Test Bank for Biological Science, 2nd Canadian Edition – Freeman

Test Bank for Biological Science, 2nd Canadian

Edition – Freeman

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Exam

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) The term phospholipid can best be described by which of the following? 1)

A) a nonpolar lipid molecule that is made polar by the addition of a phosphate
B) a polar lipid molecule that fully repels water
C) a nonpolar lipid molecule that is made amphipathic by the addition of a phosphate
D) a polar lipid molecule that fully interacts with water

2) What region of a steroid is hydrophilic? 2)

A) the ring structures B) the long hydrocarbon chain
C) the terminal hydroxyl group D) the methyl (-CH3) groups

3) What most distinguishes lipids from other biomolecules is _____. 3)

A) that only lipids contain hydrogen atoms B) their chemical properties
C) where they are found in the body D) their molecular weight (size)

4) Cooking oil and gasoline (a hydrocarbon) are not amphipathic molecules. Why? 4)
A) They are highly reduced molecules.
B) They spontaneously form micelles or liposomes in solution.
C) They do not have a polar or charged region.
D) They do not have a hydrophobic region.

5) Steroids such as cholesterol are an important component of animal cell membranes but do not 5)
actually form the membrane. Why?
A) Lipids that form membranes are amphipathic with a polar region and a nonpolar region.
B) Steroids are too permeable to charged molecules to form a cell membrane.
C) The ring structure of steroids is too bulky to form a membrane.
D) Steroids cannot interact with other molecules, which is required to form a cell membrane.

6) How do phospholipids interact with water molecules? 6)

A) The polar heads interact with water; the nonpolar tails do not.
B) The polar heads avoid water; the nonpolar tails attract water (because water is polar and
opposites attract).
C) Phospholipids dissolve in water.
D) Phospholipids don't interact with water because water is polar and lipids are nonpolar.

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 7) You make a phospholipid bilayer with short, saturated hydrocarbon tails. You measure the 7)
permeability of this membrane to oxygen. You then double the length of the hydrocarbon tails, and
remeasure membrane permeability. You then double the length of the hydrocarbon tails again, and
make a third measurement of membrane permeability. You graph membrane permeability as a
function of hydrocarbon tail length. Which of the graphs below best represents the data you
expect?

A) B)

C) D)

8) You make a phospholipid bilayer with short, saturated hydrocarbon tails. You measure the 8)
permeability of this membrane to oxygen. You are going to change the length of the hydrocarbon
tails and remeasure membrane permeability, but first your boss asks you to graph the data you
expect if there is no effect of hydrocarbon tail length on membrane permeability (your null
hypothesis). Which of the graphs below best represents the data you expect if your null hypothesis
is correct?

A) B)

C) D)

9) Phospholipids can form all of the following structures in water except which one? 9)
A) bilayers B) monolayers C) micelles D) vesicles

10) Lipids that form membranes have what kind of structure? 10)
A) polar heads and nonpolar tails; the polar heads interact with water
B) polar heads and nonpolar tails; the nonpolar tails interact with water
C) completely polar, which allows them to dissolve in water
D) completely nonpolar, because they are lipids

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11) Which of the following substances would most likely require a protein to facilitate its diffusion 11)
across a cell membrane?
A) water B) oxygen gas (O2 )
C) glycerol D) fatty acid

12) If you mechanically shook a mixture of amphipathic lipids and water, what would you expect to 12)
see when you observe the solution using an electron microscope?
A) The lipids will have formed planar bilayer membranes.
B) The lipids will have completely dissolved in solution because they are partially polar.
C) The lipids will have formed tiny vesicles filled with water.
D) The lipids and water will have separated into two distinct layers because the lipids are
partially nonpolar.

13) What do phospholipids and triglycerides have in common? 13)

A) They both have three fatty acids.
B) They both have a glycerol backbone.
C) They both have a phosphate.
D) They both contain serine or some other organic compound.

14) What type of functional group results when the alcohol group on glycerol reacts with the 14)
carboxylic acid group on a fatty acid?
A) hydrocarbon B) ester C) peptide bond D) glycosidic bond

15) In an experiment involving planar bilayers, a solution of table salt (sodium and chloride ions in 15)
water) is added on the left side of the membrane while pure water is added on the right side. After
30 minutes the researchers test for the presence of ions on each side of the membrane. The right
side tests negative for ions. What can you conclude?
A) Ions cannot cross planar bilayers.
B) The experiment failed.
C) The left side would probably also test negative for ions.
D) The water somehow blocked the movement of ions across the membrane.

16) Which of the following phospholipid membranes would be most permeable to glycerol? 16)
A) one with short and saturated tails
B) one with long and unsaturated tails
C) one with long and saturated fatty-acid tails
D) one with short and unsaturated tails

17) Which of the following is the best explanation for why vegetable oil is a liquid at room temperature 17)
while animal fats are solid?
A) Vegetable oil has more double bonds than animal fats.
B) Animal fats have no amphipathic character.
C) Vegetable oil has longer fatty-acid tails than animal fats have.
D) Vegetable oil has fewer double bonds than animal fats.

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18) Which of the following is the best explanation for why cholesterol decreases the permeability of 18)
biological membranes?
A) Because cholesterol is amphipathic, it forms tiny vesicles that trap solutes.
B) Cholesterol has four rings in its structure that can sequester (trap) solutes.
C) Cholesterol binds to the outside surface of a membrane, thus blocking the movement of
solutes.
D) Because cholesterol is amphipathic, it fits in between the phospholipids and blocks diffusion
through the membrane.

19) Which aspect of phospholipids is most important to the formation of bilayers? 19)
A) They are amphipathic.
B) Their size is small, relative to fats.
C) Their hydrocarbon tails can consist of fatty acids or isoprene subunits.
D) Their size is large, relative to cholesterol.

20) Which of the following increases the strength of the hydrophobic interactions in lipid bilayers and 20)
thus makes them less permeable to polar molecules?
A) the presence of double bonds
B) removing cholesterol
C) increasing temperature
D) increasing length of the hydrocarbon chains

21) Why do lipid bilayers form spontaneously? 21)

A) The process is endergonic.
B) The process leads to a huge decrease in entropy and no change in potential energy.
C) The process is exergonic.
D) The process is endothermic.

22) Which of the following crosses lipid bilayers the fastest? 22)
A) a sodium ion
B) a small, polar molecule like water
C) a small, nonpolar molecule like oxygen (O2 )
D) a large, polar molecule like glucose

23) Which of the following crosses lipid bilayers the slowest? 23)
A) a small, nonpolar molecule like oxygen (O2 )
B) a large, polar molecule like glucose
C) a small, polar molecule like water
D) a sodium ion

24) Steroid hormones are large communication molecules that are modified cholesterol molecules. 24)
How do you think they enter a cell?
A) Their size probably allows them to diffuse through the plasma membrane.
B) Their lipid nature probably allows them to diffuse through the plasma membrane.
C) They must require a protein transporter, because the plasma membrane is completely
impermeable to molecules.
D) Their protein nature probably allows them to diffuse through the plasma membrane.

4
25) You have just discovered an organism that lives in extremely cold environments. Which of the 25)
following would you predict to be true about the phospholipids in its membranes, compared to
phospholipids in the membranes of organisms that live in warmer environments?
A) The membrane phospholipids of cold-adapted organisms will have more unsaturated
hydrocarbon tails.
B) The membrane phospholipids of cold-adapted organisms will have longer hydrocarbon tails.
C) The membrane phospholipids of cold-adapted organisms will have more saturated
hydrocarbon tails.

26) You have a planar bilayer with equal amounts of saturated and unsaturated phospholipids. After 26)
testing the permeability of this membrane to glucose, you increase the proportion of unsaturated
phospholipids in the bilayer. What will happen to the membrane's permeability to glucose?
A) Permeability to glucose will stay the same.
B) Permeability to glucose will increase.
C) You can't predict the outcome. You simply have to make the measurement.
D) Permeability to glucose will decrease.

