maize to different levels
Buckets in Figure 27.1 are filled with maize. Which of the buckets has the correct
measurement? As a farmer, which level would you use?
Income and expenditure

There are two types of prices of agricultural products. The first type of price is when
farmers sell their products. They charge a price for their products. The amount of
money they receive from the sale of their products is known as income.
The second type of price is when farmers buy some inputs such as seed, fertiliser or
tools. These inputs have a price. Farmers spend money in buying these inputs. The
money that is spent on buying inputs is called expenditure.
Activity 2
Visit a local shop and find out the agricultural inputs they sell.
List the products and their prices as shown in Table 27.2.
Table 27.2
Products Price
20kg maize seed $25.00
Input records
These are different types of livestock records that you should keep. The example
in Table 27.3 is an egg production record.
Input records
Inputs are items used in order to produce. These include fertiliser, seeds, pesticides,
labour, feeds and vaccines.
There are various inputs costs which are all recorded in an expenditure
Broiler expenditure
Date
12 March 2018 100 day old chicks $1 per bird $100.00
12 March 2018 Stress pack $2 per pack $2.00
12 March 2018 50kg broiler starter $36 per bag $36.00
crumbs
24 March 2018 50kg broiler grower $35 per bag $70.00
pellets
7 March 2018 50kg broiler finisher $34 per bag $136.00
pellets
Total $344.00
To find profit we must record output. Output is the actual produce obtained after
an agricultural enterprise. These may be maize, wheat, tobacco, vegetables,
fruits, meat, eggs or milk.
Output records include production records. Table 27.3 shows an egg production
record.
Egg production record
Table 27.3 Egg production record
Date Number of birds Number of eggs collected

1/8/2018 80 65
2/8/2018 80 62
3/8/2018 80 64
4/8/2018 80 60
30/8/2018 75 62
Activity 3
1. Find out from the community members the types of records they keep.
2. Are the records easy to follow?
. How can the farmers improve their records?
Q
What units of measurements are used when farmers are buying some of the inputs?
Carry out the same activity to find out the price of food items. Do the shops charge
a fair price for their products?
Exercise A
1. Which one is an animal production input?
A. Fertiliser B. Cereal grain C. Vaccines D. Hides
2. The following are types of production records except
A. inventory B. milk record C. egg records D. crop records
The table below shows a diary of Mrs Tsika for the month of August.
Table 27.4 Mrs Tsika's diary for August
Date
1/08/18 Bought_50 day old chicks at $40.00
1/08/18 Bought 50 kg chicken feed at $20.00
4/08/18 Sold 2 goats at $30.00 each
10/08/ 18 Sold 20 boxes of tomatoes at $4.00 per box
13/08/18 Sold 30 cabbages at $1 each
15/08/18 Bought 2 bags fertiliser at $25.00 each
20/08/18 Received $20 from Mrs Jeko for the fowls borrowed
20/08/ 1 8 Sold 25 boxes of tomatoes at $4.00 per box
22/08/18 Sold 5 bags of maize at $10.00 each
25/08/ 1 8 Sold 4 cups of milk at $1.00 per 2 cups
30/08/18 Paid Mr Dickson's wage of $150.00
30/08/18 Bought 5 bags manure at $2 per bag.
3. Use the information in Table 27.4 to show:

a) Mrs Tsika's total income for that month.
b) Mrs Tsika's total expenditure for that month.
Copy Table 25.5 and work out Mrs Tsika's income and expenditure.
Table 27.5 Mrs Tsika's income and expenditure
Income Expenditure
Date Items Price Date Items Price
Total Total
Types of records
In agriculture, there are many activities that take place. The main activities on
most farms are growing crops, keeping animals as well as the use and care of
farm implements. It is, therefore, important to keep a record of the activities that
happen at the farm. In this unit you will learn about the importance of farm records.
You will also be able to keep your own production records thereafter.
Activity 4
1. Check your Health Card. What information is shown on your card?
2. Why is this record important?
Why keep records?

