Introduction to Safety and Reliability of Structures

Introduction to Safety and Reliability of Structures

Structural Engineering Documents
Society expects that buildings and other structures are safe for the
people who use them or who are near them. The failure of a building
or structure is expected to be an extremely rare event. Thus, society

5
implicitly relies on the expertise of the professionals involved in the
planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of the
structures it uses.
Structural engineers devote all their effort to meeting society’s
expectations efficiently. Engineers and scientists work together
to develop solutions to structural problems. Given that nothing is 3rd reviewed and extended Edition
absolutely and eternally safe, the goal is to attain an acceptably small
probability of failure for a structure, a facility, or a situation. Reliability
analysis is part of the science and practice of engineering today, not
only with respect to the safety of structures, but also for questions of
serviceability and other requirements of technical systems that might Jörg Schneider
be impacted by some probability.
The present volume takes a rather broad approach to safety and Ton Vrouwenvelder
reliability in Structural Engineering. It treats the underlying concepts
of safety, reliability and risk and introduces the reader in a first chapter
to the main concepts andand strategies for dealing with hazards. The

Schneider/Vrouwenvelder
Introduction to Safety Reliability of Structures

Introduction to
next chapter is devoted to the processing of data into information
Society expects that buildings and other structures are safe for the people who use
that
them oris who relevant
are near them.forTheapplying reliability
failure of a building theory.
or structure is expectedTwo to befollowing chapters
deal with the modelling of structures and
an extremely rare event. Thus, society implicitly relies on the expertise of the
professionals involved in the planning, design, construction, operation and mainte-
with methods of reliability

Safety and Reliability

analysis. Another chapter focuses on problems related to establishing
nance of the structures it uses.

target reliabilities, assessing existing structures, and on effective

Structural engineers devote all their effort to meeting society’s expectations effi-
ciently. Engineers and scientists work together to develop solutions to structural
strategies
problems. Given that against
nothing ishuman
absolutely error. The
and eternally last
safe, chapter
the goal is to attainpresents
an an outlook
acceptably small probability of failure for a structure, a facility, or a situation. Reliabi-

of Structures
to more isadvanced
lity analysis applications.
part of the science and practice of The Appendix
engineering today, notsupports
only with the application
respect to the safety of structures, but also for questions of serviceability and other
of the methods proposed and refers readers
requirements of technical systems that might be impacted by some probability. to a number of related
computer
The present volume programs.
takes a rather broad approach to safety and reliability in Struc-
tural Engineering. It treats the underlying concepts of safety, reliability and risk and
This
introducesbookthe readerisin aaimed
first chapteratto the
both students
main concepts and forpracticing
and strategies deal- engineers.
It
ing presents
with hazards. The the nextconcepts and
chapter is devoted to procedures
the processing of data
mation that is relevant for applying reliability theory. Two following chapters deal
of reliability
into infor- analysis in a
straightforward,
with the modelling of structuresunderstandable
and with methods way, making
of reliability analysis. use of simple examples,
Another

Structural Engineering Documents 5

chapter focuses on problems related to establishing target reliabilities, assessing
rather than and
existing structures, extended theoretical
on effective strategies discussion.
against human error. The last It is hoped that this
chap-
approach serves to advance the application of safety and reliability
ter presents an outlook to more advanced applications. The Appendix supports the
application of the methods proposed and refers readers to a number of related com-
analysis
puter programs. in engineering practice.
The book is amended with a free access to an educational version of a
This book is aimed at both students and practicing engineers. It presents the con-
cepts and procedures of reliability analysis in a straightforward, understandable way,
Variables
making Processor
use of simple examples, computer program.
rather than extended theoreticalFreeVaP
discussion. Itcanis be downloaded
hoped that this approach serves to advance the application of safety and reliability
free
analysisof charge practice.
in engineering and supports the understanding of the subjects treated Including free access to
in
Thethis
book is book.
amended with a free access to an educational version of a Variables
Processor computer program. FreeVaP can be downloaded free of charge and sup- Variables Processor Software FreeVaP
ports the understanding of the subjects treated in this book.

