(culation of the section modulus In carrying out a caluation for the section modulus of the amidship sation of a ship it is usual to take the section in way of openings. Figure 41 tows such a section and indicates the material Which should be included in +» te calculation. Generally speaking only that material which is distributed ora considerable length in the fore and aft direction should be included. More will be said about this later, but it is clear that material which is only ain over a short distance near amidships wil have little effect in resisting ding. In this matter a certain amount of judgement must be excerised in ‘riding which items should be included. Examples of items which should ‘'be included are the vertical side plating of engine and boiler casings in_ JS With machinery amidships and girders which extend over a sl “gh only, tye items which will generally always be included are all conti der itudinalel Ck longitudinals side and bottom shell, bottom longitudinals.Strength of Ships’ Structures 74 Longitudinals Deck plating B deck Shroxe ~~ |_Deck plating C deck Machinery cosing (nol included | Deck ploting |] decy, y Deck plating E deck shel Deck plating Fdeck eu son | i Assumed position of neutral axis ee att Margin plate Tank top plating Longitigina Fig. 41 Section showing material usually included in section modulus calculation, ships there may be superstructures if the length. about this table are necessary, nt calculate the position of the neutral axis first and then calculate the mome! of inertia about this axis, i the : 'S canbe done in one calculaton. BY Principle of parallel axes it is known that @) Twa = Tyg — A¥? where Moment of inertia about the neutral axis moment of inertia about some axis xx total area / an "stance from xx to neutral axis, seit ese ‘Pe moment of area and the Moment of inertia ofeach part of M3 i gute el Heated aboui nent 3x: The Tole Fi 2 iS quite an “4% but J castom a be : f i ™ which has often been observed 15TABLE 12 Calculation for section modulus. Assumed neutral axis 30 ft above base Area x | Labout Tem Scatlings Area | Lever] Moment} Lever? | own N.A. A in in? | ot | int x te | in? x te? | in? x B deck plating 504 x 1-06 0 | 38 a B deck longitudinals | 4-14 x 1. ose ant enol en = D deck stringer angle| 7x7 x 1-02 [413-2386 | 510 pee} = Curtain plate 20 x 0-40 8-0 | 38-7 309 12.000 ‘C deck plating 480 x 0-47 225-5 | 30-25] 6821 | 206346 D deck plating 482-4 x 0-43, 207-0 | 21-75] 4 soz 97 924 - E deck plating 484.8 x 0.35 169-5] 11-75] 1991 23 402 - F deck plating 486 x 0-35 1705 | 2-75| — 469 1289 Sheer strake 84 x 1-05 88-1 /35-25] 3105 | 109469 361 Side shell 3828x084 | 321-0] 160 | 5136 82176 | 28 100 Total above N.A, 1783-3 45393 | 1432756) 28 461 Material betow assumed N.A. Side shell 282 x 0-84 2724 31330] 40900 Bilge plating 162 x 0-94 4066 108 573, 2320 Bottom shell 384 x 0-94 10685 | 316294 _ Flat plate keel W775 x 4x 1-23 1431 42930; — ‘Centre girder -] 95 % 0-60. d i) 14400 33 ‘Tank top centre . é strake . 8 4x073 627 15 874 —_ ,Tank top plating — [44/4 x 0-59 6626 | 167639} — Margin plate 47 x 0°76 903 22851 - Bilge longitudinal — 132 3738 = \ Bottom longitudinals| 11 x 37 x 0-49 5400 | 150796 266 Total below N.A. - 33113 | 874425| 13519 Grand total — 31264) — 12 280A | 2 307 181 41980 280 26-4 B50 = 2 307 181 4-41 980 = 2 349 161 in? x ft? Distance of neutral axis from assumed axis = 3-93 ft above 7 less 3126-4 x 3-93? = 48287 in? xft? | Una = 2300 874 in? x ft? Ina = 2300 874 x 2 = 4601 748 inhi? y to B deck = 38-9 — 3-93 = 34-97 ft Yto keel * = 30-0 +4- 3-93 = 33-93 ft i Ip os deck = ASO IES w= 131478 in? xf SF 9) 4.601 748 sa f cel = SEE = 135 745 in? x Mh Hy to keel 3a53 135745 in: istrength of Ships’ Structures a ‘tion of the neutral axis as poss osition 0! Possible, near the expected PO magnitude of the figures when caleulget ts of inertia. As the calculation would most Probay? ; 4 eomputer this is no longer of great importance and theayt now be done »y the base. : chosen could quée ecole 12 the items are listed and in the second Coty In the ae ere from which the area is determined and Placed i, the scantlings are s! > sually given in square inches. Column 4 gives the s are U! s column 3. These e individual item from the assumed axis, The id of th istance of the centroid of livid : are of the ara multiplied by this distance, namely ay, is entered in colum, pe erhis is the moment of the area about the assumed a and oa be in in? xf, Multiplying this product again by the lever, ay” iso tained and is entereg in column 6. To abtain the moment of inertia of an item about the assumed axis it is necessary to add to ay? the moment of inertia of the item about its own neutral axis. This is entered in column 7. Most of the items can be treated as rectangles so that the moment of inertia is simply jah? where a is the area and A the depth. It will be noted that there are only a few entries shown in column 7; this isbecause the moment of inertia of what may be called “hori. zontal” materialabout its own neutral axis is sufficiently small to be negligible. For instance, in the table its value for the ‘B’ deck plating would be 1 1-06)? Jp * 535 x () = 0-35 in? x ft? which is clearly very small compared with the other figures involved. Since in the calculation in Table 12 the axis has been assumed to be iti Seve base, there is material above and below the axis, so that in calcu nee pa of the neutral axis the difference of the moments must be of the figures, butagsay im in’ and levers in ft leads to a reduction in the size the calculation a this is of no importance when a computer is used for moment in ton, oc however, have the convenience that with bending in tonfin? Tt wih ep eet” Modulus in in? x fe the stress is obtain ‘iso be noted from the table that the calculation is cart Out for one side af the chy art by two. he ship only so that the results have to be multiplied For the ship f¢ fi hogging bending gy wich the calculations are shown in Table 12 the maxis moment Was 950 000 ton ft. This would give Straws in deck — 950.000 T3147g = 7:23 ton/in? tension Stress in bottom — 250 000 135745 = 7-00 ton/in? compression