There are two types of records in agriculture. These are production and financial
records. Production records help you to plan for the future. It is important in
agriculture to plan for the future. This is to make sure that you use the resources
available wisely.
Records provide information that enables you to make good decisions. Which
decisions do you make in agriculture? Using records of past years, you should be
able to see whether your yields are improving or not. This will enable you to take
the correct measures to improve your yields or reduce cost of production.
Examples of production records

Production records show the inputs that are used in the different farming activities.
They also show the yields obtained over a period of time. The records should be
simple and easy to read. The following are some examples of production records
that you can keep.
Record of tools (Inventory)

This record shows the total number of tools you have. The recording can be done
at the end of each month.
Table 27.6
Name of Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep
tools
Hoes 10 12 12 12
Rakes 4 5 5 5 5 5
Name of Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep
tools
Forks 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Watering 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10
cans
Wheel 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
barrows
Shovels 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2
Buckets 6 6 8 8 10 10 10 10 10
Slashers 10 10 10 15 15 15 14 14 14
Hand forks 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Garden 4 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0
trowel
Why is it important to keep a record of tools?

Crop records
The inputs used in the production of various crops make up the crop records. The
records should also show the yield. Make sure that the record is simple and easy
to understand (see Table 27.7).
Table 27.7 Cabbage record
Crop Cabbage
Variety: Drumhead
Planting date: 1 March 2011
Area planted: 4 square metres
Fertiliser applied: 20 kg compost manure,40 g
Ammonium Nitrate
Date of harvesting: July 2011
Yield: 15 kg
Exercise B
1. Which crop is not sold to the GMB?
A. Flowers B. Wheat C. Beans C. Sorghum
2. Profit is made when
A. income is more than expenditure B. expenditure is more than income
C. income is the same as expenditure D. income is less than expenditure
3. Which of the following is not correct about farm records
A. They help the farmer to assess profit
B. They correct mistakes
C. They help price goods
D. They repay loans
4. List 4 crop production inputs.
5. Give two types of production records on the farm.
6. Why should farmers keep records on the farm?
Activity 5 Research
Prepare a production record of one livestock enterprise.
Sales record
Sales record is the record of income (money received) from selling different
agricultural products.
Sales record for a poultry enterprise
Date Item Unit cost Total cost

1 May 2018 53 broilers $6 $318
4 May 2018 6 bags of manure $2 per bag $12
5 May 2018 11 broilers $6 $66
7 May 2018 6 broilers $6 $36
9 May 2018 7 broilers $6 $42
12 May 2018 17 broilers $6 $102
12 May 2018 9 bags of manure $2 per bag $18
Total $594
Summary
• The two types of farm records are financial and production records.
• Production records are important because they help in planning for the future.
• Records provide information that is necessary to make good decisions.
• Production records are important because they enable a farmer to know
whether he is improving or not.
• There are different types of production records, these include crop and animal
records.
• Agricultural products have prices which are formulated depending on the
type of products.
• The price of agricultural products can change from time to time, especially
prices of vegetables.
• Different units of measurements are used when selling agricultural products.
• You can get income from agricultural products.
• There is expenditure in agriculture.
7- End of topic assessment

Multiple choice
1. When is profit made in a business?
A. When income is more than expenditure
B. When expenditure is more than income
C. When expenditure is the same as income
D. None of the above
2. Money received from the sale of agricultural products is called
A. inventory B. production C. expenditure D. income
Use the Egg production record below to answer questions 3 to 6 below.
Date Number of birds Number of eggs collected

18/06/18 45 44
19/06/18 45 45
20/06/18 45 42
21/06/18 45 44
22/06/18 45 43
3. How many layers were available in the project altogether?

A. 44 B. 45 C. 42 D. 43
4. How many birds did not lay eggs on 20/06/18?
A. 1 B. 0 C. 3 D. 2
5. How many eggs were laid from 20/06/18 up to 22/06/18?
A. 89 B. 131 C. 130 D. 129
6. How many eggs were laid altogether?
A. 225 B. 200 C. 218 D. 219
7. Farm records should be easy to
A. do B. understand C. print D. write
8. State the importance of a tool inventory report.
9. Give three examples of production records.
10.Explain why we keep records in agriculture.
Unit 28 End of term 3 assessment
Multiple choice
Choose the correct letter.

