Eau Cod Crees USS TACT ee Cae Cus and Competitive Examinations— ISRO, DRDO, HAL, BARC, ONGC, NTPC, DVC, BHEL, SAIL, GAIL, NHPC, PGCIL, IOCL, IES and Others Important Topic-wise Problems with Solutions ri ors mrtGATE FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Chandan Kumar Chanda Professor Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Engines \d Technology Shibpur, Howrah (West Bengal) Sumit Banerjee Associate Professor and Head Department of Electrical Engineering Dr. BC. Roy Engi ‘ollege Durgapur (West Bengal) Abhijit Chakrabarti Professor Department of El al Engineering Indian Institute of Engineering nd Technology Shibpur, Howrah (West Bengal) PHI Learning (7 ctie [imtied Delhi-110092 2016GATE FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (with CD-ROM) Chandan Kumar Chanda, Sumit Banerjee and Abrijt Chakrabarti (© 2016 by PHI Learning Private Limite, Delhi. Al ights reserved. No part ofthis book may be repteduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in wating from the publisher, ‘ll product and service names menionod In ths Book ae regard or wagered ademas o¢ sence marke of Her ‘eapestie companiae, Uso of an Prove! oF sevio nam inthe book Shaul no be regarded afosing tho vay of ay Iredomork or serve ma |SBN-978-81.203-5096.0 ‘The export rights of tis book are vested solely with the publisher, Published by Ascke K Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patpargan| Industral Estate Deln-110002 and Printed by Rakamal Electc Press, Plot No.2, Phase IV, HSIDC, Kundl-131028, Sonepat, HaryanaContents Preface suoue sen How to prepare for GATE Exam?, What is special about the book? su. How 10 read this book?. 11. ELECTRIC CIRCUITS..... 11 Syllabus: A 1.2. Weightage in Previous GATE E (Marks), 1 13. Topies to be Focused Al Networks and Circuits. ui Network Elements, ll Classification of Network, 12 Circuit Elements 12 Vector and Phasor 13 Series and Parallel Networks. 13 Controlled S 13 Duals and Dualit 13 Kirchhoff’s Laws. 14 Network Theorems La Network Graph 1s 2-Port Network 16 Driving Point Immittance (Impedance and Admittance) Function 17 Caleulation Procedure for a Series AC Circuits 7 Solution of Three-Phase Circuits 18, Filter Ls Resonance 19 14 Important Points to Remember 19 15. References. Mu 16 Previons Yeats’ Questions 12 Solutions, 121 2. CONTROL SYSTEM... 21-245 2.1 Syllabus. 24 2.2 Weightage in Previous GATE Examination (Marks) 24 ov 23 ‘Topics to be Focused Introduction Open Loop Control Systems, Closed Loop Systems Analogous Quantities (Force-Voltage Analogy) Analogies Quantities (Force-Current Analogy), ‘Transfer Function, Signal Flow Graph (SFG). Mason's Gain Formula Time Response Enror Constant (or coefficient) Sensitivity Control Action Compensator Stability Analysis System Response. Routh Hurwitz Stubility Criterion Root Locus. Bode Plot Polar Plot Nyquist Plot Gain Margin and Phase Margin Determination, Frequency Response of a Control System. Constant Magnitude of Locus (circles sand N-circles) Slate Space Analysis Controllability Observability Important Points to Remember. References. Previous Years’ Questions. Solutions, 3 3 3 5 3 6 7 7 7 7 8 9 9 2.10 2.10 2.10 241 212 212 225Ovi cortens 3. POWER SYSTEM: 13.29 Alemator ss. sun AAS an ul, . Synchronous Moor 418 3.2 Weightage in Previous GATE Examination 44 Important Points to Remember 420 igs ‘ gy | 45: Releences 33. Topics to be Focused 31 46 Brevious Yeats! Questions 4 Line Model and Perfor: voltions 430 Lines Sul | 5. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC Voltage Regulation vs 3.2 MEASUREMENTS 5.1-5.19 ‘Transmssion Eliiency 32) SL Syllabus aa Power Flow Through a Transmission Line 32 | $3. Welshiage in Pacvoug GATE Examination Cables 34 ‘tas. Corona 34 | 53. Topies tobe Foowed Distribution System 35 Electrical Measurement Per Unit Representation 33 Potentiometers Bus Adnitance Matrix a7 Bridees Symmetrical Components 38 Measurement of Resistance 33 asymmetrical Fels, 38 Different Insvuments 33 Postve, Negative and Zero Sequence Measurement of Power 36 Components a8 Mensiremet of Power Factor 37 Single Line Diagram 39 ‘Measurement of Energy Preparation of Per Unit Impedance Diagram ...3.9 Instrument Transformers {ferential protection 310 Voltmeter Multipliers istance Protection 3.10 Digital to Analog. Zone Protection 310 Error in MI Meter... 3 Seis ene Rely si 3 Reafer Type of lnstuments 39 vi Se Rely (SR) a Compensition for Inductance of Pressure wee Biz Cail so Nick Sean 3 3-Phase Power Measurement by Wattmeter..5.10 Suing Cure 33 Cable Fats 510 Equal Area Criterion 313, Murray Loop Test 310 Varley Loop Test 510 emote Operation oe a4 yas a Power Fett (C046) Conedtionnoesne314 | 54 apntant Pan Remener si Voltage Control ane |S Iporant su 34 Important Points to Remember. aie | 83 Relies ae 35. Relerences. oo was Previn ge 3.6 Previous Years” Quest 31S Solutions... so soe 323 ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS........ 6.1-6.24 4, ELECTRICAL MACHINES .....ssssssssssssssevvee 414.37 6.1 Syllabus. 61 41 Syllabus “1 | 62. Weightage in Previous GATE Examination 42. Weightage in Previous GATE Examination (Marks), 61 se oA Ho ga | 63. Topies to be Focused st 43 Topics to be Focused 41 Digital Bleetronics.... ot Single Phase Transformer at |g, Atelog Blesrenes 62 Single Phase Transformer aa portant Pints to Remeber Auotanfomers CONE | 85: Relownces 8 DC Machines, ” 45 Solutions. 6.18 DC Motor 46 3-Point Starter. 48 POWER ELECTRONICS ......s0eeee Speed Control of DC Motor 43 | 71 Syllabus ‘Thyee-Phase indueton Motor S10 | 72. Weightage in Previous GATE Exam Single Phase Induetion Motor 44 (Maths) cnn seins Ta73 74 75 76 8 82 83 34 85 86 on 92 93 ‘Topies to be Focused. cal Phase Control Rectifier 7 Important Points to Remember 13 References. 74 Previous Years’ Questions. senna TA Solutions 78 SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS. 8.18.12 Syllabus, 8.1 Weightage in Previous GATE Examination (Marks) 81 ‘Topies to be Focused. 8.1 Introduetion to Signals oS Causality 8.1 Stabil 81 Invertibility and Inverse System 81 Continuous Time Linear Time Invariant (LTD) System, 81 Static and Dynamic System. 82 Z-ransform, 82 Fourier Transform, 84 Important Points to Remember 84 References. 8.5 Previous: Years” Questions. 85 Solutions. sv soni 88 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. Syllabus, 9 Weightage in Previous GATE Examination (Marks) 91 Topies to be Focused 9.1 Linear Algebra 91 Rolle’s, Lagrange’s Mean Value and Taylor's Theorem 94 Maxima and Minima. 9.5 Partial Differentiation 96 10. GENERAL APTITUDE. Contents O.vii Integration 97 Delinite Integrals 98 Multiple Integrals and Their Applications....9.10 Differential Equations. out Complex Number and Functions. O14 Theory of Probability 9.17 Numerical Methods os. Laplace Transform and Fourier Transform...9.22 9.4 Important Points to Remember: 9.23 9.5 References 924 9.6 Previous Yeats’ Ques 924 Solu - 934 10.1 Syllabus. 10.2 Weightage in Previous GATE Examination (Marks) 0. 10.3 Verbal Ability lo. Common Errors 10.1 One Word Substitutions 7 103 Antonyms: lot ‘Synonyms 106 Important Questions, 107 10.4 Previous Years’ Questions (Verbal Ability) 10.11 Solutions lod 10.5 Numerical Ability 10.14 Algebraic Formulae 10.15 Progression 10.15 Triangle 10.16 10.6 Important Points © Remember (Num Ability) 10.17 10.7 Refere! 10.18 10.8 Previous Years’ Questions (Numerical Ability) 10.18 Solutions 10.21‘copyright materialPreface In the present competitive secnario, where engineering colleges are mushrooming al every nook and comer of the country the only yardstick to measure and test the actual ability of students is the GATE. That is why the number of aspirants for the GATE examination is increasing exponentially every year. There is a general misconception among students that GATE examination is only meant for pursuing ME/M.Tech from the prestigious ITS/NITs and finally ends up with a leaching career. But in this context, we want fo mention here that the recent developments about the GATE score is very vital and instrumental to get different PSUs job with a high salary package. Although there is no dearth of books in the market for some of these areas, since this is an academically high level examination, we have tried our level best to design the book in such a manner that an average student can score high if he/she solves an adequate number of problems based on the fundamental concepts. In fact, this book comprises the flow Of (opies arranged in such @ way so that the students ean grab the advanced concepts to tackle the Gicky problems in this kind of competitive examination We are grateful (0 the authorities of Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah and Dr. B.C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur for providing the facilities necessary for writing this book. We are greatly thankful to our colleagues at the EST, Shibpur and BCREC, Durgapur for their encouragement and various useful iggestions, We cannot express our thanks and gratefulness in words to our student Deblina Maity, Assistant Professor, Netaji Subhash Engineering College, Kolkata, who has helped us ia many ways for this book, jon, constant motivation and encouragement by Last, but not the least, we appreciate the patience, help, insp Gopa Chanda, Shampa Banerjee, Sayonsom Chanda, Soumyadeep Banerjee and other fam preparation of the book. ‘We would also Tike to thank the editorial team of PHI Learning, Delhi for their support We certainly hope that this book will prove to be a great aid to all the GATE/PSUs aspirants Constructive criticism and comments or suggestions for the improvement of the book are alwa: be greutly acknowledged. ly members throughout the welcome and will Best of Luck! Chandan Kumar Chanda Sumit Banerjee Abhijit Chakrabarti oe‘copyright materialHow to prepare for GATE exam? Preparation Strategy ‘To get success in GATE/PSUs examinations in a short span of time, you need a proper planning. The following steps are {© be followed to prepare GATE examination: + Preparation time for GATE is subjective and depends on individual's aptitude, fundamentals, attitude, concentration level, ete. Typically a rigorous preparation of 7-8 months is considered well enough for getting IITs, ISC or NIT. © Channelise your energy to a particular goal # A good understanding of the basic concepts and their application is required. © Prepare those chapters or topies in depth from which questions appeared frequently * As a thumb rule, while solving any GATE problem, if the solutio the approach (generally GATE problems are little tricky but not I © While solving the problem, students must have balance between speed and aceuraey lakes more than 10 steps, you must re-look at yathy) * Any problem can be tackled in number of ways. Therefore, be innovative and intuitive also, * Practice all varieties of questions from as many sources as possible, i.e. practice a Tot. # Take up regular mock tests to keep & check on your performance # Tis advisable to directly ju P upon the previous GATE question on the topic you just finished. # Always remember “You Can Get If You Really Want” So, positive mind is the key. # Remember the secret of suecess in GATE is not a brilliant mind, but rather a hard working menta honing of your skills which comes from practice ox‘copyright materialWhat is special about the book? This book provides a complete analysis of the questions chapter-wise based on previous years’ GATE examination ‘The book is according to the syllabus of the examination of DRDO, BARC, BHEL, DVC, NTPC, ONGC, SAIL. ISRO, GAIL, NHPC. PGCIL, IOCL, HAL and many more Public Sector Undertaking examination and also for the preparation for IES examination * Within depth and detailed explanations of the various concepts and techniques that haye been made use of in order to solve each question. Solutions are presented in lucid and understandable language for an average student # Apart from subject topics, verhal ability, logical reasoning, numerical abil in detail in this book. Explanations and engineering mathematics are covered provided in a simple and easy t0 understand method covering all the required topics for the complete preparation of the examinations, # This book is accompanied by a free CD of last 13 years’ solved GATE question papers with hints and solutior # Last but not the least, authors’ 30 years of experience and devotion to write this book will surely help its readers to achieve success in various competitive ninations. How to read this book? * Before commencing a new chapter, fist glance through the syllabus and weightage of the questions appeared in the previous exams, # To make the theory sound and completely g0 through the fundamentals and formulae along with the ke y points # Points to remember after a brief theory is thus a ready reckoner in this book To enhance your knowledge you can take the help of other resourves and references mentioned in each chapter of this book, # At first glance, if you cannot crack the problem in your own, then only you ean refer to the solu in this book in a lucid and understandable manner on which are solved oxi‘copyright material1 a Electric Circuits 1.1 SYLLABUS Network graph, KCL, KVL, node and mesh analysis, transient response of de and ac networks: sinusoidal steady state analysis, resonance, basie filter concepts; ideal current and voltage sourees, Thevenin’s, Norton's and Wort network, three phase ci maximum power wansfer theorems, 2 sperposition and 1.2 WEIGHTAGE IN PREVIOUS GATE EXAMINATION (MARKS) 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013, 201s Seit | Sec? | Set3 TMakQuestion [5 | 2) 1) 3 )2)3 fais] a a [4 2Marks Question | 7 | 7 | | 9 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 7|4/3 [3 |] 4 Total Marks wo )wloaiaftw i uf) »{n |» | w]e 1.3. TOPICS TO BE FOCUSED NETWORKS AND CIRCUITS * The interconnection of wo or more simple circuit elements forms an electrical network. I he network, contains at Teast one closed path, itis also an electrie circuit, So, every circuit is a network, but all networks are not cireuits, ‘© A network that contains at least one active element, such as an independent voltage or current source, is mm active network. A network that does not contain iny active elements is a passive network ‘© The independent and dependent voltage and current sources are circuit element. More additional circuit clements ate resistor, inductor capacitor, transformer and the ideal operational amplifier (op-amp). These tre all ideal elements. NETWORK ELEMENTS A network element is a component of a circuit having different characteristics as describe below Linear and Non-inear Elements ‘© A linear clement shows linear characteristics of Vollage ys. current. Simple resistors, inductors, and capacitors are linear elements and their resista inductances and capacitances do not change with a change in applied vollage or the cireuit current, A Tinear network is one in which the principal of superposition linearity test) holds, ‘© In an electric circuit, a nonlinear element or nonlinear device is an electrical element which does not have 4 Tinear relationship between current and vollage. A diode is a simple example Active and Passive Elements ‘© Ifa cireuit element has the capability of enhancing the energy level of a signal passing through it, it is called wn active element, Vacuum tubes and semiconductor devices (such as transistors, op-amps ele.) are active elements, = On the other hand, resistors, inductors, capacitors, thermistors, ele, are passive elements as they do not have any intsinsic means of signal boosting. Unilateral and Bilateral Elements © If the magnitude of the current passing through an clement is aflected due to change in the polarity of1.2. GATE for Electrical Engineering the applied voltage, the element is called untlareral element. Ou the other hand, if the current magnitude remains the same even if the applied ems polarity is cha ‘© Unilateral clements offer varying impedances with variations in flow of current while bilateral elements offer same impedances irrespective of flow of current. Examples of unilateral element are diodes, transistor ele. whereas examples of bilateral network elements ate resistor, induetor, capacitor, ete CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORK ‘The network being a conducting path through which electric current flows or intends to flow, contains resistance, inductance, and capacitance. These elements are also called network parameters and may be in form of lumped ot distributed, There are different types of classifications of networks. ged, itis culled a bilateral element Linear and Non-linear Circuits ‘© Iis the circuit whose parameters remain constant with change in applied voltage or current. Examples are a resistance, inductance or capacitance ‘© Lis a circuit whose parameters change with voltage for current. A semiconductor resistor is an example of this circuit ‘© A linear circuit obeys Ohm’s law, while in non-tinear circuit, Ohm’s law is not sal ed, Unilateral and Bilateral Circuits ‘© When the direction of current is changed, the characteristics or properties of the circuit may change. In this ease, the circuit is a unilateral cireuit (diode, leansistor ete.) © When with change in direction of current, the characteristics oF properties of the circuit may not change: it is then called bilateral cixeuit. Mostly clements made of high conducting material are bilateral circuits Active and Passive Networks ‘* Lis # network which contains one or more than one sources of emf. An active network consists of an active element like « battery or transistor. ¢ When the network does not contain a led passive newark. A pas consists of re iductance or capacitance as passive elements, A passive network does not contain any source of energy. Lump and Distributed Networks Physically separate network elements like R Lor Care known as lumped elements. A transmission Tine or a cable on the other hand, is an example of distributed parameter network as throughout the line they are not physically separate. emf, it is ea ve network If the network is fabricated with its elements in lump form, i is called @ lumped network and if in distibuted form it is called distributed network Recurrent and Non-recurrent Networks When a large eicuit consists of similar networks connected cone after another, the network is called as recurrent nevwork for cascaded newwork. I may also eall us ladder network. On the other hand, « single network is called non-reeurrent network CIRCUIT ELEMENTS Resistance Electieal 1 ance is the property of a material by virtue of which it opposes the low of electrons through the muterial Thus, resistance restricts the flow of electric current through the material. The unit of resistance (it) being ‘olin’ (Q), r R ‘When an electric eurrent flows trough any conductor, heat is generated due to collision of free electron with atoms If F amperes (A) be the strength of current for a potential difference of V volts (V) across the conductor, the power absorbed by the resistor is given by P=VI=UR)R= PR watts (W) stance in form of heat is then and the energy lost in the 1 expressed as wa [dea Peat Inductance Inductance is the property of a material by virtue of which i opposes any change of magnitude or direction of electric current passing through the conductor. The unit of induel (L) being “henry” (HD. vant ‘ Where J is the custent through the inductor in ampere, Power absorbed by the inductor is given by P= 1 wats ai Energy absorbed by the inductor will thus be giv we fra fans p The inductor can store finite amount of ene even the voltage across it may be nil. A pure inductor does not dissipate energy but only store it Note:lectrc Creuits 1.3 Capacitance Iis the capacity of an clement to store electric charge within it. A capacitor stores electric energy in the form of electric lield being established by the two polarities of charges on the (wo electrodes of a capacitor. The unit of capacitance (© being farad (F), If q being the amount of charge that can be stored in a capacitor of capacitance C against a potential difference of V volts, then [Vp = initial voltage of the capacitor, V, = final voltage of the capacitor] = he fu “wen The power absorbed by the capacitor is penav ct de ‘And energy stored by the capacitor is Voltage-current relationship of circuit elements shown in the following table. Circuit] Voltage otis) | Carvent | Power att elements amperes) xO) vent ; Pore Te) 2 Z Help l rae | peut a : a iy, being the intl eure) ab a ° cl perth a a VECTOR AND PHASOR Vector is @ generalized multidim both magnitude and direction, Phasor naal quantity having 4 two dimensional vector used in electrical technology which relates to voltage and current SERIES AND PARALLEL NETWORKS Resistors Ry HR +R +R +—+R, Resistors in Parallel Cy HG AG HC HC, Inductances in Series Lg 2 hy tly tlyt tly Inductanees in Parallel CONTROLLED SOURCES ‘# A dependent source is a voltage source or « current source whose value depends on a voltage or current somewhere else in the network. ‘* Dependent or controlled sources are of the Following types: () Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS) Gi) Current Controlled Voltage Souree (CCV) ii) Voltage Controlled Current Souree (VCCS) Gv) Curtent Controlled Current Source (CCCS) DUALS AND DUALITY In an electrical circuit itself there are pairs of terms which can be interchanged to get new eireuits, Such pair of dual terms are as follows: Cures > Voltage Open = Short L oc R OG Series > Parallel Voltage source —> Current source KCL > KVL ‘The following steps are to be followed to draw the dual of any network: = In each loop of a network place a node; and place fan extra node, called the reference node, outside the network. ‘© Draw the lines connecting adjacent nodes passing through each elem and also to the relerence node,1.4 GATE for Electrical Engineering by placing the dual of each element in the line passing through original elements KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS © Kirchhoff's first law is based on the law of conservation ‘of charge, which requires that the algebraic sum of charges within a system eannot change. ‘* Kirchhoff’ current law (KCL) states that the algebraic ‘sum of currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) Mathematically, /, ‘© Kirchhoff’s second law is based on the principal of conservation of energy. ‘© Kirehhofi's voltage law (KVL) states that the algebr ‘sum ofall voltages around a elosed path (or loop) is zero. 0 Mathematically, where M is the number of voltages in the loop (or the number of branches in the loop) and V,, is the m' voltage. NETWORK THEOREMS ‘Thevenin’s Theorem and Norton’s Theorem A linear active resistive bilateral network containing several Voltage or current source ean be replaced either by single voltage source [Thevenin's voltage (Viq)) resistance [Thevenin’s resistance (Rra)] or by a constant single current source [Norton's current (Jy)} with parallel, resistance (Norton's resistance (Rx) u ‘evo 2, Norton's network So the current (J) flowing through load resistance Ry connected across any two terminals A and B of the network shown in the figure is given by According to Thevenin’s theorem, 1, According 10 Norton's theorem, 1, = Ty Vin is the open circuit voltage that is voltage across load terminals when R, is removed. I is the short cireuit current when load is removed and that path to he shorted 4 te eT | Ie Sr, fo] Finding Norton's ¥ % Finding Thevenin wollage Rn Bh Ky Finding Thevenin resistance ‘or Norton's tesistance Ry and Ry is the Thevenin's resistance and Norton's resistance which is the equivalent resistance of the network fas viewed back into the open circuited network from load terminals deactivating all other sources. ‘© Voltage source has zero intemal resistance, When it is denetivated then the path should be shorted = Current source has infinite resistance. When deactivated then the path should be opened, Superposition Theorem For a linear system, the voltage or current in any branch of 4 bilateral linear cireuit having more than one independent source equals the algebraic sum of the voltages or currents caused by exch independent source acting alone, where all the other independent sources are replaced by their intemal impedances. eR BYR a 1) o> Ry v v v Curent source is deetivated Only voltage source considered Re , r ‘Voltage sourse is deactivated ‘Only current source considered. When two sour are considered, load eurrent J,. According to superposition theorem, first one source is considered andElectric Creuits 1.5 other sources are deactivated. ‘Then wain calculate load current /,, (considering voltage source). Th dered and other source 4 n another source is co denctivated and calculate load eurrent J; (considering current source). This caleulation is continued still all sources are considered individually. So load current fy = Izy + de> cannot he used to measure power: is not applicable 1 unbalanced bridge circuits Gil) Applicable only to Tine: (iv) Applicable only for the eireuits having more than one circuits, Maxi Maximum external power from a source is abstracted with 4 finite internal resistance, the resistance of the load must ‘equal the resistance of the source as viewed from its output terminals (Thevenin or Norton resistance). um Power Transfer Theorem Maximum power The average power delivered to a load Zs from a sinusoidal source with vollage Vs and internal impedance Z;= R+ iX is maximum when Zs is equal to the complex conjugate of Z; so that Zs = R~ JX. Application of maximum power transfer theorem In communication system, maximum power transfer is always sought, For example in publie address system, the cireuit is adjusted for maximum power transfer by’ making load resistance (speaker) equal to the source resistance (amplifier), When source and load have the ance, they are said to be matched, Gi) In car engines, the power delivered (0 the starter motor of the car will depend upon the effective resistance of the motor and the internal resistance of the battery. If the Ovo resistances are equal, power will be transferred to the motor (© turn (© the engine. Note: Overall efficiency of a network supplying ‘maximum power is 50% NETWORK GRAPH ions © Node: Node is a point more circuit elements are joined. © Branch: Branch is a path that connects wo nodes. + Loop: It is « complete path ie., starting from a pointuode retum back to the original point # Mesh: It is special type of loop ic. contain any other loop Wil the circuit where two ot it does not Orient graph: Graph whose branch are oriented called ditected/oriented graph, Rank of graph: Wis (n=1) where » Sub-graph: ‘graph. Sub-eraph is said to he proper if it has no nodes fand branch strictly Tess than that of original graph, Incident of a branch: Brauch whose end falls on a node are said to be incident at that node. Path: 1Lis particular sub-graph consisting a sequence of branch, Connected graph: When there exists at least one path between any two nodes of the graph. Tree: 1 is defined as a set of branches which is connected, contains all the modes of the graph, but contains no eireuits, The branches of a tree are known number of nodes. IL is the sub-set of nodes/braneh of a as twigs. Total number of twigs = Number of nodes = 1 ‘© Co-tree: ‘Those branches of a graph which are not included in a tree form a co-tree, Number of links = Number of branches = Number of nodes + 1 Note: (i) Number of independent KVL equations of Tinks) (ii) Reducing the twig voltages to zero Force, all the link voltages also fo become zero, Thus, twig voltages are independent (number n a network. Number of independent KCL equations = Planar Graph A planar graph is a graph that can be embedded in the plane, ie fon the plane in such a way that its edges intersect only at their endpoints. In other words, it can be drawn in such 'a way that no edges eross each other. Network Variables ‘© The branch currents or branch voltages are the network variables. ‘© The minimum number of variables or unknown involved in analyzing a network on current basis is number of links d. ‘© The minimum number of variables or unknown involved in the analysis of network on the voltage basis is number of nodes ‘© The currents and voltages in all branches of « network are completely known if we know link currents or branch voltages, it ean be dra Link Current or Tie Set Schedule I is the set of branches contain in a Toop such that each Toop cont Now, matrix which is formed using all the fundamental oops and branches of a directed graph known as sie ser or fundamental loop mati, s one link and remainder are tree branches.1.6 _ GATE for Electrical Engineering Note: Orientation of the loop is determined by the orientation of the fink for that loop. So, Number of links Number of fundamental loops A corresponding tree for graph can be as show in the following figure, Link current in above tree can be shown as A # Branches are numbered in a graph © Correspond tree is also shows, '* Addition of link 1 results in the formation of closed oop and flow of current 1, ‘© "These set of branches forming the closed loop on which the Tink current circulates is ealled tie set ‘© Similarly addition of links 2, 3 and 4 result in flow of link currents J, J; and 1, respectively The tie set mattix for the above shown graph is Ti Branch number number Tt] 2] 3] 4]35) 6,7] s 0 fa 2 os | ol} o}a 41) of o 3 of olfnfoflolH|afo 4 10,0) oj," ]o) oj] | *— sign corresponds to opposite direction of flow of current in that branch 1; and 1, are flowing oppositely J and 1, are flowing oppositely Tree Branch Voltages or Cut Set Schedule ‘Tree branch voltages are treated as a set of independent variables in terms of which voltages of all branches ean be expressed Incidence Matrix Matrix between number of uodes in rows and number of branches in columns is called incidence matrix. Incidence matrix is complete hecause sum of every column is zero Number of possible tree is determinant [4,.4,"] A, reduced incidence matrix Reduced incidence matrix ean be found by el last row. 2-PORT NETWORK Impedance Parameters Kak h + Ziale Vy = Zagh + Za Open circuit impedance parameters fil. 2 open circuit input impedance (driving point impedance) open circuit reverse transfer impedance open circuit forward transfer impedance open circuit output impedance Note: If the network under study is reciprocal or bilateral, then in accordance with the reciprocity principle, [aL LéL.-a-% Admittance Parameters Lakh thal I= Yah + Ve Short circuit admittance parameters: cuit reverse transler admittance hort cireuit forward transfer admittance hort cireuit output admittance Note: It the network under study is reciprocal or bilateral,lectrc Creuits 1.7 Hybrid Parameters Vee hahy thas Hybrid parameters: [i] short circuit input impedance ‘open circuit reverse voltage gain short cireuit forward current gain ‘open circuit output admittance fy fy In Ihas Since the fi parameters represent dimensionally an imped admittance, a voltage gai gain, these are called hybrid parameters. ee, a ‘and a current ‘Transmission Parameters BI, 1)=CV,~ Dh, Transmission parameters Gx |peq i called the open circuit vom FL voltage gain, « dimensionless parameter. Which is the open ci ypedanee it transfer which is the short eireuit transfer admittance. gs Which is the short circuit current gain, a dimensionless parameter Note: In a 2-port bilateral network, AD~ BC =1. Expression of Z Parameters in Terms of ¥ Parameters Expression of ABCD Parameters in Terms of Z Parameters and Y Parameters Zn ae. 2y Yay Yay DRIVING POINT IMMITTANCE (IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE) FUNCTION KO) As) ‘Transter fimetion is the ratio of any output quantity (V, and Jy) and any input quantity (V, and 1). Deriving point impedance Z,,(3)= —h be if i Gix{6)= Voltage transfer function Ko) =Z,.(8)= Impedance transfer function 76) 7 220 = Ine transfer funet 169) y, S202 ¥ix(s)= Admittance transfer function yoy” dls! 9 3(8)=Current transfer function As) CALCULATION PROCEDURE FOR A SERIES AC CIRCUITS (Express R in Q, Lin HC in F and fin He. Determine X, = 29/7. Q Determine X= +0 2m fC (iv) Determine the impedance Z (©) In polar form 2=[2) 20 FH, XD Here, |z|= +04, XO XX, ) (vi) Take supply voltage Vas reference phasor, 7 = 120°. (vii) Determine the circuit current and 0 tn Determine the power factor cos0. Specify whether the power factor is lagying or leading, If @ is negative in Step (vii), the power factor is lagging. If 6 is positive in Step (vii), the power factor is leading. (ix) Determine the complex conjugate of J, Le. J (x) Determine $= VIF = P + jQ. The real part of VI* ives active power P in watts and the imaginary part1.8 _ GATE for Electrical Engineering tives the reaetive voll-amperes in VAr. The magnitude of Vi" gives volt-amperes (VA), P= Re(VE) W, Q= Im(VP) VAr and S So, P= VE cos0, Q = VI sin and § = VE The lagging current gives a positive of Q. and the leading current gives @ negative value of Q. By convention, lagging VAr is taken positive and leading VAr is taken negative (si) Determine voltage drop across resistance, inductance and capacitance. Iver] VA Vg = IR, Vy = 1X1) and Vo = Iie) SOLUTION OF THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS Is always preferable (0 solve balanced three phase circuits fon a per phase basis. Steps are (i) Draw the cirewit diagram Gi) Draw one phase separately Determine X),, = 2n/L L (iv) Determine X,, Infe (©) Determine X, = Xp ~ Xep (i) Determine 2, =(R +45)! k (vii) Determine cos@=—* The power factor is lagging when X;,, > Xqy and it is leading when Xey > Xiye (vii) Deter Yi. and for dela comnecion Vp = 8 V,, For star connection, 1, (ix) Determine 1, (9) Determine the tine current I 1 =f and for delta conection 1, = V3, (xi) Determine P = 3,1, cosd. (sii) Determine Q= 37,/,sin8. (sili) Determine $= 31,1, FILTER +A filter is an electrical network that can wansmit signals within a specified frequency range. The range of frequency passed is ealled pass band and the rest frequency band where the signals are suppressed is called the aenuation band or stop band. The frequency that separates the pass band and the attenuation and is the cu-off frequency: ‘+ An ideal filler would transmit signals under the pass band frequencies without attenuation and completely suppress the signal with attenuation band of frequencies with sharp cutof? profile. In real Fie, ideal filter is difficult 1 implement For star connection, Properties of Filters Filters are characterized by the following properties: (i Pass hand characteristics: The filer should have ‘minimum attenuation in its pass band range and high attenuation in the stop band range. Degree of attenuation is expressed with @ constant which have the unit decibel or neper Gi) Cur-off frequency characteristies: We must have frequency distinguishing property eapable of identifying the lower and higher cut-off frequencies, Characteristic impedances: The characteristic impedance of the filter should matches with the eireuit fo which it connected throughout the pass band. It prev is rellection loss, Types of Filters (@ Low-pass (ii) High-pass (ii) Bandpass (iv) Band-reject (notch) (9) Allepass filter: A low-pass filter passes signals with ney lower than « certain cut-off frequeney and +s signals with frequencies higher than the cut-off frequency. The amount of attenuation for each frequency depends on the filter design, Fier gin Veoh, ——0, ® Cavolt frequency Frequency High-pass filter: A high-pass filter (HPF) passes high frequency signals but attenuates signals with frequencies ower than the cut-off frequency Filter gain ¥o—f}-—_ ore f, (cat off frequency) i Frequency fi Band-pass: A band-pass filter allows a specific frequeney range to pass, while blocking lower and higher frequencies allows frequencies between two eut-off Irequencies while attenuating frequencies outside the cutoff frequenElectric Circuits 1.9 Filter Bun (eatoth fy Band-reject It also termed as band stop oF notch filter ‘This kind of filter passes all frequencies above and below & particular range set by the component values, Stop band filters can be constructed using a low-pass and a high pass filter iter & yam Treqieney All-pass filter: AIL pass filter is that which passes all frequency components of the input signal without attenuation but provides predictable phase shifts for different frequencies of the input signals. The all-pass filters are also called delay ‘equalizers or phase correciors. A\ 3s filter with the ‘ouput lagging behind the input is illustrated in figure. This lype of filler is also called phase-shift filter RESONANCE In RLC series citeuit, resonance is defined as the condition in a circuit containing at least one inductor and one capacitor, when the supply voltage and the supply current are in phase. Resonance in series cireuit is ealled series resonance oF voliage resonance Main Properties of Series Resonance Circuit @ Xy Gi) Vig Xcy and Vay = Vow sofa) leads the current Jy by 90° and Veyl=Kevfo) lags behind the current Jp by 90° Gi) The supply voltage and the supply current are in phase so that power factor angle is zero and power factor is unity (iv) The citeuit impedance Z is minimum and Z (v) The supply current Jy is maximum and is given by (vi) The power Po absorbed by the circuit is a maximum aw nee Lo money fo 5 ETE Quality factor = maximum stored energy pereycle ‘energy dissipated per cycle elt “Rw CR 2nx Now quality factor at reson © Q) (ix) Resonat cirenit Hz in parallel 1.4 IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER 1, An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements A short circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching to zero. An open circuit is a eire element with resistance approaching to infinity. 3. Kirehhoff’s laws are valid for both linear and non- linear cir 4. Kirchhoff’s laws are applicable to eireuits with any excitation, 5. The law of conservation of charge state that charge ean neither be created nor be destroyed, only transferred, Thus, the algebraic sum of the electric charges in a system does not change, 6, The law of conservation of energy must be obeyed in any electric circuit. So, the algebraic sum of power in A cizcuit, al any instant of time, must be zero, Hence, the tolal power supplied fo the circuit must balance the total power absorbedGATE for Electrical Engineering Charge is an electrical property of the aton particles of which matter consists, It is measured in coulombs (C). Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in amperes = and g=f Se =f Potential Difference is the energy required to move 4 unit charge through an element, measured in volts WV) Where, Fy mnd 1 volt = 1 joule/eoulomb dy 1 newton meter/eoulomb Power isthe time rate of expending or absorbing ‘energy, measured in watts (W), palit AW dy yy di dq dt ‘The energy absorbed or supplied by an element from lime to time ris =f Par= frat ‘The electric power uly companies measure energy in watthour (Wh), where 1 Wh = 3600 J A dee nent su onront hat eu omit ‘An liemating cument (ae) is a eunent that varies Sinvsoidaly wih Sine At ides independent source is an active lene that provides specified voltage or eurent that is Completely independent of fhe ert elements ‘nial dependent (or controlled) souree isan active element in which te source quantity is contoled by another voltage or cument For ade voltage, an inductors visually a shot iret The intemal impedance of an ial voltage soaree is ‘he intemal imped in The incre inpeimce of «dependent yoligs source An ial voltage sone ill eharge an ideal capacitor tf one ofthe resistors in «parallel ire of an ideal current souree is is removed, All resistors do not obey Ohm's law. A resistor that obeys Ohm's law is known as linear resistor, It has 4 constant resistance and thus its current voltage characteristic is a straight line passing through the gin, A non-linear resistor does not obey Ohm's In. samples of devices with non: light bulb and diode, Although all practical resistors exhibit non-linear behaviour under certain condition, sar resistance are the 8B 44 45 46. 47. 48, 49. 50. 31 KCL follows law of conservation of charge. Kirehhofl's law fails in ease of distributed parameter networks. Transient behaviour occurs in any circuit when © the circuit is counected or disconnected from the supply # there are sudden changes of applied voltage # the voltage source is shorted The transient response occurs both in inductive circuits and capacitive circuits. Inductor does not allow sudden changes in currents The time constant of a series RL circuit is & A capacitor does not allow sudden changes in voltages. While drawing vector diagram for a series eireuit, the reference vector While drawing vector diagram for a parallel cite the reference vector is voltage. A tree has no closed paths, The number of branches in a tree is number of branches in a graph. The tie set schedule gives the relation between branch currents and link currents, less than the The cut set schedule gives the relation between branch voltages and tee branch voltages, Inductance affects the direet current flow at the time of turning on and off. Zero degree phase diflerence exists between voltage fand current in an ac circuit when voltage and current both reach zero and maximum at the same time. Form factor of a sine wave is 1.11 The ae measuring instruments measure rms value, Ina purely inductive circuit, actual power is zero. For a given power factor of the load, if the power factor of the load des t will draw more current from the supply, In any ae circuit always apparent power is more than the actual power Mesh analysis is based on Kirchhofl’s voltage law, The nodal method of circuit analysis is based on Kirehhofl's current lav and Ohm's Ia The reciprocity theorem is applicable to linear / bilateral networks. A practical voltage sonsce consists of an ideal voltage source in series with an internal resistance. A practical current source consists of an ideal current source in parallel with an internal resistance. Ira network contains b branches and n nodes, then the number of mesh current equations would be [D-Gr-1)] ‘The compensation theorem is applicable to linear and non-linear networks The superposition theorem is valid only for linear cireuits.Electric Circuits Lad 58. 39, 60, 6 @ 63 64. 65 66, 67 68, 69. 70. n 74, ‘The superposition theorem is valid for voltage responses. The superposition theorem is valid for current responses. ‘The superposition theorem is not valid for power responses, ‘The superposition theorem is applicable to networks containing dependent voltage sources as well as dependent eurrent sources When the superposition theorem is applied to any’ circuit, the dependent vollage source in that circuit is always active, ‘The superposition theorem is valid for both a de eireuits, When applying the superposition theorem to any circuit, the voltage source is shorted and the current source is opened. Norton’s equivalent circuit consists of current source in parallel with impedance. ‘The maximum power transfer theorem can be applied to bath de and ac circuits Maximum power transfer occurs at « 50% elficieney. In a complex impedance circuit, the maximum power transfer occurs when the load impedance is equal to complex conjugate of source impedance, In series resonance, the eireuit impedance is purely resistive ‘When the circuit contains capacitance and inductance, then the power factor of the cireuit will be zero. ircuit on resonance. the following will In a series happen: (a) X, = Xe (b) Vi = Ve (Z=R (V2 Vq At resonanee, the phase In series resonance, curre In series resonance, above impedance is inductive, In series resonance, below impedance is capacitive. In parallel resonance, impedance is maximum, minimum) ‘Wattless current is said to flow in an ae circuit when the phase angle between virtual current and virtual voltage is 90°. In an ac circuit, the average value of the current over 4 full cycle is zero, ‘The average value of alternating current over half a wele is equal to 0° resonant frequency, resonant frequeney, eyele is 27, x The form factor in ge means the ratio of rms value to average value 75, A low-pass filter is one which passes all frequet up to cut-off frequency and attenuates all other Irequencies 76, A high-pass filler is one which attenuates all Irequencies below a designated cutoff frequency, and passes all frequencies above cut-off, 77. A band-pass filter is one which passes frequencies between (wo designated cut-off frequencies and attenuates all other frequencies 78. An ideal filter should have zero attenuation in the pass band, 79. For a reciprocal network, the 2-port ABCD parameters are related as AD ~ BC = 1 80, For a symmetrical 2-port network Zy) = Zoo 81. A 2-port network is reciprocal if and only if AD ~ BC = 1. 82. When a number of 2-port networks ar caseade, the individual chain matrices are multiplied. 83, In terms of ABCD parameters, a 2-port network is symmettical if and only if A = D. 84, The relation AD ~ BC = 1, where A, B.C, D ave the elements of a transmission matrix of a network, is valid for passive and reciprocal network. 85, Two 2-port networks with transmission parameters Au, By, Ci, Dy and Aa, Ba, Cay D3 respectively are cascaded. The transmission parameter matrix of the ale 2] 86, The series resonant circuit is also ealled an acceptor cireuit 87. The resonant frequency is the geometsic mean of the lower and upper half power frequencies. 88, The parallel resonant circuit is also called a rejector cireuit connected in coseaded network will be [ 1.5. REFERENCES Alexander, Charles K., and Sadiku, Matthew N.O., Fundamentals of Electrie Circuits, 2nd ed., MeGi Hill, India, 2003, Chakrabarti, Abhijit, Cireuit Theory: Analysis and Synthesis Dhanpat Rai & Co., Dethi, 2008. Haut, WH, and Buck, 1.A., Engineering Electromagnetics, Tih ed., Tata McGraw-Hill, 2012. Kumar, Balbir, and Jain, Shail B., Electronic Deviees anal Circuits, PHI Learning, Delhi, 2007, Mahadevan, K., and Chitra, C., Electrical Circuit Analysts, PHI Learning, Delhi, 2015, Patil, Mahesh B., Basic Electronic Devices and Cirewits, PHI Learning, Delhi, 2013 Sadiku, Matthew N.O., Principles of Electromagnetics, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 2010 Valkenburg, M.E, Van, Nenvork Analysis, 3rd ed., PHL Leaming, Delhi, 1998.142 1.6 PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 1. In the circuit shown below, the current through the GATE for Electrical Engineering inductor is a) A >) ia o ity O 17 1 ot a Gate 2012] © a8 (@ OA [Gate 2012) 2. A two-phase load draws the following phase current T= 1, Sin(@1 ~0,), LA = 1,054 ~ Ps) ‘These currents are balanced if is equal to (a) ~# 0) 6 © 7-9, @ ote [Gate 2012} 3. The average power delivered to an impedance (4 —)3)Q by a current 5 cos(100n1 + 100) A is (a) 442 (b) 50. W (©) 625 W (a) 125 W [Gate 2012] ALTE VY ~ Vy = 6 V, then Vo ~ Vp is k 20 vy oR x RO a re RM ov Lg + in i a Ve Vp Sv XK (@-5v @) 2 3v @ 6Y [Gate 2012) 5. In the following figure, C; and C ate ideal eapacitors. Chas been charged to 12 V before the ideal switeh Sis closed at ¢= 0. The current (0) for all 1 is Soateo ad 1) 1. (a) Zero (b) A step function (©) An exponentially decaying function (@) An impulse function [Gate 2012] 6. The impedance looking into nodes 1 and 2 in the given circuit is h 1a oon OK 1 (@ 309 (by 100 (©) Sk (@) 101 kQ [Gate 2012] 7. Assuming both the yoltage sources are in phase, the value of R for which maximum power is transferred from circuit A to citeuit B is 100.0 20 R ov ve 3 icc A Circuit B (a) 08 ) 14a ©) 20 (@) 289 [Gate 2012) Common Data Questions: 8 and 9 With 10 V de connected at port A in the linear non-reciprocal 2-port network shown below, the following were observed: 1 Q connected at port B draws a current of 3A 2.5 Q connected at port B draws a current of 2 8. For the same network, with 6 V de A, 1.9 connected at port B draws 7/3 A. IF 8 V de is connected to port A, the open cireuit voltage at port mnected at port B @ ov (b) 7 sv mov [Gate 2012] 9. With 10 V de connected at port A, the current drawn, by 7.Q connected at port B is (a) 7A (b) SPA 1A (@) 97 A [Gate 2012]Electric Circuits 1.43 Statement for Linked Answer Questions: 10 and 11 the three voltmeter readings are 36 V, In the circuit show V, = 220 V, ¥; 10. The power factor of the load is ) 0.45 (b) 0.50 © 0. (a) 0.60 [Gate 2012] LL. If Ry = 5 Q, the approximate power consumption in the load is (a) 700 W (b) 750 W (©) 800 W (@) 850 W [Gate 2012] 12. As shown in figure, a 1 @ resistance is connected ‘across a source that has a load Tine V+ = 100. The current through the resistance is =i Source ¥ 12 (254 (b) 50.4 (©) 100A. (a) 200A [Gate 2010] 13. If the 12. resistor draws a current of 1 A as shown in figure, the value of resistance R is 12 R ov @ 4a @) 62 3a (@) 18 @ [Gate 2010] 14. The switch in the circuit has been closed for a long time, It is opened at = 0. At f= 0", the eureat through the 1 pi eapacitor is oo | re (OA 1A (©) 1254 5a Statement for Linked Answer Questions: 15 and 16 The LC eireuit shown in figure has an inductance L= 1 mH and a capacitance C = 10 pF. 1a [Gate 2010] 15. 16. W. ‘The initial current through the inductor is zero, while the initial capacitor voltage is 100 V. The switeh is closed at r= 0. The current J through the circuit is: (a) Seos(Sx 10°) A (by Ssin(toty A. (©) 10cos(S%10° A (@) 1Osin(10"D A [Gate 2010) The LC circuit of above question is used to commutate f thyristor, which is initially carrying a current of 5 A as shown in figure below. The values and initial conditions of Land C are the same as in above question, The switeh is elosed at ¢= 0. I the forward drop is negligible, the time taken for the device 10 tum off is 10 Lt red 200 (a) 52 ps (by 156 ps (©) 312 ps (@) 26 ps [Gate 2010) ‘The 2-port network P shown in figure has ports | and 2, denoted by terminals (a,b) and (c, d) respectively Tthas an impedance matrix Z. with parameters denoted by Z; A 1 Q resistor is connected in series with the network at port 1 as shown in the figure, The impedance mattix of the modified 2-port network (shown as « dashed box) is [Gate 2010)1.14. GATE for Electrical Enginesting 18. The three cireuit elements shown in figure are part of cuit, The total power absorbed by the three circuit elements in watts is an electric WA oe || 1o0v [Gate 2014 set 1] 19. In figure, the value of resistor R is (25 + 12) ohms, where 1 is the current in amperes. The current 7 is 300 le [Gate 2014 set 1] 20. A combination of 1 wf capacitor with an initial voltage Vo(0) =~2 V in series with an 100 Q resistor is connected to a 20 mA ideal de current source by operating both switches at 1= 0s us shown in figure, Which of the following graphs shown in the options approximates the voltage Vs across the current source over the next few second ve aie tf 10 (vy ~ aso v vy % co) / © 2 vy o ~ , @ ' 2 2 [Gate 2014 set 1] 21. 22, 24, 26. An incandescent lamp is marked 40 W, 240 V. If resistance at room temperature (26 °C) is 120 Q and lemperature coetlicient of resistance is 4.5 x 107°C, then its “ON’ stale filament temperature in °C is approximately [Gate 2014 set 1] In figure, the value of the source voltage is vy p2a a 6a act 6a oF @ BV () 24 ©) 30V (@ 44.V [Gate 2004) .. In figure, the admittance values of the elements in Siemens are Yp = 0.5 + j0, ¥, = 0 ~ j1.5, Ye 0+ j0.3, respectively. The value of Jas a phasor when the vollage J across the elements is 10 2 0° V is Md mee % 020° V (a) 15 + j0.5 () 5=s18 (6) 0.5 +718 (@) 5-712 [Gate 2004) In igure, the value of resistance R in & Wa | 2A ov " R (a 10 (b) 20 () 30 «@ 40 {Gate 2004} In figure, the capacitor initially has a charge of 10 C. The current in the circuit one second after the switch $ is closed will be s 8 ov (a) 7A () 189A (©) 40.0. (@) 500.4 [Gate 2004] The Z matrix of a 2-port network as given by 0.9 0.2) The element ¥22 of the corresponding 0.2 06.matrix of the same network is given by (@ 12 (b) 04 (©) -04 (a) 18 [Gate 2004] 27. The value of Z in figure, which is most appropriate to cause parallel resonance at 500 Hz, ix Sa on (a) 125.00 mt (b) 304.20 pF (©) 2.0 uF (d) 0.05 uF [Gate 2004] 28. In figure, 2, Ry and R, are 20 ©, 10 O and 10 0 respectively. The resistance Ry, Ry and Ry in Q of an equivalent star-conneetion are Ry R R © R » ® (@) 25,5, 5 () 5.2.5.5 (©) 5.5.25 (a) 25, 5.2.5 [Gate 2004] 29. h curries a ‘The rms value of the current in a wire w de current of 10 A and a sinusoidal alternating current of peak value 20 A is (a) 10.4 () 14d A ©) 154 (a) 1732.4 The Thevenin’s equivalent of a cis (= 5 radis, has Voc = 3.712 -159 8 - 7 0.667 O. At this frequency, the minimal realization of the Thevenin’s impedance will have a 4 capacitor and an inductor [Gate 2004] 8 capacitor jor and an induetor or and an inductor [Gate 2008] 31. Assuming ideal elements in the eireuit shown in figure, the voltage Vis will be a 20 1 + @ -3V ) ov 3V @ sv [Gate 2008] 38, Me Electric Circuits 1.85 In the circuit shown in figure, the value of the current Twill be given by 12 a we 32 sv a) 031A (b) 125. (©) LISA (@) 25 [Gate 2008] ‘The time constant for the given eireuit will be 32 T 3a psa l w ts r 05 ) (4s @ 9s {Gate 2008} 1. The number of chords in the graph of the given circuit will be “r6~ : t 3 4 (5 6 {Gate 2008} ‘The resonant frequency for the given circuit will be OAH (a) L radis (e) 3 rads A segment of (b) 2 rads (@) 4 rads uit is shown in figure. V, [Gate 2008) 5¥.1.16 GATE for Electrical Enginesting (a) 3 ~ 8cos2e (b) 32sin2¢ (©) 16sin2e (d) 16eos2r [Gate 2003] 37. In figure, the potential difference between points P and Q is @ BV ) 10 (c) -6V (dy 8 Vv [Gate 2003] 38. In figure, the value of R is Ra ua ie roa sa wov(t 20 4ov (a) 10Q (b) 18 Q (©) 4Q @) 2Q [Gate 2003] 39. In the citeuit shown in figure, the switeh S$ is closed at time (= 0). The voltage across the inductance at sa tts AF lov 4H 40 (2V ) 4v © -6V @sy [Gate 2003] 40. In figure, Z, = 102-60", Z) = 10260", Z,= 502 53.13%, ‘The Thevenin impedance seen from X = Y is 10020" (a) 56.66245° (©) 70230" (b) 60.230 (a) 344205" [Gate 2003] al. a2. 43. 44, Two ac sources feed a common variable resistive oad as shown in figure, Under the maximum power transfer condition, the power absorbed by the load resistance Ry, is @ (b) 1250 w (©) 1000 Ww (@) 625 W [Gate 2003] ‘The ft parameters for a 2-port network are defined by (i [ne se]fe meee in figure, the value of fy is given by 4 40 20 20 | } no $40 I . (a) 0.125 (by 0.167, (©) 0.625 (@) 0. [Gate 2003) In the citeuit shown in figure, the magnitudes of Vy and Ve are twice that of Vz. Given that f= 50 Hr, the inductance of the coil is v, 3a CaM sao A) Lay, (a) 2.14 mH (b) 530 H (©) 31.8 mi (@) 132 [Gate 2003] Figure shows the waveform of the current passing through an inductor of resistance 1 Q and inductance 2H. The energy absorbed by the inductor in the first four seconds is (a) 44) (by 98.1 (©) 1325 (@) 168) [Gate 2003]Electric Circuits 4.47 45. The rms value of current /(2) in the eixeuit shown in figure is LH || 88 —$ 19. nok yg o¥nny 1 1 (5A BA ia (@) 2A [Gate 2011] 46, The voltage applied 10 a circuit 4s 100V2cos (0071) and the circuit draws a current of 1002 Sin(1O0z + 70/4). Taking the voltage as the reference phusor, the phasor representation of the current in amperes is (@) 102-014 (©) W0Z+a/4 () 10Z-ni4 () 10V2Z4n/4 (Gate 2011] Common Data Questions: 47 and 48 The input voliage given (0 a converter is ¥,, = 1002 sin(100 20) V The current drawn by the converter is LoV2 sin(1 001 ~ 0/3) + 5 v2 sin(300zr + #14) + 22 sim(SO0z1 ~ 2/6) I 47. The active power drawn by the converter is ( 181 W (b) 500 W (©) 707 W (a) 887 W [Gate 2011] 48. The input power factor of the converter is (a) 031 (b) 0.44 (©) 05 (a) 071 [Gate 2011] Common Data Questions: 49 and 50 An RLC cireuit with relevant data given in figure ' w |, “EQ " L W120 V2ZRI4 A V2Z-mI4A 1. The power dissipated in the resistor K is @ 05 W wb) LW © Ww @ 2W [Gate 2011] |. The current Je in the figure above is 1 a) Job, A voltage waveform Vie) = 122 is applied across a IH inductor for ¢ > 0, with initial current through it being zero. The current through the inductor for 12 0 is given by (@) 1% (by 240 (©) 120 @ 4 [Gate 2000] ‘The graph of an electrical network has N nodes and B branches. The number of links 1, with respeet 6 the choice of a tree, is given by ( B-Ne1 (b) B+N () N-Be1 (@) N-28-1 [Gate 2002] Superposition principle is not applicable to a network containing time-varying resistors. (True/Palse) [Gate 1994] If a 2-port network is reciprocal, then we have, with the usual notation, the following relationship (8) yp = dg () ia = ~hy (©) hu = ha (2) fuga ~ Bahan = 1 [Gate 1994] A 2-port deviee is defined by the following pair of equations h=2Vj+Vy ond h=V+¥ ay ha 2x Zo w [i] | 2") Ga 2000) ca) | | toate tet pret [23 ae gen wi 1 of] has the following. parameter R= 109, 1. = 001 H, C= 100 mF ‘The Q-faetor of the eireuit at resonan [Gate 1995) n 2. 2B. 74. 16. 7. 78. Electric Circuits 1.49 A circuit with a resistor, inductor and eapacitor in series is resonant at fy Hz. IF all the component values are now doubled, the new resonant frequency is ) % (by SUL fy fi A op wo [Gate 1998) In a series RLC circuit at resonance, the magnitude of the voltage developed across the capacitor (a) Is always zero (b) Can never be greater than the input voltage (©) Can be greater than the input voltage, however it is 90° out of phase with the input voltage (2) Can be greater than the input voltage, and is in phase with the input voltage [Gate 2001] A series RC 50 Q; L= 100 pH and (C= 1 pF, The lower half power frequeney ofthe cireuitis| (a) 30.55 kHz (b) 3.055 kite (©) 51:92 kHz (@) 1.92 kHz [Gate 2002] A coil (which can be modelled as a series RL circuit) hhas been designed for high Q-performance at a rated voltage and a specified frequency. If the frequeney of ‘operation is doubled and the coil operated at the same rated voltage then the Q-factor and the active power P consumed by the coil will be alfected as follows. (a) P is doubled, Q is halved (b) P is halved, Q is doubled (©) P remains constant, Q is doubled (@) P is decreased four times, Q is doubled [Gate 1996] ceuit has A major advantage of active filters is that they can be realized without using (a) Op-amps (©) Resistors (by Inductors (@) Capacitors (Gate 1997] A practical current source is usually represented by (a) A resistance in series with un ideal current source (b) A resistance in parallel with an ideal current (©) A resistance in parallel with an ideal voltage (a) None of the above [Gate 1997] An ideal voltage source will charge an ideal eapacitor (a) In infinite time (b) Exponentially (©) Instantaneously _(d) None of these [Gate 1997] Energy stored in capacitor over a eycle, when excited by an ac source is (a) The same as that due to a de source of equivalent magnitude (b) Half of that due to a de source of equivalent ‘magnitude (©) Zero (a) None of the above [Gate 1997]1.20 GATE for Electrical Engineering 9. 80. 81. 83. 84. A passi state. Compared to its input, the steady state output ean never offer (a) Higher vollage —(b) Lower impedance (©) Greater power (dl) Better regulation [Gate 2001] ‘Two incandescent light bulbs of 40 W and 60 W ratings are connected in series across the mains. Then (a) The bulbs together consume 100 W (b) The bulbs together consume 50 W (e) The 60 W bulb glows brighter (a) The 40 W bulb glows brighter [Gute 2001] ‘The power delivered by the current source, 2-port network is in a steady figure, 19 ia we t [Gate 2014 set 3] aan internal impedance of Z, If a purely resistive load is t be chosen that ‘maximizes the power transferred (0 the Toad, its value must be (@ 0 (b) Real part of Z, (©) Magnitude of Z, (a) Complex part of Z, [Gate 2014 set 3] ‘The Norton's equivalent source in amperes as seen into the terminals X and Y is 2sv lly 250] sa sal sa Y [Gate 2014 set 3] A series RLC circuit is observed at two frequencies. AL @, = 1 k radis, we note that source voltage V1 100.20” V results in current J, = 0.03231" A. AL (my = 2k rad/s, the source voltage V2 = 10020” V results in a current J; = 220" A. The closest values for R, L, C out of the following options are (a) R= 50.9) 1 = 25 mH; C= 10 uF (b) R= 50.9; 1 = 10 mH; C= 25 uP (©) R= 502; 1 = 50 mi, C= 5 pF (@) R= 509, b= 5 mit; C= 50 pF [Gate 2014 set 3] 85. 86. 87. 88. The driving point impedance Z(s) For the cixeuit shown below is [Gate 2014 set 3] tance in the circuit ‘The current through the 2 kQ res shown 1a etka. Al 24 B TK p> Ving | ey (@) Oma (by L mA (©) 2mA (4) 6 mA [Gate 2009) For the circuit shown, find out the current flowing through the 2 Q resistance. Also identify the changes to be made to double the current through the 2 Q resistance, aS ° + 20 (a) (5 A, put Vs = 20 V) (b) 2A, put Vy= 8 V) (©) GA, put Is = 10 A) (@) 7A, put ls = 12 A) [Gate 2009} In figure shown, all elements used are ideal. For time 1 < 0, Sj remained closed and Sy open. At 5) is opened amd Sy is closed, Ifthe vollage Vey across the capacitor C, at 1 = 0" is 2er0, the voltage across the capacitor combination at 1 = 0° will be Sy surElectric Circuits 1.20 @miy () 2 (©) 15 @3Vv [Gate 2009] Statement for Linked Answer Questions: 89 and 90 zig Wan é A swe 2k ria B 89. For the circuit given above, the Thevenin's resistance across the terminals A and B is (a) 0540 (b) 02 ko (©) 1k (d) 0.11 LO [Gate 2009] 90. For the circuit given above, the Thevenin’s voltage across the terminals A and B is (a) 125 V (b) 0.25 V wiv (@) 05 [Gate 2009] 91. How many 200 W/220 V incandescent lamps connected in series would consume the same total power as single 100 W/220 V incandescent lamp? (a) Not possible (b) 4 3 (ay 2 92. The voltage across the figure, is expressed ax Ve(1) sin(t ~ 8) [Gate 2009] apacitor, as shown in Aysin(ot — 0) + Ar 19 Lit vl 1 _ 7 The value of Ay and Ag respectively, are (a) 2.0 and 1.98 (b) 2.0 and 4.20 (©) 2.5 and 3.50 (a) 5.0 and 6.40 [Gate 2014 set 2] 93. The total power dissipated in the circuit, shown in 2osinie #) tosinse figure, is. 1 AW. wa 2A 1a Ae x, R i ow Toad se source) V) 200 v ‘The voltmeter, across the load, reads 200 V. The value of X is [Gate 2014 set 2} 94, Assuming an ideal transformer, the Thevenin’s ent voltage and impedance as seen from the als x andy for the ci figure are 19. ry sin a) | (a) 2sinfon, 4 2 (©) Isinon), 2 2 OOS bY (b) Lsimos), 1 2 (@) 2sin(oo, 0.5 2 [Gate 2014 set 2] 95, Two ides ‘The measured induct coupled inductors are connected in series. 2s for the (wo possible series connections are 380 Hand 240 pH. Their mutual inductance in 4H is [Gate 2014 set 2] Solutions 1. Ans: (©) Consider upper part of the circuit Now, applying current 2. Ams: (@) Hints 1, = Lsin6ort ~ ) [C0301 ~ dy) x , sin Fa — The two currents are balanced. Se. h+h=0 2 on, 1, sin(or-@,) #1 sin E+ or ) ein (nor -(0, +4.) Z)oos4( £9, +44) 2 2 \(r ® ox, 3[E-4+0)-4 =F 40, 3. Ans: (b) Hint: Seos(100m1+ 100°) A 210° 2 Z=(4~ j3)Q=52-WS87PQ vaiz=72.2631¥V 21.22 _ GATE for Electrical Enginesting ‘The average power is $ilc0se $2852 0s136,87°)= 50W Network Network i B =-sv mn nf Applying KVL, 2 tit iv y(tat joo P(g te RGEC, or, Us) +2 = K (constant) ‘ C+ Gy ‘ 7 on Ko = KB) Current (4) is an impulse funetion, a") 1. Connect a 1 V source across nodes 1 and 2 and find the current through voltage source. Then, Ina Ty By applying KCL at nodes E and F, we get Lyle the Typ + 991, = Ty, = IgM #991, = In, = 100%, —Ip = Tn, @ Applying KVL in outer loop lo x 10%, = 1 > y= 10 And 10 x 10% = -100/, > fy = -100 Is From Eq. (i) Ans: (a) Hint: ‘Thevenin’s equivalent circuit Circuit Y chrcuit B R42 and 7= 10-27 = 19-4 R42 _10R+6 “ORS? Power transferred from circuit A to circuit B Pav 1OR+6 7 RD R42 For P to be maximum 22-9 a (R +2) (10)— (OR + 6) 2(R+ 2) = R=080Electric Circuits 1.23 @ Y= 10v av A AV: = Bl M+B © (i) Vy = 5 10 = 51428 «iy From Eqs. i) and Gi) 10 ast i : Gi pa20 iv) 9 o AY) = Bly = MVD0e = Mdoc 12Vv 9. Ans: (o) Hin: Given Vj = 10 ¥ yy 10 10 Ih=-1 A (eurrent 10. Ans: (a) Hint: WP 22 +03 424,7, cos for (220° = (122)? + (136)? + 2 x 122 x 136 x cose or cos = 0.45 2. 13, ry R, 08g = a) or lgj=-S-=t1at as Power consumed by load A, x5= 749.1 = 750 Ans: (b) Hint: A resistor has linear characteristies ice RI or T [As R= 19] Load line V4r= 100 T+ 1= 100 Current through resistance p= 50.4 2 Ans: (b) Hint: Voltage at node « ve xR=RV Now, current through resistance R is T=1A Again, Ans: (b) Hint: ‘The switch has been closed for a long time: So, the circuit is in steady state AL steady state, capacitor is open circuited1.24. GATE for Electrical Enginesting sva ve Grevit at 20 Using KVL Vo )=4x1=4V Vo(0")= FeO =A ircuit at 1 = 0° Ans: (a) Given 1,(0°)=0A V-0")=100V Now, current through inductor and voltage across capacitor eannot change instantaneously. So, after closing the switch, 1,0°)=1,0)=0 And Ve(0")= Fe(0")=100.V ‘The circuit in s-domain “oT st 2 ‘Taking inverse Laplace transform i: Ho =100) Cin Vix 10? x 10x10 Ha) =1Osin(10*2) A 16. Ans: (a) Hint: 20.0 10> SA Load current = J, = 5 A. Net current through thyristor T= or Ip = 5 ~ 10sin 104 Let at £ = 7, circuit get tuned off and current fp 1Osinto*r = 0 or 1Osin LO" or sin L0*7 5 * Tass 11 Ams 6) tit aren b ve p ' ‘ ; heal © Eat + Zale (ii) Now, 1 @ resistor is connected in series with the network at port 1 Here, V3 remains same, 24h + ZaksElectric Circuits 1,25 20. ~ Power absorbed by 100 V voltage source = 10 x 100 = 1000 W Power absorbed by 80 V voltage source = (80 x 8) = -640 W and power absorbed by 15 V voltage source = +15 x2)=-30 W Total power absorbed by the three circuit elem (1000 ~ 640 ~ 30) W =330W Ans: (10) tine ven R=(2542)0 OR ~ 50) 7 s0V= R Applying KVL, IR = 300 or, (2k ~ 50) x & = 300 or, R=3ork=-5 Since resistance can't be negative. R=300 QR —50)= 10.4 T=104 © Given, C= 1 pF, ¥e40) 20 mA, Circuit for the given condition at time £> 0 is shown below: vi vy a ye £ Due Applying KVL, we have: = Ks (20107 200-2) +{ 72210") 10 2 (= 200001 1(9) This is the equati 21. Ams: (2470 to 2471) of a straight Fine passing through Hint: Let the resistance of incandescent lamp, 1440.0 Given, Ry = 120 9, «= 4.5 x 10°C Let & be the resistance of the filament in ON state at temperature 7. Then, R= Ry[l+ eA] 1440 120° = T= 2444.44" +26" 1470.44 °C Therefore, ON state temperature of filament 247044 °C 22. Ans: (c) Hints wey 62 P 2A iat sa i i1.26 _ GATE for Electrical Enginesting KCL, we get 0 Again, or coy Solving Eqs. G) and (i, we get V, = 18 V and P= 30 V 23. Ans: () Hint z 3 1, = ¥gE= (05+ j0)x1020° = 5.8 Uy =¥,£=W-/1S)xZ0=-/ISA We = ¥oE = (0+ j03)x 1020" = /3.A + (=J15)+ j= (5-12) A wo p 2A swov © wo ke Applying KCL at node P, we get Vp - 100, f, a a wo‘? = Vp=40V “ rate Pa 22 a) Applying KVL, we get =1004 R42 = ae a rove = ro ant 1000 ~ g = (100g, e’*° (1O0C = 40) rae RC —100%05=10) v2.03) 14.74 2x05 26, Ans: (@) wins {z|-|°° °° 0.2 0.6 [°° | : 02 09 pi=izp'=—_b02 08 | _—_ [0.9 x 0.6 - 0.02 x 0.02] 12-04 4 18 Yn = 18 27. Ans: (d) Hint: Z should be capacitive because at resonance, the power factor of the circuit should be unity. Now, admittance of the parallel circuit —1 + Joc=0 y jol, 1 005 ur (2a x50) 28, , RR. 10x10 TT RAR FR 20410410 RR 10«20 ORAR AR, 20410410 RR, 20x10 RAR, +R 20410410 29. Ans: (@) Hint: The rms value of de current fy, = 10 A ‘The erm value of sinusoidal current = (3) ‘ a The rms value of resultant eurent, p= Yi + > {20 no? +{ 28 (3) 30. Ans: (b) Hint: Thevenin’s impedance Zq =2.38~ j0.667 2 7.32.8 vyRe{Z] = 2.38 Q. So, Z has resisior Lin{Z%) = =70.667 Q. As |Z] is negative and for rninimal realization %, will have a resistor and a capacitor BH. Ans: (a) Hint: i=18 Applying KVL Vy =-S42x1=2-3V 32. Ans: (b) Hint: lo Me *O> 1a In left loop, applying KVL Sh +h=0 or 1= 254 In right loop, applying KVL. Ay +3 +h, =0 or b= Vay 225 Vb, Now. For finding time constant, we consider current source as an open citenit 39 oF: Electric Circuits 1.27 2 Time constant = RigCuy rads @ Number of branches 1 = 6 Number of nodes WV = 4 So, number of chords [B — (~ 1)] 3S. Ans: (c) Hint: Input impedance, RK JoL+ IF 19 1-jo I+ jo or I+ io AL resonance, imaginary part should he zero, O.la-—° l+o" ol= Ito) 1408210 wad = 3 radls1.28 _ GATE for Electrical Enginesting 36. Ans: (b) Hint: App Dhleleth, =0 x Lcasin2e a I, =-3—8e0s21 ie KCL at the junction, we get Beos2r d “(3 - 8c0s2r) = 32sin2v af ) a) a Prom Eqs. (i) and (i) 38. Ans: (d) Vp Vo = 108 Vp-Vo=6Y Hint: Applying KCL at node E, we get Hy 40 Ye =100 | Vg T 42 or V_ = 30 V Rot uo, 1a + F wa ASA y ¥) 40 wov(v) 28 ov Now, potential difference between nodes D and F = wv Applying KCL al node F, we get 40-30 5 yg 7 = 1=5A re M e120 5 39. Ans: (b) Hint: Here, the closing the switch ;cuit was not energized before Therefore, current through inductor as well as voltage across capacitor are zero, ALT= 0" (ie, after closing the switeh) Inductor acts as open circuit and capacitor acts as short cirey So the equivalent circuit at 1 0° is shown below. a0 ast > wv sad sa Yo") Ne i 10 2A ba aed “ x AX4 Lay 44 40. Ans: (a) Hint: By Thevenin’s theorem + x % ozo A) a LxLy MZ tZ) 102 ~ 6010260 (10.2 = 60+ 10260) 6.66.245? +(50.253.13) 41. Ans: (d) Hint: For obtaining power absorbed by R, under maximum power transfer condition, we draw