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Exercise 1

When s = 1,the conclusion is obviously right.

Suppose when s = n, the conclusion is right.

When s = n + 1: by inductive assumption,∃v ∈ V, v ∈

/ Vi , i = 1, 2, · · · , n.

If v ∈
/ Vn+1 ,the conclusion is right.

If v ∈ Vn+1 :

Because Vn+1 is a proper subspaces of V ,∃w ∈ V, w ∈

/ Vn+1 .Suppose u = tv + w, t ̸= 0 ∈ F .

u∈
/ Vn+1 ,otherwise w = u − tv ∈ Vn+1 .

Then,we can prove u and Vi (i = 1, 2, · · · , n) have at most one intersection.

If there are u1 = t1 v + w, u2 = t2 v + w ∈ Vi (t1 ̸= t2 ),then v = 1

t2 −t1
(u2 − u1 ) ∈ Vi ,which is contradictory

with inductive assumption.

So ∃t ∈ F s.t. u = tv + w ∈
/ Vi , i = 1, 2, · · · , n, n + 1.

By mathematical induction,the conclusion is right.

Exercise 2

Suppose V1 ⊈ V2 andV2 ⊈ V1 :

Take a basis of V1 ∩ V2 : v1 , · · · , vs

Expand v1 , · · · , vs to a basis of V1 : u1 , · · · , um , v1 , · · · , vs and a basis of V2 : w1 , · · · , wn , v1 , · · · , vs (m, n ⩾

1)

It is easy to verify that v1 , · · · , vs , u1 , · · · , um , w1 , · · · wn is a basis of V1 + V2 .

dim(V1 + V2 ) = m + n + s > s + 1,in contradiction with condition.

So V1 ⊂ V2 or V2 ⊂ V1 , V1 + V2 = V1 or V1 + V2 = V2 .

Exercise 3 Suppose ∃vi ∈ Vi , i = 1, · · · s s.t. v1 + · + vs = 0

vs = −v1 − · · · − vs−1 ∈ V1 + · · · + Vs−1 ,for Vs ∩ (V1 + · · · + Vs−1 ) = {0}, vs = 0.

Similarly,vs−1 = vs−2 = · · · = v1 = 0,so V1 + · · · + Vs is a direct sum.

Exercise 4

”⇒”:If w ∈ span(v1 , · · · , vm ), ∃c1 , · · · , cm ∈ F s.t. w = c1 v1 + · · · + cm vm , c1 v1 + · · · + cm vm − w =

0 v1 , · · · vm , w are linearly dependent,which is contradictory with condition.

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So w ∈
/ span(v1 , · · · , vm ).

”⇐”:If v1 , · · · , vm , w are linearly dependent,∃c1 , · · · , cm , cm+1 ∈ F ,which are not all zeros s.t. c1 v1 +

· · · + cm vm + cm+1 w = 0

cm+1 ̸= 0,otherwise c1 v1 + · · · + cm vm = 0,for v1 , · · · , vm are linealy independent c1 = · · · = cm ,which is

contradictory with assumption.

Then,w = − cm+1
c1
v1 − · · · − cm
v
cm+1 m
∈ span(v1 , · · · , vm ),which is contradictory with condition.

So v1 , · · · , vm , w are linealy independent.

Exercise 5

R[x] is a subspace of C[0, 1],and R[x] is an infinite-dimensional vector space.So C[0, 1] is an infinite

vector space.