1. Agriculture is important to the community because
A. it provides food B. it causes soil erosion
C. it causes overgrazing D. it causes siltation
2. What is the importance of rearing farm animals?
A. They provide us with meat B. They cause soil erosion
C. They eat crops D. They eat grass
3. Farmers employ other people in order to
A. get company B. eat food together
C. buy more food D. get help with their work
4. Pick the one which is not an agricultural tool.
A. Garden fork B. Pick
C. Teaspoon D. Hand fork
5. From the list of tools below, choose one which is used for watering lawns,
flowers and vegetables.
A. Shovel B. Spade C. Sickle D. Hose pipe
6. Which is the most suitable tool to use when harvesting sugar cane?
A. B. C. D.
7. Which tool has the most number of uses?
A. Shovel B. Mattock C. Hoe D. Pick
8. Which is the proper place for keeping tools?
A. Bedroom B. Storeroom C. Fowl-run D. Kitchen
9. What is weather?
A. It is the amount of rainfall received in a certain area
B. It is precipitation in the form of hail
C. It is the condition of the atmosphere at a given time
D. It is wind speed at a given day
'lu. Which one is not an element of weather?
A. Wind speed B. Thermometer
C. Rainfall D. Temperature
11.The following diagram is an instrument used to measure
A. wind speed B. temperature C. rainfall D. humidity

12. Hail is
A. solid precipitation
B. liquid precipitation
C. the moisture in the atmosphere
D. water in the river
13. Name one effect of low temperature on agriculture.
A. Frost B. Siltation C. Waterlogging D. Soil erosion
14. How does hot weather condition affect crops?
A. It causes waterlogging. B. It causes wilting.
C. It causes pollution. D. It causes frost attack.
15. How are agricultural tools classified?
A. According to use B. According to the owner
C. According to the colour D. According to strength
16. Identify the type of fertiliser below.
A. Straight fertiliser B. Compound fertiliser

C. Organic fertiliser D. Top dressing
1 7. Which one is the first stage of erosion.
A. Rain drop action B. Formation of rills
C. Gully formation D. Sheet erosion
18. Soil erosion means
A. adding fertiliser to the soil
B. washing away of top soil by wind or water
C. way of looking at the particles of soil
D. arrangement of soil particles
19.Water conservation is the practice of
A. using water wisely B. using water consistently
C. using clean water D. taking water to drink
20. Recycling water means
A. using water once
B. collecting rain from the roof
C. using water more than once
D. throwing water away
21. is covering of soil with animal and plant matter.
A. Composting B. Evaporation C. Feeding D. Mulching
22. The best type of soil for crop production is .
A. clay B. loam C. sand D. clay loam
23.A plant whose roots fix nitrogen in the soil is a
A. fruit B. grain C. legume D. vegetable
24. is an example of a root vegetable.
A. Tomato B. Beans C. Cabbage D. Carrots
25.Which one of the following is not a source of water?
A. Well B. A river C. A field D. A dam
26.The largest man-made lake in Zimbabwe is the
A. Kariba B. Mzingwane C. Mutirikwi D. Osborne
27.Which one of the following is not an agent of soil erosion.
A. Wind B. Water C. Animals D. Temperature
28.How do animals cause soil erosion?
A. By drinking too much water
B. By making too much noise
C. By loosening the soil with their feet as they move
D. By dropping their waste everywhere.
29. Fruit vegetables are those with "14-°0
6,/, ,'
A. fruit as the part that is eaten
B. root as the part that is eaten ?' '-1-1 f.
C. flowers as the part that is eaten
D. leaves as the part that is eaten \ \N ',.`-•, -'
/`
30. Major plant nutrients are
A. found in straight fertiliser
B. found in organic matter 1 '<<' 4 0
C. needed by plants in small quantities -6"
D. needed by plants in large quantities
1
31.A sign of the shortage of phosphorus in crops is that
A. fruits become too big B. leaves turn yellowish
C. leaves turn purplish D. leaves turn brownish
32.Plants which keep growing year after year are called
A. cereals B. perennials C. annuals D. bi-annuals
33.The best time for growing groundnuts in Zimbabwe is
A. winter B. the evening C. the morning D. summer
34.Identify a tool suitable for harvesting groundnuts from the following tools:
B. D.
35.Young vegetables and tree seedlings are raised in

A. a river B. an orchard C. a dam D. a nursery
36.The use of cuttings is a method of reproduction whereby
A. pruning is done to a tree
B. seed is put into the soil to grow another plant
C. a part of a plant is cut and put into the soil to produce a new plant
D. a part of a plant is grafted into another plant
37. are used to protect plants from fire destruction.
A. Organic matter B. Fencing
C. Fireguards D. Chemicals
38.Animals kept by people at home are known as animals.
A. wild B. domesticated
C. game D. cattle
39.Which animals are used for ploughing in rural areas of Zimbabwe?
A. Cattle and goat B. Cattle and sheep
C. Donkeys and horses D. Cattle and donkeys
40.Which animals provide people with wool?
A. Horses B. Dogs C. Sheep D. Cattle
41.Wild animals are important because they
A. cultivate the forests B. destroy crops
C. kill people D. are a tourist attraction
42. Choose the reason for housing poultry.
A. So that they will eat less food
B. To provide protection from predators
C. To attract tourists into the country
D. For them to be cheap.
43.The young ones of small livestock should be given feed that contain
A. a lot of water B. no salts
C. high proteins D. low carbohydrates
44. Which of the following is used for ploughing in rural areas?
A. Cultivator
B. Ox-drawn mouldboard plough
C. Scotch cart
D. Ridger
45.At the end of the ploughing season an ox-drawn mouldboard plough, scotch
cart cultivator and harrow should be kept in
A. a field B. a shed C. an open space D. the soil
46.0ne maintenance of a wheelbarrow is .
A. carry stones B. carry water
C. lubricate with oil or grease D. leave it outside
47.Shops that sell final products to consumers are called
A. millers B. supermarkets
C. retail shops D. national markets
48.Supply refers to
A. low prices B. high prices
C. seasonal changes D. availability of products
49.Which one is not a farm record?
A. Birth record of the farmer's child
B. Production record
C. Crop and livestock record
D. Labour record
50.A profit is made when
A. income is more than cost of goods
B. cost of goods is higher than income
C. income is equal to cost of goods
D. farm production is less than output
1 Paper 2
Section A
Answer all questions in this section. [60 marks]
. a) The two elements of weather are and [2]

b) Give the product we get from each of the following animals besides
meat.
i. Cattle
ii. Sheep
iii. Chicken [3]
c) is covering soil with plant and animal material. [1]
..I
ir
2. a) List two rules to consider when using farm tools.
b) Which are the three sources of water on a farm? [2]
c) [3]
The three products we get from farm animal skins are —, — and —. [3]
3. Copy and complete the following table on soil fertility.
Plant nutrient Uses in plant

Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
4. Give three examples of crops that are drought resistant. [3]

5. Indicate whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE. [3]
a) All chemical containers should be burnt when they are empty.
b) Livestock like goat can be a pest. [1]
[1]
c) A cultivator is used to prepare land before the next crop is planted.[1]
d) Weeds will always give space for plants to grow.
e) The largest component of soil is air. [1]
f) Organic matter is the remains of living things that have decomposed [
). ]
6. How best can farmers conserve water in crop fields? Give two methods.[1]
7. Name any three crops that Zimbabwe exports. [2]
8. Explain why record keeping is important in Zimbabwe. [3]
?. List two digging tools. [4]

[2]
10. Give the family in which each of the following crops belongs.
11.What instrument is used to measure

a) wind direction
b) rainfall
c) humidity
12. What controls prices of goods on the market? [3]
13. Goods we buy from other countries are known as [3]
14. is an example of a man-made source of water. [1]
._. [1]
__;
r15.The two types of erosion are and [2]
16. Which river flows into Lake Kariba? [1 ]
17. Name three (3) major lakes found in Zimbabwe. [3]
18. Which implement is used to mark planting stations and drop seed at the
same time? [1]
19.The following diagram illustrates which method of plant propagation? [1]
20.Identify the following farm implements and give one use of each. [4]
21.How long does it take for a hen's eggs to hatch? [1 ]