International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE)


Jörg SCHNEIDER
Born in 1934 in Cologne, Germany,
Jörg Schneider received his civil en-
gineering degree from the Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology Zu-
rich (ETHZ) in 1958. He was an as-
sistant at ETH from 1959 to 1963
and then joined the firm of Stahlton
AG, where he was involved in the
design and development of prestres-
sed and precast concrete structures.
Since 1967 he has been professor
for Structural Engineering at ETHZ.
His research interests include safety
and reliability of structures, with spe-
cial emphasis on human error. He
retired from ETHZ in 1999.
He joined the IABSE in 1968 and
was active in many of its committees
and one of its vice-presidents from
1993 to 2001. He has been a mem-
ber of the Joint Committee on Struc-
tural Safety from 1979 to 2002 and
its president from 1990 to 1994. In
1998 he received the Dr.h.c. by the
University of Natural Resources and
Life Sciences, Vienna. In 2002 he
was elected honorary member of
IABSE.
In 1999 Jörg Schneider founded, to-
gether with a few friends, the con-
sulting office Risk&Safety AG, Aarau,
Switzerland.
Ton VROUWENVELDER
Ton Vrouwenvelder was born in
1947 in The Hague, the Nether-
lands. He received his diploma in
civil engineering at the Technical
University of Delft in 1970 cum
laude. As a junior researcher he
worked at the Applied Mechanics
Division till 1977 and then moved to
the Concrete Department of TNO-
Bouw.
In 1987 he became part time pro-
fessor at Delft University, gave
courses in structural mechanics and
started up a course on probabilistic
methods in civil engineering togeth-
er with professor Han Vrijling.
He has been involved in national
and international research and con-
sultancy projects as well as in the
development of standards codes for
design and assessment of buildings
and civil engineering structures
(Dutch standards as well as ISO
standards and Eurocodes). In par-
ticular he has been involved in the
development or Eurocode 1990 and
ISO 2394. He is a member of the
Joint Committee on Structural Safe-
ty since 1982 and served as its pre-
sident in the period from 1999 till
2005. In 2011 he received the C.
Allin Cornell CERRA Award.
Structural
Engineering
Documents
Objective:
To provide in-depth information to practicing
structural engineers in reports of high
scientific and technical standards on a wide
range of structural engineering topics.
Topics:
Structural analysis and design, dynamic
analysis, construction materials and methods,
project management, structural monitoring,
safety assessment, maintenance
and repair, and computer applications.
Readership:
Practicing structural engineers, teachers,
researchers and students at a university
level, as well as representatives of owners,
operators and builders.
Publisher:
The International Association for Bridge and
Structural Engineering (IABSE) is a scientific /
technical Association comprising members in
100 countries and counting 51 National Groups
worldwide. Founded in 1929 it has its
seat in Zurich, Switzerland. IABSE’s
mission is to promote the exchange of
knowledge and to advance the practice
of structural engineering worldwide. IABSE
organizes conferences and publishes the
quarterly journal Structural Engineering
International, as well as conference reports
and other monographs, including the SED
series. IABSE also presents annual awards
for achievements in structural engineering.
For further Information:
IABSE
c/o ETH Zürich
Hönggerberg HIL E 21.3
Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5
CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
Phone: Int. + 41-44-633 2647
Fax: Int. + 41-44-633 1241
E-mail: secretariat@iabse.org
Web: www.iabse.org
 

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 WE MANAGE YOUR
TECHNICAL RISKS SINCE 2004
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Ha
Hazards
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structure Code
Calibration

Uncertainty Offshore
Assessment
Inspection

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Space
Failure Crafts
C
Machine
chine Assessment
A
Learning Data
Mining

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Modelling Automotive
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istration Mechanical
Parts

PROBABILISTIC RISK ANALYSIS & RELIABILITY

MODELLING ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA ASSESSMENT

www.matrisk.com


contact@matrisk.com
 List of SEDs Available
Following SEDs can be purchased at the IABSE Onlineshop:

SED 14 - Sustainable Structural Engineering

Editors: John E. Anderson, Christian Bucher, Bruno Briseghella, Xin Ruan,
Tobia Zordan, 2015

SED 13 - Use of Timber in Tall Multi-Storey Buildings

Authors: Ian Smith, Andrea Frangi, 2014

SED 12 - Case Studies of Rehabilitation, Repair, Retrofitting, and Strengthening

Editors: M.M. Bakhoum, Juan A. Sobrino, 2010

SED 11 - Design for Robustness

Authors: Franz Knoll, Thomas Vogel, 2009

SED 10 - Structural Use of Glass

Authors: Matthias Haldimann, Andreas Luible, Mauro Overend, 2008

SED 9 - Cable Vibrations in Cable-Stayed Bridges

Author: Elsa de Sa Caetano, 2007

SED 8 - Use and Application of High-Performance Steels for Steels for Steel Structures
Author: Hans-Peter Günther (Editor), 2005