27) What preserves the structural integrity of phospholipid bilayers? 27)

A) hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions between nearby phospholipids
B) Sugars associated with the cell membrane covalently cross-link.
C) van der Waals interactions between the glycerol molecule and fatty acids of a single
phospholipid
D) Peptide bonds form between the phosphate groups of the phosopholipids.

28) The text states that ribonucleotides can diffuse through some types of liposomes. It's likely that the 28)
lipids present early in chemical evolution had short chains. Would liposomes formed from these
types of lipids be more or less permeable to ribonucleotides than if early cells formed from
long-chained lipids?
A) same permeability B) less permeable C) more permeable

29) What will happen to a red blood cell (RBC), which has an internal ion concentration of about 0.9 29)
percent, if it is placed into a beaker of pure water?
A) The cell would shrink because the water in the beaker is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm
of the RBC.
B) The cell would shrink because the water in the beaker is hypertonic relative to the cytoplasm
of the RBC.
C) The cell would swell because the water in the beaker is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of
the RBC.
D) nothing

30) Under what circumstances does membrane transport always require energy? 30)
A) whenever molecules are moved that are too large to pass through the phospholipid bilayer
membrane
B) whenever a molecule is polar and is moved through a phospholipid bilayer membrane
C) whenever a solute is charged, such as an ion, and is moved through a phospholipid bilayer
membrane
D) whenever a solute needs to be moved from low concentration to high concentration through a
phospholipid bilayer membrane

5
31) What is the most important factor in explaining why diffusion occurs spontaneously? 31)
A) The process is exothermic. B) It leads to an increase in entropy.
C) It leads to a decrease in entropy. D) The process is endothermic.

32) What is the most important factor in explaining why osmosis occurs spontaneously? 32)
A) It leads to a decrease in entropy. B) The process is exothermic.
C) It leads to an increase in entropy. D) The process is endothermic.

33) Which of the following is true of osmosis? 33)

A) It only takes place in red blood cells.
B) Water moves from areas of low water concentration to areas of high water concentration.
C) It is an energy-demanding or "active" process.

34) You place yeast cells in a glucose solution and plot the rate of glucose uptake. You see an increase 34)
in glucose uptake over time (that is, the longer the yeast are in the sugar solution, the faster they
can take sugar into the cell). The most likely explanation for this is the cell membrane is becoming
more permeable because _____.
A) the difference in glucose concentration between the inside of the cell and outside of the cell is
decreasing
B) the difference in glucose concentration between the inside of the cell and outside of the cell is
increasing
C) the yeast is inserting more glucose protein transporters into its membrane
D) the yeast is inserting more cholesterol into the membrane

35) Valine, a nonpolar amino acid, shows up in the wrong place in the hemoglobin of sickle-cell 35)
anemia, causing the disease. This is due to a genetic mutation. The result of this mutation is that
hemoglobin molecules—which transport oxygen in red blood cells—stick together, causing the red
blood cells to become distorted, but without having any significant effect on oxygen binding. Based
on what you know about protein structure and the polarity of amino acids, predict where the
mutated valine would most likely be found.
A) along a nonpolar region of a -pleated sheet
B) on the surface of hemoglobin
C) in the oxygen binding site of hemoglobin
D) in the deep interior of hemoglobin

36) Which of the following functions do lipids provide in a cell? 36)

A) cell identification
B) information storage
C) structural
D) neither structural, cell identification, nor information storage

37) Which of the following observations made with freeze-fracture electron microscopy provides 37)
evidence for the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure?
A) The exterior surface of the membrane contained pits and mounds.
B) The exterior surface of the membrane contained pits only.
C) The inner surfaces of the membrane contained pits and mounds.
D) The middle of the membrane viewed under the electron microscope was smooth and regular.

6
 38) Integral membrane proteins stay in membranes because of _____. 38)
A) osmotic pressure from proteins outside the cell
B) the locations of their polar and nonpolar amino acids
C) their small size, which does not allow them to pass through the membrane
D) diffusion of proteins from the cytoplasm to the membrane

39) Where would you most likely find an integral membrane protein? 39)
A) spanning the cell membrane, with parts of the protein visible from both the inside and the
outside of the cell
B) on the outside surface of the cell membrane
C) floating freely in the cytoplasm
D) on the inside surface of the cell membrane

40) To determine if membrane proteins affect membrane permeability, you could isolate the proteins 40)
from the lipid components of the membrane by using detergents. Then you could separate the
individual proteins and test each of them in a planar bilayer. What technique could you use to
separate the proteins from one another after they have been isolated from the membrane?
A) diffusion B) amino acid analysis
C) gel electrophoresis D) freeze-fracture electron microscopy

41) Which of the following means of transport would most likely be used for moving a medium-sized 41)
molecule (like a monosaccharide or an amino acid) from a low concentration on the outside of a cell
to a high concentration on the inside of a cell?
A) facilitated diffusion through a transporter protein
B) passive transport
C) facilitated diffusion through an ion channel protein
D) active transport through a "pump" protein

42) Gramicidin is an antibiotic that increases the permeability of bacterial cell walls to inorganic ions. 42)
What is the most likely mode of action of gramicidin?
A) It acts by active transport.
B) It causes membranes to fuse with one another.
C) It removes electrical charges from solutes.
D) It forms a channel in the membrane.

Use the following information when answering the corresponding question(s).

Rhodopsins are light-sensitive molecules composed of a protein (opsin) and retinal (derivative of vitamin A). Opsin is a
membrane protein with several -helical segments that loop back and forth through the plasma membrane. There are two
classes of rhodopsins. According to Oded Beje, one class has relatively slow dynamics (a photocycle of approximately 0.5
second) and is well suited for light detection. The second class has faster dynamics (a photocycle of approximately 0.02
seconds) and is well suited for chemiosmosis pumping of protons or chloride ions across cell membranes. Oded Beje was
the first, in September 2000, to report on a rhodopsin (proteorhodopsin) found in the domain Bacteria. [Source: O. Beje et al.,
Science 289 (2000): 1902.]

43) Refer to the paragraph on Rhodopsins. Which of the following best describes this particular 43)
protein?
A) integral B) peripheral C) internal D) external

7
44) Proteorhodopsin consists of a single polypeptide chain. What is the highest level of structure found 44)
in this protein?
A) primary B) tertiary C) quaternary D) secondary

45) GLUT-1 is an example of what? 45)

A) a recognition protein that identifies cells as belonging to the body
B) a membrane-bound pump that moves large molecules against a gradient by using ATP
C) a transport protein that facilitates diffusion of a large molecule across cell membranes
D) a protein that is toxic to cells by opening channels in membranes

46) Sodium-potassium pumps _____. 46)

A) move three potassium ions and two sodium ions while producing an ATP for each cycle
B) use ATP molecules to move protons to the inner side of cell membranes
C) move two potassium ions and three sodium ions while consuming an ATP for each cycle
D) produce ATP for cells while making the outside of cell membranes negatively charged

47) Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a membrane-transport disease that is caused by an allele found primarily in 47)
Caucasian populations. What mechanism fails in CF patients?
A) production of ATP
B) movement of chloride ions across cell membranes
C) movement of sodium and potassium across cell membranes
D) phospholipids in the cell membrane that are not formed properly

8
Test Bank for Biological Science, 2nd Canadian Edition – Freeman

Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED5

1) C
2) C
3) B
4) C
5) A
6) A
7) B
8) A
9) B
10) A
11) D
12) C
13) B
14) B
15) A
16) D
17) A
18) D
19) A
20) D
21) C
22) C
23) D
24) B
25) A
26) B
27) A
28) C
29) C
30) D
31) B
32) C
33) C
34) A
35) B
36) C
37) C
38) B
39) A
40) C
41) D
42) D
43) A
44) B
45) C
46) C
47) B

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