[40 marks]
Section B
This section is made up of eight (8) sets of questions. Answer four questions
only out of the given list of questions. Each question carries (10) marks.
22. a) How best can you conserve water in the home? [2]
b) Which field crops need to be raised on the nursery first? [2]
c) State any three benefits of agriculture at community level. [3]
d) Why is air in soil very important in agriculture? [2]
e) Give an example of organic manure. [1]
23. a) What name is given to fertilisers with only one element? [1]
b) The three major soil nutrients are and [3]
c) Which are the two agents of soil erosion? [2]
d) Name any two materials used for mulching. [2]
e) The process of raising trees to replace cut ones is known as [1]
f) What is the level of organic matter in a normal soil composition? [1]
.1
24.a) Examples of crop inputs are and [3]
b) Where are the following farm products marketed in Zimbabwe? Give
registered markets for the following products.
i. Pork
ii. Beef
iii. Maize [3]
c) Which crops do very well in winter? [2]
d) Give two examples of cereal crops. [2]
25.a) What are the advantages of the deep litter system of housing chickens?
[3]
b) What is kindling? [1 ]
c) Give two types of food that are poisonous to rabbits. [2]
d) What are the uses of proteins in livestock? [2]
e) Water is found in body fluids such as and [2]
26.a) Which animals form the big five under wildlife management? [5]
b) How are plants and animals protected from fire? [2]
c) How best can you protect plants from drought? [2]
d) The best method of propagating sugar cane is by use of [1]
27.a) Why is phosphate fertiliser usually used when establishing fruit trees?[2]
b) What are gum trees used for? [2]
c) Give four factors to consider when selecting a site for a nursery bed.[4]
d) What is a pest? Give an example. [2]
28.a) What is a weed? [1]
b) Give three effects of weeds? [3]
c) Label the parts of the following plant. [2]
d) What should be used to clean eggs? [2]

e) Which factors guide grading of eggs? [2]
29. a) What is a herb? Give two examples of herbs. [3]
b) Name two varieties of carrots. [2]
c) What is the danger of applying too much organic manure on
carrots? [2]
d) The exchange of tomatoes for milk is known as [1]
e) Give two types of production records. [2]
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© M. Chagwiza, J Kuzhazha, T Mabvakure 2018

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

First published 2018

Typeset in [12 point Century Gothic]

Printed and Bound by: Impress Investments

Topic 8 Agri-business 137

Unit 1 Importance of agriculture

In this unit you will:

1.1 Importance of agriculture to the community

Benefits of agriculture to the community

1. Source of food for the community

maize potatoes matohwe/uxakuxaku chicken

cabbage bananas fresh milk carrots cooking oil

Figure 1.1 Foods that come from agriculture

Figure 1.2 A farmer exchanging sorghum for groceries

Activity 2 Individual work

Agriculture Produce Products By-products

a) maize mealie-meal fodder

1.2 Importance of agriculture to the nation

3. Provides raw materials for industry

4. Brings in foreign currency

Food stuff Raw •roduct s

1. Which sector employs most people in Zimbabwe?

Foreign currency - money from other countries

In this unit you will:

2.1 Classifying farm tools according to their use

Type Diagram Uses (s)

spade - digging moist soil

garden trowel - lifting seedlings from nursery

Table 2.2 Cutting tools

axe Alik - cutting trees

matchet - cutting small branches

Saw - cutting trees or timber

Spraying tools Knapsack sprayer - spraying chemicals

Levelling tools garden rake - levelling

Activity 2 Individual work

2.1 Inventory of farm tools

Below is a sample of a farm inventory record.

1. Name any four tools used for digging.

In this unit you will:

Collecting tools for use

End of topic assessment

In this unit you will:

Activity 1 Practical recording

Temperature is measured by an instrument

When measuring wind speed you use an

Activity 2 Educational tour

Figure 4.2 Maximum and

Season Rainfall Temperature

4.2 Influence of weather on agriculture

Figure 4.4 Pollination

ii. Wind contributes to cloud

However, the wind may cause

Activity 5 Practical Research

End of topic assessment

1. Farmers in Zimbabwe sometimes get low maize yields because of

11. List 4 disadvantages of wind in farming? [4]

In this unit you will:

dry soil wet soil

Percentages of soil components

Figure 5.2 Composition of soil

In this unit ou will: