Intermediate 1st Year Maths 1A Functions Important

Questions
I.
Question 1.
If f: R – {0} → R is defined by f(x) = x + 1x, then prove
that (f(x))2 = f(x2) + f(1).
Solution:
f : R – {0} → R and
f(x) = x + 1x
Now f(x2) + f(1) = (x2 + 1x2) + (1 + 11)
= x2 + 2 + 1x2 = (x + 1x)2 = (f(x))2
∴ (f(x))2 = f(x2) + f(1)
Question 2.
If the function f is defined by

then find the values, if exist, of f(4), f(2.5), f(-2), f(-4),

f(0), f(-7). (Mar. ’14)
Solution:
Domain of f is(-∞, -3) ∪ [-2, 2] ∪ (3, ∞)
i) Since f(x) = 3x – 2 for x > 3
f(4) = 3(4) – 2 = 10

ii) 2.5 does not belong to domain off, hence

f(2.5) is not desired.

iii) ∵ f(x) = x2 – 2 for -2 ≤ x ≤ 2

f(-2) = (-2)2 – 2 = 4 – 2 = 2
iv) ∵ f(x) = 2x + 1 for x < -3
f(-4) = 2(-4) + 1 = – 8 + 1 = -7

v) ∵ f(x) = x2 – 2, for -2 ≤ x ≤ 2
f(0)= (0)2 – 2 = 0 – 2 = -2

vi) ∵ f(x) = 2x + 1 for x < -3

f(-7) = 2(-7) + 1 = -14 + 1 = -13

Question 3.
If A = {0, π6, π4, π3, π2} and f : A → B is a surjection
defined by f(x) = cos x, then find B. (A.P. Mar. ’16, ’11;
May ’11)
Solution:
∵ f : A → B is a sujection defined by
f(x) = cos x
B = Range of f = f(A)
= {f(0), f(π6), f(π4), f(π3), f(π2)}
= {cos 0, cos π6, cos π4, cos π3, cos π2}
= {1, 3√2, 12√, 12, 0}
Question 4.
Determine whether the function f: R → R defined by f(x)
= e|x|−e−xex+e−x is an injection or a surjection or a
bijection.
Solution:
f(x) = e|x|−e−xex+e−x
f(0) = e0−e−0e0+e−0 = 1−11+1 = 0
f(-1) = e1−e1e−1+e1 = 0
∵ f(0) = f(-1)
⇒ f is not an injection.
Let y = f(x) = e|x|−e−xex+e−x
When y = 1, there is no x ∈ R such that f(x) = 1
⇒ f is not a surjection
if there is such x ∈ R then
e|x|−e−xex+e−x = 1
⇒ e|x| – e-x = ex + e-x, clearly x ≠ 0
for x > 0, this equation gives
ex – e-x = ex + e-x ⇒ -e-x = e-x which is not possible
for x < 0, this equation gives
e-x – e-x = ex + e-x
⇒ e-x = ex which is also not possible.
Question 5.
Determine whether the function f: R → R defined by

is an injection or a surjection or a bijection

Solution:
∵ f(x’) = x for x > 2
⇒ f(3) = 3
∵ f(x) = 5x – 2, for x ≤ 2
⇒ f(1) = 5(1) – 2 = 3
∵ 1 and 3 have same f-image.
Hence f is not an injection.
Let y ∈ R then y > 2 (or) y ≤ 2.
If y > 2 take x = y ∈ R so that
f(x) = x = y
If y ≤ 2 take x = y+25 ∈ R and
x = y+25 < 1
∴ f(x) = 5x – 2 = 5[y+25] – 2 = y
∴ f is a surjection
∵ f is not an injection ⇒ It is not a bijection.
Question 6.
Find the domain of definition of the function y(x), given
by the equation 2x + 2y = 2.
Solution:
2x = 2 – 2y < 2 (∵ 2y > 0)
⇒ log2 2x < log22
⇒x<1
∴ Domain = (-∞, 1)

Question 7.
It f: R → R is defined as f(x + y) = f(x)+ f(y) ∀ x, y ∈R
and f(1) = 7, then find ∑nr=1f(r).
Solution:
Consider f(2) = f(1 + 1) = f (1) + f (1) = 2f(1)
f(3) =f(2 + 1) = f(2) + f(1) = 3f(1)
Similarly f(r) = rf(1)
∴ ∑nr=1f(r) = f(1) + f(2) + ….. + f(n)
= f(1) + 2f(1)+ ….. + nf(1)
= f(1) (1 + 2 + ….. + n)
= 7n(n+1)2
Question 8.
If f(x) = cos2x+sin4xsin2x+cos4x ∀ x ∈ R then show that
f(2012) = 1.)
Solution:
f(x) = cos2x+sin4xsin2x+cos4x
= 1−sin2x+sin4x1−cos2x+sin4x
Question 9.
If f : R → R, g : R → R are defined by f(x) = 4x – 1 and
g(x) = x2 + 2 then find
i) (gof)(x)
ii) (gof)(a+14)
iii) (fof)(x)
iv) go(fof)(0) (Mar. ’05)
Solution:
Given f : R → R and g : R → R and
f(x) = 4x – 1 and g(x) = x2 + 2
(i) (gof) (x) = g (f(x))
= g (4x – 1), ∵ f(x) = 4x – 1
= (4x – 1)2 + 2, ∵ g(x) = x2 + 2
= 16x2 – 8x + 1 + 2
= 16x2 – 8x + 3

(ii) (gof)(a+14) = g(f(a+14))

= g(4(a+14)−1)
= g(a)
= a2 + 2
(iii) (fof)(x) = f(f(x))
= f(4x – 1), ∵ f(x) = 4x – 1
= 4(4x – 1) – 1
= 16x – 4 – 1 = 16x – 5

(iv) (fof)(0) = f(f(0))

= f(4 × 0 – 1)
= f(-1)
= 4(-1) – 1 = -5
Now go(fof)(0)
= g(-5) = (-5)2 + 2 = 27
Question 10.
If f: [0, 3] → [0, 3] is defined by

then show that f[0,3] ⊆ [0, 3] and find fof.

Solution:
0 ≤ x ≤ 2 ⇒ 1 ≤ 1 + x ≤ 3 ——— (1)
2 < x ≤ 3 ⇒ -3 ≤ -x ≤ -2
⇒3–3≤3–x≤3–2
⇒ 0 ≤ 3 – x < 1 ——- (2)
from (1) and (2).
f[0, 3] ⊆ [0, 3]
When 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, we have
(fof) (x) = f(f(x))
= f(1 + x) = 1 + (1 + x) = 2 + x
[∵ 1 ≤ 1 + x ≤ 2]
When 1 < x ≤ 2, we have
(fof) (x) = f(f(x))
= f(1 + x)
= 3 – (1 + x)
= 2 – x, [∵ 2 < 1 + x ≤ 3]
When 2 < x ≤ 3, we have
(fof) (x) = f(f(x))
= f(3 – x)
= 1 + (3 – x)
= 4 – x, [∵ 0 ≤ 3 – x < 1]
Question 11.
If f, g : R → R are defined

and
then find (fog)(π) + (gof)(e).
Solution:
(fog)(π) = f(g(π)) = f(0) = 0
(gof)(e) = g(f(e)) = g (1) = -1
∴ (fog)(π) + (gof) (e) = -1.

Question 12.
Let A = {1, 2, 3), B = {a, b, c}, C = (p, q, r}
If f: A → B, g: B → C are defined by
f = {(1, a), (2, c), (3, b)},
g = {(a, q), (b, r), (c, p)} then
show that f-1og-1 = (gof)-1
Solution:
Given that
f = {(1, a), (2, c), (3, b)} and
g = {(a, q), (b, r), (c, p)}
then g f = {(1, q), (2, p), (3, r)}
⇒ (gof)-1 = {(q, 1), (p, 2), (r, 3)}
⇒ g-1 = {(q, a), (r, b), (p, c)} and
f-1 = {(a, 1), (c, 2), (b, 3)}
f-1 g-1 = {(q, 1), (r, 3), (p, 2)}
⇒ (gof)-1 = f-1og-1

Question 13.
If f: Q → Q, is defined by f(x) = 5x + 4 for all x ∈ Q, show
that f is a bijection and find f-1.(A.P Mar. ’16, May ’12,
’05)
Solution:
Let x1, x2 ∈ Q
Now f(x1) = f(x2)
⇒ 5x1 + 4 = 5x2 + 4
⇒ 5x1 = 5x2
⇒ x1 = x2
∴ f is an injection.
Let y ∈ Q then x = y−45 ∈ Q and
f(x) = f(y−45) = 5(y−45) + 4 = y
∴ f is a surjection.
Hence f is a bijection
∴ f-1 : Q → Q is also bijection
We have (fof-1)(x) = I(x)
⇒ f(f-1(x)) = x, ∵ f(x) = 5x + 4
⇒ 5f-1(x) + 4 = x
⇒ f-1(x) =x−45 for ∀ x ∈ Q
Question 14.
Find the domains of the following real valued functions.

i) f(x) = 16x−x2−5
Solution:
f(x) = 16x−x2−5 = 1(x−1)(5−x) ∈ R
⇔ (x – 1) (5 – x) ≠ 0
⇔ x ≠ 1, 5
∴ Domain of f is R – {1, 5}
ii) f(x) = 1x2−a2√, (a > 0) (A.P.) (Mar. ’15)
Solution:
f(x) = 1x2−a2√ ∈ R
⇔ x2 – a2 > 0
⇔ (x + a)(x – a) > 0
⇔ x ∈ (-∞, -a) ∪ (a, ∞)
∴ Domain of f is (-∞, -a) ∪ (a, ∞) = R – [-a, a]
iii) f(x) = (x+2)(x−3)−−−−−−−−−−−√
Solution:
f(x) = (x+2)(x−3)−−−−−−−−−−−√ ∈ R
⇔ (x + 2)(x – 3) ≥ 0
⇔ x ∈ (-∞, -2) ∪ [3, ∞)
∴ Domain of f is
(-∞, -2] ∪ [3, ∞) = R – (-2, 3)
iv) f(x) = (x−α)(β−x)−−−−−−−−−−−−√ (0 < α < β)
Solution:
f(x) = (x−α)(β−x)−−−−−−−−−−−−√ ∈R
⇔ (x – α) (β – α) ≥ 0
⇔ α ≤ x ≤ β ; (∵ α < β)
⇔ x ∈ [α, β]
∴ Domain of f is [α, β]
v) f(x) = 2−x−−−−−√ + 1+x−−−−−√
Solution:
f(x) = 2−x−−−−−√ + 1+x−−−−−√ + x ∈ R
⇔ 2 – x ≥ 0 and 1 + x ≥ 0
⇔ 2 ≥ x and x ≥ -1
⇔ -1 ≤ x ≤ 2
⇔ x ∈ [-1, 2]
∴ Domain of f is [-1, 2].
vi) f(x) = x2−1−−−−−√ + 1x2−3x+2√
Solution:
f(x) = x2−1−−−−−√ + 1x2−3x+2√ ∈ R
⇔ x2 – 1 ≥ 0 and x2 – 3x + 2 > 0
⇔ (x + 1)(x – 1) ≥ 0 and (x – 1)(x – 2) > 0
⇔ x ∈ (-∞, -1] ∪ [1, ∞) and x ∈ (-∞, 1)u(2, ∞)
⇔ x ∈ (R – (-1, 1)) ∩ (R – [1, 2])
⇔ x ∈ R – {(-1, 1) ∪ [1,2]}
⇔ x ∈ R – (-1, 2]
⇔ x ∈ (-∞, -1] ∪ (2, ∞)
∴ Domain of f is (-∞, -1) ∪ (2, ∞) = R – (-1, 2]
vii) f(x) = 1|x|−x√
Solution:
f(x) = 1|x|−x√ ∈ R
⇔ |x| – x > 0
⇔ |x| > x
⇔ x ∈ (-∞, 0)
∴ Domain of f is (-∞, 0)
viii) f(x) = |x|−x−−−−−−√
Solution:
|x|−x−−−−−−√ ∈ R
⇔ |x| – x ≥ 0
⇔ |x| ≥ x
⇔x∈R
∴ Domain of f is R
Question 15.
If f = ((4, 5), (5, 6), (6, -4)} and g = ((4, -4), (6, 5), (8, 5)}
then find
(i) f + g
(ii) f – g
(iii) 2f + 4g
(iv) f + 4
(v) fg
(vi) fg
(vii) |f|
(viii) f−−√
(ix) f2
(x) f3
Solution:
Given that f = ((4, 5), (5, 6), (6, -4)}
g {(4, —4), (6, 5), (8, 5)}
Domain of f = {4, 5, 6} = A
Domain of g = (4, 6, 8} = B
Domain of f ± g = A ∩ B = {4, 6}
i) f + g = {4, 5 + (-4), (6, -4 + 5)}
= {(4, 1), (6, 1)}
ii) f – g = {(4, 5 – (-4)), (6, -4, -5)}
= {(4, 9), (6, -9)}

iii) Domain of 2f = A = {4, 5, 6}

Domain of 4g = B = {4, 6, 8}
Domain of 2f + 4g = A ∩ B = {4, 6}
∴ 2f = {(4, 10), (5, 12), (6, -8)}
4g = {(4, —16), (6, 20), (8, 20)}
∴ 2f + 4g = {(4, 10 + (-16), 6, -8 + 20)}
= {(4, -6), (6, 12)}

iv) Domain of f + 4 = A= {4, 5, 6}

f + 4 ={4, 5 + 4), (5, 6 +4), (6, -4 + 4)}
= ((4, 9), (5, 10), (6, 0)}

v) Domain of fg = A ∩ B = {4, 6}
fg = {(4, (5) (-4), (6, (-4) (5))}
= {(4, -20), (6, -20)}

vi) Domain of fg = {4, 6}

∴ fg = {(4, −54), (6, −45)}
vii) Domain of |f| = {4, 5, 6}
∴ |f| = {(4, |5|), (5, |6|), (6, |-4|)}
= {(4, 5), (5, 6), (6, 4))
viii) Domain of f−−√ = {4, 5}
∴ f−−√ = {(4, 5–√), (5, 6–√)}
ix) Domain of f2 = {4, 5, 6} = A
∴ f2 = ((4, (5)2) (5, (6)2, (6, (-4)2)}
f2 = {(4, 25), (5, 36), (6, 16)}

x) Domain of f3 = A = {4, 5, 6}
∴ f3 = {(4, 53), (5, 63), (6, (-4)3}
= {(4, 125) (5, 216) (6, -64)}

Question 16.
Find the domains and ranges of the following real valued
functions.
i) f(x) = 2+x2−x
ii) f(x) = x1+x2
iii) f(x) = 9−x2−−−−−√ (A.P.)(Mar. ’15)
Solution:
i) f(x) = 2+x2−x ∈ R
⇔ 2 – x ≠ 0 x ⇔ x ∈ R -{2}
∴ Domain of f is R – {2}
Let f(x) = y1 = 2+x2−x.
Apply componendo and dividendo rule
⇒ y+1y−1 = (2+x)+(2−x)(2+x)−(2−x)
⇒ y+1y−1 = 42x
⇒ x = 2(y−1)y+1
Clearly x is not defined for y + 1 = 0
(i.e.,) y = -1
∴ Range of f is R – {-1}.
ii) f(x) = x1+x2
Solution:
f(x) = x1+x2 ∈ R
∵ ∀ x ∈ R, x2 + 1 ≠ 0
Domain of f is R
Let f(x) = y = x1+x2
⇒ x2y – x + y = 0
⇒ x = −(−1)±1−4y2√y is a real number.
iff 1 – 4y2 ≥ 0; y ≠ 0
⇔ (1 – 2y)(1 + 2y) ≥ 0 and y ≠ 0
⇔ y ∈ [−12;12] – {0}
Also x = 0 ⇒ y = 0
∴ Range of f = [−12,12]
iii) f(x) = 9−x2−−−−−√
Solution:
f(x) = 9−x2−−−−−√ ∈ R
⇔ 9 – y2 ≥ 0
⇔ x ∈ [-3, 3]
∴ Domain of f is [-3, 3]
Let f(x) = y = 9−x2−−−−−√
⇒ x = 9−y2−−−−−√ ∈ R
⇔ 9 – y2 ≥ 0 ⇔ (3 + y)(3 – y) ≥ 0
∴ -3 ≤ y ≤ 3
But f(x) attains only non negative values
∴ Range of f = [0, 3].
Question 17.
If f(x) = x2 and g(x) = |x|, find the following functions.
i) f + g
ii) f – g
iii) fg
iv) 2f
v) f2
vi) f + 3
Solution:
Given f(x) = x2
Domain of f = Domain of g = R
Hence domain of all the functions (i) to (vi) is R

iv) 2f(x) = 2 f(x) = 2x2

v) f2(x) = (f(x))2 = (x2)2 = x4

vi) (f + 3)(x) = f(x) + 3 = x2 + 3.

Question 18.
Determine whether the following functions are even or
odd.
i) f(x) = ax – a-x + sin x
Solution:
Given f(x) = ax – a-x + sin x
∴ f(- x) = a-x – ax + sin (-x)
= a-x – ax – sin x
= – (ax – ax – sin x) = – f(x)
∴ f(x) is an odd function.

ii) f(x) = x(ex−1ex+1)

Solution:
f(x) = x(ex−1ex+1)

∴ f is an even function.
iii) f(x) = log (x + x2+1−−−−−√)
Solution:
Given f(x) = log (x + x2+1−−−−−√)
Then f(-x) = log (-x + (−x)2+1−−−−−−−−√)
= log (x2+1−−−−−√ – x)
∴ f is an odd function.
Question 19.
Find the domains of the following real valued functions.
i) f(x) = 1[x]2−[x]−2√
Solution:
f(x) = 1[x]2−[x]−2√ ∈ R
⇔ [x]2 – [x] – 2 > 0
⇔ ([x] + 1) ([x] – 2) > 0
⇔ [x] < -1, (or) [x] > 2
But [x] < -1 ⇒ [x] = -2, -3, -4, ……..
⇒ x < -1 [x] > 2 ⇒ [x] = 3, 4, 5, ……
⇒x≥3
∴ Domain of f = (-∞, -1) ∪ [3, ∞]
= R – [-1, 3)
ii) f(x) = log (x – [x])
f(x) = log (x – [x]) ∈ R
⇔ x – [x] > 0
⇔ x > [x]
⇔ x is a non integer
∴ Domain of f is R – Z

iii) f(x) = log10(3−xx)−−−−−−−−−√

Solution:
f(x) = log10(3−xx)−−−−−−−−−√ ∈ R
⇔ log10(3−xx) ≥ 0 and 3−xx > 0
⇔ 3−xx ≥ 10° = 1 and 3 – x > 0, x > 0
⇔ 3 – x ≥ x and 0 < x < 3
⇔ x ≤ 32 and 0 < x < 3
⇔ x ∈ (-∞, 32] ∩ (0, 3) = (0, 32]
∴ Domain of f is (0, 32]
iv) f(x) = 3+x√+3−x√x
Solution:
f(x) = 3+x√+3−x√x ∈ R
⇔ 3 + x ≥ 0, 3 – x ≥ 0 and x ≠ 0
⇔ x ≥ -3, x ≤ 3 and x ≠ 0
⇔ -3 ≤ x ≤ 3, and x ≠ 0
⇔ x ∈ [-3, 3] and x ≠ 0
⇔ x ∈ [-3, 3] – {0}
∴ Domain of f is [-3, 3] – {0}
Question 20.
If f : A → B and g : B → C are two injective functions
then the mapping gof : A → C is an injection.
Solution:
f : A → B and g: B → C are one—one.
∴ gof : A → C
To prove that g o f is one — one function
Let a1, a2 ∈ A ∴ f(a1), f(a2) ∈ B and g(f(a1)), g(f(a2)) ∈ C
i.e., (gof) (a1), gof(a2) ∈ C
Now (gof) (a1) = gof (a2)
⇒ g(f(a1)) = g(f(a2))
⇒ f(a1) = f(a2) (∵ g is one -one)
⇒ a1 = a2 (∵ f is one-one)
Hence gof: A → C is a one-one function.
Note : The converse of the above theorem is not true.
If f : A → B, g: B → C and go f is one-one then both f and
g need not be one-one.
For, consider
A = {1, 2}, B = {p, q, r), C = {s, t}
Let f = {(1, p), (2, q)} and
g = {(p, s), (q, t), (r, t)}
Now gof = {(1, s), (2, t)} ⇒ gof is one—one
from A to C
Observe that g: B → C is not one—one.

Question 21.
If f : A → B and g : B → C are two onto (surjective)
functions then the mapping gof : A → C is a surjection.
(May. ’08)
Solution:
f : A → B and g : B → C are onto.
∴ gof : A → C
To prove that gof is onto. Let c be any element of C.
Since g : B → C is an onto function there exists an element
b ∈ B such that g(b) = c
Since f : A → B is an onto function, there exists an
element a ∈ A such that f(a) = b
Now g(b) = c ⇒ g [f(a)] c = (gof) (a) = c
Thus for any element c ∈ C there is an element a ∈ A such
that (gof) (a) = c
∴ gof : A → C is a surjection
Question 22.
If f : A → B and g : B → C are two bijective functions
then the mapping gof : A → C is a bijection. (Mar. ’16,
May ’12)
Solution:
f and g are injections gof: A → C is an injection.
f and g are surjections= gof : A → C is a surjection.
Hence it follows that if f and g are bijections,
gof is also a bijection.
Note : The converse of the above theorem is not true.

Question 23.
If f : A → B and g : B → C are such that gof is a
surjection, then g is necessarily a surjection.
Solution:
Let c ∈ C. Since gof is a surjection, from A to
C there exists an element a ∈ A such that (gof) (a) = c, i.e.,
g(f(a)) = c
Since g: B → C and f(a) ∈ B, ∀ c ∈ C there exists an
element belonging to B.
Hence g is a surjection.

Question 24.
If f : A → B and g : B → C and h : C → D are functions
then ho(gof) = (hog)of (Mar. ’12, ’08)
Solution:
f : A → B and g : B → C gof : A → C
Now gof : A → C and h : C → D
⇒ ho(gof) : A → D
Similarly (hog) of : A → D
Thus ho (gof) and (hog) of both exist and have the same
domain A and co-domain D.
Let a be an element of A.
Now [ho(gof)](a) = h[(gof)(a)] = h[g(f(a))]
= (hog) [f(a)] = [(hog)of] (a)
∴ ho(gof) = (hog)of
Note : Thus composition of mappings is associative.

Question 25.
Let f : A → B, IA and IB are identity functions on A and B
respectively. Then for IA = f = IB of Mar.’12, ’08
Solution:
∵ IA : A → A and f : A → B are functions foIA is a function
from A to B. Hence foIA and f are definded on same
domain A.
i) Let a ∈ A then (foIA)(a) = f(IA(a))
= f(a)
[∵ IA(a) = a, ∀ a ∈ A]
∴ foIA = f ————- (1)

ii) ∵ f : A → B, IB : B → B are functions, IB of is a function

from A to B
∴ The functions IB of and f are defined on the same domain
A.
Let a ∈ A, then (IB of)(a)
= IB(f (a)) = f(a)
∵ f : A → B, we have f(a) ∈ B
∴ IB of = f ———– (2)
From(1) & (2) foIA = IBof = f

Question 26.
Let A and B be two non-empty sets. If f : A → B is a
bijection, then f-1 : B → A is also a bijection.
Solution:
f : A → B is a bijection.
∴ f-1 : B → A is a unique function.
(i) To prove that f-1 is one—one:
Let b1 and b2 be any two different elements of B. i.e., b1 ≠
b2.
Then, we have to prove that
f-1(b1) ≠ F-1(b2)
Let f-1(b1) = a1 and f-1(b2) = a2
such that a1, a2 ∈ A
Then b1 = f(a1) and b2 = f(a2)
Now b1 ≠ b2 ⇒ f(a1) ≠ f(a2)
⇒ a1 ≠ a2 (∵ f is a bijection)
⇒ f-1(b1) ≠ f-1(b2)
∴ f-1 is one—one.

(ii) To prove that f-1 is onto:

Let ‘a’ be an element of A.
Then there exists an element b ∈ B such that f(a) = b (or) f-
1
(b) = a
(or) a = f-1(b)
Thus ‘a’ is the f-1 – image of the element b ∈ B
Hence f-1 is onto.
∴ f : B → A is a bijection.

Question 27.
If f : A → B is a bijection, then f-1of = IA and fof-1 = IB
(A.P) (Mar. 15,12, ’07; May ’07, ‘06)
Solution:
f : A → B is a bijection ⇒ f-1 : B → A is also a bijection.
By definition, fof-1 : B → B and f-1of : A → A are bijection
Also IA : A → A and IB : B → B
To prove that f-1of = IA
Let a ∈ A
Since f : A → B there exists a unique element
b ∈ B such that f(a) = b
a = f-1 (b) (∵ f is a bijection)
∴ (f-1of) (a) = f-1[f(a)]
= f-1(b) = a = IA (a)
f-1 of = IA
Similarly it can be shown that fof-1 = IB

Question 28.
If f : A → B and g : B → A are two functions such that gof
= IA and fog = IB then g = f-1.
Solution:
(i) To prove that f is one—one:
Let a1, a2 ∈ A.
Since f: A → B, f(a1), f(a2) ∈ B
Now f(a1) = f(a2)
⇒ g[f(a1)] = g[f(a2)]
⇒ (gof)(a1) = gof(a2)
⇒ IA (a1) = IA (a2)
∴ a1 = a2 = ∴ f is one — one

(ii) To prove that f is onto :

Let b be an element of B
∴ b = IB fog(b)
⇒ b = f{(g(b)} ⇒ f{g(b)} = b
i.e., there exists a pre-image g(b) ∈ A for b, under the
mapping f. ∴ f is onto
Thus f is one-one, onto and hence
f-1 : B → A exists and is also one — one and onto.
(iii) To prove g = f-1:
Now g : B → A and f-1 : B → A
Let a ∈ A and b be the f – image of a, where b ∈ B
∴ f(a) = b ⇒ a =f-1(b)
Now g(b) = g[f(a)] (gof) (a)
= IA(a) = a = f-1(b)
∴ g = f-1

Question 29.
If f : A → B and g : B → C are bijective functions, then
(gof)-1 = f-1og-1(AP) (Mar. ‘16’14, ‘11; May ‘11)
Solution:
f : A → B, g : B → C are bijections
⇒ gof : A → C is a bijection
Also g-1 : C → B and f-1 : B → A are bijections
⇒ f-1og-1 : C → A is a bijection.
Let c be any element of C.
Then ∃ an element b ∈ B such that g(b) = c
⇒ b = g-1(c)
Also ∃ an element a A such that f(a) = b
⇒ a = f-1(b)
Now (gof) (a) = g(f(a) = g(b) = c
⇒ a = f-1(b)
Now (gof) (a) = g(f(a) = g(b) = c
⇒ a = (gof)-1 (c) ⇒ (gof) (c) = a
Also (f-1og-1) (c) ⇒ f-1 (g-1 (c)) = f-1 (b) = a
∴ From (1) and (2);
(gof)-1 (c) = (f-1og-1(c))
⇒ (gof)-1 = f-1og-1