SED 7 - Use of Fibre Reinforced Polymers in Bridge Construction

Author: Thomas Keller, 2003

SED 6 - Structural Bearings and Expansion Joints for Bridges

Author: Günter Ramberger, 2002

SED 5 - Introduction to Safety and Reliability of Structures

Authors: Jörg Schneider and Ton Vrouwenvelder
(3rd reviewed and extended edition, 2017)

SED 4 - Ship Collision with Bridges - The Interaction between Vessel Traffic and Bridge Structures
Author: Ole Damgaard Larsen, 1993

SED 3 - Vibrations in Structures - Induced by Man and Machines

Authors: Hugo Bachmann, Walter Ammann, 1987

SED 2 - Dynamic Response of Reinforced Concrete Buildings

Authors: Hajime Umemura, Haruo Takizawa, 1982

SED 1 - Concrete Box-Girder Bridges

Authors: Jörg Schlaich, Hartmut Scheef, 1982

www.iabse.org/onlineshop
IABSE Members can download SEDs in ePDF format for free in the Members Area at:
www.iabse.org

Jörg SCHNEIDER
Born in 1934 in Cologne, Germany,
Jörg Schneider received his civil en-
gineering degree from the Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology Zu-
rich (ETHZ) in 1958. He was an as-
sistant at ETH from 1959 to 1963
and then joined the firm of Stahlton
AG, where he was involved in the
design and development of prestres-
sed and precast concrete structures.
Since 1967 he has been professor
for Structural Engineering at ETHZ.
His research interests include safety
and reliability of structures, with spe-
cial emphasis on human error. He
retired from ETHZ in 1999.
He joined the IABSE in 1968 and
was active in many of its committees
and one of its vice-presidents from
1993 to 2001. He has been a mem-
ber of the Joint Committee on Struc-
tural Safety from 1979 to 2002 and
its president from 1990 to 1994. In
1998 he received the Dr.h.c. by the
University of Natural Resources and
Life Sciences, Vienna. In 2002 he
was elected honorary member of
IABSE.
In 1999 Jörg Schneider founded, to-
gether with a few friends, the con-
sulting office Risk&Safety AG, Aarau,
Switzerland.
Ton VROUWENVELDER
Ton Vrouwenvelder was born in
1947 in The Hague, the Nether-
lands. He received his diploma in
civil engineering at the Technical
University of Delft in 1970 cum
laude. As a junior researcher he
worked at the Applied Mechanics
Division till 1977 and then moved to
the Concrete Department of TNO-
Bouw.
In 1987 he became part time pro-
fessor at Delft University, gave
courses in structural mechanics and
started up a course on probabilistic
methods in civil engineering togeth-
er with professor Han Vrijling.
He has been involved in national
and international research and con-
sultancy projects as well as in the
development of standards codes for
design and assessment of buildings
and civil engineering structures
(Dutch standards as well as ISO
standards and Eurocodes). In par-
ticular he has been involved in the
development or Eurocode 1990 and
ISO 2394. He is a member of the
Joint Committee on Structural Safe-
ty since 1982 and served as its pre-
sident in the period from 1999 till
2005. In 2011 he received the C.
Allin Cornell CERRA Award.
Structural
Engineering
Documents
Objective:
To provide in-depth information to practicing
structural engineers in reports of high
scientific and technical standards on a wide
range of structural engineering topics.
Topics:
Structural analysis and design, dynamic
analysis, construction materials and methods,
project management, structural monitoring,
safety assessment, maintenance
and repair, and computer applications.
Readership:
Practicing structural engineers, teachers,
researchers and students at a university
level, as well as representatives of owners,
operators and builders.
Publisher:
The International Association for Bridge and
Structural Engineering (IABSE) is a scientific /
technical Association comprising members in
100 countries and counting 51 National Groups
worldwide. Founded in 1929 it has its
seat in Zurich, Switzerland. IABSE’s
mission is to promote the exchange of
knowledge and to advance the practice
of structural engineering worldwide. IABSE
organizes conferences and publishes the
quarterly journal Structural Engineering
International, as well as conference reports
and other monographs, including the SED
series. IABSE also presents annual awards
for achievements in structural engineering.
For further Information:
IABSE
c/o ETH Zürich
Hönggerberg HIL E 21.3
Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5
CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
Phone: Int. + 41-44-633 2647
Fax: Int. + 41-44-633 1241
E-mail: secretariat@iabse.org
Web: www.iabse.org
 Introduction to Safety and Reliability of Structures
Introduction to Safety and Reliability of Structures
Structural Engineering Documents
Society expects that buildings and other structures are safe for the
people who use them or who are near them. The failure of a building
or structure is expected to be an extremely rare event. Thus, society

5
implicitly relies on the expertise of the professionals involved in the
planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of the
structures it uses.
Structural engineers devote all their effort to meeting society’s
expectations efficiently. Engineers and scientists work together
to develop solutions to structural problems. Given that nothing is 3rd reviewed and extended Edition
absolutely and eternally safe, the goal is to attain an acceptably small
probability of failure for a structure, a facility, or a situation. Reliability
analysis is part of the science and practice of engineering today, not
only with respect to the safety of structures, but also for questions of
serviceability and other requirements of technical systems that might Jörg Schneider
be impacted by some probability.
The present volume takes a rather broad approach to safety and Ton Vrouwenvelder
reliability in Structural Engineering. It treats the underlying concepts
of safety, reliability and risk and introduces the reader in a first chapter
to the main concepts andand strategies for dealing with hazards. The

Schneider/Vrouwenvelder
Introduction to Safety Reliability of Structures

Introduction to
next chapter is devoted to the processing of data into information
Society expects that buildings and other structures are safe for the people who use
that
them oris who relevant
are near them.forTheapplying reliability
failure of a building theory.
or structure is expectedTwo to befollowing chapters
deal with the modelling of structures and
an extremely rare event. Thus, society implicitly relies on the expertise of the
professionals involved in the planning, design, construction, operation and mainte-
with methods of reliability

Safety and Reliability

analysis. Another chapter focuses on problems related to establishing
nance of the structures it uses.

target reliabilities, assessing existing structures, and on effective

Structural engineers devote all their effort to meeting society’s expectations effi-
ciently. Engineers and scientists work together to develop solutions to structural
strategies
problems. Given that against
nothing ishuman
absolutely error. The
and eternally last
safe, chapter
the goal is to attainpresents
an an outlook
acceptably small probability of failure for a structure, a facility, or a situation. Reliabi-

of Structures
to more isadvanced
lity analysis applications.
part of the science and practice of The Appendix
engineering today, notsupports
only with the application
respect to the safety of structures, but also for questions of serviceability and other
of the methods proposed and refers readers
requirements of technical systems that might be impacted by some probability. to a number of related
computer
The present volume programs.
takes a rather broad approach to safety and reliability in Struc-
tural Engineering. It treats the underlying concepts of safety, reliability and risk and
This
introducesbookthe readerisin aaimed
first chapteratto the
both students
main concepts and forpracticing
and strategies deal- engineers.
It
ing presents
with hazards. The the nextconcepts and
chapter is devoted to procedures
the processing of data
mation that is relevant for applying reliability theory. Two following chapters deal
of reliability
into infor- analysis in a
straightforward,
with the modelling of structuresunderstandable
and with methods way, making
of reliability analysis. use of simple examples,
Another

Structural Engineering Documents 5

chapter focuses on problems related to establishing target reliabilities, assessing
rather than and
existing structures, extended theoretical
on effective strategies discussion.
against human error. The last It is hoped that this
chap-
approach serves to advance the application of safety and reliability
ter presents an outlook to more advanced applications. The Appendix supports the
application of the methods proposed and refers readers to a number of related com-
analysis
puter programs. in engineering practice.
The book is amended with a free access to an educational version of a
This book is aimed at both students and practicing engineers. It presents the con-
cepts and procedures of reliability analysis in a straightforward, understandable way,
Variables
making Processor
use of simple examples, computer program.
rather than extended theoreticalFreeVaP
discussion. Itcanis be downloaded
hoped that this approach serves to advance the application of safety and reliability
free
analysisof charge practice.
in engineering and supports the understanding of the subjects treated Including free access to
in
Thethis
book is book.
amended with a free access to an educational version of a Variables
Processor computer program. FreeVaP can be downloaded free of charge and sup- Variables Processor Software FreeVaP
ports the understanding of the subjects treated in this book.

International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE)